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Background: Skin aging is caused by dry, rough, scaly, less elastic skin with wrinkles and fold lines. Snakehead fish extract has high antioxidant activity so it can be used as an active ingredient in anti-aging cosmetics. Objective: The aim of this research was to see the effectiveness of snakehead fish extract cream as an anti-aging agent. Methods: This research method includes formulating snakehead fish extract cream preparations with various concentrations including: 2.5% (F1), 5% (F2), 7.5% (F3), 10% (F4), evaluating the physical preparations in the form of: organoleptic test, homogeneity test, pH test, stability test, irritation test on volunteer skin, and anti-aging effectiveness test on volunteer skin for 4 weeks with 3 parameter tests, namely water content, pores and wrinkles. Results: The results of the study showed that there were changes that occurred in the volunteers as seen in the measurements of water content, pores and wrinkles on the volunteers' faces. A good increase in changes was found in the F4 formula (10%) in the wrinkle parameter test, namely 26.80%. The number of wrinkles in volunteers from some wrinkles to few wrinkles. The conclusion of this research shows that snakehead fish extract ( Channa striata ) can be formulated in the form of a homogeneous cream dosage with a pH of 5.8 – 6.7, and is stable when stored for 12 weeks at room temperature and does not cause skin irritation. Conclusions: There are differences in the results of each concentration of snakehead fish extract cream in influencing anti-aging effectiveness. The best concentration of 10% snakehead fish extract showed better results compared to other creams in reducing the number of wrinkles on volunteers' facial skin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A newly isolated rhabdovirus-like agent, named SHRV-In, obtained from snakehead fish in India was further characterized in this study. The virus demonstrated growth in various cell lines including those derived from snakehead and seabass species. It exhibited sensitivity to acidic conditions (pH 3.0) and exposure to 56 °C. Five structural proteins of 20 to 68 kDa were found in the purified virus. Experimental infection trials conducted on catfish (Pangasius pangasius) resulted in mortality 72 h post-infection, whereas no mortality was observed in rohu (Labeo rohita) and common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fingerlings. Molecular characterization of the virus involved sequencing of the N, P, M, and G gene fragments after PCR amplification using specific primers. Sequence analysis of all four viral genes showed high similarity with the previously isolated snakehead rhabdovirus (SHRV) from Thailand. Phylogenetic analysis and gene sequence alignment placed the SHRV-In isolate within the Novirhabdovirus group, which includes viruses like VHSV (viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus), IHNV (infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus), and SHRV. However, our repeated trials failed to amplify the NV gene in this isolate SHRV-In. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Previous population genetic analysis of Opisthorchis viverrini eggs revealed two populations. • Cat- and human-specific populations use different intermediate fish hosts. • There are distinct morphologies in egg, metacercaria, and adult worm stages of O. viverrini. • Our study confirms distinct human- and cat-specific O. viverrini populations. Infection by the zoonotic fish-borne trematode, Opisthorchis viverrini, remains a crucial health issue in Thailand and neighboring countries. Recently, molecular analysis revealed two populations of putative O. viverrini : one found primarily in human hosts ("human-specific" population) and the other primarily in cats ("cat-specific" population). It is unclear how the infective stages (metacercariae) of these different populations circulate among definitive and reservoir hosts in nature. To gain an insight into this, mitochondrial cox 1 and nad 1 gene sequences of metacercariae from fish intermediate hosts were examined. None of 192 metacercariae from cyprinid fish in Lao PDR and Thailand had sequences typical of "cat-specific" O. viverrini , suggesting that cyprinid fish are not the main second intermediate hosts of this population. Interestingly, all 20 O. viverrini -like metacercariae from snakehead fish (Channa striata) shared 99.51–100% sequence identity with eggs from cats naturally infected in a previous study. Hence, we propose a modification of the known transmission dynamics of O. viverrini : consumption of metacercariae within snakehead fish provides another pathway for cats and (occasionally) humans to acquire infection. We also performed morphological comparisons of eggs, metacercariae, and adult flukes (raised in hamsters) of both Opisthorchis populations. The "cat-specific" population has eggs that are narrower and adults that are shorter and wider than in the human-specific population. The metacercaria of the "cat-specific" population is elliptical, while that of the "human-specific" population is oval, occasionally rounded. Our results confirmed that O. viverrini -like metacercariae from snakehead fish are the infective stages of the "cat-specific" fluke. This provides a new insight into the dissemination and transmission of each population in the second intermediate host. The identity of the cat-specific population is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Little information on fecundity has been published for Channa argus (Northern Snakehead), the most invasive and widespread species of Channidae in North America, neither in its native nor introduced range. I examined specimens collected from fish lifts at the Conowingo Dam in the lower Susquehanna River. Gonad mass averaged 67 g (18 g–154 g) for females with an average total length of 614.7mm (490 mm–72 mm) and mass of 2533 g (1237 g–4155 g). Female gonadosomatic index averaged 0.028 or 2.8% (standard deviation = 0.01; min–max = 0.9–8.5%). Average fecundity (63,569 eggs/female; min–max = 21,790 –213,180 eggs/female) was similar to that reported for other native and introduced populations and increased with female mass. Two peaks in egg diameter were apparent with diameters varying between 210 and 700 µm (average = 1032 µm, SE = 26.7; n = 1223). Ancillary collections in July yielded ovaries with 19% fewer eggs than expected by female mass, but greater egg sizes (average = 1411 µm). Results indicate that females could partially spawn during spring, retain inchoate eggs that mature for later spawns, and spawn again in summer or fall. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Channa limbata fish is a type of tropical freshwater fish of the Channidae family which is relatively small as an aquarium ornamental fish with a distinctive color at the tip of its dorsal fin and has a snake-like head (dwarf snakehead). Natural snakehead fishing activities have threatened its sustainability. Breeding C. limbata fish through cultivation can increase its potential for sustainable use. This study aims to evaluate the acclimation response of wild-type dwarf snakehead fish in captivity and its sexual characteristics as a basis for domestication and hatchery technology. The fish samples used were natural catches from rivers in West Java measuring <100 mm to >150 mm of body length then individually acclimated indoors in an aquarium (35×20×20 cm) for 14 days. Snakehead fish live in shallow, slow-flowing river waters with a temperature of 20.2-21.3°C, TDS 16-24 mg/L at neutral pH, while the rearing water temperature and TDS are higher (temperature: 24.9-27.6°C; TDS: 88-110 mg/L). The fish mortality rate during acclimation reached 25% in fish measuring >150 mm of length on tenth day, while fish measuring <150 mm more adaptive with 100% survival. The male fish measuring 100-150 mm have 13-15 pectoral fin rays while female fish have fewer (13-14). The gonad development level of male C. limbata in nature is slower than female fish measuring 100-150 mm with a gonadosomatic index of ovaries reached 10 times higher than testicular. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Albinism is a genetic disorder caused by a series of genetic abnormalities that result in a decrease in melanin. Golden yellow snakehead fish (GCAS) has been discovered while the Channa argus (CAS) breeding, but the genetic mechanism that causes its albinism is not known. Transcriptome sequencing and comparison of CAS and GCAS skin using Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) technology to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of snakehead albinism.27.1 G clean reads and 26,198 full-length non-redundant sequences were generated via ONT sequencing. Overall, 8079 new transcripts and 7231 genes were identified by comparing and analyzing redundant removed transcripts and known reference genome annotations. The results of DEGs analysis showed that a total of 59 transcripts were differentially expressed in the two groups, including 22 up-regulated transcripts and 37 down-regulated transcripts. Five causative genes associated with albinism have been identified, including TYR (Tyrosinase) and SOX10 (SRY-box transcription factor 10) (tyrosinase synthesis and metabolism), S-100 (S100 calcium binding protein A1) (melanin production), NLRC3 (NLR family CARD domain containing 3) (disease immunity) are significantly down-regulated in GCAS, while RhoGEFs expression (melanin synthesis) is upregulated. Protein interaction analysis revealed that GAPDH (Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase) is the top hub gene in the regulation of skin color in C. argus. In addition, the skin of snakehead fish is regulated by metabolic (GAPDH), immune [(Tumor protein p53 (TP53), C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 8 (CXCL8), SRC protooncogene, non-receptor tyrosine kinase (SRC), CD274] and neural [(Notch receptor 1 (NOTCH1), C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12)] related genes to achieve differences in skin color. These findings in understanding the process by which albinism in fish develops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Channidae (snakehead fish) is a family of medium-to-large freshwater carnivorous fish and contain the genus, Channa. Here, the complete mitogenomes of two Channa fish were determined and comparatively analyzed with the mitogenomes of 16 other Channidae fish species. The two newly sequenced complete mitogenomes were circular DNA molecules with sizes of 16,953 bp (Channa burmanica; OP954106) and 16,897 bp (Channa aurantimaculata; OQ134162). The mitogenomes were composed of 37 genes and one D-loop region. Positive AT skews and negative GC skews were found in the mitogenomes. Most protein-coding genes (PCGs) started with the conventional start codon, ATG; however, the sequence of the stop codon was variable. There was no obvious difference in relative synonymous codon usage among the two mitogenomes, and the two species shared a similar number of codon usage of mitogenomic PCGs, which was also similar to the mean values for the other 15 species of Channa. All Ka/Ks values were <1; cox1 had the lowest value, and atp8 had the highest. All of the tRNAs were typical clover structures, except trnS1. Phylogenetic analysis showed that C. burmanica and C. aurantimaculata shared a close relationship and that they were also closely related to C. gachua. These findings enrich the gene database of Channidae species, clarify the mitochondrial genome structure of the two species, and provide basic data for invasive biological surveillance in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The guppy, Poecilia reticulata, is one of the most common cultured ornamental fish species, and a popular pet fish highly desired by hobbyists worldwide due to its availability of many brilliantly coloured fish of many varieties. The susceptibility of guppies to diseases presents a remarkable concern for both breeders and hobbyists. In this study, we report the emergence of disease in fancy guppies caused by a previously uncharacterized virus in the USA. This virus was isolated from moribund guppies in two separate outbreaks in California and Alabama, from December 2021 to June 2023. The infected guppies presented with acute morbidity and mortality shortly after shipping, displaying nonspecific clinical signs and gross changes including lethargy, anorexia, swimming at the water surface, gill pallor, mild to moderate coelomic distension and occasional skin lesions including protruding scales, skin ulcers and hyperaemia. Histological changes in affected fish were mild and nonspecific; however, liver and testes from moribund fish were positive for Tilapia lake virus (TiLV), the single described member in the family Amnoonviridae, using immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization, although the latter was weak. A virus was successfully recovered following tissue inoculation on epithelioma papulosum cyprini and snakehead fish cell lines. Whole genome sequencing and phylogenetic analyses revealed nucleotide and amino acid homologies from 78.3%–91.2%, and 78.2%–97.7%, respectively, when comparing the guppy virus genomes to TiLV isolates. Based on the criteria outlined herein, we propose the classification of this new virus, fancy tailed guppy virus (FTGV), as a member of the family Amnoonviridae, with the name Tilapinevirus poikilos (from the Greek 'poikilos', meaning of many colours; various sorts, akin to 'poecilia'). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Snakehead fish is a very rich source of albumin, an important type of protein that the human body needs every day. The source of snakehead fish albumin is very good for sufferers of hypoalbumin (low albumin) and healing post-operative wounds or burns. In rural areas, post-circumcision boys are always advised to consume this type of fish to heal faster, women after giving birth, and post-operative patients are advised to consume it to speed up wound healing. The organoleptic characteristics of snakehead fish albumin consist of color, aroma, taste and texture of snakehead fish albumin. The average organoleptic value of snakehead fish albumin color without treatment was 5.08 (neutral), with the treatment of adding basil leaves during albumin extraction it was 5.24 (neutral), the organoleptic value of albumin with the addition of bay leaves during albumin extraction was 5 .2 (neutral) and the organoleptic value of albumin with the addition of basil leaves and bay leaves during albumin extraction is 6.8 (close to like). The average organoleptic value of snakehead fish albumin aroma without treatment was 4.68 (close to neutral), with the treatment of adding basil leaves during albumin extraction it was 6.44 (somewhat good), the organoleptic value of albumin aroma with the addition of bay leaves during albumin extraction of 5.2 (neutral) and the organoleptic value of albumin with the addition of basil leaves and bay leaves during albumin extraction was 4.15 (somewhat unfavorable). The more leaves you add, both basil leaves and bay leaves, the more the albumin aroma you get will increase. The average organoleptic value of the taste of snakehead fish albumin without treatment was 4 (somewhat disliked), with the treatment of adding basil leaves during albumin extraction it was 5.6 (close to somewhat liking), the organoleptic value of albumin with the addition of bay leaves during albumin extraction was equal to 5.44 (close to liking) and with the addition of basil leaves and bay leaves the texture organoleptic value was 6.64 (close to liking). The average organoleptic value of snakehead fish albumin texture without treatment was 5 (neutral), with the treatment of adding basil leaves during albumin extraction was 6.84 (close to liking), the organoleptic value of albumin with the addition of bay leaves during albumin extraction was 6.84 (close to like), with the addition of basil leaves and bay leaves, the texture organoleptic value is 6.2 (somewhat like). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Snakehead fish (Chana striata) is one of the important protein sources among Indonesian people. However, the shelf life is short leading to limited use of fresh snakehead fish. This study aimed to analyse the effect of vacuum packaging and addition of salt on the sensory properties, total plate count, water activity and pH of fresh snakehead fish. The fish was salted (NaCl) at various concentrations, including 0, 5, 10 and 15%, and kept for 14 days at refrigeration temperature (± 3 oC). Sensory evaluation, TPC and aw measurements, and pH analysis were performed at day 0, 7 and 14. All groups with salt addition exhibited a significantly slower decrease in the mean scores (9-point hedonic scale) of color, aroma, appearance and texture (p < 0.05), with the decrease for all sensory properties detected at day 7 of storage. In microbial tests, a significant increase in TPC was observed in the groups with 0% and 5% salt addition (p < 0.05). The group with 15% salt addition showed the lowest water activity. Also, the group without salt addition had the highest pH value. This study demonstrated that addition of salt to snakehead fish might gives beneficial effects on the shelf life of a vacuum packaged product. However, the optimum shelf life using vacuum packaging and salt addition needs further study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Snakehead fish protein concentrate (SFC) shows promising recovery of excellent protein content that has broad potential applications, including the future use of its albumin content as a sperm capacitation promoter. However, the quantity of snakehead fish albumin recovered depends on several variables, including the habitat in which the fish thrives, extraction procedures, and the assay employed. To optimise the albumin content retrieved from snakehead fish flesh with more reliable results, multiple protein extraction methods were undertaken through the protein concentrate preparation and analysed using the Bromocresol purple (BCP) albumin assay. Total soluble protein (TSP), albumin level, and albumin proportion were recovered at a significant reduction in an acid solvent when exposed to up to 50 °C heating compared to extractions undertaken without heating. Moreover, the small number of protein bands identified indicates that the combination of acid solvent and heating treatment was similarly damaging. In this study, we detected the presence of albumin in SFC at 32 %, the highest percentage ever recorded employing the BCP assay, following extraction with water solvent without thermal treatment. Using SDS-PAGE and densitometric analysis, the identified putative albumin-related bands from the two major bands at 40 kDa and 47 kDa, containing respective proportions of 57 % and 16 % of the total protein loaded. Although this exploratory work requires additional analysis and purification steps, further research employing the SFC is worth identifying its ability and how this alternative albumin source can replace serum albumin to modulate the capacitation process in mammalian sperm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Striped snakehead fingerlings Channa striata reared in a concrete pond with size 13.5 m3 (3 m x 3 m x 1.5 m) in a hatchery farm, in Labu, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia had more than 70% mortality. The pond contained 1500 fingerlings of 5–7 cm in total length (TL). The purpose of this study was to investigate the high mortality event on the farm as part of a veterinary diagnostics service. Clinical signs observed were skin discoloration, lethargy, and anorexia. Necropsy was performed in 10 fish with gross lesions of 1–2 mm and multiple whitish nodules in the abdominal organs and most notably in the liver, and kidney. Following necropsy, bacteriology samples from the kidney and liver were inoculated onto Tryptic Soy Agar (TSA) and Blood Agar (BA). Pure colonies were observed and were Gram-negative with short rod morphology. The fulllength 16S rRNA gene was amplified from the pure colonies followed by sequencing using the Nanopore MinION™ (Oxford Nanopore, UK). The isolated strain was identified as Aeromonas schubertii based on the assembled 16S rRNA sequence showing nucleotide identity of 99.73% (top hit) to A. schubertii (GenBank Accession: NR_037014.2) while only a nucleotide identity of 97.55% was observed against Aeromonas hydrophila (GenBank Accession: NR_119190.1-), respectively. Histopathological examination from the liver, kidney, spleen, and intestine revealed granulomatous nephritis, and degeneration of tubular epithelium, with granulomatous hepatitis, splenitis, and enteritis. The prognosis of this case was grave. No treatment was given as the owner had decided to dispose of all current stock. This is the first A. schubertii infection in C. striata described in Malaysia. The findings of the present study may serve as a reference for similar cases in C. striata in the future so rapid diagnosis and treatment can be made if required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Community Service & Empowerment is the property of Journal of Community Service & Empowerment and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Environmental pollution and overfishing of wild fish resources have led to a significant decrease in snakehead fish, thus leading to the increased demand for breeding the snakehead fish. Guangdong and Deqing snakehead fish are two common consumed varieties. However, their nutritional value was unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the nutritional value of snakehead fish from Guangdong and Deqing varieties feeding with different fodders by analyzing and comparing the proximate composition, fatty acids and amino acids. Results showed that the contents of carbohydrate, energy and fat contents in Guangdong variety were lower than that in Deqing variety feeding commercial fodder or offal. Besides, Guangdong variety contained the highest contents of polyunsaturated fatty acids (27.99 ± 1.99%) and EPA + DHA (2.70 ± 0.04%), as well as total essential amino acid content (2550.29), compared to Deqing variety feeding commercial fodder or offal. Overall, snakehead fish from Guangdong variety displayed the highest nutritional value, and thus was a reasonable choice for farmers and consumers. The findings of this study would help farmers to choose the suitable feeding variety and patterns of snakehead fish from the perspective of fish nutritional value, which is beneficial to the sustainable fish farming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: At the U.S. Geological Survey Leetown Research Laboratory in Kearneysville, West Virginia, an approximately 3‐year‐old, captive‐held Northern Snakehead Channa argus with clinical signs of abdominal distention died and was necropsied 1 day after an examination under anesthesia. A mass discovered in the midcoelomic cavity, presumed to be deformed spleen, was comprised of large, pseudocystic structures that contained considerable volumes of opaque, straw‐colored fluid. Methods: A histopathological evaluation revealed that the tissue consisted of foci of small capillaries, nodular areas of proliferating, pleomorphic endothelial cells, and areas of necrosis within the pseudocyst wall. Positive nuclear and nonspecific immunolabeling with a vascular marker, cluster of differentiation 31, was concentrated in and around vascular spaces. Result: Based on these observations, the tumor has been putatively identified as a hemangioendothelial neoplasm. Conclusion: This would represent the first report of a vascular tumor in a Northern Snakehead and, globally, one of the few described neoplasms identified in a member of the Channidae family. Impact statementA captive Northern Snakehead from the Potomac River was found to have a grossly distended abdomen, and the splenic tissue was highly abnormal. Clinical and histological findings suggest that the most likely etiology was a splenic hemangioendothelial neoplasm. To our knowledge, this is the first such neoplasm in Northern Snakehead. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Indonesian Journal of Veterinary Science / Jurnal Kedokteran Hewan is the property of Universitas Syiah Kuala, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study's main focus is how the adaptation level affects the treatment of shelter composition in controlled containers. Parameters observed included growth rate, stress level, fish survival rate, and water quality during rearing. The research design used a completely randomized design (CRD) and was analyzed using SPSS. The results showed that the shelter composition was good for the C. limbata survival in experimental group 3 (P3) by placing the addition of sand, stones, gutters, and aquatic plants in the aquarium. The effect of the composition of the shelter in a controlled container on the adaptation level of C. limbata was shown in experimental group 3 (P3), which experienced an increase in length of up to 5 mm, and an increase in weight of 25 g and a survival rate of 60%. This value is the best among 1st, 2nd, and control. This shows that C. limbata can adapt its life to an artificial habitat that is as suitable as its natural habitat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The snakehead fish (Channa striata) is commonly used as a raw material in traditional South Sumatran foods. However, some parts of this fish, such as bone, skin, and viscera, are not used in food processing. This study aimed to determine the characterization of hydroxyapatite snakehead fish bone with different extraction times using ultrasound-assisted extraction followed by the calcination method. Hydroxyapatite was extracted using sodium hydroxide with three different extraction times (20, 40, and 60 minutes) before proceeding with calcination. The extraction yield ranges from about 16.03% to 19.99%. The smallest particle size is found at 40 minutes of extraction time (63.90 nm). The ash content of the hydroxyapatite ranges from about 98.09% to 99.04%, calcium from about 17.86% to 18.12%, and phosphorus from about 10.23% to 10.74%. The non-stoichiometric form is present in the hydroxyapatite from snakehead fish bone, with a Ca/P ratio of about 1.69 to 1.72. Analysis of the hydroxyapatite functional groups in snakehead fish bone showed the presence of phosphate groups, carbonate groups, and hydroxyl groups. This data indicates that hydroxyapatite was successfully extracted from snakehead fish bone in nanoparticle form. Therefore, snakehead fish bone can be used as a source of hydroxyapatite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In snakehead fish farming, feeding represents the largest portion (accounting for 50-60%) of production cost. Thus, finding an alternative natural feed that can be replaced as full or partial inclusion in snakehead fish commercial diets is urgently needed. This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of including fresh or dried black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) in diets on the growth performance and chemical composition of snakehead fish cultured in small-scale farms. Fingerlings of snakehead (5.15 ± 0.12 g) were distributed randomly into fifteen net cages (6 m3) at a density of 120 fish.net cage-1. Including five dietary treatments named: NT1 (100% commercial feed served as a control); NT2 (100% fresh BSFL); NT3 (100% dried BSFL); NT4 (50% fresh BSFL + 50% commercial feed); and NT5 (50% dried BSFL + 50% commercial feed). Each treatment was performed in triplicate. The results showed that the inclusion of fresh BSFL in diets for the snakehead fish did not affect the survival rate (82.22 - 85.56 %), improved feed conversion ratio, increased live weight (70.9 - 103.3 g) and daily weight gain (1.09 - 1.64 g.day-1), and fish's yield (1.16 - 1.73 kg.m-2); and did not affect the chemical composition of the fish. These findings suggest that farmers should feed snakehead fish with commercial feed plus fresh black soldier fly larvae to maintain good condition factor and enhance fish growth performance and production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) has been linked to a number of long-term problems caused by diabetes mellitus. Inflammatory and oxidative stress pathways contribute to DN development and progression. Many studies have shown the preventive advantages of diets rich in substances like antiinflammatory and antioxidant elements like omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 FA) in preventing DN. Milkfish (Chanos chanos F.), patin (Pangasius micronema Blkr.), and snakehead fish (Chana striata Bloch) are fish oils which are known to contain n-3 FA. This study aims to evaluate the nephroprotective effect of three types of fish oils in a rat model of diabetes mellitus. Thirty male rats were used in this study. The animals were randomly divided into six groups (n = 5): the non-diabetic group, the diabetes mellitus group, the diabetic with 150 mg/kg metformin orally group, the diabetic with 1000 mg/kg milkfish oil orally group, the diabetic with 1000 mg/kg patin fish oil orally group, and the diabetic with 1000 mg/kg snakehead fish oil orally group. Diabetes models were induced using 65 mg/kg streptozotocin and 230 mg/kg nicotinamide intraperitoneally. The test was carried out for 8 weeks, followed by the observation of the biochemical profiles of blood, urine, oxidative stress, and the immunohistochemistry of the kidneys. A normally and homogeneously distributed test followed by a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the LSD post hoc test were used to analyse data at P 0.05. The results showed that serum creatinine levels did not differ significantly after the administration of milkfish, catfish, and snakehead fish oil for 8 weeks (p≥0.05). Different results were shown where the levels of serum BUN, uric acid, urine urea, and microalbumin urine were significantly different after administration of the three types of fish oil (p≤0.05). The same results were shown in oxidative stress (superoxide dismutase, glutathione, and malondialdehyde) and inflammation (interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α) profiles (p≤0.05). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The negative impact of fish processing industry waste needs to be minimized, by processing it into valuable products, one of which is fish feed. The objectives of this research were to determine the optimum dose of crude extract of B. cereus RGL.1.1 enzyme in hydrolyzing protein from the waste of catfish (Pangasius hypophthalmus) fillet processing and to evaluate the effectiveness of using protein hydrolysate in snakehead fish (Channa striata) feed. There were four doses of enzyme treatment for protein hydrolysis designed in a completely randomized design, namely, 0, 4, 6, and 8% (v/w) with three repetitions. Furthermore, to assess the quality of protein hydrolysate, an analysis of soluble protein level, hydrolysis degree, amino acid content, fatty acid content, and digestibility was carried out. The percentage of protein hydrolysate applied in the feed formula was 0, 15, 30, and 45% (v/w), which was designed in a completely randomized design with three replications. Absolute weight growth, specific growth rate, protein efficiency ratio, feed efficiency, and snakehead fish survival were measured to evaluate the effects of the feed formula. Results showed that the crude extract of B. cereus RGL.1.1 enzymes at a concentration of 6% (v/w) enhanced the availability of soluble proteins, amino acids, fatty acids, and feed digestibility. Protein hydrolysate application in snakehead fish feed formula up to 45% (v/w) can improve the growth performance (8.03%), protein efficiency ratio (25.66%), and feed efficiency (23.41%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the growth and spawning characteristics of wild Channa lucius (Cuvier, 1831) populations in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. The study was carried out from March 2011 to February 2012. The length–weight relationship of C. lucius was determined according to the equations W = 0.0044L3.2494, R2 = 0.9157 (female fish) and W = 0.0047L3.2178, R2 = 0.9434 (male fish). The length and weight of the body for female fish ranged from 16.3 to 36.0 cm and 49.0 to 550.0 g, and for male fish, from 14.6 to 38.2 cm and 46.0 to 639.0 g, respectively. Female and male fish had almost similar lengths at first maturity (21.3958 cm for females and 21.3952 cm for males). The condition factor of female fish ranged from 0.842 to 0.864 and for male fish ranged from 0.848 to 0.874. The gonadosomatic index of female fish was highest in June (1.68%) and lowest in November (0.69%); that of male fish was highest in June (0.53%) and lowest in September (0.15%). The sexual maturity rate (SMR) of female fish peaked in May, with SMRs of 33.3% (stage III) and 58.3% (stage IV). In conclusion, C. lucius has a positive allometric range (b > 3), reaching sexual maturity when its length reaches 21.39 cm for both sexes, and the spawning season begins in December but peaks in May and June. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sausages are processed meals with two changes based on the composition and the formulation. The trend of consuming sausage increases annually both at national and international levels. The most common ingredients of sausages are beef and chicken. On the other hand, fish and snails could also become the ingredients as found in Japanese practices. This research determined the influence of the fish type on the nutrition contents, such as the water, ash, protein, fat, and carbohydrate; and the acceptability of fish sausage. The researchers carried out the research at the Food Laboratory of the Nutritional Department, the Integrated Laboratory of Polytechnic of Health Ministry of Jayapura, and the Mathematics and Science Laboratory of Universitas Cenderawasih. This complete random research design applied some factors to investigate, such as the formulation of the fish. The applied formulations were: F1 with 90% fish meat and 10% flour; F2 with 80% fish meat and 20% flour; and F3 with 70% fish meat and 30% flour. The researchers used some meats from Nile tilapia, snakehead, and flower horn cichlid fish. The researchers analyzed the nutrition content and found differences among the carbohydrate, water, and ash contents from all the fish. On the other hand, the protein and fat content of each fish were not significantly different. The organoleptic test found that the F3 category was the most preferable fish meat. The acceptability test found that 95.6% of respondents consumed all given samples. The researchers concluded that the fish sausage from snakehead fish, with a ratio of 70% fish meat and 30% flour, had the best organoleptic feature, excellent acceptability, and all the nutrition requirements suggested by Indonesia's National Standard of Fish Sausage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The physicochemical characteristics of gelatin can be enhanced by altering the production process. Combining two different forms of biowaste is one approach that is addressed. This investigation aims to determine the physicochemical, functional group, and microstructural characteristics of snakehead fish skin–scale blended gelatin at various extraction times. Skin and scales of snakehead fish were combined during the extraction process in a 60 ℃ water bath for 12, 15, or 18 h. The physicochemical characteristics of the skin–scale blended gelatin were evaluated, including the yield, gel strength, viscosity, pH, and color as well as other parameters such as functional groups and gelatin micrographs. Skin-scales blended gelatin did not show any characteristic differences between the treatments after different extraction times (P > 0.05), except for color assessment, where the yellowness (b*) of the gelatin tended to decrease after 15 h of extraction (P < 0.05). The secondary structure of the three types of gelatin that underwent different extraction time treatments showed a change in wavenumber as the extraction time increased. Micrographic analysis revealed the surface structure of the gelatin samples. Gelatin after extraction for 12 h showed smaller and denser cavities compared with the those subjected to extraction for 15 and 18 h. However, with increasing extraction time up to 18 h, there was no change in the physicochemical characteristics of the gelatin. Although the confirmatory results based on functional groups and microscopic examination revealed differences, these did not result in changes to the physicochemical properties of the gelatin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the natural ingredients that have the potential to accelerate wound healing is snakehead fish. Researchers opt to add a stabilizer in the form of a humectant agent to increase stability through long-term stability tests (real-time). Thus, it encourages researchers to optimize the humectant agent, determine the ointment in long-term stability tests, to produce a stable herbal-based ointment product with the nutritional content of the fish extract. This study aims to determine the shelf life of the ointment with the best formula composition for the product from snakehead fish extract with a humectant agent as a wound-healing drug product that is effective, safe, and comfortable to use by the public. Based on the physical stability test of the snakehead fish extract ointment at the 0th, 1st, and 3rd months with the intermediate stability test method carried out at a temperature of 30° ± 2°C/RH 65% ± 5%, the resulting ointment was brownish green and had a distinctive smell of cloves and betel nut. All ointment preparations have good homogeneity, adhesion, and spreadability and meet the test requirements for good ointment preparations. The results of statistical analysis of all formulas until the 3rd-month test showed that the results of the paired sample T-test on all formulas showed a significant difference in pH values. Based on the results of the chemical stability test, an increase and decrease in protein content in the preparation were obtained during storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The high density of farmed snakehead fish and the expansion of the farming area might cause a negative impact on water environment and an increased frequency of fish diseases. The use of plant-based extracts has been promised as an alternative method to antibiotic application in the controlling of fish diseases. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of Pleurotus ostreatus extract on survival, growth, immune responses and against Aeromonas hydrophyla of snakehead fish (Channa striata). Methods: During 2021-11 to 2022-10, the P. ostreatus extract was prepared using hot water method and the fish fed diets supplemented the extract at 0.0 g kg-1, 1.5 g kg-1, 2.5 g kg-1, 3.5 g kg-1 and 4.5 g kg-1 was examined for survival rates, growth responses, white blood cell count, respiratory burst activity and mortality rates of fish in A. hydrophyla infection. Result: The results indicated snakehead fish fed five different diets showed no significant differences in survival and growth performances. However, the innate immune parameters were likely increased in fish fed diets supplemented P. ostreatus extract and the diet supplemented extract at 4.5 g kg-1 could reduce the accumulate mortality of snakehead fish challenged with A. hydrophyla. P. ostreatus extract could be a promising material for enhancing the innate immunity of snakehead fish and can protect fish from A. hydrophyla infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gastric perforation is a full thickness injury to the gastic wall. All forms of perforation in the gastrointestinal are surgical emergency cases. Perforation complications that occur in patients with gastric ulcers. The objective of this case study is to explain the support of nutritional therapy in patients with post laparotomy exploration and omental flap due to gastic perforation with nasoduodenal tube. Case report; A 71-year - old male patient with moderate malnutrition was admitted to an Ear Nose Throat ward. Physical examination reveals loss of subcutaneous fat,muscle wasting, nasogastic tube for the decompression and nasoduodenal tube for nutrient intake, there was postoperative wound on stomach. Blood test shows anemia (8,3 g/dl), Leukocytosis (11.5 10³/ul), hypoalbuminemia (2,4 g/dl), and moderate depletion immune system (1.173 10³/ul). Nutrition therapy was given with a total calorie of 1800 kcal via nasoduodenal tube, protein 1.5-1,7 g/IBW/day, using low fiber blenderized food, a special Oral Nutrition Supplements (hydrolized formula). An addtional supplementation in the form of zinc, multivitamins, curcuma, and snakehead fish extract capsules. After 12 days of nutritional treatment, the patient was discharged with adequate oral nutrition. Postoperative wound healed. Improved blood test results such as hemoglobin (8,3 to 11,4 g/dl), leukocytes (11.5to 8.8 10³/ul, the immune status (1.173 to 1.628 10³/ul), albumin (2,4 to 3,2 g/dl). In conclusion, a special nutritional therapy improved nutritional status and clinical outcome in post laparotomy exploration with omental flap due to gastric perforation patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Snakehead, Channa striata, has a long history of invasion and associated negative impacts on the biodiversity of native aquatic organisms in the Mekong Delta. However, internal white spot disease caused by Aeromonas schubertii has a massive effect on the production of snakehead fish but also can spread to wild populations and to consumers. The aim of the study was to investigate the prevalence of multi‐antibiotic resistance (MAR) of A. schubertii isolated from snakehead fish cultured in several Mekong Delta fish farms, as well as its potential to spread throughout the infection season. Based on morphological and biochemical tests, as well as phylogenetic analysis of three housekeeping genes (16S rRNA, gyrB, and rpoD), isolates recovered from white nodules were strongly identified as A. schubertii. The antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed that all of the isolates (n = 25) were phenotypically multidrug‐resistant, with resistance to erythromycin (84%), rifampicin (84%), flumequine (88%), amoxicillin (96%), ciprofloxacin (92%), and florfenicol (92%). The multiple antibiotic resistance indices ranged from 0.33 to 0.92, with A. schubertii isolate As28 being resistant against 11 out of the 12 tested antibiotics. In particular, 15 MAR phenotypes (MARPs) were found in 25 isolates with 8 isolates (32%) commonly displaying MAR phenotypes against patterns of Ery–Rif–Flq–Aml–Cip–Flo, and four isolates (16%) expressing patterns of Ery–Rif–Nov–Flq–Aml–Cip–Flo. A hierarchical clustering analysis of their antibiotic‐resistant bacteria may indicate cross‐invasion between ponds/fish farms and its ability to survive in aquatic environments for long periods (at least 3 months). Our results suggest that the diversity of MARPs bacteria in snakehead represents a potential hazard to modifying the composition of native aquatic organisms, especially to consumers. To successfully manage C. striata in the future, several eco‐friendly techniques should be used to restrict the spread of A. schubertii inside the invaded habitat of the Mekong Delta river. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of National Nutrition Journal / Media Gizi Indonesia is the property of Universitas Airlangga and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A new microsporidian subspecies was found to infect Channa punctatus that were collected from the river Gomti in Lucknow. This parasite invades the liver, gills and kidney of the fish by forming cyst (xenoma). The prevalence of infection was 58.33%. A 1360 bp long sequence of small subunit of rRNA gene (16S) was obtained after sequencing and submitted in GenBank database within the accession number OP537923. To know about the phylogenetic description of the present sequence, molecular analysis based on small subunit of 16S rRNA gene was accomplished using maximum parsimony method. Phylogenetic analysis disclosed that this species showed highest similarity with the genus, Ovipleistophora having differences in 13 positions in the nucleotide sequences. So, the present species considered as a subspecies within the genera Ovipleistophora herein named as Ovipleistophora ovariae SW02. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The collagen source could be derived from fish scales like snakehead fish (Channa striata). One of the possible methods can be used enzymatic methods. The objective of this research was to isolate and characterize the collagen from C. striata scale using B. subtilis protease. This study was an experimental method utilizing the protease enzyme produced by B. subtilis. The proteolytic activity of B. subtilis was seen from the ability of the bacteria to produce a clear zone on skim-casein agar and inoculated into tryptic soy broth (TSB) as a submerged medium to produce protease. The collagen isolation using B. subtilis protease (crude and freeze-dried enzyme) with ratios 1:1, 1:10, 1:100, and 1:1000 and incubation for 6, 12, 18, and 24 hours. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) was used to determine the molecular weight (MW) of collagen proteins, protein determination by Bradford methods, and morphology was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). All data were analyzed using using SPSS.16 software for windows. The highest collagen was at 12 hours (1:100) incubation using freeze-dried enzymes resulting in a mass of 0.10 grams and a protein content of 3.17 g/ml (p<0.05). SDS-PAGE and SEM visualization showed the collagen might be classified as type I collagen consisting of two chains (a1 and a2) with molecular weights approaching 118.03 kDa and 112.20 kDa. Collagen from Channa striata scales can be isolated enzymatically using a protease produced by B. subtilis and can be characterized as type 1 collagen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In aquatic products companies, saccharides and phosphates are often used to impregnate products to improve their quality. Insignificant impregnation effect is a main problem met in the impregnation process. The effect of ultrasonic-assisted impregnation on the storage quality of snakehead fish fillets at −18 °C was studied. For all samples, such parameters as water holding capacity, pH value, salt-soluble protein content, whiteness and cooking loss rate were examined periodically. Furthermore, the changes of moisture distribution and migration in snakehead fish fillets during storage were investigated using low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The results demonstrated that ultrasonic-assisted impregnation showed better anti-freeze and water holding capacity effects than that of cryoprotectant impregnation alone. Therefore, ultrasonic treatment could be used as an effective way to improve the quality of snakehead fish fillets during the frozen process. This study could provide a broad application prospect in aquatic product processing industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Snakehead (Channa striata) is a type of freshwater fish. Artificial feed generally contains animal and vegetable protein sources. The use of vegetable protein in snakehead has been carried out. However, it is still not optimal due to the presence of phytic acid in vegetable materials which makes fish unable to digest food properly. Therefore, it is necessary to add a phytase enzyme to hydrolyze phytic acid. This study aims to determine the effect of adding phytase with different doses to artificial feed on the growth, protein efficiency ratio, feed efficiency, and survival of snakeheads. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) which consisted of four treatments and three replications, namely P0 (without the addition of phytase), P1 (addition of phytase 30 mg/100 g vegetable material), P2 (addition of phytase 50 mg/100 g vegetable material), P3 (addition of phytase 70 mg/100 g vegetable material). The size of the fish used in this study was 3-4 cm, with a stocking density of 2 fish/L fish. The rearing of the study was 30 days. The results showed that the addition of phytase 70 mg/100g vegetable material (P3) was the best result with absolute weight growth (1.49 g), absolute length growth (2.48 cm), feed efficiency (79.44%), protein efficiency ratio (2.03%), and survival (100%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This study aims to determine the effect of supplementing snakehead fish (Channa striata) on body weight at the Sidotopo Health Center. The method used in this study was a one group pre test post test design involving 20 patients using a purposive sampling. The study inclusion criteria were clients who had just been diagnosed with active tuberculosis, took OAT regularly, aged 18-60 years. Exclusion criteria were TB patients who refused the study, MDR (Multi drug Resistance) TB, smokers, had a history of allergies, took other supplements. This research was conducted in June 2022 at the Sidotopo Health Center in Surabaya. Laboratory analysis was carried out at the Tropical Disease Institute, Airlangga University. The results of statistical tests in this study were that there were differences in the administration of snakehead fish (Channa striata) on body weight in tuberculosis patients with a p-value = 0.000 (<0.005). The pretest reached 46.25 kg, while the post test body weight was 48.20 kg. This shows that there is an increase in body weight in TB patients at the Sidotopo Health Center in Surabaya. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 60 days feeding trial was conducted to determine the effect of dietary Betaine HCL pepsin on growth and survival of striped snakehead (Channa striata), fingerlings. The fishes were collected from wild habitat and distributed homogenously at the rate of 10 fishes/tank in six treatment group each with four replicates. Six iso-nitrogenous (52% crude protein) diets (T2 - T6) were formulated with 0.5% Betaine HCL Pepsin except in control (T1). The weight gain was significantly higher in T2 (28.814±0.281g) as compared to other groups. Specific growth rate (6.498±0.054) and gross conversion efficiency (0.567±0.006) of experimental fishes in T2 were significantly higher than the other treatment groups. Whereas, the food conversion ratio was significantly lower in T2 (1.764±0.020) followed by T1 (1.896±0.009). It may conclude that addition of 0.5% Betaine HCL Pepsin in diets increases the growth, feed digestibility and reduce the feed loss. By this study, we can conclude that by adding Betaine HCL pepsin in the diet enhanced feed utilization reflected with significantly higher growth rate in experimental fishes when diet contain plant protein (SBM 28%) in combination of animal protein (FM 57%) for the striped snakehead fish. Thus, the study revels within of Betaine HCL Pepsin as a feed additive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Snakehead fishes are widely consumed throughout South East Asia, China and India because of their good taste in meat and high nutrient values such as the presence of prostaglandins, thromboxane, and Omega-6 fatty acid. Parasites are one of the most serious limiting factors in aquaculture. Parasite Pallisentis were commonly found in the freshwater perciform fish family Channidae. In this present study, fifteen hundred seventy specimens of Channa punctatus were examined for parasitic Pallisentis fauna, and out of this thirty-seven specimens were found to be infected with Acanthocephala. All parasitic infections observed and recorded in the present study were restricted to the intestine of the fish. The male specimens show a higher prevalence of about 69.44% than the female specimens only 63.15. The intensity of infection in males is 3.52 and that of females is 6.08. The fish specimen with the intermediate weight group shows the highest (66.7%) prevalence of infestation. However, further study is still required to reveal many enclosed parasitic infections of fishes and their causation, particularly in this region with a high diversity of fishes. Parasitic infection constitutes significant economic losses in fish production. Parasites are one of the most serious limiting factors in aquaculture. Therefore, the present investigation has been undertaken to sort out the population dynamics of Pallisentis (Acanthocephala), in relation to host sex from freshwater fishes, Channa of Sultanpur region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Some freshwater teleost fish have pigment cells whose arrangement and shape are affected by the environment. Natural light has a wide range of light intensity. Fish are sensitive to the background and exposed light colour. Fish body colour is a significant criterion in fixing its market value, whether it is ornamental or edible. By favourable light exposure, a culturist may get a good market value of fish on most ethical grounds. In this study, we recorded the changes in melanophore response with the changes in light colour on Channa punctata. Adult fish were treated with monochromatic lights (darkness, white, blue and red light) for 5 and 28 days. After treatment, their body colour and melanophore size, number, length and the number of dendrites were studied. The results showed a significant influence of monochromatic light on melanophore arrangement in fish skin. The data showed that blue light is appropriate for the overall species colour of photic C. punctata. Continuous black or white light caused severe damage to the fish's appearance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intraspecific morphological variation may reflect phenotypic plasticity or adaptive divergence. While adaptive shape divergence may occur more likely among isolated populations with reduced gene flow, phenotypic plasticity may reflect morphological responses to heterogeneous environments, even in spatially connected populations. We evaluated both processes while examining morphological variations among seven wild populations of snakehead fish (Parachanna obscura) along climate and habitat gradients in Côte d'Ivoire, West Africa. Morphological variations were studied by multivariate canonical variate analysis (CVA) as based on geometric morphometrics of 15 fish body landmarks. Correlations between shape variations among populations and climate and habitat characteristics and between morphological and geographic distances were calculated. We found significant morphological variations among the seven populations. The variations in fish shape were concentrated on landmarks related to swimming and feeding, suggesting a contribution of environmental variation to morphological differentiation. However, we did not detect significant effects of climate and habitat variables on fish shape. The trend between geographical and morphological distances was likewise not significant. Therefore, a mechanistic understanding of the factors causing shape variation among P. obscura populations in West Africa could not yet be achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]