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The drive to move away from fossil fuels and related products has drawn significant attention to biomass and biomass-related products in recent times. This study reports the effect of three forest biomass sources namely acacia auriculiformis, terminalia randii, and delonix regia as combustion fuels in a retort heated, lowtemperature and top-lit updraft gasifier on biochars produced from two agricultural wastes: corn husk and corn cob. The combustion fuels were characterized using Thermogravimetric/Differential thermogravimetric analysis. Their TGA data were fitted to 16 kinetic models using the Coats-Redfern method. Characterization of the products was performed using Scanning Electron Microscopy/Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy and Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectroscopy. Results revealed similar decomposition trends for combustion fuels. Different kinetic models predicted decomposition mechanisms of combustion fuels for the regions considered. Negative correlation was found between biochar yields and increasing carbonization temperatures with yields ranging from 64.6-37.8 % and 28.4-24.5% for corn husk and cob, respectively. Results indicate similar effects of combustion fuels on functional groups contained in biochar samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Textile colouration is among the major industry that pollutes the environment with effluents rich in dye chemicals. Most of the dyes used are synthetics which possess health and environmental impacts. Potentially, the use of bio-based dyes and other chemicals can lessen the environmental challenges of the textile effluents. This study reports on sustainable extraction and dyeing of cotton fabric using extract of Delonix regia flowers. The extraction process was done using acidified water as a solvent and the dyeing process was free from hazardous auxiliary chemicals. To improve the dyeing performance, banana sap was used as an affordable and eco-friendly biomordant. To optimise energy consumption, dyeing experiments were done between room temperature and 90 °C. The dyeing performance was assessed through wash fastness, rub fastness and colour strength tests. The cotton fabric was successively dyed with the Delonix regia flowers extract rich in anthocyanin pigments in the presence of banana sap bio-mordant. The optimum dye performance was obtained at a dyeing temperature of up to 60 °C, above which the performance was negatively affected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Delonix regia is a herbaceous plant that belongs to the sedge family.It is a type of blossoming plant near Madagascar. It is renowned for its plant-like leaves and heavenly presentation of orange-red leaves in the summer. It grows as a decorative tree along roadsides and in many tropical areas of the world. It is used to produce bee fodder. In English, it's called Royal Poinciana, Flamboyant, or Flame Tree. In many areas, it is additionally recognized as a forest. Traditionally, it is the repository of natural medicine. Various components of the Delonix regia plant are used to treat a number of ailments, like inflammation, bronchitis, joint pain, diabetes, anaemia, fever, and pneumonia. Delonix regia can also be used as a treatment for gynaecological problems. Delonix regia additionally has anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antimicrobial, antidiarrheal, hepatoprotective, antidiabetic, anti-ulcer, anticancer, antihelminthic, cytotoxic, antioxidant, gastroprotective, wound healing, hypoglycaemic and antifeedant activities.This work mainly provides support for research work on Delonix regia description, traditional uses, economic importance, phytochemical and pharmacological activities. In about 102 articles, quantitative and subjective information was taken from several articles. The quest for this review was completed in the accompanying data sets: Google Scholar, ResearchGate, PubMed, and other applicable distributed materials.The literature review of Delonix regia indicates that it has extensive pharmacological properties that really help treat a few disorders.Delonix regia plant parts are used as traditional medicine around the world. All parts of a plant, mainly the leaf, flower, bark, and roots, have active and inactive chemical compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The biosorption capability of royal poinciana pod-derived biosorbent was investigated for the removal of hexavalent chromium from synthetic wastewater. Scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were used to examine the morphology and other properties of the biochar prepared by pyrolysis at 350 °C. Operational parameters such as pH, biochar dose, interaction time, and starting metal ion concentration were tuned. A maximum metal removal efficiency of 93% was achieved at pH 6.0. Optimization investigations for experiments have also been conducted using response surface methodology which included three parameters by applying Box-Behnken design with 10.48 of model F-value and 0.93 of R2 value (coefficient of determination). The kinetic theories and isotherm models of Cr (VI) ion adsorption have also been established. Pseudo-second-order model foretells the kinetics with 0.97 R2 value. The Temkin isotherm and Dubinin-Radushkevitch provided the best-fit isotherms to explain adsorption phenomenon. This study suggests that royal poinciana pod-derived biochar may be used as an efficient, low-cost, and eco-friendly wastewater treatment bioadsorbent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study looked at how the length of fermentation influenced the proximate, phytochemical, and functional characteristics of Delonix regia seeds. For each treatment, 600g of the drained-soaked seeds were used. the treatments were in triplicate in a completely randomized design. The seeds were naturally fermented in polythene bags for different lengths of time in a dark place. There were five treatments, denoted T1, T2, T3, T4, and T5, with corresponding fermentation durations of 0 days, 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, and 4 days. The results showed that T5 had a higher crude fat content at 20.83, while T1, the unfermented control, had the lowest at 10.37. The crude fibre content in T1 showed a high value of 9.58, whereas T2 and T5 gave the highest and lowest values among the fermented treatments at 9.30 and 7.05, respectively. T1 at 39.99 alkaloid content was higher but lower in T5 at 36.01. T2 saponin at 9.92 was higher but lower in T5 (7.40). T1 had a better water absorbing capacity (38.88), while T4 had a better oil absorbing capacity (19.60). The bulk density and specific gravity in the treatments were not significantly different. The best value for Paste clarity was at T4 (85.03). The study showed that the phytochemical composition of the Delonix regia seeds dropped with increased fermentation time, and the proximate composition of the seeds improved, signifying that fermentation enhances the seeds' nutritional properties. To optimize its nutritional potential, it is recommended to ferment the seeds for at least three days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was aimed at assessing the resistance of Delonix regia wood treated with an eco-friendly bio preservative exploring castor (Ricinus communis) seed oil identified as a promising candidate for wood antifungal treatment, attributed to its documented antimicrobial properties. Sixty wood block samples of conditioned Delonix regia were treated with five different concentration levels (0 %, 25 %, 50 %, 75 % and 100 %) of formulated fungicides prepared from Sohxlet extracted oil of castor seeds and the untreated wood samples served as the control. The wood blocks were exposed to Pleurotus ostreatus (white rot fungi) and Sclerotium rolfsii (Brown rot fungi) for 14 weeks and parameters including preservative absorption, oil yield, and weight loss of the wood samples subjected to treatment were assessed. Using Analysis of variance (ANOVA) to analyze the data obtained, the mean oil yield of seeds of Ricinus communis extracted was 37.75%. The100% concentration level had the best performance with the highest absorption of 92.68 (kg/m3) while the least absorption (69.96 kg/m3) was recorded for the 25% concentration except for the control (0%) which was 118.60kg/m3. Statistically significant variations in weight loss were observed across different concentration levels, with a significance level of p < 0.05 and it ranged from 35.02 -31.42(%) for white rot while it ranged from 42.32 to 31.98(%) for brown rot apart from the control which was recorded to be 38.25% and 45.28% respectively. It can therefore be established that Delonix regia wood can be preserved with Ricinus communis seed oil extract against white rot and brown rot fungi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rising costs of conventional fuels, as well as the negative impacts of burning on the environment, have resulted in a shift in demand for wood fuel. As a result, research into the possibility for some woody biomass to be used as a fossil fuel substitute has become important. Delonix regia is a widely grown tree species. These species produce large quantities of lignocellulosic biomass from the tree parts. This study examined the thermochemical characteristics and pyrolytic conversion behavior of these tree parts to assess the possibility of volarization to yield bioenergy. Proximate analysis of Delonix regia revealed low moisture content (6.5%), ash content (1.95%), fixed carbon (12.95%) and high volatile matter (78.6%) respectively. Delonix regia attained high calorific value 3611Kcal/Kg. In FTIR analysis, the biomass sample (Delonix regia) attained multiple functional groups is also discussed. In EDAX, the fuelwood property of elemental composition is determined. TGA analysis is done to examine the thermal behavior of biomass. The paper presents an innovative approach to the research of power generation from biomass by suggesting Delonix regia exhibited high energy properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tomanage stemcanker disease on royal poinciana, actinobacterial isolateswere used as biological control agents (BCAs) based on their strong in vitro inhibitory effects against Neoscytalidium dimidiatum. Streptomyces griseorubens UAE2 and Streptomyces wuyuanensis UAE1 had the ability to produce antifungal compounds and cell-wall-degrading enzymes (CWDEs). Only S. griseorubens, however, restored the activity of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase (ACCD). In vivo apple fruit bioassay showed that lesion development was successfully constrained by either isolates on fruits inoculated with N. dimidiatum. In our greenhouse and container nursery experiments, S. griseorubens showed almost complete suppression of disease symptoms. This was evident when the preventive treatment of S. griseorubens significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the numbers of conidia of N. dimidiatum and defoliated leaves of royal poinciana seedlings to lesser levels than when S. wuyuanensis was applied, but comparable to control treatments (no pathogen). The disease management of stem canker was also associated with significant (p < 0.05) decreases in ACC levels in royal poinciana stems when S. griseorubens was applied compared to the non-ACCD-producing S. wuyuanensis. This study is the first to report the superiority of antagonistic actinobacteria to enhance their effectiveness as BCAs not only for producing antifungal metabolites and CWDEs but also for secreting ACCD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An increasing textile industry has exacerbated the serious problem of dealing with industrial effluent that contains toxic dye molecules. Despite the development of various techniques for adsorbing dyes in wastewater, many researchers have yet to expand a highly efficient technique for the revival of dye molecules from textile waste water. However, adsorption techniques using low cost, eco-friendly, effective adsorbents are extensively used due to their simplicity and good efficiency. A novel approach for the capture of dye molecules using a composite inexpensive activated carbon (AC) adsorbent synthesized from Gulmohar (GM) plant seeds has been proposed in this study. Prepared AC before and after adsorption of Methyl Orange (MO) has been characterized by SEM, EDX and FT-IR. Experimental adsorption data of chosen anionic dyes fits several kinetic and isotherm models. Kinetic studies reveal that a pseudo-second order is the mainly suitable model in the adsorption process. The equilibrium adsorption data of anionic dye show that the system followed the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. In addition, through thermodynamic calculations the negative value of ΔG° and negative value of ΔH° show that the adsorption is a spontaneous and exothermic process. All the above results conclude that the GMAC can be used as an effective absorbent for removing dyes from wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The activated carbon produced from Delonix regia pods was chemically activated using Potassium hydroxide (PHAC) and utilized as an adsorbent for the removal of Cu(II) from aqueous solution. Adsorption experiments were carried out in a batch process and various experimental parameters such as effect of contact time, initial metal ion concentration, carbon dosage, and pH on percentage removal have been studied. The adsorption process of Cu(II) ions onto PHAC is in good agreement with the Frendlich and Langmuir adsorption isotherm and follows the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Furthermore, thermodynamics parameters were investigated. The negative ?G° value reveal the Cu(II) adsorption on PHAC is favourable. The positive value of ΔH° indicates endothermic process and positive value of ?S° indicate spontaneous nature of adsorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work reported, the activated carbons prepared from Delonix regia pods using H3PO4 and KOH were designated as Phosphoric Acid Activated Carbon (PAAC) and Potassium Hydroxide Activated Carbon (PHAC). Adsorption experiments were carried out in a batch process and various experimental parameters such as effect of adsorbent dosage, contact time, initial metal ion concentration, temperature and pH on percentage removal have been studied. The adsorption process of Cr (VI) ions onto PAAC and PHAC is in good agreement with the Frendlich and Langmuir adsorption isotherm and follows the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Furthermore, thermodynamics parameters were investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The possibility of improving the oxidative stability of sunflower oil by enriching it with carotenoids from Delonix regia petals was studied. A combination of ultrasound-assisted extraction and stirring techniques was used. The optimal conditions were material/solvent ratio of 1:20 (w/v), ultrasonic power of 30 W and extraction time of 50 min. Under these conditions, the yield of total carotenoids was 503.0 μg/g dry weight. Increasing the acoustic power density degraded carotenoids. A HPLC analysis was used for the quantification of β-carotene in the extract. The DPPH radical scavenging activity and ferric reducing antioxidant power of the carotenoid-rich extract were found to be superior to the standard Butylated hydroxyl toluene (BHT). The enrichment of sunflower oil with carotenoid-rich extract at 67.46 mg carotenoids/kg oil improved its oxidative stability by more than 50% as measured by the Rancimat method. These results suggest that the investigated extract has the potential to be used as a bio-preservative in food products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Controlled enzymatic hydrolysis of Delonix regia galactomannan was achieved. • Viscoelastic properties changes at threshold molecular weights were established. • Wide range of viscosities were obtained with hydrolysates dispersions. • Delonix regia and their hydrolysates chemical structure was unchanged. • Galactomannan water solubility increases with hydrolysis. Abstract The galactomannan extracted from Delonix regia (DRGM) seeds was hydrolyzed at different enzyme dosages and reaction times. A linear relation between inverse Molecular weight (Mn) and hydrolysis time was obtained, and the Mn reduction was controlled from 4.86 × 105 to 1.95 × 105 Da. The hydrolysis does not affect galactomannan structure as observed by FT-IR and DRX, maintaining an amorphous structure with only a slight increase in galactose:mannose relationship as observed by 1H NMR. A rheological behavior shift was observed below Mn = 4.15 × 105 Da when viscoelastic behavior changes from a weak gel to a macromolecular solution in a 3% (w/v) galactomannan hydrolysate. Shear viscosity of 3% (w/v) galactomannan dispersion in water follows closely a power law equation where the consistency index decreased, and the flow behavior index increased with increasing hydrolysis degree. These results indicate the conditions for obtaining specific viscoelastic properties of DRGM dispersions for specific applications by a careful control of the enzymatic hydrolysis process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanoparticles of Magnesium Oxide and Manganese Oxide were synthesized by a chemical method and coated on Delonix regia-activated carbon separately. The composites were characterized by different methods such as Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis(EDAX). Batch mode of experiments of Methylene blue dye removal was carried out. The adsorption capacity of Methylene blue dye of nanocomposite of magnesium oxide was observed higher than the nanocomposite of manganese oxide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Possibility of using Delonix regia (Dr) seed particles as reinforcement for production of new polymeric composites has been studied. Dried Dr seeds were processed using a disc grinder and then classified. Dr particles of 105 μm average size were incorporated into recycled low density polyethylene (RLDPE) up to 10 wt% and RLDPE/ Dr particle composites were produced through compounding and compressive moulding technique. Effects of Dr particle addition on morphology and the tensile properties of the produced composites were investigated. The composite tensile properties were confirmed and validated using mono-variate regression model involving full factorial design of one factor-five levels. Results obtained indicated presence of void within the composite grain which impair the tensile strength and strain of the RLDPE composite at 10 wt% of Dr seed particle addition. About 300% and 41% maximum increments in tensile strength and strain were noticed at 4 wt%. The developed models show that wt% of Dr particles has significantly statistical influences on both tensile strength (P = 0.00827) and strain (P = 0.01756). About 93% and 89% response prediction by the models shows that the models exhibit fit goodness and they are appropriate for confirmation of experimental tensile properties. Therefore, this study has given birth to a new polymeric composite for engineering applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stem cell technology has great potential in the effort to cure degenerative diseases. This study was done to determine optimum dose of flamboyant (Delonix regia) flower extract to induce proliferation and differentiation of mice (Mus musculus) bone marrow mesenchymal-like stem cell. Bone marrow cells were collected from mice by aspiration. Cells suspension (1 x 106) were poured into petri dishes containing 2 ml of modified Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Media (mDMEM) and incubated overnight at 37 °C in a 5% CO2 incubator and microscopically observed. In quadriplicate, MSC were cultured in mDMEM containing D. regia flower extract of 0.0 (control), 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0 mg/ml and incubated at 37 °C for 9 days. Population doubling time (PDT) and differentiated cell type were microscopically observed using HE staining on day 1 and 10. Data obtained were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey test. The results showed that the addition of D. regia flowers extracts 0.8 and 1.0 mg/ml significantly reduced PDT compared to that of 0.4, 0.6 and control. The extract, at 0.4 and 0.6 mg/ml, were able to induce MSC differentiation into fibroblast-like and nerve-like cells. In conclusion, D. regia flower extracts of 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 mg/ml were able to stimulate MSC proliferation, but optimum dose for neurogenic differentiation was 0.6 mg/ml. This is the first to show potential of D. regia flower extract as neurogenic differentiatian inducer on mice MSC. These findings can be used as preliminary information for using the extract as cellular differentian inducer in basic and applicative reseach using stem cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Delonix regia (Hook.) Raf. (Fabaceae) is an ornamental tree with flamboyant flowers. Objective: to carry out pharmacognostical studies to evaluate the features of different D. regia organs, quantification and HPLC profiling of phenolics and flavonoids of leaf extract, also to evaluate possible hepatoprotective activities of the leaf hydroalcoholic extract and its fractions. Materials and Methods: Total phenolic content (TPC) as gallic acid equivalent /100 g dried extract (GAE/100 g DE), and total flavonoid content (TFC) as catechin equivalent /100 g (CE/100 g DE) of the leaves were carried out using Folin-Ciocalteu's and aluminum chloride assays, respectively. Hepatoprotective activity was determined against CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Results: TPC and TFC were 5.5 g GAE/100 g DE and 53.3 g CE/100 g DE respectively, with identification of 13 flavonoids, and 17 phenolics. Hesperidin was present as the highest flavonoid content (48622.5 mg/100 g DE), followed by quercetrin (711.5 mg/100 g DE), whilst hydroxytyrosol was the major identified phenolic compound (1111.2 mg/100g DE) followed by catechin (1026.1 mg/100 g DE). The ethyl acetate fraction showed significant protection against the elevation in the levels of serum biochemical parameters, normal hepatocytes with minimum fatty changes, portal vain congestion and mild inflammatory cell infiltration around the portal vain comparable to CCl4 group (P< 0.001). The potent and significant hepatoprotective activity of the ethyl acetate fraction may be attributed to its high content of antioxidant phenolic compounds. Thus, the present study may be the first to test the hepatoprotective effect of Delonix regia fractions. Conclusion: This study recommends the use of D. regia as a natural chemopreventive agent against liver damage and liver toxicity caused by chlorinated agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of supplementing Delonix regia (DR) seed meal on feed intake, digestibility, rumen fermentation, nitrogen balance and CH 4 production in Thai native beef cattle fed on rice straw. Four Thai native beef cattle with the initial body weight (BW) of 100 ± 5.0 kg were randomly assigned according to a 4 × 4 Latin square design to receive DR seed meal supplementation at 0, 90, 180 and 270 g/d. The present results revealed that the total intake (g/kg BW 0.75 ) was significantly increased with the inclusion of dry matter (DM) seed meal at 270 g (P < 0.05). DM and OM digestibility were decreased when increasing DR seed meal levels (P < 0.05). Ruminal NH 3 -N concentration increased in beef cattle receiving DR seed meal. Supplementation of DR seed meal did not alter fungal zoospores’ concentration (P > 0.05), whereas the protozoal population was at 0, 4 h post feeding, and the mean values reduced when increasing the levels of DR seed meal supplemented (P < 0.05). The concentration of propionic acid at 4 h post feeding and its average concentration were significantly highest when 270 g DR seed meal was supplemented (P < 0.05). Estimation of CH 4 concentrations and CH 4 per dry matter intake were found reduced when increasing its DR seed meal concentration. In addition, N absorption, N retention and proportion of N retention to N intake were enhanced when 270 g DR seed meal was supplemented (P < 0.05). Thus, the inclusion of DR seed meal at 270 g/d resulted in improving total feed intake, rumen fermentation and N balance whereas there was reduced DM digestibility, protozoal population and CH 4 production in beef cattle fed rice straw base. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces anew genus Delonicicola,toaccommodate D. siamense sp. nov., which was found associated with Delonix regia seed pods, collected in Chiang Rai Province, Thailand. ITS sequence data confirmed aclose relationship of Delonicicola with Liberomyces and Asteromella in Xylariomycetidae. Phylogeneticand molecular clock analyses of combined LSU, SSU and RPB2 sequence data provide evidence for anew family Delonicicolaceae and anew order Delonicicolales in Xylariomycetidae. Members of Delonicicolaceae are saprobes, endophytes or pathogens of angiosperms and it is characterized by pseudostromatal immersed, papillate ascomata, short pedicellate asci with asimple apex and 1-septate, hyaline ascospores. The asexual morph is coelomycetous with pycnidial conidiomata and allantoid, filiform or bacilloid, hyaline conidia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Delonix regia leaf extract activity as a green corrosion inhibitor (environmental friendly) for carbon steel (CS) in 1M HCl has been studied using weight loss (WL), potentiodynamic polarization (PP), electrochemical frequency modulation (EFM) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The weight loss results show that Delonix regia leaf extract is an excellent corrosion inhibitor. The inhibition efficiency (IE) increases with temperature from 25 to 45°C, reaching a maximum value of 78.8 % at the highest concentration of 300 pm at the temperature of 45°C. Polarization measurements demonstrate that the Delonix regia leaf extract acts as a mixed type inhibitor. Nyquist plot illustrates that on increasing Delonix regia leaf extract dose, the charge transfer increases and the double layer capacitance decreases. The adsorption of Delonix regia leaf extract on CS obeys Temkin adsorption isotherm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Physical dormancy occurs in all three subfamilies of Fabaceae, namely Mimosoideae, Papilionoideae and Caesalpinioideae, making it one of the largest plant families in terms of number of species with physical dormancy. However, little is known about the water gap structure and germination ecology of species in Caesalpinioideae. Freshly collected seeds of Delonix regia (Caesalpinioideae) did not imbibe water, thus they had physical dormancy. Both dry heat and wet heat were effective in breaking dormancy, however, longer duration was required at 80 °C and shorter duration at 90 °C. Seeds buried in the field for 2 years germinated to 21% and 42% after the first and second summer, respectively, compared with 3% germination in seeds at the time of maturity. Seeds incubated at 15/60 °C in the laboratory (mimicking summer conditions) for 3 months supported this conclusion, as dormancy was relieved in 18% and 24% of seeds stored dry and watered intermediately, respectively. All the dormancy breaking treatments resulted in lifting of palisade layers in the lens region to form a circular lid-like opening, i.e. water gap (Type II simple). Blocking experiments confirmed that water entered only through the lens and no secondary water entry point was observed. No apparent changes in morphology/anatomy of the hilum region were noted in dormant and non-dormant (water permeable) seeds. These results suggest that summer temperatures could open the lens in a proportion of seeds every year and that germination occurs during the subsequent wet season in the tropics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Delonix regia (Boj. Ex. Hook) is a flowering plant in the pea family found in tropical areas and its leaves are used informally to treat diseases in folk medicine. However, the cardioprotective effects in this plant are still unclear. In this study, we found that the Delonix regia leaf extract (DRLE) (400 mg/kg/d) can reduce the mortality rate in an isoproterenol (ISO)-induced heart injury and hypertrophy mouse model. Decreased serum levels of creatine phosphokinase, LDH, GOT, TNF-alpha and increased nitric oxide levels were found in DRLE-treated ISO-injured mice. In the in vitro study, the porcine coronary artery exhibited vasodilation effect induced by DRLE in a dose-dependent manner. In the DRLE toxic test, overdose of DRLE showed the high safety in normal mice and may have the ability to remove the metabolic wastes in blood. In conclusion, we demonstrated for the first time that DRLE has the cardioprotective effects by activating the vasodilation through NO pathway and preventing the myocyte injury via inhibition of TNF-alpha pathway. We suggest that DRLE may act as a promising novel herbal medicine for cardioprotection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biological methods of nanoparticles synthesis are ecologically sound and sustainable alternative to the conventional methods. On the basis of aforesaid premise, the present study deals with the optimization and fabrication of gold nanoparticles (Au-NPs) using easily available bio-resource, Delonix regia leaf extract. The use of practically nontoxic natural extracts and water allows the synthesis pathways presented to be considered as ''green'' and so permitting the synthesized Au-NPs to be used in sensitive areas, such as bioremediation. Various characterization techniques are adopted for the evaluation of size, stability, morphology, crystal nature, and purity of nanoparticles. Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy analysis showed a surface Plasmon resonance peak for prepared Au-NPs at 542 nm, and its absorbance increased with increasing the interaction time. Transmission electron microscopy analysis showed that the particles were spherical and 4-24 nm in size. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis displayed a 2.2 keV peak corresponding to the pure phase gold nanocrystal. X-ray diffraction analysis proved the fabrication of crystalline Au-NPs with face-centered cubic geometry within 10 min. Furthermore, ζ potential (−15 mV) and Fourier transform infrared data suggested the role of polar polyphenolic compounds of leaf extract in fabrication and stabilization process. Biofabricated nanoparticles are demonstrated to have catalytic activity for the reduction of toxic nitro-organic pollutant o-nitroaniline. Therefore, the present study offers a straightforward, cost-efficient, eco-friendly, and sustainable alternative for the fabrication of catalytically active Au-NPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inflammation is part of the non-specific immune response that occurs in reaction to any type of bodily injury. In some disorders the inflammatory process, which under normal conditions is self-limiting, becomes continuous and chronic inflammatory diseases develop subsequently including cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, cancer etc. Barks of Delonix regia is used traditionally in the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Therefore, in this study we evaluated the therapeutic potential of D. regia ethanol extract and its active constituent β-Elemene with special interest in inflammation model using standard in vivo anti-inflammatory models: Carrageenan-induced paw edema, Cotton pellet granuloma, and Acetic acid-induced vascular permeability. To explicate the mechanism of action for the possible anti-inflammatory activity, we determined the level of major inflammatory mediators (NO, iNOS, COX-2-dependent prostaglandin E2 or PGE2), and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-a, IL-1b, IL-6, and IL-12). Additionally, we determined the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), Myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88), by mRNA expression in drug treated LPS-induced murine macrophage model. To explore the mechanism of anti-inflammatory activity, we evaluated expression of c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK), nuclear factor kappa-B cells (NF-kB), and NF-kB inhibitor alpha (IK-Ba). Furthermore, we determined the acute and sub-acute toxicity of D. regia extract in BALB/c mice. This study established a significant anti-inflammatory activity of D. regia extract and β-Elemene along with the inhibition of TNF-a, IL-1b, IL-6 and IL-12 expressions. Further, the expression of TLR4, NF-kBp65, MyD88, iNOS and COX-2 molecules were reduced in drug-treated groups, but not in the LPS-stimulated untreated or control groups, Thus, our results collectively indicated that the D. regia extract and β-Elemene can efficiently inhibit inflammation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Activated carbon prepared fromDelonix regia(DR) seed pod has been used as adsorbent for the removal of anionic dyes from aqueous solution. Three anionic textile dyes (C.I. Acid Blue 15, C.I. Acid Red 114, C.I. Acid Violet 17) and one dye mixture were used as model compounds. The capacity of DR to adsorb anionic dyes from aqueous dye solution was evaluated at different contact times, dosage, pH, and initial adsorbent concentration. Results show that the highest dye removal (>95%) was obtained at pH 2 for the adsorption of all the selected dyes. Four isotherms (Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and Redlich–Peterson) were used to fit the equilibrium data. The adsorption equilibrium showed that the Langmuir equation represented best fit of the experimental data than others. The adsorption isotherm indicates that the adsorption capacities are 151.51, 113.63, and 129.87 mg dye per gram of DR for AR-114, AV-17, and AB-15 Acid dyes, respectively. In order to investigate the mechanism of adsorption and rate-controlling steps, pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, intraparticle diffusion, and Elovich equations have been used to test the experimental data. The adsorption kinetics was found to follow pseudo-second-order kinetics with correlation coefficients greater than 0.99. It was found that at the higher initial acid dye concentration, intraparticle diffusion is becoming significant rate-controlling step. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Delonix regia and Cassia fistula seed extracts were evaluated for their antioxidant activity, total phenolics, ash, zinc and fatty acid content. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) was utilized to assess the chemical functionalities present within the seeds. Antioxidant activity was determined by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) assays. Total phenolics were determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu assay. Lipid extracts were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Zinc concentration was determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Extracts from the seeds of C. fistula had a higher antioxidant activity, free radical scavenging activity, and phenolic content than D. regia. FTIR revealed that the seeds are a rich source of protein with small quantities of fat. C. fistula extracts contained a higher percentage of total fat than D. regia. Palmitic acid was identified as the predominant saturated fatty acid in both extracts. Oleic acid and linoleic acid were identified in smaller quantities. Seed extracts may be considered for use in food and nutraceutical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biomaterials based entirely on biological resources are ideal for tissue engineering applications. Here we report the preparation of hybrid collagen scaffolds comprising gulmohar seed polysaccharide (GSP) and cinnamon bark extract as cross-linking agent. 1 H NMR spectrum of GSP confirms the presence of galactose and mannose in the ratio of 1:1.54, which was further corroborated using FT-IR. The hybrid scaffolds show better enzyme and thermal stability in contrast to pure collagen scaffold probably due to weak interactions from GSP and covalent interaction through cinnamaldehyde. Gas permeability and scanning electron microscopic analysis show that the porosity of the hybrid scaffolds is slightly reduced with the increase in the concentration of GSP. The infrared and circular dichroic spectral studies show that the secondary structure of the collagen did not change after the interaction with GSP and cinnamaldehyde. The hybrid scaffolds stabilized with cinnamaldehyde show good antimicrobial activity against the common multi-drug resistant wound pathogens. These results suggest that the prepared hybrid scaffolds have great potential for antimicrobial wound dressing applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The question of "Who has the power?" is often central in environmental politics, since power serves as a crucial mediation through which conflicts related to environmental problems are resolved (or not resolved). In this paper, the author analyses how power relations are unpacked in Yang-May Ooi's The Flame Tree (1998) and what effects these relations have on land that is threatened by an environmentally-destructive project. Environmental politics within a society is usually carried out based on the political system that exists. In the case of Malaysia, it is within a semi-democracy that environmental politics takes place, which is characterised by liberal democracy (such as competitive elections, citizen participation and civil liberties) as well as authoritarian rule (dominant political ruling parties and strong interventionist states). This analysis compares and contrasts the novel with the Marxist theory of power, which is referred to in this paper as "power over" or the various ways that power is wielded in order to maintain the status quo. The author argues that although Ooi seems to subscribe to this traditional concept of power, representing the state, the capitalists and their ideologies as "having" power, she also undermines that "having" by constructing notions of "power to" - power that refers to an individual and/or a social group's sense of worth, values, knowledge and potential to shape the course of actions and decisions related to the land - in order to create more equitable relations and structures of power. Ooi also presents this notion of "power to" as "problematic": demonstrating how "power to" is often constricted by the forces of "power over", as well as how the realisation of "power to" essentially hinges on paying more attention to ideological rather than coercive domination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a study which aims to determine the exploited plant species within the non-indigenous rural communities in the Los Tuxtlas Biosphere Reserve in Mexico for handicraft production. The study was performed using interviews and field surveys in 12 non-indigenous communities in the region. Findings reveal that 142 species of plants were used in handicraft making including Enterolobium cyclocarpum, Cocos nucifera, and Delonix regia.

Purpose: To assess the gastroprotective potential of the stem bark ethanol extract of Delonix regia (EDR) on ethanol and cold restrain stress-induced ulcer in experimental rats. Methods: EDR (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg doses, orally) was evaluated on ethanol and cold restrain stress-induced ulcer in experimental rats. In ethanol induced ulcer model, ulcer index, percent protection, reduced glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), myeloperoxidase (MPO), cytokines and nitric oxide (NO) levels in stomach tissue were evaluated. In the cold restrain stress model, ulcer index, percent protection, and GSH levels were evaluated. 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay of EDR was also performed. Results: EDR caused a significant (p < 0.05-0.001) decreased ulcer index in ethanol (61.33-76.00%) and cold restrain stress (47.34-84.28%) models. The EDR caused a significant (p < 0.05 - 0.001) increase in SOD (0.20 - 0.27 U/mg protein, CAT (200 - 270 μmole H2O2/mg of protein/minute), GSH (1.63 - 1.17 μg/mg protein) and reduction in nitric oxide (NO) level, pro-inflammatory cytokine (TNF-α and IL-6) levels and inhibition in neutrophil accumulation (p < 0.001) in ethanol-induced model. EDR exhibited significant antioxidant activity with IC50 value of 45.23 ± 3.23 μg/ml. Conclusion: The results suggest that EDR has gastroprotective effect in the two ulcer models and this may be due to its antioxidant effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our research work addressed the development and utilization of sugarcane baggasse, waste paper and Delonix regia seed pod derived adsorbents for the abatement of methylene blue (MB) from aquatic environment. The characterization of the developed adsorbents was investigated by N 2 adsorption/desorption, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), surface functionalities using Bohem titration and micro/macro-analysis. The adsorption capacity of activated sugarcane baggasse (ASB), delonix regia seed pod (ADSP) and waste paper (AWP) was observed to be 187.26, 153.84 and 99 mg g −1 , respectively. Thermodynamic investigations established the exothermic and spontaneous nature of the adsorption with decrease in randomness at the solid/solution interface. A kinetic investigation has revealed that adsorption of MB followed a linear pseudo-second-order kinetic model. In column mode, the adsorption capacity of MB was found to be higher than batch mode of operation. The total cost incurred for the preparation of these activated adsorbents is USD 13.48 kg −1 . This work highlighted that the developed materials are promising low cost adsorbents in sequestering MB from aqueous environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this investigation was to fabricate ondansetron hydrochloride [OND] loaded mucoadhesive nanostructured lipid carriers [NLCs] for efficient delivery to brain through nasal route. Mucoadhesive NLCs thereby sustaining drug release for longer time in nasal cavity. NLCs were prepared by high pressure homogenization [HPH] technique using glycerol monostearate [GMS]; as solid lipid, Capryol 90; as liquid lipid, soya lecithin; as surfactant and poloxamer 188; as cosurfactant. In the fabrication of NLCs, Delonix regia gum [DRG], isolated from seeds of D. regia belonging to family fabiaceae was used as a mucoadhesive polymer. The NLCs were evaluated for particle size, morphology, drug-entrapment efficiency [%EE], mucoadhesive strength, in vitro drug release, histological examination, ex vivo permeation study, in vivo biodistribution and pharmacokinetic studies in the brain/blood following intravenous [i.v.] and intranasal [i.n.] administration. Particle size, PDI, Zeta potential was observed in the range of 92.28–135 nm, 0.32–0.46, and −11.5 to −36.2 respectively. Prepared NLCs achieved thermodynamic stability, control release pattern with minor histopathological changes in sheep nasal mucosa. The significantly [ P < 0.05] higher values for selected batch was observed, when administered by i.n. route showed higher drug targeting efficiency [506%] and direct transport percentage [97.14%] which confirms the development of promising OND-loaded NLC for efficient nose-to-brain delivery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work presents the biosynthesisof palladium nanoparticles(Pd-NPs) using Delonix regia(D. regia) leaf extract, and their catalytic activitywas evaluated for 2-nitrophenol (2-NP) and 2-nitroaniline (2-NA) hydrogenationreactions. The appearance of a broad continuous absorption spectrumin the visible–ultraviolet region in UV–visible spectraconfirmed the synthesis of Pd-NPs. The crystalline structure of Pd-NPs(with size range of 2–4 nm) was confirmed by X-ray diffractionand transmission electron microscopy analysis, respectively. The appearanceof an optical absorption peak at 2.80 keV in energy dispersive spectrafurther confirmed the presence of Pd-NPs. Fourier transform infraredanalysis suggested the role of water-soluble polyols present in the D. regialeaf extract in mediating the synthesisof Pd-NPs. Moreover, the catalytic activity of Pd-NPs for hydrogenationreactions was studied by UV–visible spectroscopy. Pd-NPs showedcatalytic activity through electron relay effect. The hydrogenationreactions followed pseudo-first-order kinetics with respect to thesubstrates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seeds of Abelmoschus esculentus, Amaranthus cruentus, Celosia argentea, Corchorus olitorius and Delonix regia were germinated under light and dark conditions. The germination parameters revealed that germination was higher in seeds of A. cruentus and C. olitorus under light while the seeds of D. regia germinated more in the dark. However, no major difference was observed in the germination of C. argentea and A. esculentus in light and darkness. The above findings point out that germination is species dependent. It also indicated that Amaranthus cruentus and C. olitorius adapt better to light while D. regia adapt better to dark condition. The shade plants of A. esculentus and D. regia were found to be taller than those under direct sunlight. However, seedlings of A. cruentus, C. olitorius and C. argentea were found to be taller those under direct sunlight than in the shade regimes. This could suggest that these plants have higher tolerance of heat with respect to A. esculentus and D. regia. Shade plants of A. esculentus, C. argentea, C. olitorius and D. regia exhibited lower leaf area which is an adaptation to maximize light interception. Higher leaf area was observed in the shade plant of A. cruentus may be an adaptation to maximize the little light available to the plant under shade. These findings revealed plants adaptation to cope with stress in the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nest is built in roofs of houses, holes of walls, trees, railway station and wells. Nesting materials were categorized and identified into different groups such as twigs of Azadirachta indica, Delonix regia, Cocos nucifera, grass, feathers of birds, plastic, cloth, flowers of Acacia, Rubber rings, matal wire and snake slough, which were found in nest cavity. The frequency of A. indica, A. labback, T. indica, P. dulce, F. tsiela, f. religiosa and m. zapota leaves in the nest was in proportion to the frequency of respective trees around the nest area. However, frequencies of A. indica leaves were high compared to other plants in the nest content of Common Myna. Among the animal byproducts used as nesting materials, bird feathers were the most frequent (100%). The weight of material from natural nest varied from 12.4g to 206.5g. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the evaluation of tolerant capacity of the plant species to air pollution, four physiological and bio-chemical parameters namely leaf Relative Water Content, Ascorbic acid, leaf Chlorophyll content and leaf extract pH were used. By computing these parameters together in a formulation, it signifies the Air Pollution Tolerance Index (APTI) of plants. In the present study, sixteen plant species were selected which are commonly growing in different areas like residential areas, traffic areas, industrial areas and peri-urban areas of Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh state, India. On the basis of tolerance index value, the plant species were characterized into sensitive, intermediately tolerant, moderately tolerant and tolerant plant species. Delonix regia Hook., Peltophorum pterocarpum DC., Alestonia scholaris L., Ficus religiosa L., Samania saman Jacq. and Azardirachta indica A. Juss. expressed high APTI values and these are suitable sinks to mitigate the air pollution. Millingtonia hortensis L.f., Clerodendrum paniculatum L., Terminalia arjuna Roxb., Pongamia pinnata L., Polyalthia longifonia Sonn. and Emblica officinalis Gaertner. showed intermediate tolerance capacity and the other four plant species Syzygium cumin L.i, Terminalia catappa L., Swietenia mahagoni L. and Saraca indica L. acts as bio-indicators of air pollution stress as these are sensitive to the air pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Ternary adsorption of food dyes Acid Yellow 6 (AY-6), Acid Yellow 23 (AY-23), and Acid Red 18 (AR-18) onto activated carbon ACop produced from flamboyant pods (Delonix regia) was performed in this work. Derivative spectrophotometry was used for simultaneous determination of the dyes, and the response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to analyze the adsorption behavior of the three dyes onto ACop. The RSM revealed the parameters that influence the ternary adsorption of each dye: pH for AY-23, adsorption time for AR-18, and initial concentration for AY-6 and AR-18. The best experimental condition showed Q e,AY-6, Q e,AY-23, and Q e,AR-18 values equal to 254.493, 199.584, and 164.438mgg−1, respectively. ACop was shown to be a fast and effective adsorbent for the ternary adsorption of AY-6, AY-23, and AR-18 from aqueous solutions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de diferentes concentrações salinas na água de irrigação na emergência e desenvolvimento inicial de plântulas de flamboyant (Delonix regia (Bojer ex Hook.) Raf.). O experimento foi desenvolvido em casa de vegetação do Departamento de Ciências Vegetais da Universidade Federal Rural do Semiárido - UFERSA, Mossoró-RN. O delineamento estatístico utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições, com 25 sementes cada. Os tratamentos consistiram das concentrações salinas (0,5; 1,5; 3,0; 4,5 e 6,0 dS m-1), que foram obtidas através da adição de NaCl em água de forma que as soluções fossem calibradas para as condutividades elétricas pré-estabelecidas. As variáveis avaliadas foram: porcentagem de emergência de plântulas, índice de velocidade de emergência, área foliar, altura de plântula, número de folíolos, comprimento de raiz e massa seca da parte aérea. A salinidade interfere negativamente em todas as variáveis avaliadas de forma proporcional ao seu aumento na água de irrigação das plântulas de flamboyant, sendo o maior desenvolvimento das plântulas obtido na dose 0,5 dS m-1. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different salt concentrations in irrigation water on the emergence and initial development of flamboyant (Delonix regia (Bojer ex Hook.) Raf.) seedlings. The experiment was conducted in the greenhouse of the Department of Plant Sciences, Universidade Federal Rural do Semiárido - UFERSA, Mossoró-RN. The statistical design was completely randomized with five treatments and four replicates, each with 25 seeds. The treatments consisted of salt concentrations (0.5, 1.5, 3.0, 4.5 and 6.0 dS m-1), obtained by adding NaCl to water so that the solutions were calibrated to the pre-established electrical conductivity values. The variables measured were: percentage of seedling emergence, rate of emergence, leaf area, seedling height, number of leaves, root length and shoot dry weight. Salinity negatively affects all variables directly proportional to its increase in the irrigation water, with the greatest seedling development at a dose of 0.5 dS m-1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Carotenoids and anthocyanins from floral petals of Delonix regia (Fabaceae) were isolated and characterized. Astaxanthin, a ketocarotenoid and anthocyanins — Peonidin-3-O-glucoside and Petunidin-3-o-acetyl-glucoside were newly identified by HPLC-MS. On 100g dry weight basis, anthocyanin content was 830mg in fresh and 580mg in oven dried petals and 30mg of β-carotene content in a total of 69mg of carotenoids. This study has demonstrated that floral petals of D. regia are rich in unusual combination of biologically active carotenoids and anthocyanins, particularly cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside (800mg/100g DW), holding a great promise for food and pharmaceutical applications. Since astaxanthin is rarely found in higher plants, D. regia appears interesting for gene discovery for understanding of ketocarotenoid biosynthesis in higher plants. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Plants of the garden pea Pisum sativum an annual Papilionaceae species which have a mutation in the COCHLEATA ( COCH) gene bear compound stipules of leaf morphology and secondary inflorescences in which flowers are borne in axils of bracteoles on an inflorescence stem. In the wild-type P. sativum stipules are simple foliaceous and flowers are non-bracteolated. Mutants of the coch phenotype are not known in any other plant species. The COCH gene of P. sativum is not yet sequenced. Therefore whether or not the COCH gene is present in species other than P. sativum remains unknown. Based on the principle of parallel evolution, it is thought that there may be leguminous species that possess the coch phenotype. In search of coch species, the Leguminosae flora of Delhi was surveyed for species that demonstrate compound stipules and bracteolated inflorescences. Out of 124 reported in the Leguminosae flora of Delhi, only the perennial Caesalpinioideae tree species Delonix regia and the shrubby vine species Caesalpinia bonduc were observed to have features of the coch mutants of P. sativum. Since the traits of simple foliaceous stipules and bracteoleless secondary inflorescences of wild-type P. sativum are common to many species among more than 19,400 species of family Leguminosae, it is hypothesized that the COCH gene may be as common as the ubiquitously present LEAFY gene (orthologue of UNIFOLIATA gene of P. sativum) in angiosperms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The objective of these in vitro studies was to identify a Trichoderma strain that reduces the rate of wood decomposition by the white rot fungus Phellinus noxius and Ganoderma australe. For this purpose, dual culture and interaction tests in wood blocks of three hardwoods, Delonix regia, Ficus benjamina, Jacaranda mimosifolia, and one softwood, Araucaria bidwillii, as well as investigations of fungal growth under different environmental conditions, were performed. The effect of Trichoderma ghanense, two strains of T. harzianum and T. reesei on wood colonization and decomposition by four P. noxius strains and G. australe were quantitatively analyzed by measuring the dry weight loss of wood. All Trichoderma species and wood-decay fungi showed optimum growth at a mean temperature of 25–35°C and a high water activity (aw ) of 0.998. At 35°C and aw 0.928, no growth was recorded for any of the wood-decay fungi after 1week, whereas most Trichoderma species were still actively growing. The different Trichoderma species all showed an antagonistic potential against P. noxius in the in vitro studies. The species of wood-decay fungi showed significant differences in their sensitivity when challenged by the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of Trichoderma species. Reduction in the rate of wood decomposition by different Trichoderma species against all wood-decay fungi varied strongly according to the specific plant host. T. harzianum 121009 and T. atroviride 15603.1 showed the highest reduction in weight losses. P. noxius 169 strongly decomposed untreated and pretreated wood of D. regia, whereas weight losses of F. benjamina and J. mimosifolia pretreated with Trichoderma strains were significantly lower. Weight losses by G. australe were significantly reduced for A. bidwillii, D. regia and F. benjamina by all Trichoderma species, but no affect was recorded for J. mimosifolia. The in vitro studies show that only after careful monitoring (i.e. selecting the appropriate strain for the target pathogen and its niche (wood species) can Trichoderma species be used to significantly reduce the growth and rate of wood decomposition by different P. noxius strains. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Traditional healthy beverages in several African counties were home-made by water extraction of flowers of Delonix regia (Boj.) Raf. This tree belongs to the local biodiversity of plants used in the local medicine. It is also part of the traditional bioproducts marketed within African village communities. Scaling-up at pilot plant level, by mimicking this local recipe, lead to concentrated bioproducts containing various natural phenolic compounds, most of them have never been yet published. A three-steps process was used to prepare concentrated of water-extracted soluble phenolics. This process included: phenol extraction of dried plant by overnight diffusion in acidified water, clarification then concentration of the macerate, using membrane technology. Total phenol contents were determined as gallic acid equivalents using the Folin–Ciocalteu method. Total flavonoid contents, as delphinidin equivalents, were determined using the UV–vis colorimetric method. Comparison of concentration factors of both phenol families (phenolic acids and flavonols) contained in the 3 co-products obtained during the process were made between crude extracts, cross-flow microfiltration extracts and reverse osmosis concentrated extracts. Individual phenol compounds found in the products obtained were characterized and quantified by HPLC-DAD and by HPLC–MS2. Among the 11 phenol compounds identified in the water-extracts, 3 have been already identified in the literature (2 phenolic acids and 1 flavonol), and 8 new compounds, in noticeable amounts, have never been cited. We have confirmed the presence of phenolic acids such as 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic (gallic acid), 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic (protocatechuic acid) and of quercetin. We have characterized for the first time the presence of 2-hydroxy 5-[(3,4,5 trihydroxyphenyl) carbonyl oxy] benzoic acid and of 7 other flavonols belonging to the quercetin, kaempferol and isorhamnetol compound families. Using both LCMS and NMR analyses, they have been identified and quantified as: rutin, quercetin 3-O-glucoside, quercetin 3-O-galactoside, quercetin trihexoside, quercetin 3-O-robinobioside, kaempferol rhamnosylhexoside and isorhamnetol rhamnosyl-hexoside. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]