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Democratic societies have to face the challenge of increasing affective polarisation – a strong, emotionally fuelled, opposition between adherents of different political parties, or conflicting views and attitudes in different social groups. Social and psychological sciences can contribute to a better understanding of this phenomenon and the special role of emotion theory and research in this respect. In their invited contribution, Bakker and Lelkes note the lack of conceptual precision of the term affective and invite emotion scientists to fill this notion with a theoretical structure that encourages systematic research across different problem areas and cultures. Two invited comments on this article support this initiative but favour an approach that privileges discrete emotions. In his comment, Von Scheve argues that intentionality and the associated action tendencies are essential to understand the emotional basis of polarisation. Halperin et al., based on a conceptual analysis and their own empirical research, they highlight the multi-faceted emotion of disappointment, covering both negative and positive aspects, as the most promising candidate. Finally, I consider the potential role of mixed or blended emotions as well as the potential contributions of appraisal theory, especially with respect to appraisal bias and ensuing emotion dispositions and action tendencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research indicates that emotional mimicry predominantly occurs in response to affiliative displays, such as happiness, while the mimicry of antagonistic displays, like anger, is seldom observed in social contexts. However, contextual factors, including the identity of the displayer (e.g. social similarity with the observer) and whose action triggered the emotional reaction (i.e. to whom display is directed), can modulate the meaning of the display. In two experiments, participants observed happiness, sadness, and anger expressed by individuals with similar or different social attitudes in response to actions from either a participant or another person. Results demonstrated that three manipulated factors – displayer social similarity, whose action caused an emotional display, and the type of emotional display – affected participants' perception of the display. In turn, mimicry was predominantly observed in response to happiness (Experiments 1 and 2), to a lesser extent to sadness (Experiment 1), and not to anger. Furthermore, participants mimicked individuals who were more socially similar (Experiment 1), while whose action caused an emotional reaction did not influence mimicry. The findings suggest that when the context mitigates the meaning of negative or antagonistic facial displays, it does not necessarily increase the inclination to mimic them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we aim to further our understanding of the social embeddedness of organized crime by exploring the (possible) ways the social environment adds to the shielding of organized crime or criminal activities by organized crime groups. We argue that the metaphor of 'walls of silence' provides a fruitful way to examine the shielding of organized crime. Based on a theoretical and empirical exploration of 30 cases from the fifth data sweep of Dutch Organized Crime Monitor, we illustrate how organized crime offenders in the Netherlands depend on the silence and secrecy of co-offenders, victims, bystanders, and others who are aware of their (criminal) activities. Furthermore, we present a framework of the shielding of organized crime activities to provide insight into how offenders not only make use of the social environment to shield their activities, but also how the social environment can (purposely) act as walls of silence and secrecy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Independent locomotion is associated with a range of positive developmental outcomes, but unlike cognitive, linguistic, and social skills, acquiring motor skills requires infants to generate their own input for learning. We tested factors that shape infants' spontaneous locomotion by observing forty 12- to 22-month-olds (19 girls, 21 boys) during free play. Infants were recruited from the New York City area, and caregivers reported that 25 infants were White, six were Asian, four were Black, and five had multiple races; four were Hispanic or Latino. All infants played in four conditions: two environmental conditions (gross-motor toys, fine-motor toys) crossed with two social conditions (alone, together with a caregiver). Infants moved more in the gross-motor toy conditions than in the fine-motor toy conditions. However, the effect of playing with a caregiver differed by toy condition. In the gross-motor toy conditions, playing with a caregiver did not affect how much infants moved, but in the fine-motor toy conditions, playing with a caregiver further depressed infant locomotion. Infants with more walking experience moved more with gross-motor toys but not with fine-motor toys. Differences in the amount of locomotion between conditions were related to how infants used toys and the interactions between infants and caregivers. Public Significance Statement: Toys like strollers, brooms, grocery carts, and balls, along with a "hands-off" caregiver play style, encourage toddlers to engage in locomotor play. In contrast, toys like pop-ups, xylophones, shape-sorters, and bricks, along with a "hands-on" caregiver play style, encourage more manual, stationary play. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article contributes to the developing sociology of COVID‐19 literature by examining situational variation in mask‐wearing behavior during the early pandemic. Using interview data collected from residents of Brooklyn, New York during 2020, I analyze how people talk about encounters with masking in various social contexts. I find that the act of wearing a mask during the early pandemic acquired multiple, contradictory meanings that compelled opposite stances toward masking. On one hand, public health campaigns helped encourage mask‐wearing by infusing masking with notions of solidarity and collective responsibility. But on the other hand, masks also obtained meanings related to distrust and emotional distance that became highly relevant in intimate social situations: masking around friends and other close social network members could be understood as symbolically destructive to the relationship. By illustrating how people collectively negotiated these countervailing meanings during interaction, the findings contribute to knowledge about how relational characteristics and interaction dynamics shaped the ways that people understood and enacted masking during the early COVID‐19 pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study examined the impact of bilingualism on affective theory of mind (ToM) and social prioritization (SP) among autistic adults compared to neurotypical comparison participants. Method: Fifty-two (25 autistic, 27 neurotypical) adult participants (ages 21–35 years) with varying second language (L2) experience, ranging from monolingual to bilingual, completed an affective ToM task. A subset of this sample also completed a dynamic eye-tracking task designed to capture differences in time spent looking at social aspects of a scene (SP). Four language groups were compared on task performance (monolingual autism and neurotypical, bilingual autism and neurotypical), followed by analyses examining the contribution of L2 experience, autism characteristics, and social face prioritization on affective ToM, controlling for verbal IQ. Finally, we conducted an analysis to identify the contribution of SP on affective ToM when moderated by autism status and L2 experience, controlling for verbal IQ. Results: The monolingual autism group performed significantly worse than the other three groups (bilingual autism, monolingual neurotypical, and bilingual neurotypical) on the affective ToM task; however, there were no significant differences between the bilingual autism group compared to the monolingual and bilingual neurotypical groups. For autistic individuals, affective ToM capabilities were positively associated with both verbal IQ and L2 experience but did not relate to autism characteristics or SP during eye tracking. Neurotypical participants showed greater SP during the eye-tracking task, and SP did not relate to L2 or autism characteristics for autistic individuals. SP and verbal IQ predicted affective ToM performance across autism and neurotypical groups, but this relationship was moderated by L2 experience; SP more strongly predicted affective ToM performance among participants with lower L2 experience (e.g., monolingual) and had less of an impact for those with higher L2 experience. Conclusion: This study provides support for a bilingual advantage in affective ToM for autistic individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem of context, which explores relations between societal conditions and science, has a long and contentious tradition in the history, philosophy, and sociology of science. While the problem has received little explicit attention in recent years, two contemporary positions remain evident. First is the resources model , which seeks to maintain the autonomy of scientists by denying contextual influence, restricting the role of contexts to providing a pool of 'novel inputs'. Second is the contextual shaping position which recognizes that societal conditions influence science but remains conceptually vague and theoretically undeveloped. This paper argues, given current disciplinary conditions, the problem of context deserves renewed attention. In this paper I first review the history of the debate from the 1930s, highlighting several anxieties that continue to hamper the open study of the problem. After this historical review, I provide a critique of the resources model and assess the possibilities and shortfalls of the contextual shaping position. By addressing past and present perspectives, my goal is to move firmly beyond narrow accounts of context, as exemplified by the resources model. Instead, I propose a renewed program of research in which rich empirical studies are combined with equally rich theoretical work directed toward developing conceptual tools better able to capture the multiple intricacies evident in context-science relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the evolution of traits subject to trade-offs is challenging because phenotypes can (co)vary at both the among- and within-individual levels. Among-individual covariation indicates consistent, possibly genetic, differences in how individuals resolve the trade-off, while within-individual covariation indicates trait plasticity. There is also the potential for consistent among-individual differences in behavioral plasticity, although this has rarely been investigated. We studied the sources of (co)variance in two characteristics of an acoustic advertisement signal that trade-off with one another and are under sexual selection in the gray treefrog, Hyla chrysoscelis : call duration and call rate. We recorded males on multiple nights calling spontaneously and in response to playbacks simulating different competition levels. Call duration, call rate, and their product, call effort, were all repeatable both within and across social contexts. Call duration and call rate covaried negatively, and the largest covariance was at the among-individual level. There was extensive plasticity in calling with changes in social competition, and we found some evidence for among-individual variance in call rate plasticity. The significant negative among-individual covariance in trait values is perpendicular to the primary direction of sexual selection in this species, indicating potential limits on the response to selection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abandoned baggage poses a potential threat to public safety, which needs to be monitored to avoid catastrophic effects. Identifying left baggage, the owner of the baggage, and the intention of the owner leaving the baggage are the challenging tasks in an automated video surveillance system. This paper aims at detecting abandoned objects by recognising and tracking the person carrying the object with context sensing. Here, a well-organised background modelling strategy and background subtraction in the HSV colour plane is proposed that yield a complete foreground image. The retrieved foreground blobs were identified as pedestrians, luggage, or other moving items using the prior model built with deep features. Further, deep features with kernel canonical correlation analysis and the cosine similarity index are used for tracking the person by re-identification in successive frames. The gait energy image generated for the tracked individual is identified for the condition of the carried baggage, and thus the owner of the bag is recognised. The duration of stay of the person carrying an object and the behavioural cues displayed by the person serve as the defining features for threat assessment. The PETS 2006, AVSS 2007, and ABODA data sets were used to evaluate the performance of the proposed method, and the experiments demonstrate promising results comparable to state-of-the-art techniques. The results suggest that the proposed method can effectively detect abandoned objects in public places by recognising and tracking the person carrying the object and using context sensing. The method's performance is comparable to state-of-the-art techniques and can be used in real-world scenarios to enhance public safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the exponential increase in the number of refugees and displaced people worldwide, it has become critical to examine the experiences of refugees; particularly their identity, since it is an important marker of their adjustment to the new context. Besides other factors impacting their identity and adjustment, the role of the leader is important as it can impact the construction of refugee identities. This paper explores the construction and negotiation of Tibetan refugee identities through the identity entrepreneurship of the Dalai Lama, the spiritual and erstwhile political leader of the Tibetans. It is postulated that leaders are entrepreneurs of identity who shape identity construction and negotiation. With an emphasis on the social, political, and historical context, three kinds of sources are analysed using a discourse‐historical approach to understand how leaders function as entrepreneurs of identity across the various contexts and negotiate identity construction across the shifting contexts. First, 12 speeches by the Dalai Lama on 10 critical events in Tibetan history since 1959; second, six speeches by the Dalai Lama for Tibetan Uprising Day (1961–2009); and third, two international interviews (CNN, 2009; BBC, 2012). The analysis demonstrates that the identity entrepreneurship of the Dalai Lama has strong elements of protection towards the ingroup, that is, the Tibetan refugees, through the crafting of a collective sense of identity for Tibetans. The study sheds new light on the nature of refugee leadership, acknowledging the impact of the shifting nature of identity, from a native citizen to refugee; and the leader's identity entrepreneurship in these evolving and often malleable contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Canine vector-borne diseases (CVBDs) disproportionally affect dogs in the tropics, and some of them are of zoonotic concern. Control strategies should consider several factors, such as pathogen transmission times, vector seasonality, and individual risk factors. Combinations of repellents and fast-killing parasiticides are the first-line strategies for the prevention and control of CVBDs. Further research on transmission-blocking vaccines is needed for planning integrated control approaches against CVBDs. The prevention of canine vector-borne diseases (CVBDs) is pivotal for the health and welfare of dogs as well as for reducing their zoonotic risk to humans. Scientific knowledge gained in recent years contributed to the development of new strategies for the control of these diseases in different social and cultural contexts. Here, we discuss recent advances in the prevention of vector-borne pathogens (VBPs) affecting dogs with a focus on those of zoonotic relevance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the noted risks of sport specialization, it is evident that parents, athletes, and coaches are engaging in and promoting early sport specialization. To develop more effective intervention strategies, researchers and other stakeholders should consider evaluating this behavior through a multilevel theoretical perspective and comprehensively evaluating the levels of influence. In response to recent calls for ecological assessments and a need for more theory-based research, we have created an ecological framework for youth sport based on the information synthesized in this literature review. To this end, the use of a social ecological perspective may help to better inform youth sport specialization research. The literature supports the multi-factorial determinants of behavior and the interplay between each of the levels of influence is important. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Child physical activity (PA) is vital for physical and mental health, yet many children do not meet recommendations. Temporary, place-based programs designed to provide PA opportunities to youth could be a promising approach. This case-study describes familial PA at a suburban pop-up park (PUP) occurring on a weekend during the school year. Methods: iSOPARC (v 1.85) was used with double-rater reliability for a total of four rounds (one round every 30 minutes starting 15 minutes into the event) documenting the PA of individuals in each of the nine target areas at the PUP. PA was dichotomized into physically active (walking or vigorous) and sedentary (sitting or standing). Descriptive statistics were generated. Results: 179 individuals were observed (62% female, 26% children, 28% teens, 45% adults). Overall, 53% (n = 47) of children, 18% of teens (n = 11), and 17% (n = 14) of adults were observed as physically active. Per target area, percentages of physically active individuals were: 93% physically active (n = 14) at the playground, 44% physically active (n = 7) during basketball, 41% physically active (n = 9) during open play, 40% physically active (n = 4) during kickball, 24% physically active (n = 5) at check-in, 20% physically active (n = 6) in the snack area, 11% physically active (n = 2) during reading time, 10% physically active (n = 1) during lawn games, and 6% physically active (n = 2) during boxing. Conclusion: This observational case study provides an example of how PUPs during the school year may be a helpful tool to encourage weekend PA across communities. Future studies should consider the social environment on youth PA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To identify practice and social contextual factors that associate with physical activity (PA) levels of children during their participation in a youth soccer program. Methods: Twenty-seven youth soccer teams serving children ages 6–11 years participated. Research staff directly observed and recorded PA intensity and practice and social contextual factors using momentary time-sampling procedures. Each team was observed for 1 practice, during which approximately 6 children were each observed for twenty 30-s observation blocks (10-s observation, 20-s recording). In total, children were observed for 3,102 intervals. Multilevel logistic regression analyses were conducted to describe associations between PA intensity and practice and social contexts. Interaction terms were introduced into the models to determine if the associations differed across girls-only, boys-only, and coed teams. Results: A total of 158 children were observed across the 27 teams. Children were more likely to engage in moderate or vigorous PA while performing fitness (Odds Ratio [OR], 9.9, 95% CI = 5.34–18.04), game (OR, 4.0, 95% CI = 2.88–5.66), warm-up (OR, 2.8, 95% CI = 1.85–4.11), and drill (OR, 1.9, 95% CI = 1.41–2.67) activities compared to tactic/instructional activities. The associations between PA intensity levels and practice and social contexts did not differ across girls-only, boys-only, and coed teams. Conclusions: Fitness activities and full-team game play were associated with higher PA intensity levels during children's participation in youth soccer practices. Youth sport practice protocols can be modified to increase children's physical activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neighbourhood environments shape older adults' social interactions. This research conceptualises a comprehensive set of perceived and objective measures of neighbourhood social and built environments, including third places, with older adults' social interactions. In Melbourne, based on the person-environment fit framework, mediation analyses showed that the perceived social environment measures of community spirit, participation in community groups and belonging to suburb, were the strongest predictors of social interactions, followed by a few types of perceived third places. Our findings suggest that policymakers should focus on how the objective environment characteristics are interpreted as levers when planning for changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The central objective of this paper is to demonstrate that the validity of the Hughes and Coakley (H&C) model of deviance in sport is context specific and depends on the time, place, social groups involved, and the relative power of the audience and deviant(s). H&C argued that performance enhancing substance (PES) use constituted a single type of deviant behavior among athletes (i.e. positive deviance). The Heckert and Heckert (H&H) deviance framework made it possible to theorize performance-enhancing substances and methods (PESM) use as four ideal types of deviant behavior among athletes and in sports collectives. Given the variability in the historical and social contexts where PESM use has occurred in sport, a comprehensive explanatory framework is needed to understand a full range of PESM behaviors. This paper demonstrates that the H&H framework has a clear explanatory advantage over the H&C model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Delinquent behaviours among youth harms health and social trajectories, and public health broadly. Despite evidence that engaging in and being victimized by delinquent behaviours often cluster, most studies have examined the clustering of delinquent behaviours or victimization experiences independently. Information on patterns of co-occurrence is crucial to design appropriate interventions. Objectives: The primary purpose was to identify latent classes of delinquency and victimization among youth from the general population. The secondary purpose of this study was to examine associations of individual, household, and classroom covariates on latent class membership. Method: The sample consisted of 1948 youth aged 4–14 from the 2014 Ontario Child Health Study. Latent class analysis was performed to identify patterns of delinquent behaviours and experiences of victimization, while multinomial regression was conducted to examine how covariates were associated with likelihood of class membership. Results: The analysis identified four classes of youth in the OCHS sample: (1) low delinquency and low victimization (75.4%), (2) moderate victimization and moderate school delinquency (7.8%), (3) high victimization and moderate home delinquency (11.8%), and high victimization and high home and school delinquency (5.0%). Youth sex, household income, ethnicity, parental education, and parental depression were associated with differences in class membership. Conclusions: Approximately one quarter of youth engaged in delinquent behaviours, with patterns of co-occurrence suggesting these youth engage in delinquent behaviours and are victimized by delinquent behaviours across environments. Interventions should approach youth delinquency and victimization as a spectrum of clustered behaviours and experiences in these environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the involvement of family, community, and school in citizenship education in China, particularly in terms of the tension between traditional cultural values and today's modernisation. The analysis was based on written materials acquired through a systematic search of English and Chinese scholarly literature on the subject and relevant Chinese policy documents and laws. Following a hermeneutic approach, the image formed in the literature of Chinese citizenship education was interpreted and explained in a broader historical-cultural-social context. The results show that the traditional values of Chinese civilisation continue to play a strong role in all three arenas of citizenship education, although the conflict between traditional values emphasising conformism and modern values emphasising individual self-determination is also recognisable in them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines how participants enrolled in teacher education and childhood studies courses represented their understandings of childhood through a selection of artefacts discussed in focus groups at four sites: Montréal, New York City, Ottawa, and Toronto. To situate our inquiry, we theorise nostalgia in relationship to the construction of childhood innocence, with a focus on children's everyday objects and playthings in upholding this ideal. We further trace the construction of innocence to discourses of social exclusion and defences against difficulty. While participants used their artefacts to represent personal memories and social contexts that disrupted an idealised category of childhood, they also returned to a nostalgic trope of innocence, which was particularly pronounced in their understandings of childhood under COVID-19. We advocate for the creation of time and space for prospective and practicing teachers to mourn the idealisation of innocence and to examine the unequal conditions of vulnerability that both children and teachers live. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite Adam Smith's seemingly firm entrenchment within the liberal tradition, in Theory of Moral Sentiments, he forwards several positions that fundamentally challenge this understanding. Chief among them is his argument that society is necessarily prior to the individual and that our socio-political context therefore shapes our perception of future possibilities. Thus, rational deliberation is not an ahistorical and universal phenomenon, but one that is structured by the context in which it occurs. Moreover, in Wealth of Nations, Smith brings this understanding to bear on socioeconomic relationships, demonstrating how they shape a person's temporal imagination, and consequently, their perception of self-interest. Far from adhering to a belief in the supremacy of rational self-interest, Smith actually helps us understand how different social contexts can engender profoundly irrational behavior. Using the 2008 subprime mortgage crisis as its primary case study, this article demonstrates that Smith's analysis offers a novel and penetrating approach to analyzing fiscal crises, while offering a generative approach for developing mitigating interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we assess competing interpretations of a burnt ceremonial structure from the terminal Middle Formative period (ca. 300–100 BCE) by analyzing the stepped platform mound at Chiripa, Bolivia, through a systematic reconstruction of the fire that destroyed it. We developed a model of potential fire pathways, their social contexts, and material indicators. Our approach contrasts incipient fires from accident or arson to planned fires initiated for functional or social ends. We assessed these pathways for the Chiripa mound fire through experimental, geoarchaeological, faunal, and botanical data. Experiments were aimed at deducing the temperature, duration, and oxidation conditions of the fire. The fire temperature and duration were approximated from geoarchaeological analyses of construction materials in comparison with controls, and thermal alteration of faunal bone. Fuels were reconstructed through paleoethnobotanical analysis of charred remains from discrete areas within the burnt structure. We conclude that an intentional fire burned the structures on the Chiripa mound to temperatures of 700 °C or higher under oxidizing conditions for several hours. The pattern of heat-altered materials recovered would have required a substantial supplemental fuel load. At the 3840 masl elevation of Chiripa, the effective control of a high temperature oxidizing fire demonstrates technical expertise in fire management. Our findings indicate the fire appears intentional, likely a ritual event. We believe the structures were burned to facilitate a socio-political change during a period of social transition at the end of the Middle Formative period in Bolivia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study advances the measurement of community social context by introducing the daily dynamic perspective to promote a better understanding of the relationship between community social context and community attachment. It measured the social context averaging or polarization (SCAP) effect of communities every 3 h using census and cell phone data and investigated residents' community attachment in 71 communities in Guangzhou, China. There are three findings. First, the social contexts of many communities varied during the day, either moving toward the mean of the whole city or away from the mean. Distinct patterns exist during work hours, evening hours, and night hours. Second, considering variations in social contexts during the evening hours significantly enhances the explanation of the heterogeneity in residents' community attachment. Third, variations in social contexts are more likely to influence residents' attachment in old blocks and migrant communities, and communities that may have gated sub-units are less likely to be influenced. The study advocates that context dynamics be taken as a new dimension of community indicators in place perception studies. The study is also instructive in targeting space and time that deserve special attention in community governance practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digital disconnection has emerged as a response to constant connectivity and the perceived harms to well-being that technology overuse may cause in a digital society. Despite the apparent conflict with expectations of constant availability, there has been limited research on the role of social norms in individuals' regulation of their digital media use. The present study applied a nuanced conceptualization of social norms—by differentiating referent groups (i.e., family, friends, and everyday contacts) as well as injunctive and descriptive norms—and examined the associations of disconnection and availability norms with disconnection behavior across two generations of digital media users. Drawing on an online survey based on a stratified population sample (N = 1163), we found perceptions of injunctive disconnection norms to differ across generations, with younger digital media users perceiving digital disconnection but also availability to be more important to their social environment. This conflict of contradictory norms was also reflected in an interactional effect on own disconnection behavior in this group, where positive correlations between disconnections norms and behavior were countered by availability norms. Overall, our findings demonstrate the social complexity of the individual decision to (dis)connect and, on the societal level, that social norms of disconnection are in transition with disconnection behavior becoming and being perceived as more and more important. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to explore the role of social resilience in providing community-based healthcare to older adults in Northeast Thailand during the COVID-19 pandemic. Purposive sampling was used to recruit 20 community-dwelling older adults in Maha Sarakham province, Thailand, and semi-structured interviews were conducted from 2020 to 2021. Interview transcripts were analyzed using an interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) approach with multiple coders to triangulate findings. The results of the IPA show that, during the pandemic, social resilience was related to social distancing, social isolation, social control, social safety, and social support. The respondents identified that providing community-based healthcare during the pandemic was associated with primary care, rehabilitative care, healthcare delivery, health behaviors, and distress intolerance. These findings highlight that social reciprocity, preventative healthcare, residential care, and good healthcare practices are important aspects of resilience among community-dwelling older adults in times of pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Depression is a prevalent, heterogeneous, and debilitating disorder that often emerges in adolescence, and there is a need to better understand vulnerability processes to inform more targeted intervention efforts. Psychophysiological methods, like event‐related potentials (ERPs), can offer unique insights into the cognitive and emotional processes underlying depression vulnerability. I review my and others' research examining ERP measures of reward responsiveness in youth depression and present a conceptual model of the development of low reward responsiveness, its role in depression vulnerability, and potential windows for targeted intervention. There is evidence that a blunted reward positivity (RewP) is observable in children at risk for depression, appears to be shaped in part by early social experiences, and predicts later depressive symptoms in combination with other risk factors like stress exposure. Further, a component consistent with RewP is reliably elicited in response to social acceptance feedback in computerized peer interaction tasks and demonstrates unique associations with social contextual factors and depressive symptoms, supporting the utility of developing psychophysiological tasks that may better capture youths' real‐world experiences and social risk processes. In addition, I address the translational implications of clinical psychophysiological research and describe a series of studies showing that a reduced RewP predicts greater reductions in depressive symptoms with treatment but is not modifiable by current treatments like cognitive behavioral therapy. Finally, I describe our preliminary efforts to develop a positive emotion‐focused intervention for the offspring of depressed mothers, informed by the RewP literature, and describe future directions for translating psychophysiological research to intervention and prevention. In this review, I summarize research on depression vulnerability showing relatively consistent evidence of blunted reward responsiveness (measured by event‐related potentials) in children and adolescents at risk for depression that appears to be shaped in part by early social experiences and predicts later depressive symptoms in combination with other risk factors like stress exposure. I highlight the importance of examining reward processing in the social domain and offer future directions to translate psychophysiology research into intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This response essay overviews the timely interventions of Michael W. Clune's A Defense of Judgment , which was published amid a larger sociopolitical crisis in expert judgment. Clune productively develops an account of the specialized nature of literary expertise. However, this essay also asks whether too much force is attributed to the logic of the market, and it similarly questions the vision of the public implicit to Clune's model of literary studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epistemic injustice is a condition where knowers and knowledge claims are unduly dismissed. Philosophers suggest that epistemic injustice manifests in three forms: testimonial, hermeneutical, and contributory. Although distinct, all forms of epistemic injustice stem from relations of power, privilege, and positionality — where some have the opportunity and authority to legitimize the knowledge contributions of others. The purpose of this study was to explore the presence of epistemic injustice in U.S. doctoral education through a systematic review of literature. We methodically searched hundreds of peer-reviewed journals for studies focused on teaching, advising, peer interaction, doctoral socialization, and other experiences concerning doctoral education across the humanities, social science, and science disciplines. We retained, reviewed, and analyzed 107 manuscripts. Our analysis revealed epistemic injustice in doctoral education as well as rules that foster the conditions for epistemic injustice. Implications for doctoral education and future research are offered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extended duration in isolated, confined, and extreme (ICE) environments like space can have detrimental impacts on behavioral health. During the COVID-19 pandemic, large portions of the public were required to social distance, presenting unique circumstances of social isolation and pseudo-confinement. An internet-based survey was conducted from April to December 2020 of individuals (N = 39 participants, n=1302 survey entries) social distancing. Explanatory multi-level models were constructed to examine relationships between well-being state (anxiety, mood) and observed traits/mental health background, behaviors, and social environment. Significant factors (p < 0.1) with protective relationships to well-being state (decreased anxiety, increased positive mood) included: mood level trait, self-perceived extroversion, hours of sleep, number of meals, time spent outdoors, time spent exercising, time spent on video games, and living alone. Factors with significant protective relationships to anxiety alone included: self-perceived introversion, being required to social distance, and time spent on cooking. Conversely, significant factors with risk relationships to well-being state (increased anxiety, decrease mood) included: time spent on schoolwork and living with individuals who were not family or friends; number of adults in the residence had a significant risk relationship to anxiety alone. Trait measures had the largest effect sizes (self-perceived extroversion explained the largest percentage of variance in outcomes), while behavioral and social environment factors had relatively small effect sizes. Trait measures continue to be dominant in gauging potential resilience to ICE conditions, but the protective relationships observed from behavioral and social factors warrant continued exploration and personalization per individual. Statistical significance should not be equated to practical relevance. The relationships examined can inform the development, prioritization, and personalization of behavioral health tools for civilians in ICE environments on Earth and future spaceflight missions. • Isolation, confinement during COVID-19 may be insightful for civilian spaceflight. • Protective and risk relationships exist between chosen factors and anxiety, mood. • Trait variables had largest effect sizes on explained variance in anxiety, mood. • Relative effect sizes of behavior, environment can inform prioritization of tools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Older adults prefer ageing in place (AIP) rather than institutionalized facilities. Although its advantages, AIP can be challenging when communities are unable to meet residents' needs. This study aims to identify the relationship between the level of age-friendliness of community and AIP. We used AARP Age-friendly Community Survey data with 6670 older adults in the USA. We used responses from 63 items assessing various aspects of a community's age-friendliness to identify different types of age-friendly communities (AFCs) through latent profile analysis (LPA). We then ran multinomial logistic regression to examine whether the types of AFC were associated with AIP. LPA revealed three types of AFC: Underdeveloped, developing, and developed. Regression results showed older adults living in underdeveloped and developing communities are less likely to AIP compared to those in the developed community. These results show a positive impact of AFC on intention to AIP. Policymakers should consider expanding AFC initiatives for the growing number of older adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we test a long-held assumption regarding Otago, New Zealand, goldfields life and death- that scurvy was a ubiquitous and persistent cause of misery and death among the goldminers. We will also explore a parallel argument that the Chinese market gardeners played a large role in stamping out the disease in the goldfields. Through the interrogation of various archival medical primary sources, we show that scurvy was indeed a terrible scourge in the Otago goldfields, but only during the initial rushes into new regions. We also argue that while Chinese market gardeners undoubtedly contributed to a more nutritious and varied diet for European miners and settlers, scurvy had already markedly reduced in frequency by the time of their arrival in the gold fields. Patient-oriented accounts of scurvy in the gold demonstrate the clinical and functional cost of scurvy in during the initial gold rushes of Otago. Furthermore, individual stories of previously anonymous patients found locked in these archival sources demonstrate the importance of re-humanising the past to understand the biological and social context of these frontier times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ability to quickly perceive others' rank minimizes costs by helping individuals behave appropriately when interacting with strangers. Indeed, humans and at least some other species can quickly determine strangers' rank or dominance based only on physical features without observing others' interactions or behavior. Nonhuman primates can determine strangers' ranks by observing their interactions, and some evidence suggests that at least some cues to dominance, such as facial width‐to‐height ratio (fWHR), are also present in other primates. However, it is unknown whether they can determine strangers' rank simply by looking at their faces, rather than observing their interactions. If so, this would suggest selective pressure across the primates on both cues to dominance and the ability to detect those cues accurately. To address this, we examined the ability of male and female tufted capuchin monkeys (Sapajus [Cebus] apella) to categorize images of the faces of unknown conspecifics (Sapajus from different colonies) and humans (computer‐generated and real) as dominant or nondominant based only on still images. Capuchins' categorization of unknown conspecific faces was consistent with fWHR, a cue to dominance, although there was a strong tendency to categorize strangers as dominant, particularly for males. This was true despite the continued correct categorization of known individuals. In addition, capuchins did not categorize human strangers in accordance with external pre‐ratings of dominance by independent human raters, despite the availability of the same cue, fWHR. We consider these results in the context of capuchin socio‐ecology and what they mean for the evolution of rapid decision‐making in social contexts. Research Highlights: Tufted capuchins categorize unknown male faces as dominant or not consistent with facial width‐to‐height ratios.Categorizations are biased toward dominance, suggesting that all strangers are initially treated as a threat.This suggests that capuchins do best by assuming dominance in unknown males. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efficient energy demand management in the residential sector must be designed based on a sufficient understanding of factors. This study focuses on apartments, a mainstream housing type in Korea. The combination of factor analysis and quantile regression analysis provides insight into the sociocultural meaning of home appliance ownership and use pattern and the differential impact on electricity consumption. The eight representative home appliances closely related to electricity consumption in the household sector are related to household composition, life cycle, economic ability, education, and occupation type. Additionally, the influence of home appliances on electricity consumption is not constant and is differentiated depending on the consumption level of each household. These attempts can provide customized information on specific housing type groups emerging in the future economic development and urban development process. In residential energy demand management, further segmentation and specification of the target and content of information provision will increase the effectiveness of policy achievement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This longitudinal study applied the integrated model of self-determination theory (SDT) and the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) to explain COVID-19 preventive behaviours among parents of young children in the United States. The study adopted a two-wave longitudinal study design. Parents (N = 681) completed self-report questionnaires related to measures of SDT and the TPB constructs and behavioural adherence at baseline and after one month. We used standardised residual change scores to test the structural relationships of the integrated model. The parameter estimates of the model (CFI >.96, TLI >.86, RMSEA =.05, SRMR =.03) fit acceptably well to the data. Psychological need support was positively and significantly linked to autonomous and controlled motivation and amotivation. Autonomous motivation was positively and significantly correlated with TPB factors, and intention. Intention was a significant and positive predictor of behavioural adherence. The integrated model of SDT and the TPB appeared to be applicable to the explanation of COVID-19 prevention among the U.S. parents. Longitudinal data showed that a psychological need supportive social environment was related to favourable motivation, social cognition beliefs, intention and behavioural adherence to the preventive behaviours of parents protecting their young children from COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Resilience is an increasingly used term in medicine and subject to various definitions, often not easy to grasp. There are established core concepts for patients receiving palliative care, for example, meaning in life, that have already been researched a lot. Resilience, relative to these concepts, is a new object of research in palliative care, where it has so far been used predominantly with regard to the well-being of teams. Aim: To explore how experts in palliative care define the concept of resilience and its suitability for patients, significant others, and professionals. Design: Qualitative study using summarizing content analysis according to Mayring. Setting/participants: Twenty-one health and social care professionals with expertise caring for persons with life-threatening/limiting illnesses and their relatives were interviewed in three individual interviews and four focus groups. All conversations were recorded, transcribed, coded via MAXQDA, and validated by another researcher. Results: Resilience has been described as something procedural, dynamic, individual, and flexible. In connection with well-known concepts such as posttraumatic growth or terms from the field of mindfulness, social environment or personal factors have also been linked to resilience. Resources such as spirituality can contribute to resilience, and resilience itself can function as a resource, for example, by contributing to quality of life. An active use of the term in practical work with patients or relatives is rare, but it is used in education or team measures. Limited lifespan can pose a challenge to an active use of the concept of resilience. Conclusion: Resilience as a very individual approach provides added value to other core concepts of palliative care. Within the palliative context, the normative dimension of resilience must be well reflected. A broader definition of resilience is recommended, leaving room for everyone to find their own form of resilience. The concept of resilience in palliative care includes opportunities as well as risks and should, therefore, be implemented carefully, requiring specific training. Plain language summary: What experts think about resilience in palliative care Why was this study done? Resilience is described as a process of coping with stress or adversity while remaining physically and mentally functional. Resilience is subject to a range of definitions. In the context of palliative care, where many other concepts, such as meaning in life, are already used, the definition of resilience also represents a challenge. We wanted to learn how people working in palliative care, defined by us as experts, understand and use the concept of resilience. In addition, there are three different target groups for resilience: patients, significant others and professionals. We wanted to learn about the differences in the application of resilience to these groups. What did the researchers do? We conducted interviews with a total of 21 experts in individual and group settings (so-called focus groups). All interviews and focus groups were audiotaped and transcribed verbatim to analyse them precisely using qualitative methods. What did the researchers find? This study shows how resilience is understood in the work field of the participants: namely as something procedural, dynamic, individual and flexible but normative at the same time. Factors such as the social environment, the number and intensity of crises already experienced (known as the idea of posttraumatic growth), aspects from the field of mindfulness or spirituality can contribute to developing resilience, which is why we call these things resources for resilience. Experts use the term resilience less in their daily work with patients or significant others, but more in education. What do the findings mean? The concept of resilience in palliative care involves both risks and opportunities. Practical work with the concept has to be well reflected and must be applied sensitively. Therefore, it is essential that professional as well as informal caregivers receive specific training that also includes respect for each individual's personal concept of resilience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human interaction is immersed in laughter; though genuine and posed laughter are acoustically distinct, they are both crucial socio-emotional signals. In this novel study, autistic and non-autistic adults explicitly rated the affective properties of genuine and posed laughter. Additionally, we explored whether their self-reported everyday experiences with laughter differ. Both groups could differentiate between these two types of laughter. However, autistic adults rated posed laughter as more authentic and emotionally arousing than non-autistic adults, perceiving it to be similar to genuine laughter. Autistic adults reported laughing less, deriving less enjoyment from laughter, and experiencing difficulty in understanding the social meaning of other people's laughter compared to non-autistic people. Despite these differences, autistic adults reported using laughter socially as often as non-autistic adults, leveraging it to mediate social contexts. Our findings suggest that autistic adults show subtle differences in their perception of laughter, which may be associated with their struggles in comprehending the social meaning of laughter, as well as their diminished frequency and enjoyment of laughter in everyday scenarios. By combining experimental evidence with first-person experiences, this study suggests that autistic adults likely employ different strategies to understand laughter in everyday contexts, potentially leaving them socially vulnerable in communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To identify barriers and enablers for access to and participation in rehabilitation for people with LLA in East, South, and Southeast Asian developing countries from the perspective of rehabilitation professionals. A mixed-method study involving an anonymous cross-sectional screening survey followed by in-depth interviews of rehabilitation professionals in these regions following the COREQ guidelines. Participants were surveyed online using convenience and snowball sampling techniques to inform a purposive heterogenic sample for semi-structured online interviews, between September 2021 to February 2022. Interview transcripts were analysed and thematically coded using the modified Health Care Delivery System Approach (HCDSA) framework. A total of 201 quantitative survey responses shaped the interview questions and participation of 28 participants from 13 countries for the qualitative investigation. Important factors at the patient level were sex, economics, health issues, language differences, and lack of awareness; at the care team level, peer and/or family support, referrals, and the gender of the professional; at the organizational level, service availability, resources, and quality; and at the environmental level, policies, supports, and physical and/or social accessibility. Identified interlinked factors at multiple levels of the HCDSA underpin the need for a systems approach to develop and address regional rehabilitation service provision but requires contextually adapted policy. Amputation rehabilitation practices need improvements in the developing Asian region including evaluation and redesign of, and processes and policies by, policy makers with increased support for those with lower limb amputation. The consistent factors identified in these regions as negatively impacting rehabilitation services suggest opportunities to collaborate and design common mitigation approaches between rehabilitation providers across countries. Unique local factors impacting rehabilitation in different countries suggest the necessity for customization in consultation with rehabilitation practitioners rather than the adoption of generic charitable models by external agencies. Rehabilitation professionals and others responsible for rehabilitation policy and practice should systematically target factors impacting rehabilitation outcomes for improvements at all levels within the health care systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing from transformational leadership (TFL) theory and research on contextual leadership, we examined a conditional process model of leadership in nursing teams to predict patient loyalty. Using TFL's individualized consideration dimension as a salient facet of the construct in care services, we first posited that nurses' team affective commitment would partially mediate the impact of nurse leadership. We further conceptualized nurse–physician collaboration, organizational formalization and task feedback as discrete contexts that may curb the influence of head nurses' individualized consideration. In a three‐wave, multisource and multilevel study, we surveyed 654 nurses and 1770 patients from 91 hospital units. We found that team‐level head nurses' individualized consideration positively and partially related to patient loyalty through nurses' team commitment and that higher levels of nurse–physician collaboration, organizational formalization and task feedback were associated with reduced influence of individualized consideration on team commitment and patient loyalty. We discuss the implications of these findings for advancing theory and research on TFL and contextual factors of leadership. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main aim of this research is to see the influence of financial literacy, self-control, and social environment on consumptive behavior in urban communities in the Banyumas Regency area. This research was conducted with a quantitative approach. The population in this research is urban communities in the Banyumas Regency area with a sample size of 117 respondents. The collected data will be analyzed using descriptive analysis, correlation, and multiple regression with the help of SPSS software. The results of the analysis show that there is a real influence of financial literacy and self-control on consumptive behavior in urban communities in the Banyumas Regency area. There needs to be awareness of the importance of self-control and a positive social environment in urban communities in the Banyumas Regency area so that they do not engage in excessive consumptive behavior. Apart from that, people must also continue to hone their knowledge and understanding of the concept of risk in finance, skills, motivation, and self-confidence to be able to make effective decisions regarding financial issues. This research was conducted based on empirical phenomena in the field regarding consumptive behavior that often affects the lives of urban communities, especially communities in the Banyumas Regency, which has not been studied previously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article I examine the simultaneous expansion of urban sprawl and influx of middle‐class migrants in the context of Gurugram, India, to highlight how physical and social space plays an integral role in shaping class distinction among the migrant middle classes. I make a case for social class, generally, and migrant middle classes in neo‐urban contexts, specifically, to be understood as a sociospatial category. My arguments build primarily on Bourdieu's argument that both physical and social space operates on similar principles of reciprocal externality of positions in the context of social class distinction. I highlight how the migrant middle classes formulate and consolidate their social class distinction against competing claims over sociospatial dominance of the local ancestral agrarian community in neo‐urban Gurugram, India. My findings highlight how existing local sociopolitical fractures interact with global capitalist circuits of capital to shape the sociospatial context in which social class distinction is formulated. The article allows for grounding theorizations of social class to accommodate local sociopolitical and sociospatial dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION In recent years, e-cigarettes as an emerging tobacco product have been favored by college students. Our study aims to explore the factors affecting the use of e-cigarettes among college students and to put forward feasible suggestions for effectively controlling the use of e-cigarettes among college students. METHODS The participating students were from three undergraduate and three specialized colleges in Guangdong Province, surveyed from January to March 2022. The Fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA) method was used to analyze the influence mechanism and path of five antecedents: self-efficacy, social environment, cognition, sales environment, and negative outcome expectation, on the use of e-cigarettes. The fsQCA used in this study is a novel research methodology that combines the strengths of qualitative and quantitative analyses, through which we can determine which conditions are essential to the outcomes that lead to e-cigarette use among college students, and which combinations of conditions are more important than others. RESULTS The interaction of self-efficacy, social environment, cognition, sales environment, and negative outcome expectation, affected college students' use of e-cigarettes. Through the fsQCA method, it was found that self-efficacy alone constitutes a necessary condition for college students not to use e-cigarettes. There are four possible pathways for college students not to use e-cigarettes, with higher self-efficacy, correct cognition, and a healthy social environment influencing the most important combination of conditions for college students to use e-cigarettes. CONCLUSIONS The use of e-cigarettes by students in Guangdong Province is the result of the synergistic effect of multiple factors. Tobacco control action suggestions focus on improving students' self-efficacy and paying attention to the combination of different factors to achieve more effective tobacco control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Existing research on the impacts of adversity on young children's psychological well‐being has largely focused on household‐level risk factors using observational methods in high‐income countries. This study leverages natural variation in the timing and location of community homicides to estimate their acute effects on the regulatory, behavioral, and developmental outcomes of Brazilian 3‐year‐olds. Methods: We compared the outcomes of children who were assessed soon after a recent neighborhood homicide to those of children from the same residential neighborhoods who had not recently experienced community violence. Our sample included 3,241 3‐year‐olds (Mage = 41.05 months; 53% female; 45% caregiver education less than middle school; 26% receiving a public assistance program) from seven neighborhoods in São Paulo, Brazil. Child outcome measures included parent reports of effortful control and behavior problems as well as direct assessments of children's developmental (cognitive, language, and motor) skills. Community homicides were measured using police records. Results: Recent exposure to community homicides was associated with lower effortful control, higher behavior problems, and lower overall developmental performance for children (d =.05–.20 standard deviations; p = ns – <.001). Effects were consistent across subgroups based on sociodemographic characteristics and environmental supports, but generally largest when community violence exposure was geographically proximal (within 600 m of home) and recent (within 2 weeks prior to assessment). Conclusions: Results highlight the pervasive effects that community violence can have on young children as well as the need to expand support to mitigate these effects and prevent inequities early in life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Little is known about the experience and impact of intersectional stigma experienced by rural young people (15–25 years) who have a parent with mental health challenges. The StigmaBeat project employed a co-design approach to create short films to identify and challenge mental health stigma from the perspective of young people who have experienced this phenomenon. The aim of this paper is to describe the co-design methodological approach used in StigmaBeat, as an example of a novel participatory project. We describe one way that co-design can be employed by researchers in collaboration with marginalised young people to produce films aimed at reducing mental health stigma in the community. Through describing the processes undertaken in this project, the opportunities, challenges, and tensions of combining community development methods with research methods will be explored. Co-design with young people is a dynamic and engaging method of collaborative research practice capable of harnessing lived experience expertise to intervene in social issues and redesign or redevelop health services and policies. The participatory approach involved trusting and implementing the suggestions of young people in designing and developing the films and involved creating the physical and social environment to enable this, including embedding creativity, a critical element to the project's methodological success. Intensive time and resource investment are needed to engage a population that is often marginalised in relation to stigma discourse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Results from previous research suggest that terrorist attacks lead to relatively short-term increases in trust in institutions. The explanation for this increase is known as the ‘rally effect’, whereby individuals respond to crises and threats with more positive support for political leaders and institutions. Even though the number of related natural experiments with survey data is increasing, these studies merely represent case studies of single incidents with limited external validity. To advance quasi-experimental research on the effects of terrorist attacks on institutional trust, we propose a new methodological approach by assessing all jihadist terrorist attacks resulting in at least one civilian death in a European country that take place during the fieldwork of the European Social Survey and combining the results of eight unique natural experiments in five different countries using meta-analytic and meta-regression techniques. The results of this ‘multi-site natural experiment’ indicate that support for the rally-hypothesis is mixed at best. While some attacks appear to significantly increase at least some measures of institutional trust (e.g., The Netherlands 2004, France 2015, Israel 2012), others seem to have no effect at all (e.g., Germany 2015, France 2018), or even substantially decrease trust in domestic political institutions (Russia 2012). Summary effects from multilevel meta-analyses are non-significant for any institutional trust outcome. These results are robust to a large number of robustness tests and alternative specifications. In comparison with previous research, it appears that a lot of the European evidence for the rally-hypothesis was based on ‘outlier’ case studies like the Charlie Hebdo attack in France, 2015. Accordingly, our results cast doubt on the unrestricted generalisability of rally effects after terrorist attacks to different geographic, political, social or historical contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vertebrate pigmentation patterns are highly diverse, yet we have a limited understanding of how evolutionary changes to genetic, cellular, and developmental mechanisms generate variation. To address this, we examine the formation of a sexually‐selected male ornament exhibiting inter‐ and intraspecific variation, the egg‐spot pattern, consisting of circular yellow‐orange markings on the male anal fins of haplochromine cichlid fishes. We focus on Astatotilapia calliptera, the ancestor‐type species of the Malawi cichlid adaptive radiation of over 850 species. We identify a key role for iridophores in initializing egg‐spot aggregations composed of iridophore‐xanthophore associations. Despite adult sexual dimorphism, aggregations initially form in both males and females, with development only diverging between the sexes at later stages. Unexpectedly, we found that the timing of egg‐spot initialization is plastic. The earlier individuals are socially isolated, the earlier the aggregations form, with iridophores being the cell type that responds to changes to the social environment. Furthermore, we observe apparent competitive interactions between adjacent egg‐spot aggregations, which strongly suggests that egg‐spot patterning results mostly from cell‐autonomous cellular interactions. Together, these results demonstrate that A. calliptera egg‐spot development is an exciting model for investigating pigment pattern formation at the cellular level in a system with developmental plasticity, sexual dimorphism, and intraspecific variation. As A. calliptera represents the ancestral bauplan for egg‐spots, these findings provide a baseline for informed comparisons across the incredibly diverse Malawi cichlid radiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the perception of justice is a core need of all individuals, the adaptive value of belief in a just world (BJW)—in everyday life and when facing severe distress—has been typically investigated in separate studies. In this article, we tested, in only one study, the possibility that BJW can be a personal resource and a coping resource. We analysed data from the European Social Survey comprised of random representative samples of 27 European countries (N = 24,776 participants). We considered distressing circumstances both at an individual level (health impairment and financial difficulty) and at a macroeconomic contextual level. The results showed that for people both facing and not facing financial or health‐related distress, BJW was positively associated with well‐being, supporting BJW as a personal resource. Furthermore, we found that the decrease of well‐being of people facing distress, both at an individual level and at a contextual level, compared to people not facing distress, was lower for individuals with higher BJW than for individuals with lower BJW, supporting BJW as a coping resource. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A relatively novel, laboratory‐produced, hemp‐derived psychoactive cannabinoid called "Delta‐8 THC" has become widely available to consumers since 2020. Lack of federal oversight and a loose patchwork of regulations by states have resulted in numerous "adverse events" reported by poison control centers and the CDC, and even warnings from the industry itself. Yet consumer demand for cannabinoids like Delta‐8 THC has risen sharply. Published social science studies of Delta‐8 THC use are in their infancy and have yet to document the social context of use, consumer preferences and motivations, behaviors, embodied experiences, perceptions of risk, and risk mitigation. We conducted 25 in‐depth, qualitative interviews with consumers of Delta‐8 THC to give insight into consumer practices and preferences. Data show that consumers of Delta‐8 are aware of supply chain vulnerabilities but deploy personal calculations of risk‐benefit and personal strategies of risk mitigation to reduce perceived threats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inadequate sleep is an on-going risk to the health and mission readiness of U.S. Armed Forces, with estimates of sleep problems high above U.S. civilian populations. Intervening early in the career of active duty Air Force personnel (or "Airmen") with education and the establishment of healthy behaviors may prevent short and long term-detriments of sleep problems. This paper describes the results of a qualitative study seeking to understand the facilitators and barriers to achieving good sleep in a technical training school during the first year of entry into the United States Air Force. Using the social ecological framework and content analysis, three focus groups with Airmen were conducted to explore themes at the individual, social, environmental, and organizational/policy level. Overall, results indicated a cohort motivated to achieve good sleep, and also struggling with a number of barriers across each level. This paper highlights opportunities for population health interventions during technical training aimed at supporting Airmen in developing healthy sleep behaviors early in the course of their career. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives Sensory health declines with age but remains critical to the navigation and enjoyment of everyday life. Neighborhoods are key sites of environmental exposure, social engagement, and access to resources that can shape sensory health, yet the residential neighborhood is understudied as a determinant of sensory function. Methods We use data from Rounds 1 and 2 of the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project to examine how subjective and objective measures of older adults' residential areas are associated with sensory health in a series of cross-sectional and multilevel regression models. Results In cross-sectional models, higher levels of perceived neighborhood social ties are associated with significantly better self-rated vision. Older adults who reside in more densely populated tracts are more likely to have significantly worse olfactory identification, whereas residing in tracts with higher levels of concentrated disadvantage is associated with significantly lower levels of self-rated vision. In multilevel models, residing in more densely populated tracts is associated with significantly worse olfactory identification, whereas tract-level concentrated disadvantage is associated with significantly worse hearing and vision. Discussion We propose that neighborhood characteristics could influence certain environmental exposures, the amount of time that older adults spend out of the home, patterns of social engagement, and access to preventative care that collectively affect sensory health. Residential neighborhoods may be important sites of potential intervention to slow age-related sensory declines and other related conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent developments in society, together with an increase in the number of far-right motivated crimes in Germany, suggest that far right-wing attitudes are becoming increasingly popular within public opinion. Since political attitudes are shaped within the family and peer setting during the adolescent stage, assessing the potential interplay of family and peer relationships with regard to such attitudes appears essential. The present study aims to explore (1) the relationship between perceived parental far right-wing attitudes, as reported by adolescents, and adolescents' self-reported far right-wing attitudes, as well as (2) the unique and moderating effects of variables related to the contact hypothesis (ethnic minority friends and exposure to ethnic minority group members in the social environment). Using data from a representative school survey of seventh and ninth grade German adolescents, multilevel linear regression models indicated a statistically significant positive association between adolescent-reported parental far right-wing attitudes and adolescents' far right-wing attitudes. Furthermore, the analyses demonstrated a small but statistically significant moderating effect of friendship with individuals of an ethnic minority: the relationship between parental and adolescent far right-wing attitudes was weaker for adolescents who had more ethnic minority friends. Thus, adolescents who were friends with individuals of an ethnic minority appeared to be less congruent with their parents' far right-wing attitudes, compared to adolescents without any ethnic minority friends. In contrast, the overall level of exposure to ethnic minority group members in the social environment did not affect the strength of the relationship between perceived parental and adolescent far right-wing attitudes. Highlights: Parent-adolescent similarity of far right-wing attitudes and effects of ethnic minority contact among German adolescents. We found a significant positive association between adolescent-reported parental and adolescents' far right-wing attitudes. Results show a unique moderating effect of intergroup friendship on parent-adolescent similarity of far right-wing attitudes. Recommendations include the development of further educational initiatives that target the facilitation of intergroup friendship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]