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This article develops a new phenomenological account of the shame people typically tend to feel when seen naked by others. Although shame at nakedness is a paradigmatic and widespread form of shame, it has been under-explored in the literature on shame. The central thesis of the article is that shame at nakedness is rooted in our desire for social affirmation and constituted by our capacity for social self-consciousness. I argue that our ability to sense how others see us and judge us gives rise to a dynamic tension between our effort to control our public self-presentation and the experience of being exposed to others in an uncontrolled manner. What makes us prone to feel shame or shame anxiety at being seen naked is that we feel that we have revealed our naked and true self as potentially or actually shameful and that our public persona has been undermined. Furthermore, the vulnerability and lack of control that are part and parcel of naked exposure can be a source of shame. In my analysis, shame at nakedness encompasses both literal bodily nakedness and other kinds of uncontrolled and unguarded exposure. The article also offers an argument as to the roots of the more or less ubiquitous tendency to feel shame at exhibiting one's genitals in public. I develop my account through critical engagements with the main contemporary attempts to account for shame at nakedness, critiquing their insufficiencies and reframing their insights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Planning research in artificial intelligence began earlier, dating back to 1969, and the general problem solver (GPS) designed by Newell and Simon [1]. Since then, other researchers have also proposed other planners, such as QA3 system using theorem proving method to construct planning[2], Fikes and Nilsson designed STRIPS planning system [3], until today STRIPS planning method is still only a very important research method in the field of planning. After more than 50 years of research, there have been many intelligent planning methods such as graph planning method, probability planning, timing planning, heuristic planning and perceptual planning. Although the existing intelligent planning methods have been able to solve some problems, the existing planning mainly focuses on the design of the planning algorithm, and the manual analysis preprocessing workload is large. Research has pointed out that the new generation of intelligent planners should be knowledge-based development of knowledge-based planning systems is a meaningful work [4]. Therefore, by analyzing the existing intelligent planning methods and AORBCO model, this paper gives the definition of intelligent planning with selfconsciousness, and proposes an intelligent planning method based on self-consciousness based on behavior control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This article proposes a utilitarian model in which recycling could reduce consumers’ negative emotions from wasting resources (i.e., taking more resources than what is being consumed) and increase consumers’ positive emotions from disposing of consumed resources. The authors provide evidence for each component of the utility function using a series of choice problems and formulate hypotheses on the basis of a parsimonious utilitarian model. Experiments with real disposal behavior support the model hypotheses. The findings suggest that the positive emotions associated with recycling can overpower the negative emotions associated with wasting. As a result, consumers could use a larger amount of resources when recycling is an option, and more strikingly, this amount could go beyond the point at which their marginal consumption utility becomes zero. The authors extend the theoretical model and introduce acquisition utility and the moderating effect of the costs of recycling (financial, physical, and mental). From a policy perspective, this research argues for a better understanding of consumers’ disposal behavior to increase the effectiveness of environmental policies and campaigns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Early-career faculty (ECF) are faced with maintaining excellence in teaching and research for tenure. However, many enter academia with little or no teaching experience. Madison Teaching and Learning Excellence, a year-long professional development program, was designed to mitigate these pressures and help faculty become fast, efficient, and effective teachers. The authors evaluated this program on participants' use of learner-centered course designs and classroom practices compared with non-participants and also measured challenges encountered by ECF. Participants' gains in effective course design were positive, stable, and transferable to other courses. Participants reported feeling more prepared for tenure review and possessed a heightened self-awareness and assessment of their teaching. Although participants scored moderately high on measures of learner-centered practices, their scores were similar to non-participants. The authors hope their evaluation will inform faculty development programs; they summarize challenges they encountered to spur development of better evaluation tools that balance practitioners' needs and available resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research examines how the visual perspectives that people take to appraise an event, that is, whether they view themselves as actors in the situation or observers of it, influence the intensities of the emotions they experience. We predict that in a situation that elicits emotions, greater attention to the self (if using an observer's perspective) leads to greater intensity of self-conscious emotions such as pride, guilt, and embarrassment, whereas greater attention to the situation (if using an actor's perspective) leads to greater intensity of hedonic emotions such as joy, sorrow, and excitement. In this way, visual perspectives can act as situational antecedents that shape the use of emotion appraisals. Three experiments support these propositions and demonstrate the mediating role of appraisals, across a variety of emotion-eliciting contexts, that were visualized as well as recalled. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a literary criticism of book "The Symbolism of Evil" by Paul Ricoeur which is full-fledged foray into a hermeneutics of culture. It mentions quartet of human/divine relations that issue through myth from symbol into thought describe an incipient interaction that includes both the privileging of one and in turn the obligatory, self-conscious inflection. It also mentions mythic sense that distills what it takes to be the essence of America.

The article discusses the association of shame with self-consciousness. Topics include that social magnitudes represents one self, and is related to consciousness; that sensitivity changes in accordance with delusion and irrational influences; and that idiosyncrasy and variation in the development of individual human minds is limitless.

It is widely held that every person is a person essentially, where being a person is having special mental properties such as intelligence and self-consciousness. It follows that nothing can acquire or lose these properties. The paper argues that this rules out all familiar psychological-continuity views of personal identity over time. It also faces grave difficulties in accounting for the mental powers of human beings who are not intelligent and self-conscious, such as foetuses and those with dementia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What is the relation between 'seeing' and 'reading', especially where literary texts are concerned? This essay explores the question by recalling the author's experience with radio plays in the 1950s, where the imaginative intensity was in direct proportion to the absence of visual images. Proceeding then to a discussion of Poe's Fall of the House of Usher and Sterne's Tristram Shandy, the narration of images is related to the scenic and theatrical dynamics of 'gesture' in a way that includes the movement of reading itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a phenomenological philosopher, Edith Stein deals with the various components which converge in the configuration of the person; this is also the case with regard to the sphere of feelings. Having a body which possesses senses and is animated by a soul enables the human person to bear sensations, thereby opening the door, in the one's self-consciousness, to the appearance of feelings, which are closely linked to the world of values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Can properties of emotions other than valence influence consumers' responses to emotional ads? We show that consumers' processing motivation moderates whether their attitudes are based on the valence of or the resource demands imposed by the emotion featured in an ad. When motivation is low, consumers respond more favorably to positively versus negatively valenced emotional ads. However, when motivation is high, attitudes are more favorable when the magnitude of allocated resources matches that required to process the ad. Three studies identify three distinct properties of emotions (univalence, purity, and self- consciousness) that can influence the resource demands of an ad. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Long and short flow scales are examined from dispositional (n = 652 long; n = 692 short) and state (n = 499 long; n = 865 short) perspectives. The long flow scales constitute a 36-item multidimensional assessment of flow and have previously demonstrated good psychometric properties. The short flow scales constitute new abbreviated versions of the long forms, contain 9 items, and provide a brief measure of flow from a dimensional perspective. In the current study, long and short flow scales are assessed across a large and diverse physical activity sample. With few exceptions, these flow measures demonstrated acceptable model fit, reliability, and distributions; associations with key correlates in parallel and hypothesized ways; and invariance in factor loadings. Together, the scales provide options for assessing flow in different contexts and when different goals or constraints are operating. Researchers wanting to capture an aggregate of the multidimensional framework might find the short scales a pragmatic alternative when constraints prohibit use of the full-length versions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of the present study was to investigate whether self-consciousness, self-reported oral health status and oral-health-related behaviours were associated.Material and Methods: The present study sample consisted of 253 first year medical students in Romania. The questionnaire included information about socio-demographic factors, behavioural variables, self-reported oral health status and three self-consciousness subscales (Private Self-Consciousness, Public Self-Consciousness, and Social Anxiety).Results: Significant differences were found in Public Self-Consciousness and Social Anxiety according to several variables: anxiety, stress, depression and current non-treated caries. There were significant differences in Social Anxiety for the variables of gender, smoking, perceived dental health, self-reported gum bleeding and reason for dental visit (p < 0.05). A significant difference was found in Public Self-Consciousness for the reason for dental visits (p < 0.05). Total Self-Consciousness is correlated with anxiety, stress, depression, current non-treated caries, gingival bleeding and reason for dental visit. Oral health behaviours such as tooth brushing, flossing, mouth washing and last dental visit were not influenced by each of the self-consciousness subscales.Conclusions: The results suggest that self-consciousness might be a psychosocial risk marker that influences self-reported oral health status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines an argument about the capriciousness of play by R. G. Collingwood. Attempt at understanding of the argument by Collingwood; Definition of the term caprice; Play not merely a source of physical pleasure; Emphasis on the concept of action; Choice of play without conscious reason; Pursuit of play intuitive, spontaneous and innocent of explicit reason; Definition of caprice according to an essay by Collingwood "Goodness, Caprice, and Utility."

Two field studies investigate the importance of social presence (real and imagined) and familiarity with the purchase act in producing embarrassment in the context of an embarrassing product purchase. The results indicate that awareness of a social presence during purchase selection and commitment, whether real or imagined, is a motivating factor in creating embarrassment for the consumer. Further, our results show that the more familiar consumers are with an embarrassing product purchase, the less embarrassed they are likely to feel. Familiarity with an embarrassing product purchase is also shown to have implications for the effect of social presence. That is, familiarity with purchase acts as a moderator for the relationship of real social presence and embarrassment by reducing the influence of the social presence. In the context of an imagined social presence, purchase familiarity is shown to reduce the likelihood of imagining. These findings are integrated into a discussion of the theoretical implications and the potential avenues for future research in the area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author reflects on the book "The Exchange of Words" by Dick Moran and mentions how Moran's thinking and writing have profoundly shaped his philosophical orientation and sensibility. It mentions approach to central epistemological issues by placing them within a broader moral psychological and interpersonal framework. It also mentions self-conscious understanding of one's illocutionary act is essential.

Objective: This study examines the self-presentational motives underlying people's selection of their daily dress and relationships between these motives and public self-consciousness.Method: Participants in this study, 61 working adults, described their motives for choosing what they wore each day for 2 weeks. They also provided trait-level measures of self-consciousness, social anxiety, and self-monitoring.Results: Multilevel modeling analyses found positive relationships between public self-consciousness and the strength of various self-presentational motives for why people chose the clothes they wore each day. In contrast, there were few relationships between the strength of these motives and private self-consciousness, social anxiety, and self-monitoring. Participants felt better about themselves when they received compliments from others about their attire and when they were more (vs. less) satisfied with how they had dressed each day.Conclusions: The results suggest that dispositional public self-consciousness manifests itself in daily life in the form of motives for choosing daily attire, specifically for motives that involve self-presentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explore modalities of inquiry that fall beyond the Enlightenment's valorization of reason, progress, and knowledge production and embodied existence of the self and its self-conscious cultivation as the outside to biopower. It mentions contemporary shame studies waning influences as a social bond takes a Durkheimian approach to shame, which connects social sickness to threats. It also mentions neurologist Sigmund Freud on legitimacy of literary imagination.

This essay examines the activity through which the appropriations of William Barksted's Hiren, the Fair Greek entered the dialogue of The Insatiate Countess. The essay argues that Hiren is a more substantial source for The Insatiate Countess than has been supposed, that The Dumb Knight and The Turk also draw from Hiren, and that Barksted's narrative verse displays a tendency to use phrases previously deployed by John Marston. The essay considers the implications of these claims and suggests that one explanation for the striking verse register of The Insatiate Countess is that it features Marstonian diction shorn of Marstonian self-consciousness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • The study analyzed a model linking shyness with self-conscious emotions at preschool. • Shyness was associated with proneness to experience self-conscious emotions. • The relation between shyness and self-conscious emotions was mediated by peer difficulties. Abstract In early education contexts, shy children are prone to experiencing difficulties in their relationships with peer and teachers. These negative social experiences may, in turn, reinforce shy children's feelings of self-consciousness. The aim of the present study was to test a complex model linking shyness with self-conscious emotions (i.e., guilt, shame) through negative social experiences at preschool (i.e., peer difficulties, non-supportive teacher–child relationships). Participants were 131 (64 boys) preschool children (M = 55.89 months, SD = 9.75) and their teachers (two for each classroom). Multi-source assessment was employed, with parents rating children's shyness and self-conscious emotions (i.e., guilt, shame) and teachers evaluating children's peer difficulties (i.e., rejection, victimization) and the quality (i.e., closeness) of their relationship with each child. Results from path analysis revealed an indirect effect between shyness and self-conscious emotions through negative peer experiences (but not via close teacher–child relationships). More specifically, shyness predicted peer difficulties, which in turn predicted feelings of guilt and shame. This study highlights the potential role of negative experiences with peers in helping to account for the link between shyness and children's negative feelings about themselves. Shy children's positive experiences with peers should be enhanced at preschool in order to help reduce their feelings of guilt and shame. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Related research has reported that because shy individuals are extremely self-consciousness, they hold the evaluations of others to be highly relevant. However, cognitive neuroscientific evidence for this conclusion is limited. In the present study, a real-life evaluation circumstance was established in which evaluative comments about college students and their friends were collected. EEG signals of shy and non-shy college students were recorded while they were instructed to judge whether these comments were suitable for evaluating themselves (self-related task) and their friends (friend-related task) and to indicate whether they knew the meaning of the adjectives (baseline task). Shy subjects demonstrated a significantly larger P3 mean amplitude for both self-related and friend-related tasks compared with the baseline task. By contrast, non-shy subjects demonstrated a significantly larger P3 mean amplitude in the self-related task than in the other two tasks. The baseline task results were then subtracted, and the difference in EEG signals revealed that shy subjects were more sensitive to comments about themselves as well as their friends compared with their non-shy counterparts. These findings provide neurophysiological evidence for the interpersonal evaluation sensitivity of shy individuals in the late attention-sensitive stage. Furthermore, excessive involvement in interpersonal evaluations may be a neurocognitive deficit in shy individuals, which may be related to maladaptative cognition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The feeling of embodiment, i.e., experiencing the body as belonging to oneself and being able to integrate objects into one's bodily self-representation, is a key aspect of human self-consciousness and has been shown to importantly shape human cognition. An extension of such feelings toward robots has been argued as being crucial for assistive technologies aiming at restoring, extending, or simulating sensorimotor functions. Empirical and theoretical work illustrates the importance of sensory feedback for the feeling of embodiment and also immersion; we focus on the the perceptual level of touch and the role of tactile feedback in various assistive robotic devices. We critically review how different facets of tactile perception in humans, i.e., affective, social, and self-touch, might influence embodiment. This is particularly important as current assistive robotic devices – such as prostheses, orthoses, exoskeletons, and devices for teleoperation–often limit touch low-density and spatially constrained haptic feedback, i.e., the mere touch sensation linked to an action. Here, we analyze, discuss, and propose how and to what degree tactile feedback might increase the embodiment of certain robotic devices, e.g., prostheses, and the feeling of immersion in human-robot interaction, e.g., in teleoperation. Based on recent findings from cognitive psychology on interactive processes between touch and embodiment, we discuss technical solutions for specific applications, which might be used to enhance embodiment, and facilitate the study of how embodiment might alter human-robot interactions. We postulate that high-density and large surface sensing and stimulation are required to foster embodiment of such assistive devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/aim: Patients suffering dental trauma are unprepared for the disability challenge and necessary rehabilitation, while a traumatic event places an expanded demand on the dentist who is focused on treating disease. The aim of this study was to examine the impact of traumatic dental injuries (TDI) on patients and to compare patients' and dentists' perceptions of the event.Material and Methods: TDI patients (aged ≥ 21 years) attending a tertiary dental hospital from 2011 to 2013, and their dentists were recruited with informed consent. An exploratory sequential mixed-methods design was adopted. The Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-14) quantitatively identified patients with "very often," "fairly often" or "occasionally" in at least one of the OHIP-14 questions (Phase 1) to participate in the qualitative phase of the study through focus group discussions (FGD) (Phase 2). FGD for dentists was conducted separately.Results: Quantitative analysis showed 28%-55% of TDI patients had "occasional" to "very often" discomfort during eating, increased self-consciousness and embarrassment. Qualitative analysis showed patients were concerned with aesthetic disability, treatment cost and potential tooth loss but overcame their negative outlook and accepted prescribed protective measures. Dentists appreciated patients' concerns about aesthetics and functional disruptions but were less attuned to patients' sense of guilt and fear of judgement.Conclusions: TDI exert functional, psychological and social impacts on patients. Patients' and dentists' perspectives were useful for understanding the need for continuity of care, and the findings could contribute to effective TDI management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Individuals with HD had hypo active responses to errors. • Individuals with HD self-reports were opposite of their facial responses to errors. • Individuals with HD exhibit dissociation between perception and emotional reactions. Abstract Hoarding disorder (HD) has been hypothesized to arise from deficits in error monitoring and abnormalities in emotional processing, but the relationship between error monitoring and emotional processing has not been examined. We examined measures of self-report, as well as behavioral, physiological, and facial responses to errors during a Stop-Change Task. 25 participants with HD and 32 healthy controls (HC) were recruited. Participants reported on number of errors committed and pre/post emotional response to errors. Skin conductance response (SCR) during correct and error commission trials was examined. Facial expression during task performance was coded for self-conscious and negative emotions. HD and HC participants had significantly different error rates but comparable error correction and post-error slowing. SCR was significantly lower for HD during error commission than for HC. During error trials, HD participants showed a significant deficit in displays of self-conscious emotions compared to HC. Self-reported emotions were increased in HD, with more negative and self-conscious emotion reported than was reported for HC participants. These findings suggest that hypoactive emotional responding at a physiological level may play a role in how errors are processed in individuals with HD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of skinfold measurements is a popular method to determine percentage of body fat because of its relative simplicity. Although attention has been paid to its technical accuracy and validity, less consideration has been given to the psychological impact on participants. The purpose of this study was to determine students' (N= 128) reactions to having skinfold measurements taken in university physical education classes. Skinfold measurements were taken, and a questionnaire administered during the 2nd and 13th weeks of the semester. The questionnaire was used to assess (a) if students were self-conscious or uncomfortable during the measurements, (b) if knowing percent body fat motivated students to exercise, and (c) if the procedure should remain a standard part of class. Descriptive results indicated most students agreed that percent fat measurement was a valuable part of the class. On the pretest, after controlling for sex, regression analysis revealed that percent fat significantly predicted feelings of self-consciousness (R2=.08; β=.36) and motivation to exercise (R2=.07;β.24). On the posttest, percent fat again predicted feelings of self-consciousness (R2=.21; β=.58) but did not predict motivation to exercise. Also, students with greater percent fat felt the body composition assessment should be optional (R2=.08; β=-.36). Although results of this study support body composition assessment in university health-related activity classes, the need for sensitivity to the emotional needs and privacy of individuals is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper involves an investigation of the extent to which the leisure-time activities of individuals are tied to work and occupation. Primary attention is focused on how unemployment affects involvement in sport. An analysis of data collected in a 6-month study of 2,500 West German women leads to the conclusion that sports involvement is embedded in a social evaluation of work and leisure time. Sport involvement presupposes a specific personal and social identity, and is linked with a feeling of self-confidence to a specific body concept and time consciousness. What our ideas clarify is that the variability of personality disposition is shaped by situational factors; occupation and work, among other factors, are stabilizing influences. This stability can deteriorate among the unemployed if it is not secured by alternative roles. When stability deteriorates, sport involvement tends to decline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information about the social history of China. The author stresses that the country's adoption on social transformation among community and group took place in Europe during the industrial revolution. Social transformation includes the process of change in attitudes and beliefs of the people, where greatest demand in self-awareness and self-remolding among social groups are involved. The process of transformation has caused the country to concentrate on both philosophical and material scales of self-conscious planning. As completion on the change, the country conducted campaigns against illiteracy where about 90 percent of the population are affected. Furthermore, the transformation process of the society involves twofold process of change on both material and spiritual.

The association between religiosity and morality identified in self-reports has received limited support from studies of actual behavior. We propose that religiosity variables are likely to contribute to moral behavior in the context of moral self-regulation. Five studies examined the prediction that people who strongly endorse the items "I try hard to live all my life according to my religious beliefs" and "My whole approach to life is based on my religion" and people who report strong God belief would exhibit heightened moral emotions and prosocial behaviors after moral self-image (MSI) threats. Study 1 (N = 169) demonstrated that considering a recent moral transgression (the manipulation used in Studies 2-5) resulted in lower MSI, regardless of participants' levels of endorsement of religion-related items. Study 2 (N = 207) showed that following a threat to MSI, religiosity variables predicted heightened negative affect and self-conscious moral emotions. Studies 3 through 5 (combined N = 616) showed that following MSI threats, individuals endorsing intrinsic religiosity and God belief items showed increased prosocial task completion (Studies 3 and 5) and decreased cheating on a word-solving task (Study 4). Study 5 demonstrated that moral identity accounted for the role of religiosity variables in promoting moral self-regulation following MSI threat. Noting that these findings are limited to people representative of the participants in these samples (Mechanical Turk workers; University of Missouri undergraduate students), and to the precise measures and manipulations used, implications of these findings and constraints on their generalizability are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Integrating information across sensory systems is a critical step toward building a cohesive representation of the environment and one's body, and as illustrated by numerous illusions, scaffolds subjective experience of the world and self. In the last years, classic principles of multisensory integration elucidated in the subcortex have been translated into the language of statistical inference understood by the neocortical mantle. Most importantly, a mechanistic systems‐level description of multisensory computations via probabilistic population coding and divisive normalization is actively being put forward. In parallel, by describing and understanding bodily illusions, researchers have suggested multisensory integration of bodily inputs within the peripersonal space as a key mechanism in bodily self‐consciousness. Importantly, certain aspects of bodily self‐consciousness, although still very much a minority, have been recently casted under the light of modern computational understandings of multisensory integration. In doing so, we argue, the field of bodily self‐consciousness may borrow mechanistic descriptions regarding the neural implementation of inference computations outlined by the multisensory field. This computational approach, leveraged on the understanding of multisensory processes generally, promises to advance scientific comprehension regarding one of the most mysterious questions puzzling humankind, that is, how our brain creates the experience of a self in interaction with the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author presents a literary criticism of the English novel "Jane Eyre" by Charlotte Brontë. Topics include the theme of self-perception in the character Jane Eyre, how she overcomes her sense of self-consciousness, and the issue of social roles and how self-worth is not determined by them.

The link between remorse, reflection and tendency for self-consciousness has not been established in context of actual aggressive episodes. The present study aimed at examining retrospectively reported aggression episodes in everyday life, how individuals feel and think about their own acts afterward and the association between private self-consciousness (PSC) and post aggression feeling and reflection. The sample consisted of 62 high school students (age range 14-18 years) from West Midlands, United Kingdom. Participants provided brief descriptions of aggressive acts (shouting, insulting, and hitting), answered three questions about frequency of acts, feeling and reflection after the acts as well as completed Private Self-consciousness Scale (Scheier & Carver, 1985). The descriptions were content analysed by two raters along pre-decided dimensions; target of aggression and triggering situation. Inter-rater agreement was satisfactory. Analyses showed that young persons shouted at siblings, friends, peers, mothers and other adults in this order of frequency. Hitting occurred between peers, siblings, other adults and friends. Verbal provocation, physical provocation, norm violation and indirect aggression were most frequent triggering situations for aggressive acts. Paired sample t-test showed that participants reported significantly higher remorse after being aggressive to someone who had not provoked them as compared to when provoked. Correlation analyses revealed remorse, reflection and private self-consciousness relating negatively to aggression frequency whereas PSC, reflection and feeling relating positively. Reflection predicted frequency of aggressive acts and one component of private self-consciousness, internal state awareness, predicted reflection. Findings and implications of the study are discussed with special focus on youth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What is the relation between self-knowledge and knowledge of others? And how do we develop an understanding of others and ourselves? In this paper, I will argue that our sense of self is thoroughly social even though self-knowledge is not based on the same kind of evidence as knowledge of others. Moreover, I will suggest that we need to distinguish between different kinds of self- and other-understanding: some are based on procedural knowledge or knowing-how and involve an implicit representation of self or other, while others involve conceptual abilities. I will conclude with some considerations regarding the role of the second-person perspective in structuring the development of the concept of ourselves and others as persons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Pride is an important, self-conscious emotion composed of two distinct conceptual facets: arrogant, egotistic "hubristic pride," and pro-social, achievement-oriented "authentic pride." However, little is known about the neural basis of the two facets of pride. Here, we investigated the association between spontaneous brain activity and these two facets of pride in resting state.Method: We measured 276 participants on authentic and hubristic pride. The fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (fALFF) was used to identify pride-related regions.Results: The results revealed individual differences in authentic pride were associated with the fALFF in the bilateral superior temporal gyrus (STG), which has been implicated in social processing. In contrast, individual differences in hubristic pride were associated with the fALFF in the left orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), which have been implicated in self-referential and reward processing.Conclusions: Together, our results provide initial evidence for the distinct neural substrates for authentic and hubristic pride. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]