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The article offers information on the1921 British Mount Everest reconnaissance expedition that set off to explore how it might be possible to get to the vicinity of Mount Everest, to reconnoitre possible routes for ascending the mountain, and to make the first ascent of the highest mountain in the world. It reports the feasible route was discovered from the east up the Kharta Glacier and then crossing the Lhakpa La pass north east of Everest, through Tibet.

The reserch of the present study was based on original documents from the document collection of the "Alexandru Ştefulescu" Museum of Gorj County in Târgu-Jiu in regard to the scouting in Romania. This study was dedicated to the anniversary of one hundred years of scouting in Romania and also to the participation of scouts Gheorghe and Mihail Cristescu, nephews of lawyer Constantin Dumitru Brătuianu from Ţicleni, Gorj county, at the battle of Amzacea (the southern part of Dobroudja region) in the autumn of 1916. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

E-2 "Hawkeye" AWACS (Airborne Warning and Control System) has been playing an important role in US navy as a critical C4ISR (Command, Control, Communications, Computers, Intelligence, Surveillance, Reconnaissance) node due to its unique tactical performance. With the improvements of the fundamental technologies, AWACS can improve its performances to adapt the increasingly complicated network -centric operation. This paper introduces the avionics system of E-2D "Advanced Hawkeye", discusses its roles in network - centric warfare, and finally, analyzes the critical technologies and performance improvement. Related information provides reference for engineers who are engaged in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From its foundation in 1911 the EEDF (Éclaireuses et Éclaireurs de France) movement has been officially fostering a citizenship education project matching a normative model inherited from the French Third Republic. EEDF is thus a site to understand the main features of the French citizenship education arena. First and foremost this volunteer group stands at the core of a childhood policy, a field that has been progressively institutionalized and nationalized during the twentieth century. An ethnography of daily practices implemented within this policy framework brings to the fore the symbolic importance of the nation-state as the horizon in citizenship education. In this volunteer sector, individuals have internalized narratives about the decline of state and publicness. The daily work of this group reproduces some of the evolutions of public action in a shifting landscape: especially the increase in security claims and tensions over group identity. Citizenship as an indigenous resource is not mobilized in any innovative or ‘new’ form. It sticks to a mere orthodox (conservative) understanding: conventional political participation and dedication to a consensual conception of the collectivity and common good. This anthropological case study of citizenship questions the relevance of using citizenship as a concept to address political subjectivity and collective commitments in the French context. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this paper, we present two motion primitives that allow a mobile sensor to explore the features of an unknown scalar field. The first motion primitive is designed to follow and to map level contours (contours with constant value of the field). The second one steers the sensor to ascend or alternatively descend the field gradient and, as a result, to localize its extremum points. Both of these primitives are defined in terms of the geometric characteristics of the potential function and their performance is analyzed for different ranges of the parameters describing the geometry. The two motion primitives constitute a suitable library for rapid information acquisition aimed at the mapping of unknown fields. The motion control primitives developed below will provide the foundation of a theory of control for information acquisition in the exploration of unknown fields by means of mobile point sensors. This theory is treated in a companion paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence of team-based organizations requires shifting the focus from intrateam to interteam activities in order to understand organizational functioning. This article develops a model of interteam boundary activity and proposes that boundary activity is contingent on interteam goal and task interdependence. In addition, the authors propose that team heterogeneity, interteam power relations, organizational culture, and external environment moderate the relationships between interteam interdependence configuration and boundary activity. The preferred boundary activity further determines whether higher team performance fully translates into higher organizational performance. The article concludes by considering the research and practice challenges implied by the proposed model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes “Little Ben,” an autonomous ground vehicle constructed by the Ben Franklin Racing Team for the 2007 DARPA Urban Challenge in under a year and for less than $250,000. The sensing, planning, navigation, and actuation systems for Little Ben were carefully designed to meet the performance demands required of an autonomous vehicle traveling in an uncertain urban environment. We incorporated an array of a global positioning system (GPS)/inertial navigation system, LIDARs, and stereo cameras to provide timely information about the surrounding environment at the appropriate ranges. This sensor information was integrated into a dynamic map that could robustly handle GPS dropouts and errors. Our planning algorithms consisted of a high-level mission planner that used information from the provided route network definition and mission data files to select routes, whereas the lower level planner used the latest dynamic map information to optimize a feasible trajectory to the next waypoint. The vehicle was actuated by a cost-based controller that efficiently handled steering, throttle, and braking maneuvers in both forward and reverse directions. Our software modules were integrated within a hierarchical architecture that allowed rapid development and testing of the system performance. The resulting vehicle was one of six to successfully finish the Urban Challenge. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A honeybee colony needs to divide its workforce so that each of the many tasks it performs has an appropriate number of workers assigned to it. This task allocation system needs to be flexible enough to allow the colony to quickly adapt to an ever-changing environment. In this study, we examined possible mechanisms by which a honeybee colony regulates the division of labor between scouts (foragers that search for new food sources without having been guided to them) and recruits (foragers that were guided via recruitment dances toward food sources). Specifically, we examined the roles that the availability of recruitment dances and worker genotype has in the colony-level regulation of the number of workers engaged in scouting. Our approach was threefold. We first developed a mathematical model to demonstrate that the decision to become a scout or a recruit could be regulated by whether a potential forager can find a recruitment dance within a certain time period. We then tested this model by investigating the effect of dance availability on the regulation of scouts in the field. Lastly, we investigated if the probability of being a scout has a genetic basis. Our field data supported the hypothesis that scouts are those foragers that have failed to locate a recruitment dance as predicted by our model, but we found no effect of genotype on the propensity of foragers to become scouts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Robert Stephenson Smyth Baden-Powell (1857–1941), founder of the Boy Scout Movement in 1907, was a British military hero during the Boer War. Within an ethos and era of empire-building, athleticism, soldier-heroes and the pursuit of ‘manliness,’ Baden-Powell valued the arts and adapted his artistic skill to his wartime and Scouting activities. His own sketches and paintings are accomplished, and he exhibited his work in India, Southern Africa, and London— including sending a sculpture to the Royal Academy and regularly receiving payment for sketches that he sent to The Graphic magazine. He took his friends to exhibitions at the Royal Academy, visited the Paris Salon, and wrote about the importance for boys of learning to draw. Most of his publications are illustrated with his own line drawings, or those by his friends in the London Sketch Club. Observation and perceptual awareness were requirements for successful scouting, and he claimed that there was no better way to develop those skills than by drawing. Thus at a time when the practice of the arts is often seen as ‘feminine,’ and boys may resist participating in art education, it is important to examine Baden-Powell's ‘masculine’ use of the arts and his emphasis on learning through doing. In his study of the Boy Scouts, the YMCA, and their forerunners in the United States, Macleod (1983) makes an important point that ‘Although the behaviour of boys and their leaders in voluntary associations inevitably differed from what occurred in public schools, the patterns are nonetheless revealing because the boys and men were acting more freely than school pupils and teachers’ (p. xvi). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines a generally unnoticed chapter of the Vietnam War: the use of former Vietcong combatants as scouts in the United States military forces during the war. The name of the program was the Kit Carson Scout Program. The article will deal with all the aspects of the program, including the training program, the process of stationing the scouts in the United States Army and Marines units, and the significance contribution to the war efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the Pinewood Derby (PWD) began more than fifty years ago, it has been one of a Cub Scout's first encounters with engineering principles. The PWD is an event in which seven- to eleven-year old Cub Scouts, with help from parents or leaders, construct a car out of a simple block of wood, four nails acting as axles, and four plastic wheels to race down a track under the power of gravity. Concepts such as friction, energy, roughness, and dynamics are indirectly learned as a result of a car's performance. To promote engineering education to elementary-level children, these concepts are taught to Scouts and their parents through the use of an outreach program, the organization, methods, and assessment of which will be discussed in this paper. Consisting of several stations to demonstrate the effects of rolling and slitting friction, wheel alignment, and weight distribution, the outreach program allows the Scouts to experience first hand how they can improve their car's performance. Hands-on activities as well as actual data also help keep the Scouts interested and motivated to build the most optimized car, and concurrently learn basic engineering principles. Since the PWD is hem annually among hundreds of groups internationally, outreach programs have the potential of impacting thousands of Scouts every year and provide a basis for continued interest in engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the author's experience of being a camp counselor of boy scouts at a camp in Vermont. He accepted his characters and themes from changing Zionism to scouting but with the same fierce children and sincere counselors. He wrote "The Boy Scouts of Westhampton" in order to believe through the larger problem on what could be done to foster good judgment in children without simply teaching them.

Argues that the Boy Scout of America (BSA) is a quasi-religious organization serving greater associational protections than secular organizations. Details of the Supreme Court case Boy Scouts of America v. Dale; Survey of cases involving the BSA and its rights as a private expressive association; Discussion of a classification scheme comports with a legal framework.

Abstract: Regarding the regime of military and intelligence gathering activities in the EEZ, China argues that the freedoms of navigation and overflight in the EEZ have certain restrictions including that the activity must be peaceful and not threaten to use force against the coastal State. This includes military surveys, military maneuvers, and military reconnaissance which are a form of battlefield preparation. These activities are also subject to due regard for the rights of the coastal State. China also argues that there are serious shortcomings regarding the regime of marine scientific research (MSR) in the EEZ and that marine surveys or military surveys carried out by MSR platforms require the consent of the coastal State. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Examines the viability of the anti-discrimination laws in the wake of the legal action filed by a gay boy scout against the Boy Scouts of America. Critique on the neolibertarian view of freedom of association; His argument on the absolute right of noncommercial associations to exclude unwanted members; Heritage shared by political ideologies in the classical liberal tradition.

The article investigates the tensions between and within models of gender equality and gender complementarity by studying children who are in the midst of learning to apply these gender models in practice. Children (aged 11-15 years) were observed and interviewed while they participated in scout camps in Denmark, Portugal, Slovakia and Russia. Through structural and symbolic gender splits in spaces, positions, activities and competences, children create, reproduce and sometimes challenge the specific gender hierarchies of their culture: they learn the gender lessons of 'heroes and mothers', 'soldiers and waitresses', 'father and child' and 'adult and boy'. The article is based on the project 'One of the Boys? Doing Gender in European Scouting'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the decision of the U.S. Supreme Court on the case Boy Scouts of America (BSA) versus Dale and examines the politics of masculinity in the U.S. Because of the litigation, members of the larger communities in which the B SA functions can no longer ignore the routine exclusion of gays that forms part of the basis of the BSA's approach to the construction and perfonnance of male gender identity That exclusion is no longer being accomplished silently. Consequently, it is not so easily naturalized or normalized. Instead, what the BSA does to keep masculinity normatively heterosexual is exposed as ongoing policy and practice of the organization and its members. And once the antigay exclusion becomes an evident series of policy decisions and practices, the BSA, its volunteers, funding organizations, chartering sponsors -whether public, religious or private-and, most importantly, its participating families, all have a self-evident choice. They must all come to grips with their own complicity in the practice of excluding and silencing gay men as role models, and with the possibility that they could choose some alternative form of social education for their boys. As a result of the BSA gay exclusion litigation, even with the result in Dale and in part because of it, it becomes much easier for the average citizen to notice how masculinity is constructed around the exclusion of sissies and the heteronorming of role models, and to consider that we might choose to do otherwise.

The article examines the legal aspects of Connecticut's exclusion of the Boy Scouts from its State Employee Charitable Campaign in May 1999. The Campaign Committee petitioned the Connecticut Commission on Human Rights and Opportunities (CHRO) for a ruling regarding whether inclusion of the Boy Scouts - known for excluding gay men and boys - violates any state law. The CHRO ruled that inclusion would violate the state's anti-discrimination laws. The Boy Scouts sued the Campaign Committee and the State Comptroller alleging that exclusion from the Campaign violated their constitutional First Amendment right to freedom of expression.

This article examines the attitude of the early Boy Scouts movement to sexual relationships between boys and girls. The Scouts were founded by Baden-Powell in 1907 to try and reverse the perceived physical and moral deterioration of British youth. Though he was not involved with the subsequent 'girl problem', the episode was in keeping with his attempt to instil order and respectability in British youth, especially the working class. Going further than other Edwardian youth organizations, a number of Scoutmasters proposed that girls were unsettling and distracting boys and contributing to the decline of the nation. In part they perceived the Scouts and the Guides as a means to constructively occupy British youth, given the temptation of 'walking out'. Although the attempt to stop boys and girls going out with each other was abandoned by the Scout Association in 1917, Baden-Powell took up the issue of heterosexual relationships in his writings of the early 1920s. His advice to boys recognized sexual pleasure but warned of the dangers of certain 'girls' and counselled against pre-marital sex. The article concludes by reiterating what the episode reflected: class snobbery, fears surrounding the city, the invention of adolescence, a fear of female sexuality, eugenics and social purity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents information on the case of Boys Scouts of America (BSA) versus James Dale, which questions the legality of a scout master's dismissal from the organization due to homosexuality. Legal facts and procedural history; Organizational rules of the BSA; Selection procedure for BSA members.

This paper suggests that an historical analysis of social attitudes to disabled people is an important but neglected area of study. Attitudes to disabled people will change over time and policy makers within organisations and the general public will be influenced by a variety of social factors. Governmental policies and legislation may prove of minor influence or trigger unexpected change in organisational attitudes. An examination of policy in the disability section of the Scout Association and its approach to disabled scouts illustrates the complexity of influences on organisational policy over time. Documentary evidence suggests that the Association was promoting integration of disabled scouts into the wider organisation during the inter war period when national policies promoted segregation. However in 1959, when major segregative legislation was repealed, there was a change of policy to exclude a particular group of disabled people--that is people with learning difficulties--from full membership. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Provides information on the purposes and programs of the Exploring Division of the Boy Scouts of America. Response of students to career education; Factor that has proven to be of value to career education programs in schools; Basis for the program of an Explorer post.