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Coated microbubbles are widely used in medical applications, particularly in enhanced drug and gene delivery. One of the mechanisms underlying these applications involves the shear stress exerted on the cell membrane by acoustic microstreaming generated through cavitation bubbles. In this study, we develop a novel simulation approach that combines the smooth dissipative particle dynamics (SDPD) simulation method with numerical modeling of the Rayleigh–Plesset-like equation in an ad hoc manner to simulate stable cavitation of microbubbles at microsecond and micrometer scales. Specifically, the SDPD method is utilized to model fluid dynamics, while the Rayleigh–Plesset-like equation is employed to describe bubble dynamics. Adopting a 1.5 μm coated microbubble driven by ultrasound with a frequency of 2 MHz and a pressure of 500 kPa as a representative example, we observe a high-velocity microstreaming pattern emerging around the bubble on a very small scale of a few micrometers after only a few microseconds. These spatiotemporal scales may pose challenges for experimental observation. The formation of this microstreaming arises from the opposing motion of the fluid layer next to the bubble and the fluid layers further away. Furthermore, our simulations reveal high shear stress levels of thousands of Pascals exerted on a wall located a few micrometers from the bubble. This contrasts with the shear stress values of a few Pascals calculated from theoretical models in the literature, which do not incorporate radial streaming into their theories. The implications of our results for bubble cavitation-induced pore formation on the cell membrane are discussed in some details. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Applying an excess entropy scaling formalism to the coarse-grained (CG) dynamics of liquids, we discovered that missing rotational motions during the CG process are responsible for artificially accelerated CG dynamics. In the context of the dynamic representability between the fine-grained (FG) and CG dynamics, this work introduces the well-known Stokes–Einstein and Stokes–Einstein–Debye relations to unravel the rotational dynamics underlying FG trajectories, thereby allowing for an indirect evaluation of the effective rotations based only on the translational information at the reduced CG resolution. Since the representability issue in CG modeling limits a direct evaluation of the shear stress appearing in the Stokes–Einstein and Stokes–Einstein–Debye relations, we introduce a translational relaxation time as a proxy to employ these relations, and we demonstrate that these relations hold for the ambient conditions studied in our series of work. Additional theoretical links to our previous work are also established. First, we demonstrate that the effective hard sphere radius determined by the classical perturbation theory can approximate the complex hydrodynamic radius value reasonably well. Furthermore, we present a simple derivation of an excess entropy scaling relationship for viscosity by estimating the elliptical integral of molecules. In turn, since the translational and rotational motions at the FG level are correlated to each other, we conclude that the "entropy-free" CG diffusion only depends on the shape of the reference molecule. Our results and analyses impart an alternative way of recovering the FG diffusion from the CG description by coupling the translational and rotational motions at the hydrodynamic level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shear-force acoustic near-field microscopy (SANM) is employed to monitor stochastic formation and post dynamic response of a water meniscus that bridges a tapered gold probe (undergoing lateral oscillations of a few nanometers amplitude at constant frequency) and a flat (gold or silicon oxide) substrate. As the probe further approaches the substrate, its amplitude decreases. Shear forces (of yet unknown precise origin) are typically invoked to explain the apparently pure damping effects affecting the probe's motion. Herein, SANM measurements underscore instead the role of near-field acoustic emission from the water meniscus as an elastic energy dissipation channel involved in shear interactions. A simplified thermodynamic argument is provided to justify the formation of a water meniscus between the probe and the sample once they are at sufficient separation distance. The reported measurements focus on the role played by the tip's geometry (by using probes of slender and chubby apex termination). The results shed some light on the potential origin of the so-called shear forces, invoked in many scanning probe microscopy applications, but not yet well understood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanostructured high-entropy alloys (HEAs) are promising candidates for extreme load-bearing applications due to their superior performance. In this work, we investigate the deformation behaviors of CoCrFeMnNi HEA under high-speed impact by molecular dynamics simulations. Compared with Al, Ni, and Cu representing pure metals with low to high stacking fault energies, it is found that the CoCrFeMnNi HEA exhibits remarkably low twinning density under shock, despite its extremely low stacking fault energy. Shear loading is then applied to stacking-faulted HEAs and these pure metals to study the evolution of stacking faults under shear stress. The results further show a low tendency for stacking faults to transform into deformation twinning in HEAs, regardless of the initial density of stacking faults. The energy path for deformation twins and stacking faults was calculated, and a direct comparison of fault energies could not explain the deformation mechanism of HEA. We reveal that the inhomogeneous energy profile of dislocation slip caused by the inherent heterogeneity of HEA leads to dispersed stacking fault propagation, which suppresses twinning formation. These results address the spatially tunable defects and further urgent need for the synergistic design of components and microstructures in HEAs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With large-scale non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations and in situ x-ray diffraction analysis, we conducted a systematic investigation into the effects of pre-existing shear strain (γ x y ) on the shock response of single crystal iron. Our findings reveal significant effects of γ x y on the deformation of the crystal structure during shock loading, leading to noticeable alterations in the propagation of shock waves. Specifically, during the elastic stage, the presence of γ x y results in a reduction of shock strength, consequently diminishing the magnitude of elastic lattice strain (ε e ). In the plastic stage, γ x y stimulates the α – ε phase transformation, and structure deformation undergoes a transition from the sequential activity of dislocation-to-transformation to the synchronous activity of dislocation and transformation. This transition inhibits the propagation of plastic waves and consequently broadens the elastic regime. Additionally, the introduction of γ x y activates different slip systems, as it alters the corresponding resolved shear stress. Concurrently, the presence of γ x y triggers the activation of different high-pressure phase variants. Our investigation sheds light on the fundamental physics of iron under shock compression and the influence of pre-existing shear strain on its behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have previously shown evidence that some individuals seem to consistently minimize low back loads when lifting. while others do not. However, it is unknown why. Individual differences in ability to perceive relevant sensory information may explain differences in minimization of low back loads during lifting, consistent with considering load reduction in one's movement objective in an optimal feedback control theory framework. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether individuals' ability to perceive proprioceptive information (both force- and posture-senses) at the low back was associated with peak low back loads when performing generic or occupation-specific lifts. Seventy-two participants were recruited to perform 10 barbell (generic) and backboard (occupation-specific) lifts, while whole-body kinematics and ground reaction forces were collected. Peak low back compression and anteroposterior shear forces normalized to body mass were calculated as dependent variables. Both posture matching ability and force matching ability at the heavier force targets were associated with lower means and variability of peak low-back loads in both lift types, albeit with small effect sizes (R² 5.17). These findings support the utility of an optimal feedback control theory framework to explore factors explaining interindividual differences in low back loads during lifting. Further, this evidence suggests improving proprioceptive ability may be a useful strategy in lift training programs designed for workplace injury prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A method for characterizing the topological fluctuations in liquids is proposed. This approach exploits the concept of the weighted gyration tensor of a collection of particles and permits the definition of a local configurational unit (LCU). The first principal axis of the gyration tensor serves as the director of the LCU, which can be tracked and analyzed by molecular dynamics simulations. Analysis of moderately supercooled Kob–Andersen mixtures suggests that orientational relaxation of the LCU closely follows viscoelastic relaxation and exhibits a two-stage behavior. The slow relaxing component of the LCU corresponds to the structural, Maxwellian mechanical relaxation. Additionally, it is found that the mean curvature of the LCUs is approximately zero at the Maxwell relaxation time with the Gaussian curvature being negative. This observation implies that structural relaxation occurs when the configurationally stable and destabilized regions interpenetrate each other in a bicontinuous manner. Finally, the mean and Gaussian curvatures of the LCUs can serve as reduced variables for the shear stress correlation, providing a compelling proof of the close connection between viscoelastic relaxation and topological fluctuations in glass-forming liquids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An extension of a constitutive law for 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (TATB) is proposed with a focus on the calibration of a crystal plasticity law. TATB, a highly anisotropic energetic molecular crystal used in explosive formulations, can be subjected to high-pressure and high-temperature conditions, either under high strain-rate deformation or shock loading. The existing thermodynamically consistent model, fully informed by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, includes nonlinear elasticity as well as a phase-field by reaction pathway formalism under large strain for the modeling of TATB behavior upon pressure as well as its well-known twinning–buckling deformation mechanism. However, it has been observed that TATB single crystal can accommodate large deformations through dislocation-mediated plasticity, a feature not included in the mesoscale model. In the present work, we take advantage of the microscopic flow surface, previously computed through MD calculations, to calibrate a crystal plasticity law, extending the capability of the continuum model currently limited to low velocity impacts and moderate strain rate. Indeed, the microscopic flow surface, defined as a 3D stress-at-first-defect-nucleation contains all information about TATB single crystal mechanical response under directional shear loading, including twinning, buckling, and plastic events. The calibration process uses differential evolution optimization to calibrate TATB basal and transverse slip systems critical stresses to reproduce the microscopic flow surface. Finally, the response of a TATB single crystal to directional loading is investigated in order to evaluate the new model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We consider a cylinder immersed in viscous fluid moving near a flat substrate covered by an incompressible viscoelastic fluid layer, and study the effect of the fluid viscoelasticity on the lift force exerted on the cylinder. The lift force is zero when the viscoelastic layer is not deformed, but becomes non-zero when it is deformed. We calculate the lift force by considering both the tangential stress and the normal stress applied at the surface of the viscoelastic layer. Our analysis indicates that as the layer changes from the elastic limit to the viscous limit, the lift force decreases with the decrease of the Deborah number (De). For small De, the effect of the layer elasticity is taken over by the surface tension and the lift force can become negative. We also show that the tangential stress and the interface slip velocity (the surface velocity relative to the substrate), which have been ignored in the previous analysis, give important contributions to the lift force. Especially for thin elastic layers, they give dominant contributions to the lift force. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gas–liquid two-phase stratified flow exists in many industrial processes. Although the flow pattern is simple, the interfacial shear prediction of stratified flow is still the focus of the study. The calculation of the shear stress at the gas–liquid interface is closely related to the measurement of the void fraction and pressure drop of the stratified flow. In this study, a new method for the calculation of interfacial shear stress of gas–liquid two-phase stratified flow is proposed. Differential pressure measurement and planar laser-induced fluorescence technology are combined to obtain important parameters for stratified flow under low-speed flow conditions (Ql = 0.10–0.25 m3/h, Qg = 0.35–1.00 m3/h). The interfacial shear stress is successfully calculated using macroparameters. The uncertainty associated with the calculated parameters using the proposed method is 2.67%, and this study verifies the accuracy of the linear relationship. The method provides a new way to obtain the interfacial shear stress of gas–liquid stratified flow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We use molecular dynamics to study the mechanism of deformation twinning of β -1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocane (β -HMX) in the P 2 1 / n space group setting for the twin system specified by K 1 = (101) , η 1 = [ 10 1 ¯ ] , K 2 = (10 1 ¯) , and η 2 = [ 101 ] at T = 1 and 300 K. Twinning of a single perfect crystal was induced by imposing increasing stress. The following three forms of stress were considered: uniaxial compression along [ 001 ] , shear stress in the K 1 plane along the η 1 direction, and shear stress in the K 2 plane along the η 2 direction. In all cases, the crystal transforms to its twin by the same mechanism: as the stress increases, the a and c lattice parameters become, respectively, longer and shorter; soon after the magnitude of a exceeds that of c the system undergoes a quick phase-transition-like transformation. This transformation can be approximately separated into two stages: glide of the essentially intact { 101 } crystal planes along ⟨ 10 1 ¯ ⟩ crystal directions followed by rotations of all HMX molecules accompanied by N-NO 2 and CH 2 group rearrangements. The overall process corresponds to a military transformation. If uniaxial compression along [ 001 ] is applied to a β -HMX crystal which is already subject to a hydrostatic pressure ≳ 10 GPa, the transformation described above proceeds through the crystal-plane gliding stage but only minor molecular rearrangements occurs. This results in a high-pressure phase of HMX which belongs to the P 2 1 / n space group. The coexistence curve for this high-pressure phase and β -HMX is constructed using the harmonic approximation for the crystal Hamiltonians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanograined materials possess ultrahigh strength, while their processing and technological applications are constrained by inherent thermal and mechanical instability. Existing experiments show that the stability of Cu nanograins can be enhanced by performing a rapid heating pretreatment that reduces the grain boundary (GB) energy by changing the GB structure. The variation in the GB structure inevitably affects the migration mechanism of GBs. However, the effect of the pretreatment-induced variation in migration mechanisms on stability remains unclear. Here, the shear deformation of a series of ⟨ 100 ⟩ symmetrical tilt GBs after rapid heating pretreatment is systematically investigated by molecular dynamics simulations. The simulations of unheated GBs are also included for comparison. Our results show that the rapid heating pretreatment does not improve the mechanical stability of GBs with tilt angles larger than 36.87° but rather enhances the mechanical stability of those with tilt angles less than 36.87° by the transformation of migration behavior from the normal ⟨ 110 ⟩ mode to (i) a ⟨ 100 ⟩ mode; (ii) an inhomogeneous mixed one that reconciles the ⟨ 110 ⟩ and ⟨ 100 ⟩ modes; and (iii) an inhomogeneous ⟨ 110 ⟩ mode. The former leads to an increase in the critical shear stress that is required to initiate the migration, whereas the latter two result in a decrease in the migration distance. The variation in the GB migration mechanism is attributed to the change in the GB structure from an ordered kite structure to a disordered one. The research gives an atomic insight into the stabilizing mechanism of nanocrystalline materials with rapid heating pretreatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cutting of soft materials is a complex problem, which is still not well understood at the fundamental level, especially for soft materials. The cutting process we consider is slicing, which starts with indentation, followed by sliding of a knife on the material to be cut. Here, we describe cutting experiments on PDMS elastomers with three different moduli. Our experiments reveal typical stages of this cutting process, starting with indentation and ending at steady state cutting. The process starts with a pre-cutting phase in which the blade does not slip grossly relative to the solid to be cut, and deformation is mostly elastic. Slip of the blade initiates suddenly and is often accompanied by initiation of cutting. Cutting is relatively smooth in the next stage, which requires a continuous increase in shear force. For soft PDMS, this smooth cutting stage is followed by one in which folds or creases form on the cutting surface. The corresponding shear force response is no longer smooth as "steady" sliding occurs in a stick–slip fashion with oscillatory forces. The average shear force reaches a plateau and no longer increases with shear displacement. Experimental observations of the various cutting stages are interpreted quantitatively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solid–liquid friction plays a key role in nanofluidic systems. Following the pioneering work of Bocquet and Barrat, who proposed to extract the friction coefficient (FC) from the plateau of the Green–Kubo (GK) integral of the solid–liquid shear force autocorrelation, the so-called plateau problem has been identified when applying the method to finite-sized molecular dynamics simulations, e.g., with a liquid confined between parallel solid walls. A variety of approaches have been developed to overcome this problem. Here, we propose another method that is easy to implement, makes no assumptions about the time dependence of the friction kernel, does not require the hydrodynamic system width as an input, and is applicable to a wide range of interfaces. In this method, the FC is evaluated by fitting the GK integral for the timescale range where it slowly decays with time. The fitting function was derived based on an analytical solution of the hydrodynamics equations [Oga et al., Phys. Rev. Res. 3, L032019 (2021)], assuming that the timescales related to the friction kernel and the bulk viscous dissipation can be separated. By comparing the results with those of other GK-based methods and non-equilibrium molecular dynamics, we show that the FC is extracted with excellent accuracy by the present method, even in wettability regimes where other GK-based methods suffer from the plateau problem. Finally, the method is also applicable to grooved solid walls, where the GK integral displays complex behavior at short times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the response of post-installed rebar connectors in steel frame retrofitted concrete structures under combined shear and tension, seven shear-and-tensile tests were conducted. The bearing capacity, stiffness, and hysteresis behavior of the connectors were investigated during the tests. Both Monotonic and cyclic load regimes were applied in the loading process. The results show that with the increase of the loading angle, the deformation capacity, the yield force, ultimate tensile force, and tensile stiffness of the specimen decrease, while the maximum shear force and shear stiffness of the specimen increase. The bearing capacity, stiffness, and energy dissipation performance of the specimen under a monotonic load is greater than that under the coupled shear-and-pull load. The bearing capacity, stiffness, hysteresis curve, and failure status of the specimens are not affected by different loading regimes. At the end, the design formula of anchor bolt for this type of connectors from the design code of China, United States, and Japan were compared. Formulas to calculate the shear strength under combined shear and tension is developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The widespread use of commercial feeds with high‐fat content in aquaculture may lead to oxidative stress and inflammation in fish during culture, which may cause changes in fish muscle texture. Therefore, mitigating oxidative stress and inflammation during fish farming holds paramount importance in improving fish muscle quality. In this study, we investigated the effect of different dietary levels of chlorogenic acid (CGA; 0, 100, 200, 400, 800, 1600 mg/kg diet, P1–P6) in commercial diets on the muscle of blackspotted croaker (Protonibea diacanthus) through an 8‐week feeding trial in open sea cages. The results showed that high dietary CGA levels (P5–P6) could significantly reduce muscle oxidative stress and inflammation (P < 0.05). Muscle toughness (hardness, chewiness, shear force, and gumminess) improved significantly as CGA levels increased (P < 0.05). It was also observed that the gap of muscle fiber was significantly reduced, while the muscle fiber density was significantly increased with the increase of CGA level (P < 0.05). Notably, dietary CGA also had a significant effect on collagen content in the muscle (P < 0.05), which may also be a crucial factor affecting muscle texture. Furthermore, it was found that the reduction of inflammation and increase of collagen deposition in muscle by dietary CGA may be related to the upregulation of transforming growth factor beta (TGF‐β) signaling pathway. Finally, it can be concluded that a dietary CGA supplementation of 1173.11 mg/kg is suggested for the aquaculture of P. diacanthus, based on the muscle texture quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Structural adhesives that do not require heating are in high demand in the automotive and electronics industries. However, it remains a challenge to develop robust adhesives that rapidly achieve super adhesion near ambient temperature. Herein, a room‐temperature curable, fast‐bonding, and super strong epoxy‐based structural adhesive was designed from the perspective of cross‐scale structure, which lies in threefold pivotal aspects: (i) high branching topology of glycerol carbonate‐capped polyurethane (PUGC) increases the kinetics of the ring‐opening reaction, contributing to fast crosslinking and the formation of abundant urethane and hydroxyl moieties; (ii) asynchronous crosslinking of epoxy and PUGC synergistically induces phase separation of PUGC within the epoxy resin and the resulting PUGC domains surrounded by interpenetrated shell serves to efficiently toughen the matrix; (iii) abundant dynamic hydrogen bonds including urethane and hydroxyl moieties, along with the elastomeric PUGC domains, dissipate energy of shearing force. As a result, the adhesive strength rapidly grows to 16 MPa within 4 hours, leveling off to 21 MPa after 7 hours, substantially outperforming commercial room‐temperature curable epoxy adhesives. The results of this study could advance the field of high‐performance adhesives and provide valuable insights into designing materials for efficient curing at room temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Logjams create an upstream backwater of deepened, slower water, locally reducing bed shear stress. We compared hydraulic impact of logjam series across 37 geomorphically diverse reaches of mountain streams observed over 11 years in the US Southern Rockies. To enable reach‐scale comparison of logjam structure and spacing, we identified the modeled best‐fit effective resistance coefficient minimizing difference between outflow exiting a 1D channel with logjams present, and the same model channel with elevated channel resistance. Effective resistance increased with ratio of jam upstream depth to depth without a logjam, ratio of backwater length to average spacing, and decreased for randomly distributed jams due to close spacing, which reduced backwater impact. An analytic approximation and boundaries for region of relative spacing with steepest increase in effective resistance are provided. Our results can assist in targeting interventions to areas where hydraulic impact is greatest, providing value for money in nature‐based solution design. Plain Language Summary: In a river channel, logjams created by wood pieces create upstream backwater regions with slower, deepened water. By creating a backwater, logjams increase heterogeneity of habitat and sediment transport and increase connection between river channel and floodplain. We compared logjams in 37 reaches of mountain streams in the US Southern Rockies. The sites studied had high variation in logjam density, channel steepness, channel width, and floodplain width. To compare between reaches and identify the ability of logjam backwaters to slow water within a river channel, we found an effective channel resistance coefficient that produced similar model output as a reach containing a series of logjams. The effective resistance increased with ratio of jam upstream depth to flow depth without a logjam, and ratio of backwater length to average spacing. The highest rate of increase in effective resistance with more logjams in the river reach occurs for an intermediate range of inter‐jam spacing relative to backwater length. Engineered logjam and wood addition projects could target this range to provide the most benefit per intervention. Key Points: We compared the hydraulic impact of logjams, identified by effective resistance, across 37 reaches and 11 years in the Colorado RockiesEffective resistance increases with decreasing stream power, analytically linked to dependence on jam structure and spacingObserved random jam distribution reduces effective resistance compared to uniform distribution, due to backwater truncation [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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To assess the effects of a time-restricted feeding (TRF) regimen on meat quality of pigs exposed to high ambient temperature, a two-month feeding and heat treatment (HT) trial was conducted using a 2 × 2 factorial design. A total of 24 growing pigs (11.0 ± 1.9 kg) were randomly divided into four groups: thermal neutral group (NT, 24 ± 3 °C), HT group (exposed to a high temperature at 35 ± 2 °C from 11:00 to 15:00), TRF group and HT + TRF group (HT and TRF co-treatment group, n = 6 for each group). Pigs in TRF groups got access to feed within 5 h from 9:00 to14:00, while the others were fed at 6:00, 11:30, and 16:00. All pigs received the same diet during the trail. The results showed that HT increased the drip loss, shear force, lightness, and malondialdehyde production in Longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LTL) muscle. TRF reversely reduced the shear force and drip loss, accompanied by decreased intramuscular fat and increased moisture content. Enhanced fiber transformation from type 1 to type 2b and down-regulated expression of muscle growth-related genes were observed by HT, while TRF suppressed the fiber transformation and expression of muscle atrophy-related genes. Furthermore, TRF restored the diminished protein expressions of Nrf2 and HO-1 in LTL muscle by chronic HT. Accumulation of HSP70 in muscle of HT group was reduced by treatment of TRF. HT declined the expression of vital genes involved in fatty acids poly-desaturation and the proportion of (polyunsaturated fatty acids) PUFAs, mainly omega-6 in LTL muscle, while TRF group promoted the expression of poly-desaturation pathway and displayed the highest proportion of PUFAs. These results demonstrated that TRF relieved the chronic high temperature affected meat quality by the restored expression of Nrf2/HO-1 anti-oxidative cascade, modified muscle fiber composition, and enriched PUFAs in LTL muscle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microbubble-enhanced ultrasound provides a noninvasive physical method to locally overcome major obstacles to the accumulation of blood-borne therapeutics in the brain, posed by the blood-brain barrier (BBB). However, due to the highly nonlinear and coupled behavior of microbubble dynamics in brain vessels, the impact of microbubble resonant effects on BBB signaling and function remains undefined. Here, combined theoretical and prospective experimental investigations reveal that microbubble resonant effects in brain capillaries can control the enrichment of inflammatory pathways that are sensitive to wall shear stress and promote differential expression of a range of transcripts in the BBB, supporting the notion that microbubble dynamics exerted mechanical stress can be used to establish molecular, in addition to spatial, therapeutic windows to target brain diseases. Consistent with these findings, a robust increase in cytotoxic T-cell accumulation in brain tumors was observed, demonstrating the functional relevance and potential clinical significance of the observed immuno-mechano-biological responses. The impact of ultrasound-controlled microbubble dynamics on the blood-brain barrier remains largely unexplored. Through theoretical and experimental research, the authors show that microbubble resonant effects in brain vessels can control the enrichment of inflammatory pathways and modulate cytotoxic T-cell infiltration in tumours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Decoupling dynamic touch signals in the optical tactile sensors is highly desired for behavioral tactile applications yet challenging because typical optical sensors mostly measure only static normal force and use imprecise multi-image averaging for dynamic force sensing. Here, we report a highly sensitive upconversion nanocrystals-based behavioral biometric optical tactile sensor that instantaneously and quantitatively decomposes dynamic touch signals into individual components of vertical normal and lateral shear force from a single image in real-time. By mimicking the sensory architecture of human skin, the unique luminescence signal obtained is axisymmetric for static normal forces and non-axisymmetric for dynamic shear forces. Our sensor demonstrates high spatio-temporal screening of small objects and recognizes fingerprints for authentication with high spatial-temporal resolution. Using a dynamic force discrimination machine learning framework, we realized a Braille-to-Speech translation system and a next-generation dynamic biometric recognition system for handwriting. A sensitive upconversion nanocrystal-based biometric optical tactile sensor instantaneously and quantitatively decomposes dynamic touch signals into individual components of vertical normal and lateral shear force from a single image in real-time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The plastic flow behavior of soft rock exhibits non-coaxial features under complex stress paths, while traditional plasticity theories are ill-equipped to adequately represent this, which leads to the mechanism of soft rock failure still unclear. To investigate the evolution law of strain increments and non-coaxial characteristics of weakly cemented soft rock, the directional shear tests are conducted using the hollow cylinder apparatus (HCA). The results show that non-coaxiality does not occur when α is distinct from 0° or 90°. The oscillation of the non-coaxial angle is significantly more variable in soft rock experiencing combined tension–torsion (45° < α < 90°), as opposed to those under the influence of combined compression-torsion (0° < α < 45°). The non-coaxiality swiftly dissipates when the sample is approaching the failure state. The stress rate is decomposed into stress magnitude and direction to describe non-coaxial features of plastic strain. And a new method for non-coaxial stress rate is proposed which can express the plastic strain increment directions. The spherical interpolation coefficient method is utilized to describe the continuous change in non-coaxial plastic flow direction between tangential and normal directions of the yield surface. The non-coaxial parameter (Δ) is introduced to quantify the non-coaxial characteristics of soft rock and its validity is confirmed through test results. This method effectively captures the principal stress direction influence on non-coaxial behavior of soft rock and have significance for rock mechanics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Previous clinical and basic studies have revealed that ginseng might have cardioprotective properties against anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity (AIC). However, the underlying mechanism of ginseng action against AIC remains insufficiently understood. The aim of this study was to explore the related targets and pathways of ginseng against AIC using network pharmacology, molecular docking, cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA) and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Results: Fourteen drug-disease common targets were identified. Enrichment analysis showed that the AGE-RAGE in diabetic complications, fluid shear stress and atherosclerosis, and TNF signaling pathway were potentially involved in the action of ginseng against AIC. Molecular docking demonstrated that the core components including Kaempferol, beta-Sitosterol, and Fumarine had notable binding activity with the three core targets CCNA2, STAT1, and ICAM1. Furthermore, the stable complex of STAT1 and Kaempferol with favorable affinity was further confirmed by CETSA and MD simulation. Conclusions: This study suggested that ginseng might exert their protective effects against AIC through the derived effector compounds beta-Sitosterol, Kaempferol and Fumarine by targeting CCNA2, STAT1, and ICAM1, and modulating AGE-RAGE in diabetic complications, fluid shear stress and atherosclerosis, and TNF signaling pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epithelial tissues respond strongly to the mechanical stress caused by collective cell migration and are able to regulate it, which is important for biological processes such as morphogenesis, wound healing, and suppression of the spread of cancer. Compressive, tensional, and shear stress components are produced in cells when epithelial monolayers on substrate matrices are actively or passively wetted or de-wetted. Increased compressive stress on cells leads to enhanced cell-cell interactions by increasing the frequency of change the cell-cell distances, triggering various signalling pathways within the cells. This can ultimately lead either to cell jamming or to the extrusion of live cells. Despite extensive research in this field, it remains unclear how cells decide whether to jam, or to extrude a cell or cells, and how cells can reduce the compressive mechanical stress. Live cell extrusion from the overcrowded regions of the monolayers is associated with the presence of topological defects of cell alignment, induced by an interplay between the cell compressive and shear stress components. These topological defects stimulate cell re-alignment, as a part of the cells' tendency to re-establish an ordered trend of cell migration, by intensifying the glancing interactions in overcrowded regions. In addition to individual cell extrusion, collective cell extrusion has also been documented during monolayer active de-wetting, depending on the cell type, matrix stiffness, and boundary conditions. Cell jamming has been discussed in the context of the cells' contact inhibition of locomotion caused by cell head-on interactions. Since cell-cell interactions play a crucial role in cell rearrangement in an overcrowded environment, this review is focused on physical aspects of these interactions in order to stimulate further biological research in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plantar shear stress may have an important role in the formation of a Diabetic Foot Ulcer, but its measurement is regarded as challenging and has limited research. This paper highlights the importance of anatomical specific shear sensor calibration and presents a feasibility study of a novel shear sensing system which has measured in-shoe shear stress from gait activity on both healthy and diabetic subjects. The sensing insole was based on a strain gauge array embedded in a silicone insole backed with a commercial normal pressure sensor. Sensor calibration factors were investigated using a custom mechanical test rig with indenter to exert both normal and shear forces. Indenter size and location were varied to investigate the importance of both loading area and position on measurement accuracy. The sensing insole, coupled with the calibration procedure, was tested one participant with diabetes and one healthy participant during two sessions of 15 minutes of treadmill walking. Calibration with different indenter areas (from 78.5 mm2 to 707 mm2) and different positions (up to 40 mm from sensor centre) showed variation in measurements of up to 80% and 90% respectively. Shear sensing results demonstrated high repeatability (>97%) and good accuracy (mean absolute error < ±18 kPa) in bench top mechanical tests and less than 21% variability within walking of 15-minutes duration. The results indicate the importance of mechanical coupling between embedded shear sensors and insole materials. It also highlights the importance of using an appropriate calibration method to ensure accurate shear stress measurement. The novel shear stress measurement system presented in this paper, demonstrates a viable method to measure accurate and repeatable in-shoe shear stress using the calibration procedure described. The validation and calibration methods outlined in this paper could be utilised as a standardised approach for the research community to develop and validate similar measurement technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of supportable, cost-effective, and high-performance nanoparticles (NPs) is one of the new examination points within penetrating applications. The consideration of tailorable nanoparticles offers the chance to figure out water-based drilling fluids (WBDFs) with upgraded properties, providing exceptional opportunities in the energy, oil, gas, water, or framework enterprises. In WBDFs, nano and micron materials are investigated to control their rheological properties and their influence. This paper aims to analyze the influence of nano Fe2O3 on the rheological behavior of drilling fluid muds under high temperatures and pressure. Additionally, we seek to identify the optimal concentration of iron oxide nanoparticles that maintain consistent rheology; we examined the interfering effects of shear rates and iron oxide nanoparticle temperature on the sheartype of the changed depleting liquid in the Dibella oil field to make the penetrating activity efficient, realistic, and skilled. We observe that as the temperature increases, the water-based mud (WBM), plastic viscosity (PV), yield point (YP), and gel strength (Gs) decrease until the reject structure is disrupted. Therefore, we must proceed with our assessment using nano Fe2O3 to resolve the shortcomings of the slope framework. Six water-based mud cakes containing 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, and 3g weight percent of iron oxide (Fe2O3) nanoparticles were prepared for this evaluation. The experimental outcomes revealed an optimal nanoparticle mixing of 2.5 g weight percent, which resulted in a 13.8% reduction in the API filtrate volume and a 40% reduction in filter cake thickness. At 300°F temperature and type 10.00 pressure, the results of our experiments consistently demonstrate a decrease of 14.77% in the rheological properties of PV and YP and 10 s and 10 min in the gel strength of carbon oxide nanoparticles. The YP-PV span is 2.7, and the yield strength is 11 lb/100 ft2. On the other hand, mud cake A, which contains 0.5 wt% NPs, loses 6 mL of fluid after 30 min. In contrast, drilling mud cake E, which is composed of 3 wt% NPs, shows a fluid loss of 5.1 mL in the API filter press test. Based on the Bingham plastic model, the maximum shear stress versus shear rate was observed for bentonite drilling muds E and F, with 2.5 wt% and 3 wt% NPs, respectively, and this result indicates that the use of nano Fe2O3 can effectively adjust the properties of drilling fluids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bernoulli pads are traditionally used for noncontact pick-and-place operations in industry. The normal force produced by a Bernoulli pad allows it to adhere to an object or workpiece. In addition to the normal force, the pad produces shear forces, which allows it to clean a workpiece without contact. A direct relationship between the inlet fluid power and the shear losses motivates us to explore other methods of providing power to the system with the objective of increasing shear forces and thereby improving cleaning efficacy. Here, we numerically investigate a system in which additional mechanical power is added by rotating the Bernoulli pad. The rotating system provides additional fluid forces (normal and shear) for the same inlet fluid power. For a specific pad that we investigated, the maximum wall shear stress increased by ≈15% and the normal force changed from +1.4 N (repulsive) to -6.6 N (attractive) for change in the rotational speed by 60 rad/s. Also, for a given normal attractive force, a stable equilibrium configuration can exist for two mass flow rates, with the higher mass flowrate resulting in a higher stiffness of the flow field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the ecological conditions of vegetation growth in water sources is vital to appraise the influence of vegetation on river engineering. Based on the experimental information that is accessible, the consequences of vegetation on flow resistance is described as an alteration in the drag coefficient and the planned area. The current study analytically estimates the vertical distribution of stream-wise velocity in open-channel flow while considering rigid and flexible vegetation. The flow is vertically separated into top free water layer and bottom vegetation layer using the projected deflection height of both vegetation. Related momentum calculations for each layer are then derived. Based on the gathered experimental data, a 3D numerical model with various simulation situations is used to model, calibrate, and evaluate the artificial cylinders. A considerable deflection analysis is utilised to calculate the velocity-dependent stem height. This has proven to be more precise compared to formerly deflection investigation. The estimated outcomes show that precise predictions may be made for the vertical contours of vertical Reynolds shear stress based on mean horizontal velocity. The numerical simulations demonstrate that plant flexibility reduces the vertical Reynolds shear stress and prompted flow resistance force of the vegetation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fluid shear stress (FSS) from blood flow, sensed by the vascular endothelial cells (ECs) that line all blood vessels, regulates vascular development during embryogenesis, controls adult vascular physiology and determines the location of atherosclerotic plaque formation. Although a number of papers have reported a crucial role for cell-cell adhesions or adhesion receptors in these processes, a recent publication has challenged this paradigm, presenting evidence that ECs can very rapidly align in fluid flow as single cells without cell–cell contacts. To address this controversy, four independent laboratories assessed EC alignment in fluid flow across a range of EC cell types. These studies demonstrate a strict requirement for cell-cell contact in shear stress sensing over timescales consistent with previous literature and inconsistent with the newly published data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In order to meet the basic design requirements for high critical speed met, and anti-cavitation performance enhanced of Integrated Motor Pump-Jet (IMP) thrusters, a three-dimensional model of the IMP thruster using the blade parameter three-dimensional (3D) inverse design method was developed. The model utilises the shear stress transport (SST) turbulence model and the Zwart–Gerber–Belamri (Z-G-B) cavitation model. Then, based on the non-dominated ranking genetic algorithm and multi-objective parameter seeking theory to improve the IMP thruster's cavitation improvement optimization design. After optimisation, the hydrodynamic performance and anti-cavitation performance of the rotor blades were slightly improved. In order to further carry out the design of anti-cavitation performance, the oblique flow is introduced to further analyse according to the influence mechanism. The main focus was on the IMP thruster's excitation force, pulsation pressure and velocity distribution, the oblique flow angle had less impact than the cavitation number in the oblique flow field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

En-echelon joints are common in rocky slopes and faults, and their instability seriously threatens the safety of geotechnical engineering. Filling and reinforcing en-echelon joints in slopes is highly important for maintaining the safety of engineering and human beings. In view of this, this study aims to investigate the fracture behavior of en-echelon joints after filling and reinforcing to provide a reference for the filling and reinforcing work of slopes In this study, en-echelon gabbro samples with different crack angles were filled with cement slurry, a compression test was subsequently conducted, and the loading process was monitored via acoustic emission technology. The results showed that the compressive strength of the specimens after cementing the joints is increased by more than 30%, the compressive strength of the specimens with a β of 15°increased by up to 59%, and the stability of the specimens significantly improved. The shear failure of the filled and unfilled samples was the main failure at the peak load. There were two failure modes for the samples with different crack angles. The small dip angle samples were lightly broken, and the main cracks were distributed at the corner points of the samples. The large dip angle samples were broken considerably, and multiple fracture zones were present. Under pressure, the filled cement slurry weakened the stress concentration, and bore the compressive stress and shear stress, and the interface friction with the sample prevented the cracking and expansion of the crack, which resulted in a reinforcement effect on the sample. Our findings might act as a reference for the filling engineering of rock slopes with en-echelon joints. Highlights: Studying the effect of grouting reinforcement on the mechanical strength of rocks and fracture behavior is of great significance in engineering applications. The findings of this study might contribute to the field of filling defects and provide information that may help engineers with the filling and strengthening of rock slopes. In this study, the effects of filling cement on fracture behavior and strength of gabbro at different prefabricated joint angles were studied through compression tests, and the fracture mechanism of samples during loading was analyzed based on acoustic emission technology. Finally, the action mechanism of filling cement is explained. The filling cement slurry has remarkable reinforcement effect. Under the action of pressure, the filling cement slurry weakens the stress concentration, withstands the compressive stress and shear stress, and the interface friction with the sample prevents the crack cracking and expansion, which has a strengthening effect on the sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Addressing the loss of substrate conductivity after enduring numerous bending stands as a significant challenge for flexible electronics. The primary cause of reduced electrical conductivity in flexible polymer matrices is disorganization of conducting channels by mechanical stress generated during repeated stretching cycles. In this feature article, we extensively reviewed the strategies adopted to control structure formation of conducting networks by optimizing filler and matrix interactions at length scale. Studies, including our recent experiments, indicate that fractal formation of filler assemblies in polymer matrix determines the stability of conducting channels. A wide range of polymers and conducting fillers with different geometries and functional attributes have been analyzed to highlight the intra and intermolecular reinforcing effects to address the shear stresses originating in flexible substrates. Understanding non-bonded interactions between polymers and fillers may lead to the development of desired formulation of conducting inks to print on flexible surfaces for next-generation wearable electronics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interaction between the surrounding rock and the support structure in a circular water conveyance tunnel with lining comprises two main aspects: internal and external hydraulic pressures, and the contact load between the post-excavation lining and the surrounding rock. There is currently no reasonable calculation method to consider both factors simultaneously. Therefore, by utilizing the assumption of smooth contact between the surrounding rock and the lining, an analytical model for a circular water conveyance tunnel with lining is developed through the complex function method. Smooth contact indicates continuity of radial contact stress, coordination of radial displacement, and the absence of shear stress transmission. Considering the inner and outer boundary stress conditions of the lining, two sets of undetermined analytical functions are established, corresponding to internal and external water pressure, as well as the contact stress between the surrounding rock and the lining. Ultimately, the stress and displacement components at any point within the surrounding rock and lining can be derived under the conditions outlined in this study. The analytical model elucidates the mechanism of load transfer within the circular water conveyance tunnel with lining, considering the combined effects of internal and external water pressure and excavation loads. Of particular note, it quantifies the restrictive impact of external water pressure on lining hydrofracturing when subjected to high internal water pressure. Additionally, the model offers a theoretical foundation for designing and assessing support structures for use in long-distance water conveyance projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The functional role of long noncoding RNAs in the endothelium is highly diverse. Among their many functions, regulation of transcription factor activity and abundance is one of the most relevant. This review summarizes the recent progress in the research on the lncRNA–transcription factor axes and their implications for the vascular endothelium under physiological and pathological conditions. The focus is on transcription factors critical for the endothelial response to external stressors, such as hypoxia, inflammation, and shear stress, and their lncRNA interactors. These regulatory interactions will be exemplified by a selected number of lncRNAs that have been identified in the endothelium under physiological and pathological conditions that are influencing the activity or protein stability of important transcription factors. Thus, lncRNAs can add a layer of cell type-specific function to transcription factors. Understanding the interaction of lncRNAs with transcription factors will contribute to elucidating cardiovascular disease pathologies and the development of novel therapeutic approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the interaction mechanism between the sand–structure interface under cyclic loading, a series of cyclic direct shear tests were conducted. These tests were designed with various surface roughness values represented by the joint roughness coefficient ( JRC ) of 0.4, 5.8, 9.5, 12.8, and 16.7, and normal stresses of 50, 100, 150, and 200 kPa. A 3D printer was employed to accurately control the surface roughness and obtain concrete samples with varying JRC values. The test results were used to establish discrete element method models, which facilitated the analysis of the mesoscopic shear behavior at the sand–structure interface during the cyclic direct shear process. The results revealed that the sand–concrete interface demonstrated softening behavior. There is a critical value for the surface roughness corresponding to the maximum interface shear strength. The thickness of shear band, where the changes in porosity were concentrated within, increases with higher surface roughness and cycle number. The coordination number stabilizes after 80 cycles. The distributions of the contact normal direction and tangential contact force exhibited nearly isotropic characteristics after cyclic loading. It was observed that surface roughness amplifies the deflection angle of the main axis in the normal contact force distribution, while reducing that in the shear contact force distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present the results of molecular dynamics simulations of steady shear between a pair of neutral polymer brushes, as well as a pair of charged polymer brushes in the strongly compressed regime. The results of the molecular dynamic simulations of neutral and polyelectrolyte brushes in implicit solvent including normal forces, shear forces, viscosities and friction coefficients as a function of separation between brushes, are presented in the study. The comparison of the simulation results of neutral and charged brushes shows that the charged brushes is in the quasi-neutral regime, and the dependence of viscosity on the separation distance show the similar power law of neutral brushes. Our simulation results confirm that the implicit solvent simulations of polyelectrolyte brushes that ignore hydrodynamics interaction are in agreement with the scaling predictions qualitatively because of screening of hydrodynamic interaction and long-range electrostatic interactions on the correlation length scale. Both of neutral and charged brushes show the lubrication properties that the friction coefficient decreases with the separation decreases at enough large loads. However, a maximum of friction coefficients is observed for polyelectrolyte brushes, which is in contrast to the neutral brushes with monotonical dependence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the thermal–hydraulic behavior and deposition characteristics of a shell and tube exhaust heat exchanger using a CFD-based predictive model of soot deposition. Firstly, considering the influences of thermophoretic, wall shear stress, and other deposition and removal mechanisms, a predictive model is developed for long-term performance of heat exchangers under soot deposition. Then, the variations in exhaust heat exchanger performance during a 4 h deposition period are simulated based on the model. Subsequently, the variation of deposition distribution and different deposition velocities are also evaluated. Finally, an analysis of the long-term performance of the exhaust heat exchanger under varying gas velocities and temperature gradients is conducted, revealing the performance variations under all engine-operating conditions. Results show that the deterioration in normalized relative j / f 1 / 2 varies from 5.26% to 24.91% under different work conditions, and the exhaust heat exchanger with high gas velocity and low temperature gradient exhibits optimal long-term performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the impact of local fluid dynamics in the biodegradation of magnesium is well known, currently no studies in the literature address the degradation effects of ocular vitreous on bioresorbable devices made of magnesium, which could be developed as drug delivery carriers. The aim of this study was to investigate the flow-induced corrosion mechanism of magnesium in an ophthalmological environment for future applications in ophthalmic drug delivery. To achieve this, experimental and computational methods were combined. Specifically, a CFD model was employed to design experimental conditions that replicate the ocular flow-induced shear stress (FISS) on manufactured magnesium samples. Pure Mg samples were tested in a bioreactor system capable of imposing the ocular CFD calculated values of FISS on the Mg samples' surface by varying the pump flow rate. Optimal flow rates for a range of different FISS values specific to the ophthalmological fluid dynamics affecting the device were indeed determined before running the experiments. After conducting customized corrosion tests, morphological observations and profilometric maps of the eroded surfaces of Mg samples were obtained using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). These maps were then post-processed for the parametric evaluation of corrosion rates. Pre-existing localized superficial defects did affect the final corrosion pattern. SEM images and CLSM data confirmed a uniform corrosion mechanism, with corrosion rates of 1.9, 2.7, and 3.4 μm/day under different shear stress conditions (0, 0.01, and 0.032 Pa, respectively). More generally, uniform corrosion on pure Mg samples increased with higher FISS values, and at higher shear stress values (FISS = 0.032 Pa), a notable washing-out effect of the corrosion products was observed. The removal of corrosion products at higher shear stresses suggests that the dynamic ocular environment, influenced by saccadic movements, plays a significant role in the corrosion mechanism of pure magnesium. The corrosion rates determined in this study, in conjunction with clinical drug release requirements, are crucial for designing potential drug-release devices for ocular applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intracranial mirror aneurysms are pathologic dilatations of cerebral arteries that occur at identical locations in both hemispheres. They do not always have identical sizes, shapes, or rupture states, despite identical patient-specific risk factors. As a subgroup of multiple aneurysms and thus small amounts of data, clinical research about their causes and development has not been conclusive. Using eight patients with 16 mirror aneurysms with different rupture states, we investigated differences between the hemispheres. We virtually performed stitching: detaching the aneurysm domes to place them on the opposite parent vessel to assess the influence of aneurysm morphology and upstream parent vessel shape on hemodynamics. In the unaltered datasets, we found that blood flow within aneurysms in the left hemisphere has higher wall shear stress and velocity. After stitching, we found that both upstream parent vessel as well as aneurysm morphology influence hemodynamics. Morphologic parameters like size, undulation index, and aneurysm angle had a higher influence. In a short rupture risk analysis we found a correlation between rupture and aspect ratio and non-sphericity index. Overall, we found possible indicators for mirror aneurysm analysis that illustrated the importance of morphological analysis, though more datasets are necessary for conclusive statements about special treatment for mirror aneurysms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kodo millet (Paspalum scrobiculatum) is a minor millet with high nutritional properties and exhibits exceptional drought-tolerance and insect-resistance. But, the processing of this millet offers considerable challenges due to the presence of thick layers of hull. Hydrothermal pre-treatment before milling has been reported to reduce grain fragility and nutrient loss. The current study aims to assess the effect of hydrothermal pre-treatments on the dehulling, polishing, and nutritional characteristics of kodo millet. The grains were subjected to soaking (4, 6 & 8 h), steaming (10 min), and drying (till 12% moisture content) before polishing. The hydrothermally treated grain is polished by applying shearing and abrasion forces sequentially. The number of shearing passes (2, 4 & 6), and abrasive polishing time (20, 40 & 60 s) has been varied. Multivariate analysis has also been carried out to understand the correlation between different process variables. Results demonstrated that the treatment conditions significantly affect the dehulling and polishing efficiencies and the nutritional compositions of the grain. The increase in shearing and abrasion action increased the dehulling and polishing efficiencies, respectively. The study's findings could potentially be installed to increase the dehulling and polishing efficiencies while reducing grain losses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]