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40. Meliosma buchananifolia Merr. (Sabiaceae) in Philipp. J. Sci. 23(3): 250. 1923. TYPE:— CHINA. Hainan: Yik Tsok Mau, 19 May 1922, F. A. McClure 3184 (i.e. Canton Christian College Herbarium 9732) (syntype: PNH, destroyed, A 00051042 image!, A 00051043 image!, ECON 00112346 image!). The name Meliosma buchananifolia Merr. was validly published with a single gathering “ McClure 9732 ” cited in the protologue (Merrill, 1923). However, on the labels of the syntype specimens, the collecting number is 3184 and the herbarium number is Canton Christian College Herbarium 9732. Therefore, the erroneous collecting number in the protologue is to be corrected., Published as part of Lin, Yun, Bi, Hai-Yan, Sun, Jun & Sun, Qian, 2023, Correction of collecting number errors in the protologues of sixty-four taxon names from China, pp. 271-282 in Phytotaxa 598 (4) on page 278, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.598.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7983799, {"references":["Merrill, E. D. (1923) Diagnoses of Hainan Plants, II. The Philippine Journal of Science 23 (3): 237 - 268."]}

We present a list of tree species of French Guiana, based on data collected from herbarium specimens and tree inventories, and verified against all available taxonomic literature to date. The list contains 1811 taxa representing 87 families and 421 genera, including 143 unnamed species which either may be species not previously recorded in French Guiana, or taxa new to Science. Original demographic data such as global abundance, local maximum frequency and geographic dispersion, are given for the 1293 species present in tree inventories. Our work has led to the recognition of certain taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties, including a new combination in Lecythis Loefl. (Lecythidaceae), several lectotypifications and new synonyms, as well as reinstatement of Sloanea acutiflora Uittien (Elaeocarpaceae), Eugenia sinemariensis Aubl. (Myrtaceae), and four species of Inga (Leguminosae). In addition, we provide the most comprehensive list available to date of corresponding vernacular names (4354 for 1157 species) in nine languages spoken in French Guiana: Palikur, Kali’na, Teko, Wayãpi, Wayana, Nengee tongo (Aluku/Ndjuka/Paramaka), Creole, French, and Brasilian Portuguese. The checklist is complemented by indexes of exsiccata, vernacular names and scientific names. The introductory part is available in French and English., Nous présentons une liste des espèces d’arbres de Guyane française, basée sur des données issues de spécimens d’herbiers et d’inventaires d’arbres. Les noms ont été vérifiés au regard de toute la littérature taxonomique disponible à ce jour. La liste contient 1811 taxons représentant 87 familles et 421 genres, dont 143 espèces non nommées qui peuvent être soit des espèces non répertoriées précédemment en Guyane française, soit des taxons nouveaux pour la Science. Des données démographiques originales telles que l’abondance globale, la fréquence maximale locale et la dispersion géographique, sont données pour les 1293 espèces présentes dans les inventaires d’arbres. Nos travaux ont conduit à la reconnaissance de quelques nouveautés taxonomiques et nomenclaturales, dont une nouvelle combinaison dans le genre Lecythis Loefl. (Lecythidaceae), plusieurs lectotypifications et nouveaux synonymes, ainsi que la réinstallation de Sloanea acutiflora Uittien (Elaeocarpaceae), d’Eugenia sinemariensis Aubl. (Myrtaceae), et de quatre espèces du genre Inga (Leguminosae). En outre, nous fournissons la liste la plus complète disponible à ce jour des noms vernaculaires correspondants (4354 pour 1157 espèces) dans neuf langues parlées en Guyane française : Palikur, Kali’na, Teko, Wayãpi, Wayana, Nengee tongo (Aluku/Ndjuka/Paramaka), Créole, Français, et Portugais du Brésil. Le catalogue est complété par des index des exsiccata, des noms vernaculaires et des noms scientifiques. La partie introductive est proposée en français et en anglais.

[1525] Ophiocaryon chironectes Barneby Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 23: 117 (Barneby 1972). VERNACULAR NAME. — Wp: tãpẽlemiũ ’ɨ. HERBARIUM DATA (FG). — A single collection, P. Grenand 1543. The type is from Clevelandia, Amapá, on the Brazilian border of the Oyapock River: L. Y. T. Westra 47298 (NY[00387482]). INVENTORY DATA (FG). — 1 tree, dbh = 10.8 cm., Published as part of Molino, Jean-François, Sabatier, Daniel, Grenand, Pierre, Engel, Julien, Frame, Dawn, Delprete, Piero G., Fleury, Marie, Odonne, Guillaume, Davy, Damien, Lucas, Eve J. & Martin, Claire A., 2022, An annotated checklist of the tree species of French Guiana, including vernacular nomenclature, pp. 345-903 in Adansonia (3) (3) 44 (26) on page 671, DOI: 10.5252/adansonia2022v44a26, http://zenodo.org/record/7458777

[1526] Ophiocaryon paradoxum R.H.Schomb. London J. Bot. 4: 377 (Schomburgk 1845). NOTE. — Known only from the Guiana Shield. HERBARIUM DATA (FG). — A single collection, C. Sastre 4704. SIZE. — Guyana. B. Maguire 22937 (MO), dbh 30 cm., Published as part of Molino, Jean-François, Sabatier, Daniel, Grenand, Pierre, Engel, Julien, Frame, Dawn, Delprete, Piero G., Fleury, Marie, Odonne, Guillaume, Davy, Damien, Lucas, Eve J. & Martin, Claire A., 2022, An annotated checklist of the tree species of French Guiana, including vernacular nomenclature, pp. 345-903 in Adansonia (3) (3) 44 (26) on page 671, DOI: 10.5252/adansonia2022v44a26, http://zenodo.org/record/7458777

2. Meliosma dazae Rob.Fern., sp. nov. (Figures 2–4) Diagnosis:— Meliosma dazae most closely resembles M. caballeroensis Cornejo (2008b: 93) but differs by the shape of leaf blades (elliptic vs. oblanceolate), outer petals length (0.66–0.95 mm long vs. ca. 2 mm long), and shape of inner petals (entire vs. bifid). Additionally, it differs from other congeneric by the combination of glabrous leaves, leaf blades (14-)17–33 × 4.2–7.3 cm, sepals 4, 0.92–1.18 mm long, glabrous outer petals 0.66–0.95 mm long, glabrous and broadly lanceolate inner petals 0.40–0.43 mm long, inner petals longer than the filaments, and drupes 1.2–1.4 × 1.1–1.3 cm. Type:— PERU. Junín: Prov. Chanchamayo, Dist. San Ramón, road to Mina Pichita, just above mine, 11°05′40″ S, 75°25′03″ W, 2100 m, 18 Nov. 2002 (fl.), R. T. Pennington, A. K. Monro & A. Daza 1290 (holotype MOL! [barcode 000112]; isotype E! [barcode E00200744], MOL! [barcodes 000113, 000114, 000115, 000116]). Tree up to 15 m tall and 21 cm DBH. Terminal branchlets terete, 6–7 mm diam., glabrous and lenticellate. Leaves alternate; petioles terete, 1.3-2.8 cm long, slightly basally swollen (pulvinus-like), glabrous, black when dry; leaf blades coriaceous, (14-)17–33 × 4.2–7.3 cm, elliptic, apex acute, base cuneate, margin entire, slightly discolorous; venation brochidodromous, with 16–23 secondary veins, 4–22 mm distant from each other, central secondary veins with (66-)72–86°, intersecondary veins absent, rarely weak; adaxial surface with the midvein and secondary veins impressed, the reticulation barely visible; abaxial surface with the midvein salient, secondary veins prominent and the reticulation visible; adaxial surface flat, glabrous, brown when dry; abaxial surface glabrous, light brown when dry. Inflorescence a terminal or axillar erect panicle, 15–23 × 6–8 cm, multiflorous, branched 2-times, peduncle and axes moderately to densely pubescent; bracts scale-like, glabrous, 2.5–4.5 mm long; bracteoles scale-like, margin minutely ciliate, ca. 1 mm long, bracteoles near to the flowers with margins sparsely ciliate. Flowers green to whitish green in fresh, sessile. Sepals 4, subequal, 0.92–1.18 × 0.66–0.94 mm, ovate to deltoid, margin minutely ciliate. Petals 5, glabrous; outer petals 3, 0.66–0.95 × 0.55–0.82 mm, widely ovate, margin entire; inner petals 2, 0.40–0.43 mm long, longer than the filaments, broadly lanceolate, basally adnate to the stamens, apex obtuse. Stamens 2, 0.48–0.58 mm long; filaments 0.28–0.33 mm long; connective with a slightly triangular tip; anthers 0.22–0.27 × 0.49–0.51 mm, thecae separated by connective tissue; staminodes 3, 0.44–0.61 mm long, capitate, with two lateral projections at the base, opposite to outer petals and basally adnate to them, one of the three staminodes with one vestigial theca. Ovary 0.34–0.46 mm long, ovoid, glabrous, with an annular disk; style minute; stigma punctiform. Infructescence erect, ca. 20 × 10.8 cm, peduncle and axes glabrescent. Drupes 1.2–1.4 × 1.1–1.3 cm, subspherical, with the base compressed, black when dry. Seeds not seen. Habitat and distribution:— Meliosma dazae is a endemic Peruvian tree known from a single locality in the montane forests of the District of San Ramón (Junín), on moderate to markedly steep slopes. At this locality, M. dazae occurs in mature forests between 2100–2400 m. Phenology:— Flowering in November, and fruiting in September and November. Etymology:— This species is named after Aniceto Daza Y., technician and long-time research collaborator at the herbarium of the Facultad de Ciencias Forestales of the Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina. During the last 40 years, the Daza’s collections have been an important contribution to the knowledge of the tree flora of the Junín region and to Peruvian dendrology (see Ríos 1982; Reynel et al. 2020). Conservation status:— Meliosma dazae is known from three collections from the San Ramón district of the Chanchamayo Province (Department of Junín), and in this region the mature rainforests are under continuous anthropic pressure (see additional comments under M. chanchamayensis). Following IUCN (2012, 2019) guidelines and based on estimated area of occupancy of 8 km 2, we recommended the category Critically Endangered CR B2ab(iii) for this species. Discussion:— Vegetatively M. dazae most closely resembles M. caballeroensis Cornejo (Bolivia and Peru), M. glossophylla Cuatrecasas (1948 [1949]: 216) (Colombia to Bolivia) and M. littlei (Ecuador) due to its long (up to 35 cm) and narrow (M. dazae differs from M. caballeroensis by its elliptic leaf blades (vs. oblanceolate), outer petals 0.66–0.95 mm long (vs. ca. 2 mm) and entire inner petals (vs. bifid). Moreover, M. dazae differs from M. littlei by its petioles 1.3-2.8 cm long (vs. 3–4 cm), leaf blades with 16–23 secondary veins (vs. 10–12) and drupes 1.2–1.4 × 1.1–1.3 cm (vs. ca. 1.8 × 1.6–1.7 cm). Finally, M. dazae differs from M. glossophylla by its brown adaxial leaf blades when dry (vs. greyish), absent intersecondary veins (vs. present) and moderately to densely pubescent inflorescences (vs. glabrous). Probably M. dazae is most closely related to M. frondosa Cuatrecasas & Idrobo (1955: 193) (Panama to Bolivia) and M. minutipetala Arbeláez (2004: 13) (Bolivia and Peru) by sharing sepals that are evidently longer than petals. However, M. dazae can be easily differentiated from former by its leaf blades with cuneate bases (vs. rounded to subcordate in M. frondosa), flowers with 4 sepals 0.92–1.18 mm long (vs. 5 sepals 2.2–2.5 mm long), and inner petals slightly longer than the filaments (vs. inner petals of similar length as the stamens). Also, M. dazae differs from the latter by its elliptic leaf blades (14-)17–33 × 4.2–7.3 cm, (vs. obovate, 23.5–31 × 9.3–12 cm in M. minutipetala), flowers with 4 sepals (vs. 5) and entire inner petals (vs. bifid). Paratypes:— PERU. Junín: Prov. Chanchamayo, Dist. San Ramón, Concesión para la Conservación Puyu Sacha, Parcela PR a 1.4 km al oeste del centro de interpretación, 11°05′51″ S, 75°26′14″ W, 2400 m, 19 Sep. 2017 (fr.), R . Fernandez-Hilario et al. 1176 (HOXA!), Fundo APRODES, 11°05′53″ S, 75°26′16″ W, 2395 m, 21 Sep 2017 (st.), A . Claros 564 (MOL!)., Published as part of Fernandez-Hilario, Robin & Reynel, Carlos, 2022, Two new species of Meliosma (Sabiaceae) from the premontane and montane forests of the Selva Central of Peru, pp. 45-54 in Phytotaxa 559 (1) on pages 49-52, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.559.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/7009358, {"references":["Cornejo, X. (2008 b) Four new species of Meliosma (Sabiaceae) from Ecuador and Bolivia. Harvard Papers in Botany 13: 93 - 102. https: // doi. org / 10.3100 / 1043 - 4534 (2008) 13 [93: FNSOMS] 2.0. CO; 2","Rios, T. (1982) Practicas de Dendrologia Tropical. Departamento de Manejo Forestal, UNALM. Lima, Peru, 140 pp.","Reynel, C., Terreros, S. & Palacios, S. (2020) El Herbario de la Facultad de Ciencias Forestales de la UNALM. Facultad de Ciencias Forestales - UNALM, Lima, 99 pp.","IUCN (2012) Categorias y Criterios de la Lista RoJa de la IUCN: Version 3.1. Segunda edicion. IUCN Red List Unit, Gland & Cambridge. Available from: https: // www. iucnredlist. org / resources / categories-and-criteria (accessed 18 August 2022)","IUCN (2019) Guidelines for using the IUCN Red List categories and criteria: Version 14. Standards and Petitions Committee, IUCN Red List Unit, Gland. Available from: https: // www. iucnredlist. org / resources / redlistguidelines (accessed 18 August 2022)","Cuatrecasas, J. (1948) [1949] Studies in South American. Plants, I. Lloydia 11: 185 - 225.","Cuatrecasas, J. & Idrobo, J. M. (1955) El genero Meliosma en Colombia. Caldasia 7: 187 - 211.","Arbelaez, A. L. (2004) Two new species of Meliosma (Sabiaceae) from Bolivia. Novon 14: 12 - 16."]}

1. Meliosma chanchamayensis Rob.Fern. & Reynel, sp. nov. (Figures 1–2) Diagnosis:— Meliosma chanchamayensis is more closely related to M. wurdackii Cuatrecasas (1988: 493) but differs by the width of leaf blades [(4.0-)5.0– 7.2 cm vs. 9.5–13 cm], indumentum on abaxial leaf blades (glabrous vs. tomentulose), pedicels length (0.5–0.8 mm vs. sessile), and sepals length (0.71–0.90 mm vs 1.2–1.5 mm). Additionally, it differs from other congeneric by the combination of elliptic to sometimes slightly obovate leaf blades, sepals 5, 0.71–0.90 mm long, glabrous outer petals 1.34–1.86 mm long, apically papillate and bifid inner petals 0.89–0.91 mm long, inner petals shorter than the filaments, and drupes 1.6–1.7 × 1.5–1.6 cm. Type:— PERU. Junín: Prov. Chanchamayo, Dist. San Ramón, La Promisoria, 11°05′ S, 75°23′ W [11°03′20″ S, 75°24′40″ W], 1070–1200 m, 26 Nov. 1998 (fl.), T . D. Pennington & A. Daza 16505 (holotype MOL! [barcodes 000110 – 1/2, 000111 – 2/2]; isotype E! [barcode E00189854]). Tree up to 25 m tall and 50 cm DBH. Terminal branchlets terete, 4.5–5 mm diam., glabrous and lenticellate. Leaves alternate, rarely subverticillate; petioles terete, (1.2-) 1.6–2.6 cm long, slightly basally swollen (pulvinus-like) and inflexed in fresh, glabrous, dark brown at the apex and black at the base when dry; leaf blades coriaceous, (14.0-)18.9–27.7 × (4.0-)5.0– 7.2 cm, elliptic, sometimes slightly obovate, apex acuminate, base acute to cuneate, margin entire, slightly discolorous; venation brochidodromous, with 17–22 secondary veins, 3–19 mm distant from each other, central secondary veins with (41-)50–71°, intersecondary veins present or absent; adaxial surface with the midvein and secondary veins impressed, the reticulation barely visible; abaxial surface with the midvein salient, secondary veins prominent and the reticulation visible; adaxial surface flat, glabrous, dark brown when dry; abaxial surface glabrous, light brown when dry. Inflorescence a terminal or axillar erect panicle, ca. 24.7 × 8.5 cm, multiflorous, branched 2- times, peduncle and axes sparsely to densely pubescent; bracts not seen (probably early caducous); bracteoles scalelike, margin ciliate, ca. 0.65–0.75 mm long. Flowers pale cream in fresh; pedicels 0.5–0.8 mm long, densely pubescent. Sepals 5, subequal. 0.71–0.90 × 0.68–0.90 mm, broadly ovate, margin ciliate. Petals 5; outer petals 3, 1.34–1.86 mm long, orbicular to widely ovate, margin entire, glabrous; inner petals 2, 0.89–0.91 mm long, shorter than the filaments, bifid, basally adnate to the stamens, each lobe ovate and apically obtuse 0.29–0.38 mm long, apically papillate. Stamens 2, 1.59–1.61 mm long; filaments 0.95–1.00 mm long; anthers 0.55–0.66 × 1.05 mm, thecae subtended by connective tissue; staminodes 3, 0.81–1 mm long, irregular and forming a mass that completely covers the ovary, opposite to outer petals and basally adnate to them. Ovary 0.75–0.85 mm long, ovoid, glabrous, with an irregular dentate-ciliate cupuliform disk; style 0.12–0.22 mm long; stigma punctiform. Infructescence erect, ca. 28 × 12 cm, peduncle and axes glabrescent. Drupes 1.6–1.7 × 1.5–1.6 cm, subspherical to slightly obovoid, black when dry. Seeds not seen. Distribution and habitat:— Meliosma chanchamayensis is a Peruvian tree endemic known from a single locality in the premontane forests of the District of San Ramón (Junín), on moderate to strong slopes, here it occurs in mature rainforests between 1000–1200 m. Phenology:— Flowering in November, and fruiting in February and November. Etymology:— The specific epithet refers to the Chanchamayo valley of Junín, where the only population of this new species was collected. Conservation status:— Meliosma chanchamayensis is known from three collections from San Ramón district of the Chanchamayo Province (Department of Junín). Currently, the mature forests in the San Ramón district are being destroyed due to the agricultural and urban expansion (Reynel & León 1989; Horgan 2009). Although Junín is a relatively well-explored region (see Antón & Reynel 2004; Marcelo-Peña & Reynel 2014; Giacomotti et al. 2021), several endemic species have been discovered in recent years, e.g.: Dicliptera mercedesiae Villanueva et al. (2021: 37), Coussapoa peruviana C.C.Berg in Berg & Ulloa Ulloa (2014: 14) and Magnolia Juninensis Arroyo (2014: 220). Following IUCN (2012, 2019) guidelines and based on estimated area of occupancy of 8 km 2, we recommended the category Critically Endangered CR B2ab(iii) for this species. Discussion:— Vegetatively M. chanchamayensis most closely resembles M. glabrata (Liebmann 1850: 71) Urban (1895: 212) (Mexico to Peru), M. gracilis Cornejo & Bonifaz in Cornejo (2008b: 96) (Ecuador) and M. occidentalis Cuatrecasas (1948 [1949]: 217) (Costa Rica to Ecuador). Nevertheless, M. chanchamayensis is easily distinguished from these species by its bifid inner petals (vs. linear, ligulate or lanceolate in the other species) and inner petals shorter than filaments (vs. longer than stamens). Additionally, M. chanchamayensis differs from the M. glabrata by its outer petals 1.34–1.86 mm long (vs. 2.2–2.4 mm), and drupes 1.6–1.7 × 1.5–1.6 cm (vs. 2.3–2.6 × 1.8–2 cm); also, M. chanchamayensis differs from the M. gracilis by its petioles (1.2-) 1.6–2.6 cm long (vs. 0.5–1.8 cm in M. gracilis), pedicels 0.5–0.8 mm long (vs. 1–2 mm), and infructescence erect (vs. pendulous). Finally, M. chanchamayensis differs from M. occidentalis by its leaf blades with 17–22 secondary veins (vs. 10–18), abaxial leaf blades glabrous (vs. moderately puberulent), and drupes 1.6–1.7 × 1.5–1.6 cm (vs. 2.4–2.8 × 1.9–2.2 cm). Establishing relationships between Meliosma species is complicated because some species have been published from only fruiting material and even unicates [e.g.: M. littlei Cuatrecasas (1959: 172), M. youngii Gentry (1992: 157)]. In addition, the complex configuration of the flowers has caused that many descriptions are not sufficiently detailed. Probably within the Andean and Amazonian Meliosma species, M. chanchamayensis is more closely related to M. wurdackii Cuatrec. (Peru and Bolivia) but differs by the width of leaf blades [(4.0-)5.0– 7.2 cm vs. 9.5–13 cm], indumentum on abaxial leaf blades (glabrous vs. tomentulose), pedicels length (0.5–0.8 mm vs. sessile), and sepal length (0.71–0.90 mm vs 1.2–1.5 mm). Paratypes:— PERU. Junín: Prov. Chanchamayo. Dist. San Ramón, La Promisoria, 11°05′ S, 75°23′ W [11°03′20″ S, 75°24′40″ W], 1070–1200 m, 26 Nov. 1998 (fr.), T .D. Pennington & A. Daza 16506 (MOL!), track to Pampa Hermosa, La Promisoria valley, 11°03′ S, 75°24′ W, 1000 m, 11 Feb. 2003 (fr.), T .D. Pennington & A. Daza 17518 (E!, MOL!)

Two new species of Meliosma, M. chanchamayensis and M. dazae, are described and illustrated from the Department of Junín of Peru. Meliosma chanchamayensis is more closely related to M. wurdackii but differs by its leaf blades (4.0-)5.0–7.2 cm wide, glabrous abaxial leaf blades, pedicels 0.5–0.8 mm long, and sepals 0.71–0.90 mm long. Meliosma dazae most closely resembles M. caballeroensis but differs by its elliptic leaf blades, sepals longer than outer petals, sepals 0.92–1.18 mm long, outer petals 0.66–0.95 mm long, and entire inner petals. Following IUCN criteria, M. chanchamayensis and M. dazae are categorised as Critically Endangered (CR).

Rust fungi on commercial Vitis cultivars, wild Vitaceae, and Meliosma (Sabiaceae), potential alternate hosts of a grapevine leaf rust (GLR) fungus, were surveyed in Thailand and Vietnam. Molecular phylogenetic analyses using the internal transcribed spacer 2 and the large-subunit rRNA gene (D1/D2 region) and morphological examinations confirmed that the GLR fungus distributed in Southeast Asia and Australasia is distinct from Neophysopella species involved in GLRs in East Asia and the Americas. Therefore, the Southeast Asian-Australasian GLR fungus is recognized as a new Neophysopella species and named as N. tropicalis. Two fungi on Meliosma species in Thailand were aecial anamorph of Neophysopella species. One parasitic on M. simplicifolia and M. simplicifolia subsp. fordii was previously named as Aecidium wareoense, and a new name, N. wareoensis, is proposed for it. Another on M. arnottiana in Thailand was phylogenetically and morphologically distinct from all other Meliosma rust fungi, and, therefore, it is recognized as a new species, N. sriphumensis. A uredinial-telial fungus on Ampelocissus araneosa (Vitaceae) in Thailand was morphologically similar to Phakopsora cronartiiformis on Parthencissus semicordata (Vitaceae) in the Himalayas. However, the former fungus was distinct from the latter in producing characteristic urediniospores with labyrinthiform surface structure and cone-shaped projections. It is, therefore, recognized as a new species, N. doipuiensis.

Ophiocaryon nicolasii, from the “Camino de los Andaquíes,” in the Amazonian slope of the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia, Caquetá department, is described and illustrated and its morphological relationships with other similar Ophiocaryon species are discussed. This new species is a small tree from the foothills to montane forest (500–1000 m). Morphologically it is related to O. manausense (W.A. Rodrigues) Barneby, but it differs by: smaller leaves, petioles, petiolules, and inflorescences; leaflets with 8–16 secondary veins; leaflets, bracteoles, staminodes and ovary with different shape; margins of sepals erose. Information about the Andakí region and its ancestral inhabitants is presented. An updated key to the species of Ophiocaryon is provided.

Descriptions of the cambial variants of the lianoids in two families, Lardizabalaceae and Sabiaceae, were lacking in Taiwan. This study aimed to diagnose the stem characteristics of seven lianoid species from these two families to update existing knowledge. Specifically, the transverse sections of fresh stems were diagnosed to generate a key. The results showed that all seven species develop one of ten cambial variant types, viz. axial vascular elements in segments. Of these species, Sabia swinhoei Hemsley, Stauntonia obovata Hemsley, and S. obovatifoliola Hayata formed secondary rays. The thick and successive periderm was apparent in Stauntonia obovata and S. obovatifoliola at older stem. The sclerenchyma ring was continuous or discontinuous in two genera (Akebia and Stauntonia), but was absent in Sabia. Four diagnostic features could be used to distinguish Lardizabalaceae and Sabiaceae; namely, the periderm, cortical sclerenchyma, vessel arrangement, and cortex ducts. The cambial variations documented for these seven lianoid species in Taiwan update existing information, facilitating comparisons between Lardizabalaceae and Sabiaceae.

Sabiaceae comprises three genera and ca. 80 species with an amphi-Pacific tropical disjunct distribution. It has been unclear whether the family is monophyletic, where the family belongs within the angiosperm phylogeny, and when and how is present-day disjunct distribution originated. To address these questions, we conducted a phylogenetic analysis of Sabiaceae with comprehensive sampling of the family and basal eudicots using six chloroplast DNA loci (atpB, rbcL, matK, ndhF, atpB-rbcL and trnL-trnF). Our results support the monophyly of Sabiaceae s. l. that includes three genera: Meliosma Blume, Ophiocaryon Endl. and Sabia Colebr. The placement of Sabiaceae as sister to Proteales receives moderate bootstrap support, and is corroborated by various alternative hypothesis tests. Within Sabiaceae, Ophiocaryon and Sabia were resolved as strongly supported clades, whereas Meliosma was paraphyletic with Ophiocaryon nested within it. The biogeographically disjunct accessions of Meliosma alba (which is alternatively known as Kingsboroughia alba (Schltdl.) Liebm.) sampled from southwestern China and Mexico form a monophyletic group. Molecular dating and ancestral area reconstruction suggest a Eurasian origin of Sabiaceae in the late Cretaceous and a boreotropical range expansion during Paleogene. Southward migrations were inferred from continental Eurasia to the Malesian region in Sabia and in the Asian Meliosma, and from Central America to South America in the Neotropical clade of Meliosma in response to climatic cooling after the late Miocene. A long distance dispersal from Central America to tropical Asia was suggested during the time at the Neogene and Quaternary boundary in Meliosma alba (now recognized as Kingsboroughia alba). Our results also support the recognition of Kingsboroughia Liebm. as a distinct genus to maintain the monophyly of each of the genera: Meliosma, Ophiocaryon and Sabia. Kingsboroughia along with Meliosma and Ophiocaryon constitutes the subfamily Meliosmoideae Mast., while Sabia is the sole genus of Sabioideae Y.W. Law & Y.F. Wu.

Sabia campanulata Wall. subsp. ritchieae (Rehder & E.H. Wilson) Y.F. Wu, an endemic species from China is recorded for the first time to the flora of India from Sainj Wildlife Sanctuary of Himachal Pradesh, India. Detail description, illustration, habitat, flowering and fruiting period along with field photographs are provided for easy identification. A note has also been provided on the population status of the taxon in India.

Sabia parviflora Wall. ex Roxb., an evergreen climbing woody vine, is a Chinese herbal medicine commonly used by ethnic minorities in some areas of China. In this study, the chloroplast genome of S. parviflora was sequenced for the first time. Its genome is 162,054 bp in length with 38.6% of GC content. The genome consists of a large single copy (LSC) region of 90,001 bp, a small single copy (SSC) region of 18,887 bp, and two inverted repeat (IRa and IRb) regions of 26,583 bp each. A total of 130 genes were annotated, including 85 protein-coding genes, 37 tRNA genes, and 8 rRNA genes. Phylogenetic analysis was conducted by nine species from order Proteales, which demonstrated a close relationship between the family Sabiaceae and Nelumbonaceae.

Background and aims Ophiocaryon is a lesser known genus in Sabiaceae. This study examines flowers of six Ophiocaryon species in comparison with Meliosmaalba, to identify taxonomically informative characters for understanding relationships within the family Sabiaceae, to imply previously unknown pollination mechanisms of Ophiocaryon, and to contribute to the placement of Sabiaceae within the early-diverging eudicots. Methods Floral morphology and anatomy of six Ophiocaryon species and M. alba were studied and described using scanning electron microscopy, clearing techniques and resin sectioning. Key results Novel characters of Ophiocaryon were identified, e.g. conical cells on petals, different kinds of orbicules in anthers, stomata on nectary appendage tips and ovary, two distinct surface patterns on stamens and ovary, tanniferous cell layers in the ovary wall, and acorn-shaped unitegmic ovules with very short integuments. Comparison of floral characters between Ophiocaryon and Meliosma found that the calyx, corolla, androecium and gynoecium of Ophiocaryon resemble an undeveloped state of the latter taxon, reflecting a paedomorphic regression of the flower of Ophiocaryon. The flower morphology and anatomy of Ophiocaryon was compared with its putative sister species M. alba, but no clear shared derived characters could be detected. Moreover, the findings of scent, presence of conical cells on petals and a nectary suggest flowers are pollinated by small insects with a secondary pollen presentation on the cupula of fertile stamens. Conclusions We found that Ophiocaryon may be derived from ancestors that were similar to extant Meliosma in their flower structure and pollination mechanism. However, the lack of shared derived characters between Ophiocaryon and its phylogenetic sister group M. alba is puzzling and requires further investigations on the diversity of the latter species.

In this paper, the fourth in a series documenting palynological characters across angiosperms using a contemporary phylogenetic framework, we deal with the basal eudicots, a group which includes Buxales, Proteales, Ranunculales, Sabiaceae, and Trochodendrales. Using available molecular sequences of matK and rbcL from previous studies, we reconstructed a maximum likelihood tree for a total of 196 genera (including nine outgroups), representing 13 families and all four orders of basal eudicots. Across the 196 genera, 20 pollen characters were documented from prior publications and new observations. These were coded using two strategies and optimized onto the reconstructed phylogenetic tree using Fitch parsimony, maximum likelihood, and hierarchical Bayesian inference to infer ancestral states. Pollen samples of 24 species from 24 genera in eight families were imaged under LM and SEM to illustrate the diversity of basal eudicot pollen. In addition, we tested for correlated evolution between plant growth form and pollen shape class, and between anemophily and pollen aperture number, using maximum likelihood and Markov chain Monte Carlo analyses. Basal eudicot pollen showed high morphological diversity, especially in characters including tectum sculpture, aperture number, and ectoaperture shape. Depending upon the method of reconstruction, 14 to 18 plesiomorphic palynological states were unequivocally inferred, and a total number of 357 character state transitions were found at or above tribal level. These provide palynological support for at least 58 of the clades discovered by molecular phylogenetic estimation. For example, using hierarchical Bayesian inference with comprehensive data coding, 222 state changes were inferred. Pollen size, tectum sculpture, and pollen shape class changed the most frequently among the 20 studied characters. The most concentrated character state changes in basal eudicot pollen are estimated to have occurred around the Barremian to Albian stages of the Early Cretaceous. Tests of correlated evolution suggest that the herbaceous growth form is significantly associated with spheroidal pollen shape and the arborescent growth form with oblate pollen shape. However, no significant correlations were found between anemophily and aperture number. Patterns of evolutionary change in pollen size and tectum sculpture, and their adaptive functions, are discussed. Based on previous evidence and our data, pollination syndrome is the most likely factor associated with the high frequency of state changes in these two characters.

Summary The type specimen of Maesa camptobotrys is re-examined and morphology and characters are discussed. The specimen is a member of the genus Sabia (Sabiaceae) rather than the genus Discocalyx (Primulaceae) into which it was transferred; the name is formally placed as a synonym of Sabia pauciflora.

Chemical study of the leaves of Meliosma pinnata spp. arnottiana afforded five sulfated glucosides of oct-1-en-3-ol (1) and cyclic linalool derivatives (2-5), and two megastigmanes (6, 7). Their structures were elucidated by extensive investigation of one- and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopic data, and the absolute structures of the megastigmanes were determined by the modified Mosher's method.

Insect galls of the Floresta da Cicuta (Volta Redonda, RJ, Brazil). Galls are changes in the pattern of growth and development of plant tissues or organs in response to the action of an inducing organism, usually an insect. The goal of the present study was to inventory the insect galls of the Floresta da Cicuta (Volta Redonda, RJ, Brazil). The collections were carried out along all the trails, totaling 16 hours of sampling. Forty-three morphotypes of insect galls were found in 24 plant species (18 genera and 15 families). Sapindaceae and Euphorbiaceae were the most richness host plant families. Six new records of host plant species are presented: Senefeldera verticillata (Vell.) Croizat. (Euphorbiaceae), Inga acuminata (Fabaceae), Ocotea elegans (Lauraceae), Ouratea stipulata (Ochnaceae), Psychotria nuda (Rubiaceae) and Cestrum intermedium (Solanaceae). Most of the galls occurred on leaves (n = 21) and stems (n = 18), followed by buds (n = 2), two gall morphotypes occurred simultaneously on leaves and stems. One-chambered galls were more frequent (n = 31), as well as glabrous galls (n = 33). The gallers belong to three insect orders: Diptera (Cecidomyiidae), Hemiptera, and Lepidoptera. The associated fauna comprised parasitoids (Hymenoptera), inquilines (Hemiptera and Coleoptera) and successors (Isoptera and Acari).

Sabiaceae include over 120 species of mostly trees and shrubs found in moist forests of the Neotropics and Southeast Asia. The family includes three genera, Meliosma, Ophiocaryon, and Sabia, the first being the most species-rich and the only one found at the present time throughout the entire disjunct distribution range displayed by the family. Sabiaceae resolves among early-diverging eudicots in familylevel phylogenetic studies, however, to date, no such studies have focused on the family or any of its members. Nuclear and chloroplast molecular data were used to infer phylogenetic relationships within Sabiaceae and among species of Meliosma. Sabia occupies an early diverging position in Sabiaceae and Ophiocaryon is nested within Meliosma, although monophyly of the latter cannot be rejected. Results show that Meliosma alba, found in China and Mexico, is monophyletic. The infrageneric classification of Meliosma, largely based on endocarp morphological characters, is evaluated in light of these res...

UNLABELLED • PREMISE OF THE STUDY Flowers of Sabiaceae diverge from basal eudicots in combining pentamery with superposed whorls of sepals, petals, and stamens and are therefore crucial in understanding origins of core eudicot flowers. Different hypotheses are tested using floral developmental evidence, whether the pentamerous flower is derived from a spiral, trimerous, or dimerous progenitor.• METHODS The floral development of two species of Sabia was investigated with the scanning electron microscope to understand their unusual floral morphology and the origin of pentamery.• KEY RESULTS The species show major developmental differences in their inflorescence morphology and organ initiation sequence. In S. limoniacea, flowers are subtended by a pherophyll preceding two prophylls, one of which encloses a younger flower; floral organs arise in a continuous spiral sequence without interruption between different organs. The ovary is oriented in an oblique-median position. In S. japonica, one prophyll replaces one of the sepals, and there is a disruption in the spiral sequence. As a result, the ovary is inserted more or less transversally.• CONCLUSIONS The flower of Sabiaceae is structurally best interpreted as derived from a trimerous progenitor, and a derivation from a dimerous or spiral progenitor is less likely. One organ of each median adaxial whorl is interpreted as lost (from K3+3 C3+3 A3+3 G3 to K3+2 C3+2 A3+2 G2). The number of sepals is variable as pherophylls, prophylls, and sepals cannot be distinguished by shape and intergrade with each other. The floral organization of Sabia is reminiscent of trimerous Ranunculales and supports an earlier divergence of Sabiaceae relative to Proteales.

From the leaves of Meliosma lepidota ssp. squamulata, megastigmane glucosides with spiro-structures and megastigmanes were isolated. Their structures were determined by X-ray crystallographic analyses and spectroscopic investigation. The absolute structures of the megastigmanes were determined by the modified Mosher's method.

Explosive pollen release is a mechanism used by some angiosperms that serves to attach pollen to a pollinator's body. It is usually adopted by species with zygomorphic tubular flowers and pollinated by birds and bees. The tree genus Meliosma (Sabiaceae, Proteales) has unique disc-like flowers that are externally actinomorphic, but internally zygomorphic, and release pollen explosively. To elucidate the adaptive significance of explosive pollen release, we observed flowering behaviour, the breeding system and pollinator visits to flowers of the Japanese species Meliosma tenuis in a temperate forest. Flowers bloomed in June and were nectariferous and protandrous. Explosive pollen release was triggered by slight tactile stimuli to anther filaments or staminodes in male-stage flowers. Because pollen cannot come into contact with the pistils enclosed by staminodes, M. tenuis is functionally protandrous. Artificial pollination treatments revealed that M. tenuis is allogamous. The dominant flower visitors were nectar-seeking drones of the bumblebee species Bombus ardens (Apidae). The drones' behaviour, pollen attachment on their bodies and fruit set of visit-restricted flowers suggest that they are the only agent triggering the explosive pollen release mechanism, and are the main pollinator of M. tenuis. The finding that bumblebee workers rarely visit these flowers suggests that the explosive pollen release has another function, namely to discourage pollen-harvesting bumblebee workers.

Flowers of four species of Sabia are investigated using scanning electron and light microscopy to understand the complex floral system of Sabiaceae and to contribute to the understanding of the systematic position of the family among early diverging eudicots. The structure of the mature flower and the floral anatomy are here described and compared with that of the sister genus Meliosma. The floral structure is relatively uniform with the greatest variability in the shape of the nectary and the differentiation of the style. Flowers share a similar pollen release mechanism, as pollen is extruded from the monosporangiate thecae through an inward-out dehiscence process leading to seemingly extrorse anthers occasionally accompanied by the curving of the upper part of the filaments. The bicarpellate ovary is divided in a synascidiate zone and a symplicate zone of similar size with two superposed unitegmic ovules per carpel. The floral Bauplan of Sabia can be interpreted as precursory to a further evolution of the monosymmetric flower of Meliosma, as both genera share numerous characters. The isolated position of Sabiaceae in the early diverging eudicots is highlighted by their unique floral morphology, although several features point to a link with Ranunculales, such as Menispermaceae. These probably reflect the existence of apomorphic tendencies shared by members of the early diverging eudicots.