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This study investigates two concurrent trends across Europe and North America: the increasing instability of parental unions and men's rising contributions to household work. Because children have almost universally resided with their mothers and it is difficult for non-residential fathers to maintain any levels of care work, union dissolutions have potentially slowed societal increases in gender equality. A new family form—50/50 living arrangements—has begun to challenge our understanding of the consequences of union dissolution. Since 50/50 residence requires fathers to take full care responsibility for the child half of the time—something few partnered fathers do—it may even push parents into a more egalitarian division of care work. We have studied care work using Swedish administrative data on parents' leave from work to care for a sick child. We have created a panel of leave-sharing for children aged 2–11, and use an event-study design to estimate the causal effect of dissolution on the sharing of sick-child leave. The results show that in parental unions dissolving today, the dissolution leads to an increase in fathers' share of sick-child leave. Whereas union dissolutions have for decades been slowing the gender revolution in Sweden, they are now accelerating it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The paper aims to examine the role played by property tax in influencing strategic decisions regarding marital separation and divorce in Italian municipalities. Design/methodology/approach: The empirical analysis is conducted on a sample of 6,458 Italian municipalities by applying the ordinary least squares (OLS) and instrumental variables (IVs) approaches. Findings: The estimation results show a small increase in marital separations and divorces as the difference between the municipal secondary and primary home tax rate increases. Specifically, an increase of 1‰ in the property tax rate differentials is accompanied by an increase of six marital separations and four divorces per 1,000 inhabitants. Research limitations/implications: The main limitation of the analysis is that the strategic behavior of the married couple is inferred from econometric analysis with data aggregated at the municipal level. To investigate this phenomenon more precisely, it would be useful to have individual data collected by surveys on strategic divorce decisions due to property tax incentives. Originality/value: This study contributes to the scant existing literature on the tax incentives for strategic divorce. It is the first study to empirically investigate the effects of property tax on separation and divorce decisions by investigating the Italian context. In Italy, a property tax was introduced in 1993, encouraging "false" divorces by spouses with a second home since the tax on the secondary home was set at a rate higher than that on the primary residence. Moreover, there were no tax deductions and no additional tax breaks on the secondary home, while they were established on the primary one. Higher property taxes and the absence of tax breaks on the secondary home may have encouraged a strategic behavior whereby many married couples filed for false separation and divorce in order to recover part of property tax rebates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is noted that the active development of social relations influenced the renewal of the doctrinal foundations of Ukrainian administrative law, as a result of which there are constant discussions in the modern science of administrative law of Ukraine, including those directly related to administrative-legal relations. The perspectives of administrative and legal science, as well as the branches of administrative law, are related to modern tasks that science sets before itself in accordance with social requirements, which must be solved, including through the application of measures. It is noted that administrative law regulates a significant number of various social relations, among which a special place is occupied by administrative-delict relations, which cover a variety of relations, which are covered by the norms of administrative law, which is currently in the stage of systemic reform and is mostly related to relations regarding ensuring the realization of human and citizen rights and freedoms, consideration of administrative disputes, application of measures of administrative responsibility, bringing to disciplinary responsibility persons under public law. Attention is drawn to attempts to reform the administrative-tort legislation, since the codified act of administrative-tort legislation adopted during the Soviet era does not meet the realities and requirements of today. Therefore, the issue of updating the administrativedelict legislation occupies a prominent place in the scientific developments of domestic jurists. Existing scientific discussions on the separation of administrative-tort law into an independent branch of law exist to this day, but we must state that, despite its own specificity, administrative-tort law performs a significant number of various functions (regulatory, binding, permissive, protective, educational, etc., is a sub-branch of administrative law, which has a special subject of legal regulation, which is a set of legal norms regulating relations arising from the doctrine of administrative tort. It is emphasized that the formation of modern administrative and tort law involves interaction with the institutions of administrative responsibility provided for by the sectoral norms of laws, which may include the procedure for bringing a person to administrative responsibility, which is completely different from that regulated by the Code of Ukraine on administrative offenses, which requires new theoretical views on establishing a system of administrative penalties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the constitutional validity of s 5(1) of the Migration Act 1958 (Cth), which includes prisons and remand centres as facilities for immigration detention. It argues that this statutory definition is arguably unconstitutional because it conflates the non-punitive purpose of immigration detention with the inherently punitive nature of imprisonment. The article further explores the High Court’s jurisprudence on the matter, the principles of punitive and non-punitive detention, and the implications for the rule of law and individual rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Les séparations conjugales sont rarement une formalité et elles représentent souvent une étape de rupture significative dans le développement des enfants qui la subissent et dans leur équilibre de vie. Dans le meilleur des cas, les parents parviennent à maintenir une coparentalité et une continuité dans les habitudes de vie des enfants. Dans le pire des cas, les enfants subissent de plein fouet la séparation conjugale et cette dernière peut dégénérer. Les enfants sont alors les victimes directes des déchirures parentales, et peuvent être placés en situation de choix. Dans cet article, nous présentons les garde-fous nécessaires et autres précautions à prendre pour minimiser les conséquences de la séparation parentale, et préserver autant que possible les enfants. Dans ce cas, il est primordial de respecter la temporalité de l'enfant et de répondre à ses besoins du moment, qui varient tout au long du processus de transition. Les études scientifiques portant sur le développement de l'enfant et sur la théorie de l'attachement abondent dans ce sens. Enfin, nous proposons une modélisation des différentes modalités de séparation et de l'impact qu'elles peuvent avoir sur l'enfant en termes de victimisation. Cette conceptualisation offre aux parents une guidance pour tenter de bien se séparer, et a minima de ne pas se séparer dans de mauvaises conditions, toujours en adoptant la perspective de l'enfant. Marital separations are rarely a formality, and they often represent a significant break in the development of the children affected and in their life balance. In the best cases, the parents manage to maintain co-parenting and continuity in the children's lifestyle. In the worst cases, the children suffer the full force of the marital separation, which can degenerate. The children are then the direct victims of the parents' rifts, and may be placed in a position of choice. In this article, we present the necessary safeguards and other precautions to be taken to minimise the consequences of parental separation, and to protect the children as much as possible. In this case, it is vital to respect the child's temporality and respond to his or her needs at the time, which vary throughout the transition process. Scientific studies on child development and attachment theory abound in this respect. Finally, we propose a model of the different types of separation and the impact they can have on the child in terms of victimisation. This conceptualisation offers parents guidance in trying to separate well, or at the very least not to separate under bad conditions, always adopting the child's perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an approach to evaluate the failure of arbitrarily inclined interfaces using FE models with structured spatial discretization, providing accurate prediction of crack propagation along paths known a priori that are not constrained to the element boundaries. The combination of algorithms for the generation of structured discretization of representative polycrystalline microstructures with novel cohesive element formulations allow modelling the failure of complex topologies along rasterised boundaries, with noticeably higher computational efficiency and comparable accuracy. Two formulations of raster cohesive elements are presented, adopting either elastic-brittle or Tvergaard–Hutchinson traction separation laws. The formulations proposed are first validated comparing the failure of the interface within bi-crystal structures discretised using hexahedral elements either within a structured mesh (i.e. with rasterised boundaries) or an unstructured mesh (i.e. with planar boundary). Subsequently, the effectiveness of the formulations is demonstrated comparing the inter-granular crack propagation within complex polycrystalline microstructures. The behaviour of the novel cohesive element formulation in structured meshes consisting of regular hexahedral elements is in excellent agreement with the deformation and failure of classic cohesive element formulations placed along the planar boundaries of unstructured meshes consisting of tetrahedral elements. The higher computational cost of the raster cohesive elements is more than compensated by the increase in computational efficiency of structured meshes when compared to unstructured meshes, leading to a reduction of the simulation time of up to over 200 times for the simulations presented in the paper, thus allowing the simulation of large domains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

International environmental law rarely refers to the rule of law. However, in fostering inter-state cooperation, international environmental agreements oblige parties to prohibit, restrict or control various activities that are harmful to the environment. The application of these constraints at the national level requires the rule of law to be taken into account. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first goal of this longitudinal study was to examine the strength and direction of the relations between post‐separation parental conflict (PSPC) and father–child physical contact, as reported by the mother, at the time of separation (Time 1) and in the following 2 years (Time 2). A cross‐lagged panel model was conducted with a sample of 198 parents of children from 3 to 8 years old at the time of separation. The results indicated that PSPC at Time 1 predicted a lower frequency of father–child physical contact at Time 2, whereas the inverse relationship was not found. The strength and direction of the relations did not vary as a function of the level of the moderators. The results help us to identify priority targets in the development of policies and treatment programs for separated families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Objective: This paper examines post‐separation residential outcomes in immigrant, native, and immigrant–native mixed (married and cohabiting) couples. Background: Previous research showed that women were more likely to leave the family home upon separation than men, indicating a weaker bargaining position. Method: Using linked survey and register data from Switzerland, we estimate two post‐separation mobility outcomes: who leaves the family home and to what distance this person relocates. By distinguishing male and female partners by migrant origin, we consider how gendered power imbalances interact with migration status to create specific bargaining dynamics within households. Results: Among immigrant–native mixed couples, the immigrant ex‐partner (regardless of gender) was significantly more likely to move out of the joint home following separation. The likelihood of moving (abroad) after separation was highest for recently arrived immigrant women. Conclusion: The results suggest that migration status brings in a new dimension of bargaining within separating couples, which affects the gender‐specific residential mobility outcomes reported in previous studies. Although family migration decisions are generally biased toward the human capital of men, this study shows the advantage of the native partner in immigrant–native couples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The acceleration of fast charging capabilities has emerged as a pivotal objective within the realms of the battery, electric vehicle, and energy storage sectors. However, the classical electrochemical models are not able to describe voltages of the cell (Ucell), anode (Ua), and cathode (Uc) at high C‐rates. Herein, Ucell, Ua, and Uc are experimentally obtained under various C‐rates (0.1–2C) and identified the charge transfer resistance of the cathode (RCT,c) as the primary rate‐limiting factor. Thus, the anode is established as a multi‐scale coupling model with Fick's law and phase separation model applied, to discuss their effect on Ua and Li‐ion concentration prediction. 2D reconstruction structures for the cathode is established with RCT,c effect considered. Finally, the Ua, Uc, and Ucell are successfully predicted at different C‐rates. Results propose an accurate and versatile electrochemical model and highlight the importance of considering limiting factors in electrochemical modeling for fast charging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Background Method Results Conclusion The growth in gray divorce raises new questions about the marital dissolution process experienced by older adults. Our goal was to assess patterns of reconciliation among couples following marital separation, treating forming a union with a new partner as a competing risk.Repartnering after a gray divorce is common, particularly among men. However, the extent to which older adults reconcile with their spouses is unknown. In line with the few prior studies on marital reconciliation among younger people, we anticipated that spouses with fewer resources and more marital‐specific capital would be more likely to reconcile.Using the 1998–2018 Health and Retirement Study, we tracked women and men who experienced a marital separation after age 50 to evaluate their propensities to reconcile with their spouse versus form a coresidential union (i.e., cohabitation or remarriage) with a new partner relative to remaining separated.Roughly 7% of women and 11% of men reconciled with their spouses, whereas 12% of women and 26% of men instead formed unions with a new partner within 10 years of marital separation. We expected that having fewer resources and greater relationship‐specific investments would encourage reconciliation, but results were mixed for women and men alike. Resources did tend to be positively associated with repartnering, particularly for men.Our study contributes to the emerging research on repartnering after late‐life divorce as well as the limited literature on marital reconciliation by underscoring the utility of examining both reconciliation and repartnering as potential outcomes following marital separation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Babylon Center for Humanities Studies is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: In Family Law Court decisions in Australia, following divorce, the female party is frequently disadvantaged financially in the long term. This paper provides a critical assessment of valuation evidence as a data source in research and discusses valuation accuracy, valuation variation and valuation bias, as well as the Australian family court system and the role of valuers as expert witnesses. In particular, valuation in family law, as it relates to gender inequality, is discussed. The study aims to determine whether the current system of valuation in the Family Law Courts disadvantages women. This paper was important to reveal information that stakeholders in family law cases use on a day-to-day basis. Design/methodology/approach: A database of 658 cases was developed and analysed to examine the influence of valuations of the matrimonial home provided by both the male and female parties on the final decision of the court. Findings: Findings showed that valuations from the female party had marginally more influence on the outcome. However, financial disadvantages for the female party persist despite this. This raises several questions for future research, regarding reasons for this persistent disadvantage. Research limitations/implications: Research limitations included a time-consuming process. Practical implications: Further researchers can use the findings from this paper to further research. Social implications: Social implications include the ability of the research to impact on society. In this regard, it was the matrimonial home in relation to divorce proceedings. Originality/value: The originality of this paper stems from the analysis of a database that was created from a large number of cases from Austlii database family law cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of constitutional courts (CCs) of post-communist Europe typically entailed the belief in CCs' transformative potential for the consolidation of democracy. Recently, this belief has been questioned, albeit the knowledge of why at least some CCs in the region failed to prevent the rise of non-democratic regimes remains limited. This article addresses this gap via the cases of Hungary and Slovakia, which have taken a different trajectory post-2010: the Slovak CC (SCC) remains an independent institution, while the Hungarian CC (HCC) has been packed by the executive. By combining contextual case law analysis of judgments referring to democracy and semi-structured interviews, the article shows that, during critical moments, the HCC did not perceive itself as responsible for Hungarian democracy, which resulted in its self-marginalisation. The SCC was largely spared from similarly critical moments, which, however, facilitated particular self-perceptions of its responsibility (or lack thereof). These findings offer empirical support for institutionalist scholarship that emphasizes the impact of ideas in calibrating the self-perceptions of political institutions and their positioning in the political system. Constitutional courts remain inseparable from the political regimes they are located in. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intimate partner homicide (IPH) is a worldwide scourge and a topic of great interest in New Zealand, but its patterns and prevalence have not been quantified and compared to those in other comparable countries such as Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Using a data set of the 187 IPH cases known to have occurred in New Zealand over 16 years, 174 of which involved current or former marriage (including de facto marriage) partners, we present analyses demonstrating the following. As in other comparable countries, a large majority of IPH victims are women, and the wife's youth, spousal age disparity, and de facto marriage are all associated with elevated risk. New Zealand is also unexceptional with respect to gross IPH rates, a very high incidence of recent marital separation as a trigger for male violence, a substantial incidence of offender suicide when the perpetrators are men but not when they are women and an overrepresentation of stepfamilies among the spousal cases. Despite frequent claims that New Zealand is exceptional in the magnitude of its intimate partner violence problem, the true picture is strikingly similar to that in other comparable countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How do the United States and France guarantee that their proclamations of non-establishment and separation are respected? These two countries employ different types of tools to preserve and protect separation, directly rooted in the contexts from which they differently emerged – the writing of the Constitution in the U.S. and the 1905 law of separation in France: fiscal or financial in the United States, penal in France. This article analyses in detail how these various tools have emerged and developed throughout the 20th century. Since the 1980s, increasing political and judicial struggles raised by the development of new minority faiths (namely Islam) in France and Christian fundamentalism in the U.S. have caused a\ quasi-abandonment of the tools protecting separation that has contributed to regressions, back to the regimes the framers of the Constitution in the United States and authors of the law of 1905 in France respectively sought to abandon: the establishment or the state control of religion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To tackle problems such as the difficult separation from sand and the high power consumption of tiger nut harvesting in the sandy areas of Xinjiang, a conveying and separating device for tiger nut harvesters was designed. The axial and radial migrations of materials under screw action and the separation process of materials under vibratory action were analyzed dynamically. A simulation analysis was carried out on the conveying and separating process based on EDEM software. The migration trajectories of tiger nuts and sand particles were extracted, the displacement variations of sand particles on the X-axis, Y-axis, and Z-axis were analyzed in the action area of the screen-cleaning spike teeth and the screw action area, respectively, and the conveying and separation law of the tiger nut harvest mixture was clarified. With key parameters such as the screw velocity ratio, amplitude, vibration frequency, and machine operation velocity as test factors, and with the sand removal rate, crushing rate, and power consumption as test evaluation indicators, a four-factor, five-level orthogonal central composite test design was implemented. The test results were analyzed via the regression variance analysis method, and relation models between variable factors and evaluation indicators were constructed. The test results show that under the combined conditions of a screw velocity ratio of 0.88, an amplitude of 4.7 mm, a vibration frequency of 7.5 Hz, and a machine operation velocity of 0.92 km/h, the sand removal rate is 90.40%, the crushing rate is 1.66%, and the power consumption is 2.24 kW in theory. The optimized results were verified by tests. The sand removal rate was 88.92%, the crushing rate was 1.71%, the total power consumption was 2.29 kW, and the errors from the predicted values were 1.6%, 3.0%, and 2.2%, respectively, meeting the requirements for tiger nut harvesting conveyance and separation. This research can provide support for the development of technology and equipment for mechanized harvesting of tiger nuts in the sandy areas of Xinjiang. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New York Domestic Relations Law Section 110, which outlines who can adopt, precludes married petitioners from adopting without their spouse joining in the adoption petition, even when all parties involved support the adoption, and it is in the child's best interests. Some judges have prioritized the child's best interests and granted adoptions in such cases, while others have rigidly construed the statute and denied them. Amending the statute so that anyone can adopt, regardless of marital status, if it is in the child's best interests would ensure the child's best interests are the judicial system's primary consideration in approving adoptions. Key points for the family court community: New York Domestic Relations Law Section 110 provides: "An adult unmarried person, an adult married couple together, or any two unmarried adult intimate partners together may adopt another person."Although under New York law a married person cannot adopt without his or her spouse joining in the adoption petition unless the couple has a written separation agreement or judgment of separation, or has been living apart for three or more years, some married petitioners in intact marriages have been granted adoptions without their spouses joining in the petitions.Legally formalizing existing parent–child relationships was emotionally and pragmatically important for these families.Some states, such as California, Nevada, and New Jersey, expressly allow married petitioners to adopt without their spouses as co‐petitioners when the spouses provide written consent.Other states, such as Arizona and Vermont, allow married petitioners to adopt without their spouses as co‐petitioners but only require written consent when the adoptee is an adult. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Families experiencing separation and divorce often find it difficult to provide emotional stability for children as the parents struggle with financial, parenting, and relationship decisions. The effect on children can be especially precarious. Adverse childhood experiences, or ACEs, are risk factors that potentially affect children for the rest of their lives. Parental separation and divorce are identified as adverse childhood experiences and the experiences of stress and loss, reduced parental effectiveness, and exposure to parental conflict, among other stressors, may explain some of the negative outcomes often observed in children following divorce. It is essential that public institutions, including courts, are informed about the risks and protective factors associated with ACEs and resolve to mitigate the effects for children and families whom they serve. Domestic Relations Courts are uniquely equipped to address the effects that parental separation and divorce have on children, given the courts' authority to govern the legal divorce and custody process. The Domestic Relations Court in Delaware, Ohio, is committed to assisting families navigate separation and divorce in a way that is in the best interests of all, especially the children. The Court has created four specific programs to help litigants navigate their emotions, create new narratives, and explore solutions to conflict outside of trial. These innovative programs go beyond traditional court practices to treat the spouses and parents as unique individuals, giving them ample opportunities to address traumatic events and be validated for their lived experience. The suite of services includes Settlement Weeks, Neutral Evaluation, Co‐parent Coaching, and Brief Family Assessments. In the subsequent sections, we will delve into each program, exploring their promise for improving outcomes for the public, the litigants, and the court as a whole. Key points for the family court community: The Delaware County Domestic Relations Court has implemented four specific programs: Settlement Weeks, Neutral Evaluation, Co‐Parent Coaching, and Brief Family Assessments. These programs aim to assist families in navigating separation and divorce with reduced stress compared to traditional litigation alone.Successful programs prioritize promoting self‐regulation and well‐being among individuals involved in separation and divorce proceedings.Structured processes that validate emotions and highlight choices empower individuals to navigate their emotions and make informed decisions during legal proceedings.Through inclusive development processes and continuous improvement efforts, the Delaware County Domestic Relations Court has led a paradigm shift in the domestic relations community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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For insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) modules using wire bonding as the interconnection method, the main failure mechanism is cracking of the bonded interface. Studying the mechanical properties of the bonded interface is crucial for assessing the reliability of IGBT modules. In this paper, first, shear tests are conducted on the bonded interface to test the bonded interface's strength. Then, finite element–cohesive zone modeling (FE-CZM) is established to describe the mechanical behavior of the bonded interface. A novel machine learning (ML) architecture integrating a convolutional neural network (CNN) and a long short-term memory (LSTM) network is used to identify the shape and parameters of the traction separation law (TSL) of the FE-CZM model accurately and efficiently. The CNN-LSTM architecture not only has excellent feature extraction and sequence-data-processing abilities but can also effectively address the long-term dependency problem. A total of 1800 sets of datasets are obtained based on numerical computations, and the CNN-LSTM architecture is trained with load–displacement (F–δ) curves as input parameters and TSL shapes and parameters as output parameters. The results show that the error rate of the model for TSL shape prediction is only 0.186%. The performance metric's mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) is less than 3.5044% for all the predictions of the TSL parameters. Compared with separate CNN and LSTM architectures, the proposed CNN-LSTM-architecture approach exhibits obvious advantages in recognizing TSL shapes and parameters. A combination of the FE-CZM and ML methods in this paper provides a promising and effective solution for identifying the mechanical parameters of the bonded interfaces of IGBT modules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Marriage, Separation, and Divorce in England, 1500–1700" by K. J. Kesselring and Tim Stretton is a significant contribution to the study of early modern marriage practices. The authors explore the archives of secular courts to uncover the history of marital separations during this period. Despite the limited options for divorce, the authors reveal that married couples in early modern England sought to separate more frequently than previously assumed. The book examines different courts and their handling of marital separation cases, highlighting the impact of coverture, a legal doctrine that subsumed a married woman's legal personhood to her husband. This research sheds light on the challenges faced by women in navigating a patriarchal legal system and provides valuable insights for scholars interested in early modern marriage, the legal system, and women's experiences. [Extracted from the article]

Various industrial fields use gas-liquid separation, but due to the variety of gas-liquid separation technologies, no comprehensive review has been conducted. This paper systematically reviews the separation mechanism, application ranges, research status, and development prospects of various separation techniques. The challenges associated with each gas-liquid separation technology are presented. This review indicates that future research should focus on the droplet-droplet and droplet-gas interaction mechanisms and the formation and breakup mechanisms of liquid films. Future experimental efforts should focus on investigating gas-liquid two-phase flow fields including droplet size distribution, phase distribution, and velocity distribution. A promising development direction is to combine several gas-liquid separation technologies to expand their range of applications. An increased knowledge of the relationship between the flow field and separation performance would guide the standardized design of the gas-liquid separators. [Display omitted] • The technical and application state of gas-liquid separation is systematically reviewed. • Phase separation laws for various separation technologies are summarized. • A promising development exists in combining a variety of gas-liquid separation technologies. • A detailed understanding of the relationship between the flow field and separation performance is essential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to solve a practical problem encountered in the automotive industry, especially the failure of a cracked lower control arm made of al 6062 T6 material during static and crash physical tests, and to characterize the behavior of cracked parts made of aluminum materials using the fracture mechanics parameters. As a first step, we carried out a numerical study and simulation using Abaqus/CAE 2020 software and the finite element method to determine the stress concentration and load limit capacity for different car weight cases. The von Mises stress variation shows crack initiation and propagation to be in the area of the lower control arm's attachment to the vehicle platform, where stress is concentrated. These numerical results are consistent with the experimental test results found by automotive manufacturers. Also, we find that the mechanical load that can support this part is below 4900 N for good performance. In the second step, we use the results of the first section to simulate the failure of a lower control arm with a crack defect. This paper investigates the stress intensity factor KI in mode I for different lengths (L) and depths (a) of the crack in the lower control arm using the extended finite element method (XFEM) under Abaqus/CAE. For crack failure initiation and progression, we relied on the traction separation law, specifically the maximum principal stress (MAXPS) criterion. The KI factor was evaluated for the materials steel and Al 6062 T6. The results obtained from the variation of the KI coefficient as a function of crack depth (a) and the thickness (t) show that the crack remains stable even when a depth ratio (a/t = 0.8) is reached for the steel material. However, the crack in the Aluminum 6062 T6 material becomes unstable at depth (a/t = 0.6), with a high risk of total failure of the lower control arm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are still some major issues in the study of fracture network evolution during multi-cluster fracturing in shale reservoirs, such as the simplistic assumption that reservoir rocks are homogeneous and completely brittle, without considering that real rocks are often aggregates of different minerals and may present ductility and heterogeneity. It is important to study the evolution of the multi-cluster fracture network in quasi-brittle shale reservoirs to improve the stimulated reservoir volume (SRV). For this purpose, a 2D, coupled stress-seepage-damage field multi-cluster fracturing numerical model with global cohesive zone was developed in this paper. We conducted triaxial compression acoustic emission experiments using real shale samples and developed a generic trapezoidal TSL softening model that includes triaxial effects. The globally embedded 0-thickness cohesive elements ensures that hydraulic fractures can propagate randomly and thus reflect stress interference among multiple clusters. At the same time, the X-ray diffraction (XRD) experiment was used to determine the mineral content of rock, and the finite element mesh was then processed using the Weibull distribution probability density function to simulate the mineral heterogeneity of rock. In addition, the dynamic distribution of injection fluid flow during multi-cluster fracturing is implemented based on the Bernoulli equation. The cohesive parameters were validated by Brazilian splitting test, and the model was then used to parametrically study the evolution law of the fracture network and the variation characteristics of the flow rate into each cluster. The results show that using conventional bilinear TSL will result in a larger SRV than trapezoidal TSL, and reservoir heterogeneity may further exaggerate the drainage area when using bilinear TSL model. In addition, compared with a homogeneous isotropic reservoir, a highly heterogeneous reservoir has a more balanced flow rate into each cluster during multi-cluster fracturing, and this can significantly increase the complexity of fracture network. By increasing the number of clusters, it is possible to alleviate the stress interference on some internal clusters, which may also promote frequent fracture merging around the wellbore. Compared with increasing the number of clusters, reducing the perforation diameter can better compensate for the stress interference suffered by internal clusters, and make the flow rate into each cluster more balanced, thus improving the SRV. Highlights: The trapezoidal traction separation law can describe the damage softening behavior of quasi-brittle reservoirs. The fracture network formed using the bilinear traction separation law is more complex than the trapezoidal traction separation law. Heterogeneous reservoirs may form a more complex fracture network than homogeneous reservoirs during multi-cluster hydraulic fracturing. Uniformly increasing the number of clusters with small spacing has a limited effect on the uniformity of the flow rate into each cluster. Reducing the perforation diameter is an effective method to balance the flow rate into each cluster by weakening the effect of stress interference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The principle of separation of powers constituted the basis of the state organization of all bourgeois states, it being explicitly or implicitly enshrined in the constitutions of these states. From a political point of view, the principle of the separation of powers was considered a generator of political freedoms through the balance and collaboration of the separate powers as competences necessarily belonging to the constitutional state, where the dignity of the person is ensured and where there is "the rule of law." As specified in the doctrine, the separation of powers in the state does not exclude their collaboration. Thus, on an organic level, ministers can be parliamentarians and are responsible before the parliament. Functionally, each party is charged with the main title of a function, but participates equally in the function exercised by the other. The parliament and the government exert a constant reciprocal action on each other. They collaborate in an intimate manner in the implementation of the general activity of the state, but they collaborate in different forms in the same cause of structural diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Legal Positivism: 5½ Myths, John Gardner argued that legal positivism should be understood only as a thesis about the validity of individual norms. This influential view has had the effect of discounting and marginalizing two other important questions about the separation or non-separation of law and morality: regarding the legal status of significantly immoral legal systems, and regarding the role of moral evaluation in the construction of theories about the nature of law. More importantly, there is far less attention now paid than there should be to the interesting theoretical question of the extent to which a position in favor of separation (or non-separation) on one topic entails, or at least strongly supports, a similar view on the other topics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This article examines the impact of parental separation and divorce on children's well-being and academic performance at a primary school in Zimbabwe. The study found that children from divorced or separated families experienced negative emotions such as sadness, anger, and feelings of abandonment. Some children also exhibited behavioral problems. The article emphasizes the need for schools and stakeholders to provide support and interventions for these children, such as counseling services and teacher training. The study concludes that parents should prioritize their children's welfare during divorce and suggests measures to improve the situation for these children. [Extracted from the article]

GH4169 nickel-based high-temperature alloy demonstrates excellent mechanical, chemical, thermal shock, and mechanical load resistance properties. However, it is typically a difficult-to-machine material. Ultrasonic vibration–assisted milling can effectively solve the machining challenges of GH4169 nickel-based high-temperature alloy and improve surface integrity. Herein, the motion model of the tool-tip under ultrasonic vibration assistance is established. The tool-tip motion trajectory and chip separation law are analyzed. The effect of ultrasonic vibration on surface integrity is investigated through ultrasonic vibration–assisted milling experiments. The results show that residual surface stress stimulates at high milling speed, depth of cut, and feed rate, while it progressively decreases with ultrasonic amplitude. The machined surface hardening enhances with the addition of ultrasonic amplitude. The machined surface roughness increases with the growth of milling speed, feed rate, and ultrasonic amplitude, and decreases with the rise of cutting surface roughness increases with the addition of milling speed, feed rate, and ultrasonic amplitude, and falls with the rise of cutting depth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ius et Praxis (07172877) is the property of Universidad de Talca and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study explores gender issues in the historical narrative structure of A. S. Byatt's novel Possession: A Romance (1990) by critically examining women's exclusion from society, men's identity crisis in gender environments, and the separation and union between two sexes in the novel. To reveal these complicated gender issues, Byatt combines history with narrative, which accords well with Hayden White's historical narrative that fictive history can unveil historical truth. Additionally, Byatt's three levels of historical narratives echo Giambattista Vico's cycle of history to reveal the recurring gender issues in human history. In this respect, this study investigates how Byatt uses historical narratives to examine gender dilemmas of men and women to explore how characters free themselves from their gendered travails. In conclusion, Byatt employs historical narratives to reveal the recurring gender dilemmas and gender opposition in the history of human development. Meanwhile, Byatt is seeking a new type of gender relations in the cycle of human history as well--it is androgyny that liberates men and women from the limitation of defined gender roles and dissolves gendered conflicts to realize the union between body and soul in men and women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this Article we analyze whether and how the legal reactions to COVID-19 brought permanent changes to three main areas that are at the very basis of the study of comparative constitutional law: the horizontal separation of powers in different forms of government; the vertical separation of powers and its effects on forms of state; and the reviewability of limitations to human rights and personal freedoms by bodies exercising constitutional review. Rather than just examining and categorizing the reactions, we search for the political, institutional, factual, and sometimes even cultural rationales at the basis of each trend. Our claim is that COVID-19 was a driving force for relevant changes in the three analyzed areas, but we also recognize that these changes did not come "out of the blue," as they were already "latent" in considered legal systems. The analysis demonstrates that the traditional categories we use to classify the forms of government, forms of state, and the mechanisms of constitutional review, although being useful paradigms to study these topics, have in themselves the potential to be "stretched," and even unhinged, when global and long-lasting emergencies, as COVID-19, are in place. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At APr 2.4 57a36–13, Aristotle presents a notorious reductio argument in which he derives the claim 'If B is not large, B is large' and calls that result impossible. Aristotle is thus committed to some form of connexivity and this paper argues that his commitment is to a strong form of connexivity which excludes even cases in which 'B is large' is necessary. It is further argued that Aristotle's view of connexivity is best understood as arising from his analysis of affirmation and negation in terms of combination and separation: a proposition that separates two terms cannot entail a proposition that combines the same two terms. In order to motivate this account of connexivity, this paper interprets Aristotle as emphasising the predicative structure, especially the copulae, of the argument's component propositions. The arguments for this are based on a consideration of the larger context of APr 2.2–4. A reconstruction of the argument using propositional variables does not fully capture Aristotle's intentions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article titled "After Dobbs: Reflections on political and legal anthropology" explores the implications of the Supreme Court ruling in Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization. The author examines the court's separation of law and politics and its impact on the ethnography of politics and law. The article also discusses recent ethnographic work that highlights new forms of political agency and the identification of personal experiences as political. The author identifies connections between law and politics, such as indeterminacies of scale and the dynamic instability of juridification, and emphasizes the importance of ethnography in understanding these dynamics. The given text discusses the implications and lessons of the Dobbs decision, which overturned the precedent set by Roe v. Wade and allowed states to regulate abortion. The text highlights the discursive tactics used by the majority in the decision, such as challenging common categorical meanings and depersonalizing the concept of liberty. It also explores the consequences of the decision, including the potential for increased criminal punishment and the intensification of majoritarian rule at the state level. The text emphasizes the need to consider the impact of the decision on individuals and communities, as well as the complex relationship between law, politics, and public opinion. This article discusses the intersection of politics and ethnography, particularly in relation to the recent Dobbs case on abortion rights. The author argues that while politics is often seen as encompassing everything, there are specific conditions and contexts that give rise to political responses. Ethnographers have explored how individuals [Extracted from the article]

A modified element‐free Galerkin (EFG) method that combines the Heaviside enrichment and diffraction method is used to study crack propagation problems by employing a cohesive zone model (CZM) with an exponential traction separation law (TSL). The generalized displacement control method (GDCM) is adopted to solve the nonlinearity arising during the damage evolution. The proposed methodology is applied to (1) uncracked three‐point bending (TPB) and (2) adhesively bonded: (a) cracked double cantilever beam (DCB), and (b) end‐notched flexure (ENF) problems. In the passing, a simple 1D study is considered to demonstrate the advantage of level‐set enrichment coupled with CZM. Several parametric studies have been carried out on the EFG method and GDCM (reference and incremental load parameter). The results obtained by the proposed methodology agree well with the experimental/reference results. Specific advantages of GDCM on computational time, number of iterations, and ability to capture snapback vis‐à‐vis the popular Newton–Raphson technique are presented. Highlights: Generalized displacement control method (GDCM) is used to handle material nonlinearityModified EFG method is used for mode I and mode II interface fracture studiesThe GDCM is twice faster than the Newton–Raphson technique for interface fractureDifferent intensities of snapback behavior is captured efficiently by the GDCM [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present article intends to reflect on a clinical case in light of the existential ontology proposed by the philosopher Martin Heidegger (1889-1976) and his analysis of the Dasein (daseinsanalysis). This perspective is used by Swiss psychiatrist and psychotherapist Medard Boss (1903-1990) to support his approach on the pathological phenomena in his clinic Through the intertwining of thoughts by Heidegger and Boss, we will dwell on the understanding of the “improper” proposed by the former, which comes to be the primary mode of Dasein, that, although conditioning, is also an enabler of transformation. General aspects of a clinical case (initiated after a limiting situation, i.e., marital separation) will also be examined and some dimensions of her experience will be clarified from Boss’s perspective, especially regarding her existence and notions of restriction (or deprivation). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This analysis of petitions from the Lancashire Quarter Sessions submitted by unhappy wives uncovers evidence of women who separated from their husbands illegally between 1660 and 1700. When informally separated, women could turn to JPs to formalise their marital situation. Petitionary evidence also shows that the concept of desertion should be redefined, as many spouses did not completely separate. These petitions demonstrate that authorities could sanction informal separation if peace was maintained. Overall, this article studies separated wives when their legal position was precarious, and illustrates how new sources can help explore the history of marriage in early modern England.. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To improve its cleaning performance, the peanut sheller's air–screen cleaning device was used as the research object, and a numerical simulation was carried out. A scheme was proposed to optimize the installation angle of the screen surface of the air–screen cleaning device, and the influence of the airflow velocity of the sieve surface before and after the structural improvement of the machine on the airflow distribution of the whole chamber was evaluated. At the same time, the computational fluid dynamics–discrete element method (CFD–DEM) of coupling simulation was used to carry out single-factor simulation tests on the improved air–screen cleaning device, analyze the movement trajectory, velocity, and displacement of the extrudates in the cleaning chamber, characterize the separation law of extrudates, and determine the parameter ranges for each factor. In addition, based on the central composite Box–Behnken design, an orthogonal simulation test was carried out with three factors, including fan speed, amplitude, and vibration frequency, and the influence of each factor on the kernel loss rate and impurity rate was investigated. Furthermore, the influencing factors were optimized, and the optimal parameter combination was obtained; when the fan speed was 1682.72 r/min, the amplitude was 3.74 mm, and the vibration frequency was 492.86 Hz, it was more conducive to the cleaning of kernels. Finally, the accuracy of the simulation and optimization methods was verified via the machine test, and the optimal parameter combination was obtained: at a fan speed of 1680 r/min, an amplitude of 3.7 mm and a vibration frequency of 490 Hz were achieved, and the kernel loss rate and impurity rate were 2.01% and 2.42%, 3.71 and 4.42 percentage points lower than those before optimization, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research article is to develop a sequential multiscale model to study the inter-granular fracture behavior in bi-crystalline graphene. A multiscale model encompasses the microscale behavior at a macroscale level. A sequential multiscale model was developed by defining the traction separation law (TSL), using atomistic simulations, which was later on used to quantify damage in cohesive zone elements in continuum based finite element based simulations. Sequential multiscale models constitute developing bi-crystalline graphene configuration in the environment of molecular dynamics and capture the intergranular crack propagation in graphene. In the molecular dynamics based simulations, symmetrical and asymmetrical tilt grain boundaries were generated in conjunction with edge crack. The TSL derived from these simulations helps in improving the accuracy of continuum level models for predicting intergranular fracture. Spatial stress distribution in the vicinity of the crack tip as well as stress values were captured and compared for atomistic levels with a continuum level for the validation of sequential multiscale models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While deep learning has enabled significant advances in many areas of science, its blackbox nature hinders architecture design for future artificial intelligence applications and interpretation for high-stakes decision-makings. We addressed this issue by studying the fundamental question of how deep neural networks process data in the intermediate layers. Our finding is a simple and quantitative law that governs how deep neural networks separate data according to class membership throughout all layers for classification. This law shows that each layer improves data separation at a constant geometric rate, and its emergence is observed in a collection of network architectures and datasets during training. This law offers practical guidelines for designing architectures, improving model robustness and out-of-sample performance, as well as interpreting the predictions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]