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The sensor, designed to be worn directly on the skin, is suitable for real-time monitoring of the recovery level of not only general wounds, but also difficult-to-heal wounds, such as those with chronic inflammation. Notably, healthy skin has a pH range of 4–6. When a wound occurs, the pH is known to be approximately 7.4. In this study, alpha-naphtholphthalein (Naph) was immersed in a cotton-blended textile to produce a wearable halochromic sensor that clearly changed color depending on the pH of the skin in the range 6–9, including pH 7.4, which is the skin infection state. The coating was performed without using an organic solvent by dissolving it in micelle form using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, a surfactant, in water. Naph-based halochromic sensor shows light yellow, which is the dye's own color, at pH 6, which is a healthy skin condition, and gradually showed a clear color change to light green-green-blue as pH increased. Even after washing and drying by rubbing with regular tap water, the color change due to pH was maintained more than 10 times. Naph-based halochromic sensors use a simple solution production and coating method and are not only reusable sensors that can be washed with water but also use environmentally friendly water, making them very suitable for developing commercial products for wound pH monitoring. In addition, it can be easily applied to medical supplies, such as medical gauze, patient clothes, and compression bandages, as well as everyday wear, such as clothing, gloves, and socks. Therefore, it is expected to be widely used as a wound pH sensor, allowing real-time monitoring of the skin condition of individuals with chronic skin inflammation, including patients requiring wound recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many individuals suffer from keloids that are refractory to standard treatment modalities, including surgical excision alone. Radiation therapy can be used to reduce the risk of recurrent keloids post-operatively, as well as be used as primary treatment for keloids not amenable to surgical resection. The purpose of this study was to review our institutional experience of radiation therapy for keloid management. A retrospective review of patients treated with radiation therapy for keloids between 2014 and 2020 at our institution was performed. A total of 70 keloids in 41 patients were treated. For the 55 keloids treated with post-operative radiation therapy (16Gy delivered in 2 fractions), 82.5% (33/40) of evaluable lesions did not recur. Among the 15 keloids treated with definitive radiation therapy (24Gy delivered in 3 fractions), 78.6% (11/14) of evaluable keloids showed complete flattening, and 14.3% (2/14) had partial flattening. Both acute and late toxicities were mild, with only a single instance of grade 3 toxicity (dermatitis). Our study confirms that radiation therapy has a role in reducing the risk of keloid recurrence post-operatively, and plays an important role in the definitive management of unresectable keloids. • Single-institution review of treatment for 70 keloids among 41 patients with adjuvant or definitive radiation therapy. • We demonstrate a complete keloid flattening rate of 78.6% for keloids treated with definitive radiation therapy. • We describe our treatment protocol for the definitive treatment of keloids with radiation therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Proliferative, lymphocytic, infundibular mural folliculitis and dermatitis have been reported in six female Labrador retrievers from North America. This is the first report of the disease outside North America, describing the clinical and histopathological diagnosis and dermoscopic aspect of the verrucous plaques, treatment and co‐morbidities in a female Labrador retriever dog. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: No reports have compared the clinical therapeutic efficacy of fluconazole and itraconazole in canine Malassezia dermatitis. Objectives: The study aimed to compare the clinical therapeutic efficacy of fluconazole and itraconazole and to evaluate the adverse effects of fluconazole in canine Malassezia dermatitis. Animals: Sixty‐one client‐owned dogs with Malassezia dermatitis. Materials and Methods: The enrolled animals were randomly divided into groups receiving 5 mg/kg fluconazole (5FZ), 10 mg/kg fluconazole (10FZ) or 5 mg/kg itraconazole (5IZ). The drugs were orally administered once daily for 28 days. Cytological examination, clinical index score (CIS), pruritus Visual Analog Scale (PVAS) evaluation and blood analysis (for 5FZ only) were performed on Day (D)0, D14 and D28. Results: On D14, significant reductions in mean yeast count (MYC), CIS and PVAS were observed in the 5FZ (n = 20, p < 0.01), 10FZ (n = 17, p < 0.01) and 5IZ (n = 16, p < 0.05) groups. In all three groups, a significant reduction (p < 0.001) in MYC, CIS and PVAS expression was observed on D28. There was no significant difference in the percentage reduction of MYC, CIS and PVAS among the groups. Moreover, there was a significant difference (p < 0.05) in each group between D14 and D28, except for the percentage reduction in MYC in the 10FZ and 5IZ groups. No adverse effects of fluconazole were observed in the 5FZ or 10FZ groups. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: This study indicates that 5FZ and 10FZ are as effective as itraconazole in canine Malassezia dermatitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The two most common animal-based indicators used to evaluate leg health in broiler chickens are footpad dermatitis (FPD) and gait scoring, but these indicators are less explored in broiler breeders. This study is the first to investigate FPD and gait scoring in broiler breeders during their lifespan from rearing to end of life. In total, eight flocks were monitored (four Ross and four Hubbard) at five different timepoints, in rearing (5 and 15 weeks of age), during the production period (25 and 45 weeks of age) and at the end of the production period (approximately 60 weeks of age). At each visit, 50 hens and 25 roosters were gait scored (six-point scale) and footpads from another 50 hens and 25 roosters were evaluated (five-point scale) (total n = 3000 breeders, 2000 hens and 1000 roosters). Litter quality and air quality were measured at each visit. The results showed that the overall prevalence of FPD in rearing was low and that it increased towards the end of the production, with a mean FPD score of 2 out of a maximum 4 in the hens, indicating moderate lesions and 1.5 in the roosters. In all houses, the litter was dry and loose. FPD was not related to the litter quality, but to air quality, especially the ammonia concentration (P < 0.001). Overall, the gait score were good, and increased with age in both hens (P < 0.001) and roosters of both hybrids (P < 0.001). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between psychological stress, altered skin immunity, and autophagy-related genes (ATGs) is currently unclear. Psoriasis is a chronic skin inflammation of unclear etiology that is characterized by persistence and recurrence. Immune dysregulation and emotional disturbances are recognized as significant risk factors. Emerging clinical evidence suggests a possible connection between anxiety disorders, heightened immune system activation, and altered skin immunity, offering a fresh perspective on the initiation of psoriasis. The aim of this study was to explore the potential shared biological mechanisms underlying the comorbidity of psoriasis and anxiety disorders. Psoriasis and anxiety disorders data were obtained from the GEO database. A list of 3254 ATGs was obtained from the public database. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained by taking the intersection of DEGs between psoriasis and anxiety disorder samples and the list of ATGs. Five machine learning algorithms used screening hub genes. The ROC curve was performed to evaluate diagnostic performance. Then, GSEA, immune infiltration analysis, and network analysis were carried out. The Seurat and Monocle algorithms were used to depict T-cell evolution. Cellchat was used to infer the signaling pathway between keratinocytes and immune cells. Four key hub genes were identified as diagnostic genes related to psoriasis autophagy. Enrichment analysis showed that these genes are indeed related to T cells, autophagy, and immune regulation, and have good diagnostic efficacy validated. Using single-cell RNA sequencing analysis, we expanded our understanding of key cellular participants, including inflammatory keratinocytes and their interactions with immune cells. We found that the CASP7 gene is involved in the T-cell development process, and correlated with γδ T cells, warranting further investigation. We found that anxiety disorders are related to increased autophagy regulation, immune dysregulation, and inflammatory response, and are reflected in the onset and exacerbation of skin inflammation. The hub gene is involved in the process of immune signaling and immune regulation. The CASP7 gene, which is related with the development and differentiation of T cells, deserves further study. Potential biomarkers between psoriasis and anxiety disorders were identified, which are expected to aid in the prediction of disease diagnosis and the development of personalized treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Incontinence-associated dermatitis (IAD) is a skin inflammation caused by contact with urine or faeces or both. It has a negative effect on the patient's quality of life and is indicative of the care provided. However, globally there is a lack of empirical data on the prevalence of IAD. Aim: To identify, for the first time, the proportion of older adults in extended care settings in Ireland affected by IAD. Design: Cross-sectional, multisite, point prevalence survey, across three community extended care settings for older people in Ireland. Methods: Two clinical nurse specialists, using the Scottish Excoriation and Moisture Related Skin Damage Tool, identified the presence of IAD through clinical observation and visual skin inspection. IAD prevalence was calculated for the total population and incontinent population sets using percentages and confidence intervals (CI). Results: The prevalence of incontinence was 86.4% (n=165), a significantly higher proportion were female (P=0.003). The point prevalence of IAD across the total population and incontinent population was 11.5% (22/191; 95% CI, 7.4–19.9%) and 13.3% (22/164; 95% CI, 8.5–19.5%), respectively. Being incontinent was associated with being female, more dependent (Barthel), having possible cognitive impairment, poorer mobility (Braden and Waterlow) and a high risk of pressure ulcers (Waterlow). A logistic regression analysis found no predictor variables for IAD among the variables that met the cut-off point for this analysis. Conclusions: The study provides the first point prevalence empirical data on the occurrence of IAD in Ireland. It can inform decision-making on future planning and budgeting of new quality improvement projects and act as a benchmark for ongoing auditing of IAD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Methods Results Conclusions Meteorin‐like protein (METRNL)/Interleukin‐41 (IL‐41) is a novel immune‐secreted cytokine/myokine involved in several inflammatory diseases. However, how METRNL exerts its regulatory properties on skin inflammation remains elusive. This study aims to elucidate the functionality and regulatory mechanism of METRNL in atopic dermatitis (AD).METRNL levels were determined in skin and serum samples from patients with AD and subsequently verified in the vitamin D3 analogue MC903‐induced AD‐like mice model. The cellular target of METRNL activity was identified by multiplex immunostaining, single‐cell RNA‐seq and RNA‐seq.METRNL was significantly upregulated in lesions and serum of patients with dermatitis compared to healthy controls (p <.05). Following repeated MC903 exposure, AD model mice displayed elevated levels of METRNL in both ears and serum. Administration of recombinant murine METRNL protein (rmMETRNL) ameliorated allergic skin inflammation and hallmarks of AD in mice, whereas blocking of METRNL signaling led to the opposite. METRNL enhanced β‐Catenin activation, limited the expression of Th2‐related molecules that attract the accumulation of Arginase‐1 (Arg1)hi macrophages, dendritic cells, and activated mast cells.METRNL can bind to KIT receptor and subsequently alleviate the allergic inflammation of AD by inhibiting the expansion of immune cells, and downregulating inflammatory gene expression by regulating the level of active WNT pathway molecule β‐Catenin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atopic dermatitis is a multi-pathogenic disease characterized by chronic skin inflammation and barrier dysfunction. Therefore, improving the skin's ability to form an epidermal barrier and suppressing the production of cytokines that induce type 2 inflammatory responses are important for controlling atopic dermatitis symptoms. (-)-Blebbistatin, a non-muscle myosin II inhibitor, has been suggested to improve pulmonary endothelial barrier function and control inflammation by suppressing immune cell migration; however, its efficacy in atopic dermatitis is unknown. In this study, we investigated whether (S)-(-)-blebbistatin O-benzoate, a derivative of (-)-blebbistatin, improves dermatitis symptoms in a mite antigen-induced atopic dermatitis model using NC/Nga mice. The efficacy of the compound was confirmed using dermatitis scores, ear thickness measurements, serum IgE levels, histological analysis of lesions, and filaggrin expression analysis, which is important for barrier function. (S)-(-)-Blebbistatin O-benzoate treatment significantly reduced the dermatitis score and serum IgE levels compared to those in the vehicle group (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the histological analysis revealed enhanced filaggrin production and a decreased number of mast cells (p < 0.05), indicating that (S)-(-)-blebbistatin O-benzoate improved atopic dermatitis symptoms in a pathological model. In vitro analysis using cultured keratinocytes revealed increased expression of filaggrin, loricrin, involucrin, and ceramide production pathway-related genes, suggesting that (S)-(-)-blebbistatin O-benzoate promotes epidermal barrier formation. Furthermore, the effect of (S)-(-)-blebbistatin O-benzoate on type 2 alarmin cytokines, which are secreted from epidermal cells upon scratching or allergen stimulation and are involved in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis, was evaluated using antigens derived from mite feces. The results showed that (S)-(-)-blebbistatin O-benzoate inhibited the upregulation of these cytokines. Based on the above, (S)-(-)-blebbistatin O-benzoate has the potential to be developed as an atopic dermatitis treatment option that controls dermatitis symptoms by suppressing inflammation and improving barrier function by acting on multiple aspects of the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Psoriasis is an inflammatory skin disease characterized by the hyperproliferative epidermal keratinocytes and significant immune cells infiltration, leading to cytokines production such as IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-23, and IL-17. Recent study highlights the critical role of IL-1β in the induction and activation of pathogenic Th17 and IL-17-producing γδ T cells, contributing to psoriasis. However, the mechanism underlying IL-1β dysregulation in psoriasis pathogenesis is unclear. Autophagy regulates IL-1β production and has a pleiotropic effect on inflammatory disorders. Previous studies showed controversial role of autophagy in psoriasis pathogenesis, either pro-inflammatory in autophagy-deficient keratinocyte or anti-inflammatory in pharmacologically autophagy-promoting macrophages. Thus, the direct role of autophagy and its therapeutic potential in psoriasis remains unclear. Methods: We used myeloid cell-specific autophagy-related gene 7 (Atg7)-deficient mice and determined the effect of autophagy deficiency in myeloid cells on neutrophilia and disease pathogenesis in an imiquimod-induced psoriasis mouse model. We then assessed the pathogenic mechanism focusing on immune cells producing IL-1β and IL-17 along with gene expression profiles associated with psoriasis in mouse model and public database on patients. Moreover, therapeutic potential of IL-1β blocking in such context was assessed. Results: We found that autophagy deficiency in myeloid cells exacerbated neutrophilic inflammation and disease pathogenesis in mice with psoriasis. This autophagy-dependent effect was associated with a significant increase in IL-1β production from myeloid cells, particularly macrophages, Cxcl2 expression, and IL-17 A producing T cells including γδ T cells. Supporting this, treatment with systemic IL-1 receptor blocking antibody or topical saccharin, a disaccharide suppressing pro-IL-1β expression, led to the alleviation of neutrophilia and psoriatic skin inflammation linked to autophagy deficiency. The pathophysiological relevance of this finding was supported by dysregulation of autophagy-related genes and their correlation with Th17 cytokines in psoriatic skin lesion from patients with psoriasis. Conclusions: Our results suggest that autophagy dysfunction in myeloid cells, especially macrophages, along with IL-1β dysregulation has a causal role in neutrophilic inflammation and psoriasis pathogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, the number of people acquiring tattoos has increased, with tattoos gaining significant popularity in people between 20 and 40 years old. Inflammation is a common reaction associated with tattooing. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a nanostructured lipid carrier loading pranoprofen (PRA-NLC) as a tattoo aftercare formulation to reduce the inflammation associated with tattooing. In this context, the in vitro drug release and the ex vivo permeation-through-human-skin tests using Franz cells were appraised. The tolerance of our formulation on the skin was evaluated by studying the skin's biomechanical properties. In addition, an in vivo anti-inflammatory study was conducted on mice skin to evaluate the efficacy of the formulation applied topically after tattooing the animals. PRA-NLC showed a sustained release up to 72 h, and the amount of pranoprofen retained in the skin was found to be 33.48 µg/g/cm2. The formulation proved to be well tolerated; it increased stratum corneum hydration, and no signs of skin irritation were observed. Furthermore, it was demonstrated to be non-cytotoxic since the cell viability was greater than 80%. Based on these results, we concluded that PRA-NLC represents a suitable drug delivery carrier for the transdermal delivery of pranoprofen to alleviate the local skin inflammation associated with tattooing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sambuci folium (elderberry leaves) have been used in traditional medicine, mainly externally, to treat skin diseases and wounds. Therefore, the aim of this study was to screen the biological activity of elderberry leaves (antioxidant potential and possibility of inhibition of tyrosinase and hyaluronidase enzymes) combined with phytochemical analysis. For this purpose, a phytochemical analysis was carried out. Elderberry leaves of 12 varieties ("Sampo", "Obelisk", "Dwubarwny", "Haschberg", "Haschberg 1", "Koralowy", "Sambo", "Black Beauty", "Black Tower", "Golden hybrid", "Samyl", "Samyl 1") in two growth stages. The compounds from the selected groups, phenolic acids (chlorogenic acid) and flavonols (quercetin), were chromatographically determined in hydroalcoholic leaf extracts. All tested elderberry leaf extracts showed antioxidant effects, but the most promising potential: very high compounds content (TPC = 61.85 mg GAE/g), antioxidant (e.g., DPPH IC50 = 1.88 mg/mL; CUPRAC IC0.5 = 0.63 mg/mL) and optimal anti-inflammatory (inhibition of hyaluronidase activity 41.28%) activities were indicated for older leaves of the "Sampo" variety. Additionally, the extract obtained from "Sampo" and "Golden hybrid" variety facilitated the treatment of wounds in the scratch test. In summary, the best multidirectional pro-health effect in treating skin inflammation was specified for "Sampo" leaves II extract (leaves during the flowering period); however, wound treatment was noted as rich in chlorogenic acid younger leaf extracts of the "Golden hybrid" variety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the use of dupilumab, a medication, for the treatment of chronic actinic dermatitis (CAD), a rare photosensitive disorder that primarily affects older men. The article presents two case studies of patients with CAD who were successfully treated with dupilumab, showing significant improvement in their symptoms. The article also reviews existing literature on the use of dupilumab for CAD and suggests the need for further studies to confirm its effectiveness. The document is a case series that includes information on patients with various medical conditions and the treatments they received, predominantly male patients treated with medications like hydroxychloroquine, methotrexate, and mycophenolate mofetil. The document also provides information on abbreviations used and conflicts of interest of the authors. Ethical approval was not required for this case series, and patient consent was obtained for the use of their information and images. [Extracted from the article]

We undertook a retrospective observational review of patients referred to a tertiary dermatology department with vulval complaints over 12 months. The most common provisional diagnoses made by the referrer and final dermatology diagnoses were lichen sclerosus (54% and 38%), dermatitis (12.7% and 16.5%) and psoriasis (5.1% and 6.3%). Referrers may benefit from further education about skin diseases of the vulva, topical steroids for vulval complaints and the importance of clinical photography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jacquet erosive dermatitis (JED) is a rare, severe form of napkin dermatitis associated with friction and irritant exposure in the napkin area. The condition typically causes erosions and erythematous punched‐out ulcerations. We present two cases of JED in infants associated with the use of a common brand barrier cream Curash. This appeared to present following a change of several active ingredients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Controlling molluscum contagiosum (MC) infections is critical in atopic dermatitis (AD) management. This post hoc analysis assessed the efficacy and safety of berdazimer gel, 10.3% (topical, antiviral, nitric oxide–releasing medication) versus vehicle in MC patients with or without AD. Methods: Three Phase 3, multicenter, randomized, double‐blind, vehicle‐controlled, parallel‐group trials (B‐SIMPLE[berdazimer sodium in molluscum patients with lesions]1, −2, −4) enrolled patients 6 months and older with 3–70 mollusca. Berdazimer or vehicle was applied once daily to all MC lesions for 12 weeks. Data from three Phase 3 studies were integrated for subgroup efficacy and safety assessments using several weighted meta‐analysis approaches. Patients with concurrent AD or a history of AD/eczema were categorized as AD+ subgroup (AD− when absent). Primary efficacy endpoint: complete lesion clearance at Week 12. Safety endpoints included adverse events (AEs) through Week 24 and local skin reactions through Week 12. Results: Of 1598 enrolled patients, 209 (13.1%) were AD+. Baseline mean lesion counts were greater in AD+ (26.4) than AD− (19.3). Complete clearance rates were higher at Week 12 for berdazimer compared with vehicle in AD+ (n = 209; 35.0% vs. 27.4%; odds ratio [OR], 1.3; 95% CI, 0.7–2.5) and AD− (n = 1389; 29.1% vs. 18.9%; OR 1.8; 95% CI 1.4–2.4) subgroups. AEs in AD+ were application‐site pain (21.6% with berdazimer vs. 11.9% with vehicle), dermatitis (12.8% vs. 2.4%), and erythema (9.6% vs. 7.1%). Conclusions: Berdazimer gel showed favorable efficacy regardless of AD status. Berdazimer‐induced erythema may be indistinguishable from AD symptoms or with inflammatory response upon resolution of molluscum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dupilumab is an interleukin‐4 receptor antagonist important in the treatment of refractory atopic dermatitis (AD), particularly among pediatric patients. Two boys with a history of AD and cardiac transplant who developed psoriasiform dermatitis in response to dupilumab therapy are reported. These patients paradoxically developed an immune‐mediated adverse drug reaction despite taking systemic immunosuppressive agents. While the literature suggests possible pathomechanisms for psoriasiform dermatitis despite immunosuppression, further research is necessary to better characterize this unique and unexpected phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chrysoeriol is an active ingredient derived from the Chinese medicinal herb (CMH) "Lonicerae japonicae flos" in the dried flower bud or bloomed flower of Lonicera japonica Thunberg. Dermatoses are the most common diseases in humans, including eczema, acne, psoriasis, moles, and fungal infections, which are temporary or permanent and may be painless or painful. Topical corticosteroids are widely used in Western medicine, but there are some side effects when it is continuously and regularly utilized in a large dosage. Chrysoeriol is a natural active ingredient, nontoxic, and without any adverse reactions in the treatment of dermatological conditions. Methods: Nine electronic databases were searched, including WanFang Data, PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, Web of Science, Springer Link, SciFinder, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), without regard to language constraints. The pharmacological activities of chrysoeriol from Lonicerae japonicae flos to fight against skin diseases were explained and evaluated through the literature review of either in vitro or in vivo studies. Results: Chrysoeriol decreased the mRNA levels of proinflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α. These were transcriptionally regulated by NF-κB and STAT3 to combat skin inflammation. It also showed promising actions in treating many skin ailments including wound healing, depigmentation, photoprotection, and antiaging. Conclusion: The cutaneous route is the best delivery approach to chrysoeriol across the skin barrier. However, toxicity, dosage, and safety assessments of chrysoeriol in a formulation or nanochrysoeriol on the human epidermis for application in skin diseases must be further investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultraviolet radiation can heighten tyrosinase activity, stimulate melanocyte production, impede the metabolism of numerous melanocytes, and result in the accumulation of plaques on the skin surface. α-Arbutin, a bioactive substance extracted from the arbutin plant, has been widely used for skin whitening. In this study, the whitening effect of α-arbutin by inhibiting tyrosinase activity and alleviating the photoaging effect induced by UVB are investigated. The results indicate that α-arbutin can inhibit skin inflammation, and its effectiveness is positively correlated with concentration. Moreover, α-arbutin can reduce the skin epidermal thickness, decrease the number of inflammatory cells, and down-regulate the expression levels of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α, which are inflammatory factors. It also promotes the expression of COL-1 collagen, thus playing an important role in anti-inflammatory action. Network pharmacology, metabolomics and transcriptomics further confirm that α-arbutin is related to the L-tyrosine metabolic pathway and may interfere with various signaling pathways related to melanin and other photoaging by regulating metabolic changes. Therefore, α-arbutin has a potential inhibitory effect on UVB-induced photoaging and possesses a whitening effect as a cosmetic compound. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Buffalo are country animals, with great adaptability, and thrive in diverse environments. The State of Pará has the largest herd of buffalo in Brazil, which can be found mainly on Marajó Island in the northern region of the state. As a result, buffalo farming has become widespread in Brazil, and it offers several products to the consumer market. However, in the State of Pará, skin diseases stand out among the diseases that affect this species. This study reports the first case of dermatitis caused by Pelodera spp. in buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) on Marajó Island, Pará. This is the first report of parasitic granulomatous dermatitis caused by Pelodera spp. in a buffalo. The affected buffalo was about seven years old, was a female of the Murrah breed and belonged to a property located on Marajó Island in the State of Pará. During the clinical examination, the animal was in a standing position and presented several multifocal nodular and placoid masses throughout the body, mostly on the forelimbs, hindlimbs, abdomen, mammary glands, perineum, vulva and tail. These masses were also observed on the nasal mucosa, head, neck, back and chest. On macroscopic examination, the skin had several multifocal-to-coalescent sessile nodular and placoid lesions. Histopathology of the skin showed a marked reduction in the number of hair follicles. In the superficial dermis, there was significant multifocal-to-coalescent inflammatory infiltration, consisting of macrophages, epithelioid macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells and multinucleated giant cells. In the remaining hair follicles, there were numerous cross and longitudinal sections of small rhabditoid nematodes characterized by a thin cuticle, platymyarian musculature, an intestinal tract, a rhabditiform esophagus and lateral alae (morphologically compatible with Pelodera spp.). The diagnosis of parasitic dermatitis was confirmed by histopathological skin lesions associated with the presence of intralesional rhabditiform larvae morphologically compatible with Pelodera spp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Udder cleft dermatitis (UCD) is a skin condition affecting the anterior parts of the udder in dairy cattle. In the present study, we aimed to shed light on the microbiota in severe UCD lesions versus healthy udder skin by putting forward a taxonomic and functional profile based on a virulence factor analysis. Through shotgun metagenomic sequencing, we found a high proportion of bacteria in addition to a low abundance of archaea. A distinct clustering of healthy udder skin versus UCD lesion samples was shown by applying principal component analysis and (sparse) partial least squares analysis on the metagenomic data. Proteobacteria , Bacillota , and Actinomycetota were among the most abundant phyla in healthy udder skin samples. In UCD samples, Bacteroidota was the most abundant phylum. At genus level, Bifidobacterium spp. had the highest relative abundance in healthy skin samples, whereas Porphyromonas spp. and Corynebacterium spp. had the highest relative abundance in UCD samples. In the differential abundance analysis, Porphyromonas spp. and Bacteroides spp. were significantly differentially abundant in UCD samples, whereas Bifidobacterium spp., Staphylococcus sp. AntiMn-1, and Staphylococcus equorum were more commonly found in healthy samples. Moreover, the abundance of several treponeme phylotypes was significantly higher in lesion samples. The streptococcal cysteine protease speB was among the most abundant virulence factors present in severe UCD lesions, while a plethora of virulence factors such as the antitoxin relB were downregulated, possibly contributing to creating the ideal wound climate for the dysbiotic community. Network analysis showed healthy lesion samples had a large network ofpositive, correlations between the abundances of beneficial species such as Aerococcus urinaeequi and Bifidobacterium angulatum , indicating that the healthy skin microbiome forms an active protective bacterial network, which is disrupted in case of UCD. In UCD samples, a smaller microbial network mainly consisting of positive correlations between the abundances of Bacteroides fragilis and anaerobic Bacteroidota was exposed. Moreover, a high correlation between the taxonomic data and virulence factors was revealed, concurrently with 2 separate networks of microbes and virulence factors. One network, matching with the taxonomic findings in the healthy udder skin samples, showcased a community of harmless or beneficial bacteria, such as Bifidobacterium spp. and Butyrivibrio proteoclasticus , associated with hcnB, hcnC, relB, glyoxalase, and cupin 2. The other network, corresponding to UCD samples, consisted of pathogenic or facultative pathogenic and mainly anaerobic bacteria such as Treponema spp., Mycoplasmopsis spp., and bovine gammaherpesvirus 4, that correlated with virulence factors SpvB, fhaB, and haemagglutination activity domain–associated factor. Our results point toward a dysbiotic community with a notable decrease in diversity and evenness, with a loss of normal skin inhabitants and innocuous or useful species making way for predominantly anaerobic, facultative pathogens. The shift in the abundance of virulence factors such as fhaB and SpvB could play a role in the manifestation of a local micro-environment favorable to the microbiome associated with udder skin lesions. Lastly, the presence of specific networks between microbial species, and between microbes and virulence factors was shown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Bacterial infection secondary to eczema and dermatitis occurs frequently. However, due to the inconvenience of clinical bacterial culture procedure, clinical diagnosis of bacterial infection following eczema is typically based on the appearance of skin lesions. To date, no surveys on the use of topical antibiotics for treating eczema and dermatitis in China have been carried out. Methods: The present study investigated the factors influencing the use of topical antibiotics to treat eczema and dermatitis in China. Logistic regression model and chi-square test were employed to examine whether topical antibiotics cause contact irritation. Results: It was found that the proportion of patients with eczema and dermatitis who were previously treated with topical antibiotics was 72.40%. The patients' residence regions (southern vs northern territories, p <.001), hospital levels (secondary-level and below vs third-level hospitals, p =.004), itching degrees (no itching, itching does not require scratching, itching requires scratching, and scratching affects sleep and life quality, p <.001), skin infection status (no obvious infection phenomenon, possible infection, and clear infection, p =.001), and skin lesion infection severity (mild, moderate, and severe, p <.001) all showed statistically significant differences in the univariate analysis of antibiotic ointment treatment factors. The percentage of patients experiencing contact irritation reactions resulting from the use of topical antibiotics was 2.60%. The incidence of exposure to irritation was higher in patients who used more than two types of topical antibiotics compared to patients treated with only one type of topical antibiotic (% vs %, chi-square test, p <.001). Conclusion: The number of individuals who used topical antibiotics for eczema and dermatitis was relatively high in China. The degree of itching, infection possibility, and degree of skin lesion infection were positively correlated with the patients' previous topical antibiotic treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clostridial dermatitis (CD), caused by Clostridium septicum, is an emerging disease of increasing economic importance in turkeys. Currently, there are no effective vaccines for CD control. Here, two non-toxic domains of C. septicum alpha toxin, namely ntATX-D1 and ntATX-D2, were identified, cloned, and expressed in Escherichia coli as recombinant subunit proteins to investigate their use as potential vaccine candidates. Experimental groups consisted of a Negative control (NCx) that did not receive C. septicum challenge, while the adjuvant-only Positive control (PCx), ntATX-D1 immunization (D1) and ntATX-D2 immunization (D2) groups received C. septicum challenge. Turkeys were immunized subcutaneously with 100 μg of protein at 7, 8 and 9 weeks of age along with an oil-in-water nano-emulsion adjuvant, followed by C. septicum challenge at 11 weeks of age. Results showed that while 46.2% of birds in the PCx group died post-challenge, the rate of mortality in D1- or D2-immunization groups was 13.3%. The gross and histopathological lesions in the skin, muscle and spleen showed that the disease severity was highest in PCx group, while the D2-immunized birds had significantly lower lesion scores when compared to PCx. Gene expression analysis revealed that PCx birds had significantly higher expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine genes in the skin, muscle and spleen than the NCx group, while the D2 group had significantly lower expression of these genes compared to PCx. Peripheral blood cellular analysis showed increased frequencies of activated CD4+ and/or CD8+ cells in the D1 and D2-immunized groups. Additionally, the immunized turkeys developed antigen-specific serum IgY antibodies. Collectively, these findings indicate that ntATX proteins, specifically the ntATX-D2 can be a promising vaccine candidate for protecting turkeys against CD and that the protection mechanisms may include downregulation of C. septicum-induced inflammation and increased CD4+ and CD8+ cellular activation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Methods Results Conclusions Magnolia biondii, a plant containing many magnolian‐like compounds in its flowers or buds, exhibits anti‐inflammatory and antiallergic effects; however, no study has addressed its effect on alleviating ultraviolet light (UV)‐induced skin damage. We thus aimed at studying the effects of M. biondii flower extract (MB) on UVB‐induced skin damage and determine the relationship between cell damage and damage‐associated molecular patterns (DAMPs).Reconstructed epidermal models and foreskin samples were selected to detect cellular reactions after UVB irradiation and MB treatment. MTT, haematoxylin–eosin and immunofluorescence staining were used to examine total viability, sunburned cells and expression and migration of DAMPs at 16 or 48 h. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE‐2) and interleukin 8 (IL‐8) levels were measured using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays. A clinical UVB‐damaged test was carried out on human arms subjected to MB pre‐ or post‐treatment. Human skin probes were used to measure erythema, melanin, ITA° and transepidermal water loss (TEWL), while skin photos were captured using the VISIA system.MB is rich in lignans such as magnolin, pinoresinol dimethyl ether and fargesin, and shows weak UV absorption at 280–320 nm. Coculturing with MB for 16 or 48 h after UVB irradiation improved the tissue viability and structure of Skinovo‐Epi, and reduced the expression and migration of high mobility group box protein B1 (HMGB1) as well as the expression of IL‐8 and PGE‐2. In the excised foreskin treated with MB after UVB irradiation, the generation of 8‐hidroxy‐2‐deoxyguanosine and nuclear transfer of HMGB1 were reduced. When pre‐treated with MB for 3 days, UVB‐induced skin erythema and ITA° were significantly decreased. When post‐treated with MB for 5 days, a decrease in skin erythema, melanin and TEWL values and an increase in skin ITA° were observed.Treatment with MB attenuated UVB‐induced skin damage, such as erythema, pigmentation and skin barrier function, by improving the tissue viability and structure and reducing sunburned cells and skin inflammation. This effect may be related to DNA damage, which causes the migration of HMGB1 from the nucleus to the outside of the cell to induce skin inflammation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Methods Results Conclusions The antimicrobial ribonuclease RNase 7 is abundantly expressed in the epidermis of lesional skin of atopic dermatitis (AD). Host RNase inhibitor (RI) binds to RNase 7 and blocks its ribonuclease activity. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of RNase 7–RI interactions on AD.Cultured human primary keratinocytes, with siRNA‐mediated downregulation of RNase 7 and RI, were stimulated with the synthetic RNA polyinosinic‐polycytidylic acid (poly I:C). Induction of proinflammatory mediators was analyzed by real‐time PCR and ELISA. RI expression in AD non‐lesional and lesional skin biopsies and healthy controls was analyzed by real‐time PCR and immunostaining. RI protein release in vivo on the AD skin surface was determined by western blot. Antimicrobial and ribonuclease assays were used to investigate the functional role of RI.RNase 7 inhibited the RNA‐induced expression of proinflammatory mediators in keratinocytes. Accordingly, downregulation of RNase 7 in keratinocytes enhanced RNA‐mediated induction of proinflammatory mediators, whereas downregulation of RI had the opposite effect. RI was released by damaged keratinocytes and epidermis. In vivo expression and release of RI on the skin surface were enhanced in lesional AD skin. Rinsing solution from the surface of lesional AD skin blocked the ribonuclease activity of RNase 7. The anti‐Staphylococcus aureus activity of RNase 7 was abrogated by RI.Our data suggest a novel role of RI as a trigger factor of inflammation in AD by blocking the ribonuclease and antimicrobial activity of RNase 7, thereby enhancing RNA‐mediated inflammation and S. aureus growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides information on Toripalimab-tpzi, a programmed death receptor-1 (PD-1)-blocking antibody, an antineoplastic agent. Toripalimab-tpzi is used in combination with cisplatin and gemcitabine for first-lien treatment of adults with metastatic or recurrent locally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Also mentioned are its dosage and administration, drug interactions, and advice to patients.

Background and Purpose: Glucocorticoids are powerful anti‐inflammatory drugs, but are associated with many side‐effects. Topical application in atopic dermatitis leads to skin thinning, metabolic changes, and adrenal suppression. 5α‐Tetrahydrocorticosterone (5αTHB) is a potential selective anti‐inflammatory with reduced metabolic effects. Here, the efficacy and side‐effect profile of 5αTHB were compared with hydrocortisone in preclinical models of irritant dermatitis. Experimental Approach: Acute irritant dermatitis was invoked in ear skin of male C57BL/6 mice with a single topical application of croton oil. Inflammation was assessed as oedema via ear weight following treatment with 5αTHB and hydrocortisone. Side‐effects of 5αTHB and hydrocortisone were assessed following chronic topical steroid treatment (28 days) to non‐irritated skin. Skin thinning was quantified longitudinally by caliper measurements and summarily by qPCR for transcripts for genes involved in extracellular matrix homeostasis; systemic effects of topical steroid administration also were assessed. Clearance of 5αTHB and hydrocortisone were measured following intravenous and oral administration. Key Results: 5αTHB suppressed ear swelling in mice, with ED50 similar to hydrocortisone (23 μg vs. 13 μg). Chronic application of 5αTHB did not cause skin thinning, adrenal atrophy, weight loss, thymic involution, or raised insulin levels, all of which were observed with topical hydrocortisone. Transcripts for genes involved in collagen synthesis and stability were adversely affected by all doses of hydrocortisone, but only by the highest dose of 5αTHB (8× ED50). 5αTHB was rapidly cleared from the systemic circulation. Conclusions and Implications: Topical 5αTHB has potential to treat inflammatory skin conditions, particularly in areas of delicate skin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a biphasic type of skin inflammation characterized by a predominance of type-2 (TH2) and type-1 (TH1) helper T cell-biased immune responses at the acute and persistent chronic phases, respectively. The present study was aimed to evaluate the efficacy of Artemisia dubia folium extract (ADFE) on AD-like skin lesions through developing a murine model for acute and chronic stages of AD. To induce acute phase AD, the dorsal skin of BALB/c mice was sensitized twice a week with 1% 2, 4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB), followed by challenge (twice) in the following week with 0.2% DNCB. To induce persistent chronic AD, some mice were challenged twice a week for 4 more weeks. After the second challenge, the dorsal skin was exposed to 3% ADFE (five times per week) for 2 weeks (acute phase) or 4 weeks (persistent chronic phase). Results: The paradigm of TH2 or TH1 predominance at the acute and chronic phase, respectively, was observed in this mouse model. During the acute phase, we observed an increased IL-4/IFN-γ ratio in splenic culture supernatants, an increased IgG1/IgG2a ratio in serum, and elevated serum IgE levels; however, the skew toward TH2 responses was diminished during the chronic stage. Compared with vehicle controls, ADFE reduced the IL-4/IFN-γ and IgG1/IgG2a ratios in acute AD, but both ratios increased during the chronic stage. Conclusions: Our results suggest that ADFE concomitantly suppresses the TH2 predominant response in acute AD, as well as the TH1 predominant response in chronic AD. Thus, ADFE is a candidate therapeutic for AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Latex allergy is a disease with increasing prevalence and importance and can be seen in the whole population, especially in healthcare workers and those working in rubber production. It can lead to clinical pictures ranging from allergic urticaria to dermatitis, rhinoconjunctivitis, asthma, and even anaphylaxis. Various methods are used for the diagnosis, including the skin prick and patch tests, latex-specific immunoglobulin E, and nasal provocation. Latex fruit syndromes may also occur due to cross-reactivity with latex. Preventive measures and patient education constitute the most important part of the treatment. Medication, latex immunotherapy, and the use of omalizumab are among the main treatment modalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silk fibroin from Bombyx mori has traditionally been utilized for garment production; however, recently, it has become feasible to manufacture edible and cosmetic products using this material. Gamma‐ray irradiation can improve physiological activity through the modification of the structure of proteins in biological materials. In this study, we examined whether gamma ray‐irradiated fibroin protein (gFP) has a protective effect on tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α)‐induced cellular stress through a change in protein structure. First, we confirmed that the structure of FP was changed by gamma‐ray irradiation using electrophoresis, UV spectra and Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR). We further investigated the cytoprotective potential of 20 kGy‐irradiated fibroin protein (gFP20) in human skin keratinocytes (HaCaT cells) exposed to extracellular stress. gFP20 effectively decreased TNF‐α‐induced matrix metalloproteinase‐1 (MMP‐1) overexpression and restored reduced type‐1 procollagen in HaCaT cells. This reduction occurred concomitantly with suppressed nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) nuclear translocation, resulting in a decreased level of inflammatory mediator and pro‐inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, gFP20 protected cells from TNF‐α‐induced oxidative stress by attenuating reactive oxygen species (ROS) overexpression and increasing the production of the antioxidant enzyme heme oxygenase‐1 (HO‐1) through the stimulation of the translocation of nuclear factor erythroid 2‐related factor 2 (Nrf2) into the nucleus. Taken together, our findings indicate that low‐dose irradiated fibroin protein (gFP20) could be considered as a functional material for skincare products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Of the worldwide population, 0.5 to 1% of people are carrying a heterozygous mutation of Ataxia–Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM) gene. While the clinical radiosensitivity of carriers of germline biallelic inactivation of the ATM gene is well described, controversies are observed for monoallelic carriers of ATM mutation. The aim of this study is to evaluate acute and late toxicities after adjuvant breast radiation therapy in ATM pathogenic variant carriers. This observational retrospective study showed an absence of significative acute and late toxicities after breast radiation therapy among patients carrying a heterozygous rare variant of the ATM gene. Single nucleotide polymorphism rs1801516 (G/A), described as associated with late subcutaneous fibrosis, was not associated with this late adverse event in our study. The Ataxia–Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM) gene is implicated in DNA double-strand break repair. Controversies in clinical radiosensitivity remain known for monoallelic carriers of the ATM pathogenic variant (PV). An evaluation of the single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs1801516 (G-A) showed different results regarding late subcutaneous fibrosis after breast radiation therapy (RT). The main objective of this study was to evaluate acute and late toxicities in carriers of a rare ATM PV or predicted PV and in carriers of minor allele A of rs1801516 facing breast RT. Fifty women with localized breast cancer treated with adjuvant RT between 2000 and 2014 at Institut Curie were selected. Acute and late toxicities in carriers of a rare PV or predicted PV (n= 9), in noncarriers (n = 41) and in carriers of SNP rs1801516 (G-A) (n = 8), were examined. The median age at diagnosis was 53 years old and 82% of patients had an invasive ductal carcinoma and 84% were at clinical stage I–IIB. With a median follow-up of 13 years, no significant difference between carriers and noncarriers was found for acute toxicities (p > 0.05). The same results were observed for late toxicities without an effect from the rs1801516 genotype on toxicities. No significant difference in acute or late toxicities was observed between rare ATM variant carriers and noncarriers after breast RT for localized breast cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Curcumin is a polyphenolic molecule derived from the rhizoma of Curcuma longa L. This compound has been used for centuries due to its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties. These make it ideal for preventing and treating skin inflammation, premature skin ageing, psoriasis, and acne. Additionally, it exhibits antiviral, antimutagenic, and antifungal effects. Curcumin provides protection against skin damage caused by prolonged exposure to UVB radiation. It reduces wound healing times and improves collagen deposition. Moreover, it increases fibroblast and vascular density in wounds. This review summarizes the available information on the therapeutic effect of curcumin in treating skin diseases. The results suggest that curcumin may be an inexpensive, well-tolerated, and effective agent for treating skin diseases. However, larger clinical trials are needed to confirm these observations due to limitations in its in vivo use, such as low bioavailability after oral administration and metabolism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dysregulated macrophage responses and changes in tissue metabolism are hallmarks of chronic inflammation in the skin. However, the metabolic cues that direct and support macrophage functions in the skin are poorly understood. Here, we show that during sterile skin inflammation, the epidermis and macrophages uniquely depend on glycolysis and the TCA cycle, respectively. This compartmentalisation is initiated by ROS-induced HIF-1α stabilization leading to enhanced glycolysis in the epidermis. The end-product of glycolysis, lactate, is then exported by epithelial cells and utilized by the dermal macrophages to induce their M2-like fates through NF-κB pathway activation. In addition, we show that psoriatic skin disorder is also driven by such lactate metabolite-mediated crosstalk between the epidermis and macrophages. Notably, small-molecule inhibitors of lactate transport in this setting attenuate sterile inflammation and psoriasis disease burden, and suppress M2-like fate acquisition in dermal macrophages. Our study identifies an essential role for the metabolite lactate in regulating macrophage responses to inflammation, which may be effectively targeted to treat inflammatory skin disorders such as psoriasis. Synopsis: Inflammation alters skin tissue metabolism, however, the consequences for immune cell effector function remain unclear. Here, in vivo work in mice uncovers a ROS/HIF-1α-induced metabolic crosstalk between epidermal cells and macrophages during sterile inflammation, which aggravates disease progression. Induced skin inflammation shifts metabolic preferences to glycolysis and the TCA cycle in the epidermis and in macrophages, respectively. Inflammation-induced metabolic compartmentalisation is bridged by lactate secreted from the epidermis. Inhibition of lactate transport leads to reduced macrophage-mediated ECM degradation and in turn, inflammation. Inhibition of lactate transfer attenuates psoriasis symptoms in a imiquimod-induced mouse model. Lactate produced via glycolysis in epidermal cells activates NF-κB signaling and M2-like pro-remodeling phenotypes in dermal macrophages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Psoriasis is a chronic immune-mediated skin condition. Although biologic treatments are effective in controlling psoriasis, some patients do not respond or lose response to these therapies. Thus, new strategies for psoriasis treatment are still urgently needed. Double-negative T cells (DNT) play a significant immunoregulatory role in autoimmune diseases. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the protective effect of DNT in psoriasis and explore the underlying mechanism. Methods: We conducted a single adoptive transfer of DNT into an imiquimod (IMQ)-induced psoriasis mouse model through tail vein injection. The skin inflammation and IL-17A producing γδ T cells were evaluated. Results: DNT administration significantly reduced the inflammatory response in mouse skin, characterized by decreased skin folds, scales, and red patches. After DNT treatment, the secretion of IL-17A by RORc+ γδlow T cells in the skin was selectively suppressed, resulting in an amelioration of skin inflammation. Transcriptomic data suggested heightened expression of NKG2D ligands in γδlow T cells within the mouse model of psoriasis induced by IMQ. When blocking the NKG2D ligand and NKG2D (expressed by DNT) interaction, the cytotoxic efficacy of DNT against RORc+IL17A+ γδlow T cells was attenuated. Using Ccr5−/− DNT for treatment yielded evidence that DNT migrates into inflamed skin tissue and fails to protect IMQ-induced skin lesions. Conclusions: DNT could migrate to inflamed skin tissue through CCR5, selectively inhibit IL-17-producing γδlow T cells and finally ameliorate mouse psoriasis. Our study provides feasibility for using immune cell therapy for the prevention and treatment of psoriasis in the clinic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease. Topical medicines are the preferred treatment for mild to moderate psoriasis, but the effect of excipients used in semi‐solid preparations on psoriasis‐like skin inflammation is not fully understood. In the present study, we investigated the effect of stearyl alcohol, a commonly used excipient, on imiquimod (IMQ)‐induced psoriasis‐like skin inflammation in mice. Psoriasis‐like skin inflammation was induced by topical IMQ treatment on the back of mice. Skin lesion severity was evaluated by using psoriasis area and severity index (PASI) scores. The skin sections were stained by haematoxylin–eosin and immunohistochemistry. Stearyl alcohol (20% in vaseline) treatment significantly reduced the IMQ‐induced increase of PASI scores and epidermal thickness in mice. IMQ treatment increased the number of Ki67‐ and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)‐positive cells in the skin, and the increases were inhibited by stearyl alcohol (20% in vaseline) treatment. Stearyl alcohol treatment (1%, 5%, 10% in vaseline) dose‐dependently ameliorated IMQ‐induced increase of PASI scores and epidermal thickness in mice. Hexadecanol (20% in vaseline), stearic acid (20% in vaseline) and vaseline treatment had no significant effect on IMQ‐induced psoriasis‐like skin inflammation in mice. In conclusion, stearyl alcohol has the effect of improving IMQ‐induced psoriasis‐like skin inflammation in mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selective activator protein (AP)-1 inhibitors are potentially promising therapeutic agents for atopic dermatitis (AD) because AP-1 is an important regulator of skin inflammation. However, few studies have investigated the effect of topical application of AP-1 inhibitors in treating inflammatory skin disorders. Immunohistochemistry was conducted to detect phosphorylated AP-1/c-Jun expression of skin lesions in AD patients. In the in vivo study, 1 % T-5224 ointment was topically applied for 8 days to the ears of 2,4 dinitrofluorobenzene challenged AD-like dermatitis model mice. Baricitinib, a conventional therapeutic agent Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor, was also topically applied. In the in vitro study, human epidermal keratinocytes were treated with T-5224 and stimulated with AD-related cytokines. AP-1/c-Jun was phosphorylated at skin lesions in AD patients. In vivo , topical T-5224 application inhibited ear swelling (P < 0.001), restored filaggrin (Flg) expression (P < 0.01), and generally suppressed immune-related pathways. T-5224 significantly suppressed Il17a and l17f expression, whereas baricitinib did not. Baricitinib suppressed Il4, Il19, Il33 and Ifnb expression, whereas T-5224 did not. Il1a, Il1b, Il23a, Ifna, S100a8, and S100a9 expression was cooperatively downregulated following the combined use of T-5224 and baricitinib. In vitro, T-5224 restored the expression of FLG and loricrin (LOR) (P < 0.05) and suppressed IL33 expression (P < 0.05) without affecting cell viability and cytotoxicity. Topical T-5224 ameliorates clinical manifestations of AD-like dermatitis in mice. The effect of this inhibitor is amplified via combined use with JAK inhibitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Skin barrier dysfunction may both initiate and aggravate skin inflammation. However, the mechanisms involved in the inflammation process remain largely unknown. Objectives We sought to determine how skin barrier dysfunction enhances skin inflammation and molecular mechanisms. Methods Skin barrier defect mice were established by tape stripping or topical use of acetone on wildtype mice, or filaggrin deficiency. RNA-Seq was employed to analyse the differentially expressed genes in mice with skin barrier defects. Primary human keratinocytes were transfected with formylpeptide receptor (FPR)1 or protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum (ER) kinase (PERK) small interfering RNA to examine the effects of these gene targets. The expressions of inflammasome NOD-like receptor (NLR)C4, epidermal barrier genes and inflammatory mediators were evaluated. Results Mechanical (tape stripping), chemical (acetone) or genetic (filaggrin deficiency) barrier disruption in mice amplified the expression of proinflammatory genes, with transcriptomic profiling revealing overexpression of formylpeptide receptor (Fpr1) in the epidermis. Treatment with the FPR1 agonist fMLP in keratinocytes upregulated the expression of the NLRC4 inflammasome and increased interleukin-1β secretion through modulation of ER stress via the PERK-eIF2α-C/EBP homologous protein pathway. The activation of the FPR1-NLRC4 axis was also observed in skin specimens from old healthy individuals with skin barrier defect or elderly mice. Conversely, topical administration with a FPR1 antagonist, or Nlrc4 silencing, led to the normalization of barrier dysfunction and alleviation of inflammatory skin responses in vivo. Conclusions In summary, our findings show that the FPR1-NLRC4 inflammasome axis is activated upon skin barrier disruption and may explain exaggerated inflammatory responses that are observed in disease states characterized by epidermal dysfunction. Pharmacological inhibition of FPR1 or NLRC4 represents a potential therapeutic target. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: C‐C motif chemokine ligand (CCL)5 induces skin inflammation in healthy dogs. In addition, CCL5 is overexpressed in the skin of experimental models of canine atopic dermatitis (cAD). Tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐α has been shown to be upregulated in cAD. However, it remains unclear whether TNF‐α induces CCL5 production in canine keratinocytes. Hypothesis/Objectives: To determine the effect of TNF‐α on CCL5 production in canine keratinocyte culture and investigate possible synergy with interferon (IFN)‐γ and interleukin (IL)‐4. Materials and Methods: CCL5 protein concentrations were measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in the culture supernatant of a cell line of canine progenitor epidermal keratinocyte (CPEK) cells stimulated with TNF‐α with or without inhibitors of the TNF receptor signalling pathway. CCL5 protein concentrations also were measured in CPEK cells stimulated with TNF‐α in the absence or presence of IFN‐γ, a T‐helper (Th)1‐type cytokine, and/or IL‐4, a Th2‐type cytokine. Results: TNF‐α increased CCL5 production in CPEK cells in time‐ and dose‐dependent manners. Inhibitors of the TNF receptor signalling pathway diminished CCL5 production. Although neither IFN‐γ nor IL‐4 alone induced CCL5 production in CPEK cells, the combination of TNF‐α and IFN‐γ, and not IL‐4, synergistically enhanced CCL5 production in these cells. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: TNF‐α may be involved in skin inflammation in dogs by promoting CCL5 production in keratinocytes. Furthermore, the synergistic effect of TNF‐α and IFN‐γ suggests that the local Th1‐type milieu may aggravate skin inflammation. Further studies are required to elucidate the role of TNF‐α‐induced CCL5 production of keratinocytes in the pathogenesis of cAD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Straelensia cynotis is a trombidioid mite that causes painful, usually nonpruritic nodular dermatitis mainly in the dorsal region of dogs. This case report describes the first observation of feline straelensiosis in Europe with clinicopathological findings. Molecular characterisation of the parasite was performed and compared with mites collected from dogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atopic dermatitis is one of the most common dermatologic problems, especially in children. Given the ability of symbiotic microorganisms in modulating the immune system, probiotics administration has been studied in previous research in the management of atopic dermatitis. However, there are conflicting results between studies. In this study, we aimed to assess the effectiveness of mixed probiotics as a treatment option for atopic dermatitis induced by ovalbumin. BALB/c juvenile mice were classified and divided into the ovalbumin group, mixed probiotic group (ovalbumin + LK), and control group. Except for the control group, all mice were sensitized with ovalbumin to establish a model of atopic dermatitis. The mixed probiotics were given by gavage for 14 days. Mice body weight, skin lesions, skin inflammation, ovalbumin-specific Ig, the number of Treg and CD103+DC, and the expression level of PD-1/PD-L1 were examined. The results showed that mixed probiotics can improve body weight and alleviate skin symptoms. Mixed probiotics reduced serum Th2 inflammatory factors, eosinophils, mast cell degranulation, mast cell count, and the expression of ovalbumin-specific immunoglobulin E/G1 and increased the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10, Treg cells, CD103+DC cells, and the expression level of PD-1/PD-L1. These findings suggest that mixed probiotics could be a viable treatment option for atopic dermatitis and provide insight into the underlying mechanisms involved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Psoriasis is a common chronic inflammatory disease, but most of its current treatments come with a high risk of side effects. As one of the world's top three beverages, tea has a traditional history of being used as a treatment for skin conditions due to its high safety profile, anti-inflammatory and other properties. In this study, we investigated the anti-psoriasis effects of ethanol extracts of black tea, green tea and white tea from southeastern China. The compositions of the tea extracts (TEs) were first determined by UPLC-Q-Exactive-Orbitrap MS and then genetic analysis, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and immunocompetence assays were performed. Imiquimod was used to establish a mouse model of psoriasis-like dermatitis and treating with the extracts to examine their efficacy. A total of 88 chemical components, mainly phenols and organic acids, were identified from the TEs. These TEs ameliorated skin damage and they all reduced the expression of cytokines IL-17 and TNF-α. By analyzing the genes, TEs may affect the inflammatory signaling pathway by regulating the metabolic changes. In addition, TEs can significantly scavenge ROS, NO, and inhibit cellular inflammation. In conclusion, this study examined the inhibitory effects of three TEs on psoriasis and their potential as nutritional supplements for the treatment of skin inflammation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nardostachys jatamansi is widely used as a traditional medicine in Asian countries. Numerous recent studies have reported the biological activities of its secondary metabolites and extracts. In this study, a total of 14 components were isolated, including cycloolivil and 2-(3′-hydroxy-5′-ethoxyphenyl)-3-hydroxylmethyl-7-methoxy-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-5-carboxylic acid, which were first discovered in N. jatamansi. The isolated compounds were investigated for their anti-inflammatory effects on HaCaT keratinocytes and their potential to alleviate skin inflammation. The results of the screening revealed that cycloolivil and 4β-hydroxy-8β-methoxy-10-methylene-2,9-dioxatricyclo[4.3.1.03,7]decane reduced the production of inflammatory cytokines induced by TNF-α/IFN-γ, such as IL-6, IL-8, and RANTES, in keratinocytes. This study focused on exploring the biological effects of cycloolivil, and the results suggested that cycloolivil inhibits the expression of COX-2 proteins. Further mechanistic evaluations confirmed that the anti-inflammatory effects of cycloolivil were mediated by blockage of the NF-κB and JAK/STAT signaling pathways. These results suggest that cycloolivil isolated from N. jatamansi could be used to treat skin inflammatory diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An important hallmark of radiation dermatitis is the impairment of the mitotic ability of the stem/progenitor cells in the basal cell layers due to radiation-induced DNA damage, leading to suppressed cell renewal in the epidermis. However, this mechanism alone does not adequately explain the complex pathogenesis of radiation-induced skin injury. In this review, we summarize the latest findings on the complex pathogenesis of radiation dermatitis and correlate these with the clinical features of radiation-induced skin reactions. The current studies show that skin exposure to ionizing radiation induces cellular senescence in the epidermal keratinocytes. As part of their epithelial stress response, these senescent keratinocytes secrete pro-inflammatory mediators, thereby triggering skin inflammation. Keratinocyte-derived cytokines and chemokines modulate intercellular communication with the immune cells, activating skin-resident and recruiting skin-infiltrating immune cells within the epidermis and dermis, thereby orchestrating the inflammatory response to radiation-induced tissue damage. The increased expression of specific chemoattractant chemokines leads to increased recruitment of neutrophils into the irradiated skin, where they release cytotoxic granules that are responsible for the exacerbation of an inflammatory state. Moreover, the importance of IL-17-expressing γδ-T cells to the radiation-induced hyperproliferation of keratinocytes was demonstrated, leading to reactive hyperplasia of the epidermis. Radiation-induced, reactive hyperproliferation of the keratinocytes disturbs the fine-tuned keratinization and cornification processes, leading to structural dysfunction of the epidermal barrier. In summary, in response to ionizing radiation, epidermal keratinocytes have important structural and immunoregulatory barrier functions in the skin, coordinating interacting immune responses to eliminate radiation-induced damage and to initiate the healing process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inflammatory skin diseases include a series of disorders characterized by a strong activation of the innate and adaptive immune system in which proinflammatory cytokines play a fundamental role in supporting inflammation. Skin inflammation is a complex process influenced by various factors, including genetic and environmental factors, characterized by the dysfunction of both immune and non-immune cells. Psoriasis (PS) and atopic dermatitis (AD) are the most common chronic inflammatory conditions of the skin whose pathogeneses are very complex and multifactorial. Both diseases are characterized by an immunological dysfunction involving a predominance of Th1 and Th17 cells in PS and of Th2 cells in AD. Suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins are intracellular proteins that control inflammatory responses by regulating various signaling pathways activated by proinflammatory cytokines. SOCS signaling is involved in the regulation and progression of inflammatory responses in skin-resident and non-resident immune cells, and recent data suggest that these negative modulators are dysregulated in inflammatory skin diseases such as PS and AD. This review focuses on the current understanding about the role of SOCS proteins in modulating the activity of inflammatory mediators implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory skin diseases such as PS and AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Methods Results Conclusion Erythema, characterized by the redness of the skin, is a common skin reaction triggered by various endogenous and exogenous factors. This response is often a result of the activation of underlying inflammatory mechanisms within the skin. The objective of this study is to investigate the potential benefits of applying a combination of skincare ingredients, namely allantoin, bisabolol, D‐panthenol and dipotassium glycyrrhizinate (AB5D), in the modulation of inflammatory factors associated with erythema. Additionally, the study aims to elucidate the mechanisms by which these ingredients exert their combined actions to alleviate erythema‐associated inflammation.Human epidermal keratinocytes were exposed to UVB and subsequently treated with AB5D. Transcriptomics profiling was performed to analyse the dose–response effect of AB5D treatment on keratinocytes. The quantitation of inflammatory mediators, including PGE2, IL‐1α, IL‐6, IL‐8, IL‐1RA and TNFα, was performed on cultured media. Additionally, the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay was carried out to evaluate the total antioxidant capacity of both individual ingredients and the AB5D combination. To assess the in‐vitro antioxidant effects of AB5D against UVB‐induced oxidative stress in hTERT keratinocytes, real‐time quantitation of mitochondrial superoxide was measured through live‐cell imaging.The application of AB5D to UVB‐exposed keratinocytes downregulated gene sets associated with inflammatory responses, highlighting the anti‐inflammatory properties of AB5D. Specifically, AB5D effectively reduced the production of PGE2, leading to the downregulation of inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, our findings indicate that AB5D exhibits antioxidative capabilities, functioning as both an antioxidant agent and a regulator of antioxidant enzyme expression to counteract the detrimental effects of cellular oxidative stress.We demonstrated that AB5D can reduce UVB‐induced PGE2, IL‐1α, IL‐6, IL‐8, IL‐1RA and TNFα as well as mitochondrial superoxide. These findings suggest that AB5D may alleviate erythema by modulating inflammation via PGE2 and through antioxidation mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The use of meshes in mastectomies with immediate breast reconstruction (IBR) has become the gold standard. Aim: The use of meshes in mastectomies with immediate breast reconstruction (IBR) has become a gold standard. The purpose of the study was to analyze the complications and own experience with the use of Serasynth fully absorbable and SeragynBR partially absorbable synthetic meshes. Material and methods: In the period from December 2017 to July 2020, 118 IBR were performed in the Author's Department with the use of SeragynBR and Serasynth meshes in 93 patients operated for breast cancer. 78 Serasynth meshes (Group 1) and 40 SeragynBR meshes (Group 2) were implanted. Results: The most common complication was persistent seroma collection, which was reported in 17.9% of cases in Group 1 and 25% in Group 2. Skin inflammation was reported in 7.6% and 17.5%, while infections in 2.5% and 5% of the operated breasts in Group 1 and Group 2. Reoperation was required in 5.1% and 5% of the patients in Group 1 and Group 2. The percentage of complications was lower when Serasynth rather than Seragyn BR meshes were implanted. The frequent incidence of the seroma collection did not contribute in any significant way to serious complications such as removal of mesh/implant or infection. The complications, which developed following the implantation of both mesh types, were similar to those presented in other publications concerning mastectomy with IBR with the use of synthetic meshes. The percentage of implant losses/explanations in the discussed groups was lower than that reported in the literature. Conclusion: Despite the complications, both types of meshes can be considered as safe additions to reconstructive breast surgeries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Skin barrier disruption is a significant problem of the older population in an aging society. It is characterized by increased transepidermal water loss and decreased skin water content, and particulate matter (PM) is a social issue that can contribute to the exacerbation of skin inflammation. Thus, addressing this problem is urgent. Methods: Skin barrier‐disrupted mouse models were induced by two methods using acetone application or tape‐stripping. This study investigated the antioxidative and anti‐inflammatory properties of the Siegesbeckia herba extract (SHE) on PM‐induced changes in skin barrier‐disrupted mouse models. To examine changes in skin water content, inflammatory cytokines, and keratinocyte differentiation markers, mouse models were treated with vehicle 100 μL, PM10 100 μL (100 μg/mL), SHE 100 μL, or PM10 100 μL (100 μg/mL) plus SHE 100 μL. Results: SHE preserved skin hydration in the skin barrier‐disrupted mouse models regardless of the presence of PM10. SHE also inhibited the upregulation of inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐4, IL‐6, IL‐8, and tumor necrosis factor‐α and normalized the downregulation of keratinocyte differentiation markers against PM10 in skin barrier‐disrupted mouse models. Conclusions: This study elucidated the therapeutic effects of SHE against PM10 in skin barrier‐disrupted mouse models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Langerhans cells (LCs) play a critical role in skin immune responses and the development of psoriasis. Yinxieling (YXL) is a representative Chinese herbal medicine for the treatment of psoriasis in South China. It was found to improve psoriasis without obvious side effects in the clinic. Here we attempted to clarify whether and how YXL regulates the differentiation and functions of LCs in Imiquimod (IMQ)‐induced psoriasis in vivo and induced LCs in vitro. The Psoriasis Area Severity Index (PASI) score was used to evaluate the efficacy of YXL for IMQ‐induced psoriasis‐like mice. Flow cytometry was utilized to analyze the effects of YXL, to regulate the differentiation, migration, maturation, and antigen presentation of LCs. The results show that YXL significantly alleviated skin inflammation, as reduced in PASI score and classic psoriasis characteristics in pathological sections. Although there was no effect on the proportion of total DCs in the skin‐draining lymph nodes, the expression of epidermal LCs and its transcription factor PU.1 were both markedly inhibited. LCs were also prevented from migrating from epidermal to skin‐draining lymph nodes and mature. In addition, the number of LCs carrying antigens in the epidermis increased, which suggested that YXL could effectively prevent LCs from presenting antigens. In vitro, YXL had a significant impact on inhibiting the differentiation of LCs. Further data showed that YXL decreased the relative expression of transforming growth factor‐β (TGFβ) messenger RNA (mRNA) and interleukin‐23 (IL‐23) mRNAs. Thus, YXL alleviates psoriasis by regulating differentiation, migration, maturation, and antigen presentation via the TGFβ/PU.1/IL‐23 signal axis. Significance statement: In this study, we explore the regulatory mechanism of Yinxieling (YXL), a clinically effective Chinese herbal medicine, on the differentiation and functions of langerhans cells (LCs) in psoriasis‐like mice. As the results show, YXL significantly alleviates psoriasis‐like skin inflammation induced by IMQ in mice. Although it has no obvious effect on dendritic cells in skin‐draining lymph nodes, it can significantly reduce the expression of LCs and PU.1+LCs in skin lesions, as well as inhibits the migration and maturation of LCs, and prevent its antigen presentation so as to effectively alleviate the psoriasis‐like skin inflammation on mice. Our investigation provides experimental basis to better understand the mechanism of traditional herbal medicine for psoriasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]