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Ice hockey has one of the highest concussion rates in sport. During collisions with other players, helmets offer limited protection. Various test protocols exist often requiring various types of laboratory equipment. A simplified test protocol was developed to facilitate testing by more researchers, and modifications to certification standards. Measured kinematics (acceleration vs. time trace shape, peak accelerations, and impact duration) of a Hybrid III headform dropped onto different surfaces were compared to published laboratory representations of concussive impacts. An exemplary comparison of five different helmets, ranging from low (US$50) to high cost (US$300), covering a range of helmet and liner designs, was also undertaken. Different impact conditions were created by changing the impact surface (Modular Elastomer Programmer pad, or 24 to 96 mm of EVAZOTE-50 foam with a Young's modulus of ~ 1 MPa), surface orientation (0 or 45°), impact site, and helmet make/model. With increasing impact surface compliance, peak accelerations decreased and impact duration increased. Impacts onto a 45° anvil covered with 48 mm of foam produced a similar response to reference concussive collisions in ice hockey. Specifically, these impacts gave similar acceleration vs. time trace shapes, while normalized pairwise differences between reference and measured peak acceleration and impact duration, were less than 10% (difference/maximum value), and mean (± SD) of accelerations and duration fell within the interquartile range of the reference data. These results suggest that by modifying the impact surface, a free-fall drop test can produce a kinematic response in a helmeted headform similar to the method currently used to replicate ice hockey collisions. A wider range of impact scenarios, i.e., fall onto different surfaces, can also be replicated. This test protocol for ice hockey helmets could facilitate simplified testing in certification standards and research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fatal occupational injuries are a preventable social problem seen all around the world. This study aimed to determine the data of unintentional fatal injuries in the workplace and to discuss the findings in the light of the literature. Occupational fatalities, which had undergone external examination and autopsy between 2000-2016 in Elazig province in Eastern Turkey, were analyzed retrospectively. There were 130 fatalities; 128 (98.5 %) were males and the most common age group was 25-44 (42.3%) years. The average age of fatalities in the agricultural sector was higher than in other sectors. Occupational fatalities most frequently occurred in construction (30%) followed by agriculture (24.6%). Fatal injuries mostly occurred as a result of a fall from a height (34.6%). The head (50.8%) and the thorax (47.7%) were the most common injured body parts. For occupational health and safety, it is necessary to take safety measures at workplaces, provide protective equipment, and increase the quality of inspections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today occupational health and safety has become an important issue. Working at height is one of the important matters in occupational health and safety. When working at height, it is important to use protective equipments. Some of the important ones are working ropes and positioning lanyards. There is various type of lanyards. According to manner of work, lanyards are selected according to the standards. In this context, general information will be given about ropes suitable for working at height. According to market research, most used lanyards were selected and by changing some parameters of production, lanyards that had various properties were produced. Their mechanical and structural properties were tested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Futsal is a five-a-side version of football played on a smaller pitch. In futsal, most injuries affect the lower extremity (70%), followed by the head and neck (13%), and the incidence of concussion is reportedly 3.6-times higher than in football. Wearing a faceguard (FG) after maxillofacial injury can allow early, safe return to sports after injury, and the demand for FGs has been rising annually. This study examined the clinical effectiveness of a FG customized for a 30-year-old male futsal player in a top Japanese league team following nasal bone fracture. We also investigated the clinical assessment of the FG by the player, to obtain information for further development of FGs for futsal players. First, a case was made. Support areas of the FG were assigned to the frontal region and zygomatic arch. The eyes and nasal apex were left as uncovered as possible to minimize effects on the field of vision. A 3.2-mm-thick hard thermoplastic material was then softened and molded over the cast with light finger pressure. Cushioning materials were adhered to both inner and outer surfaces of the thermoplastic material. The FG was secured to the face using two stretch bands with hook-and-loop fasteners. Until fracture healing was confirmed after 3 weeks, the patient used the FG 15 times in practice and once in a preseason match. After using the FG, a questionnaire with 11-point rating scales was administered, asking: 1) about age, sex, and type of sports; 2) about frequency of and dissatisfaction with use; 3) about protective ability and comfort of FG use; and 4) about visual field in 4 directions (upper, lower, inside and outside). While protection ability and comfort appeared good with FG use, more attention in the design may need to be paid to fit and the lower visual field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the current study was to identify under what circumstances people drown using the 4W model (Avramidis, Butterly, Llewellyn, 2007). We used qualitative content analysis to analyze drowning incident videos (n = 41), and semistructured interviews of those involved in drowning incidents (n = 34). Results confirmed that drowning incidents can occur at any time of day, although most likely during daylight, and during any season of the year, with summer most common. We observed that drowning can occur after engaging in just about any form of human activity that is on, near, above or under the surface of a liquid (mainly water). Drownings with serious consequences often result when rescue and personal protective equipment is either absent or has insufficient quality. Almost any risky aquatic-related activity that doesn't comply with appropriate safety procedures might lead to drowning. In response to drowning, we noted that a wide variety of rescue techniques might be used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Faceguards are well-known protective gear that shield against the maxillofacial traumatic injuries during exercise and sporting activities. Recently, custom faceguards have been introduced as protective equipment for those who return early to play after surgical treatments for maxillofacial injuries such as nasal bone, zygomatic arch, frontal bone and mandibular fractures. However, there are few reports that illustrate the step-by-step technical points of custom faceguard fabrication. This article comprehensibly illustrated the technique of custom faceguard fabrication with thermoforming and soft cushioning materials on a facial cast. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of protective football headgear on peripheral vision reaction time and visual target detection. Twenty-five Division I NCAA football players (age = 20.5 yrs ± 0.9, height = 185.9 cm ± 6.8, body mass = 99.2 kg ± 19.2, BMI = 29.6 ± 4.5) participated. In a crossover counterbalanced study design, subjects participated in one visit with three conditions: Baseline (BL) without headgear, helmet only (HO), helmet with an eye shield (HE). Subjects completed a 1-min peripheral vision reaction time test for each condition separated by 3-min recovery periods. Tests were administered using a 64 light Dynavision D2 Visuomotor board. Target detection (total hit score) was higher during BL than HO (p < 0.001) and HE (p < 0.001). Average (p < 0.001), peak (p < 0.001), minimum (p < 0.001), and median (p < 0.001) peripheral reaction times were faster during BL than HO and HE. No significant differences were observed for any measures between HO and HE conditions (p > 0.05). Findings indicate that protective football headgear impaired reaction time to peripheral visual stimuli. The addition of an eye shield to the helmet had a small non-significant effect on reaction time and target detection. These results may hold important implications in helmet design and player safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a case study of the treatment and rehabilitation of a facial fracture suffered by a woman college basketball player. The diagnosis of the fracture, the orbital reconstruction surgery which followed diagnosis, and the rehabilitation process are described. The athlete was fitted with a face shield upon recovery, and was able to resume playing competitive basketball with no restrictions.

Abstract Football helmet certification tests are performed without a facemask attached to the helmet; however, the facemask is expected to contribute substantially to the structure and dynamics of the helmet through the effects of added mass and added stiffness. Facemasks may increase the peak acceleration and severity index; therefore, as-used helmets may not mitigate head impacts as effectively as certification tests indicate. Furthermore, the effect is expected to depend on the helmet design as well as the orientation and speed of the impact. This study examined the influence of the facemask on impact behavior in a NOCSAE-style linear drop test and the interactions with location, velocity, and helmet model. Increases in peak acceleration and severity index of up to 36% were observed when helmets were tested with the facemask. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low-energy impact testing of hockey shin guards was carried out using a drop test impact rig and a new physical setup protocol. Two brands of shin guards were impacted once (2.6 J, 3.3 J; without and with a sock), and impacted three times (3.3 J; with a sock). The peak force and impulse of a single impact increased with increasing impact energy (by approximately 30 and 7%, respectively) whilst repeated impacts increased the peak force and decreased the impulse (by approximately 70 and 3-9%, respectively, between one and three impact events). The presence of a sock attenuated impact force to a greater extent than the guards alone, at both impact energies. As a sock is usually worn over hockey shin guards, its presence contributes to enhanced protection to the lower limb. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objective The aim of this research is to study the behaviour of a human head during the event of an impact of a cricket ball. While many recent incidents were reported in relation to head injuries caused by the impact of cricket balls, there is no clear information available in the published literature about the possible threat levels and the protection level of the current protective equipment. This research investigates the effects of an impact of a cricket ball on a human head and the level of protection offered by the existing standard cricket helmet. Method An experimental program was carried out to measure the localised pressure caused by the impact of standard cricket balls. The balls were directed at a speed of 110 km/h on a 3D printed head model, with and without a standard cricket helmet. Numerical simulations were carried out using advanced finite element package LS-DYNA to validate the experimental results. Results The experimental and numerical results showed approximately a 60% reduction in the pressure on the head model when the helmet was used. Both frontal and side impact resulted in head acceleration values in the range of 225–250 g at a ball speed of 110 km/h. There was a 36% reduction observed in the peak acceleration of the brain when wearing a helmet. Furthermore, numerical simulations showed a 67% reduction in the force on the skull and a 95% reduction in the skull internal energy when introducing the helmet. Conclusions (1) Upon impact, high localised pressure could cause concussion for a player without helmet. (2) When a helmet was used, the acceleration of the brain observed in the numerical results was at non-critical levels according to existing standards. (3) A significant increase in the threat levels was observed for a player without helmet, based on force, pressure, acceleration and energy criteria, which resulted in recommending the compulsory use of the cricket helmet. (4) Numerical results showed a good correlation with experimental results and hence, the numerical technique used in this study can be recommended for future applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores how carpentry apprentices learn to handle uncertain and potentially dangerous situations in the working environment at construction sites. The analysis focuses on how these situations are negotiated at the workplaces in relation to bodily sensations of pain, relations with their co-workers and the importance placed on ‘getting the work done’. It shows that instead of working to eliminate potentially dangerous situations through the use of precautionary measures such as lifting equipment or personal protection gear, the apprentices learn to understand risk and uncertainties as a part of the job through general learning processes at the workplace. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The present experimental study investigates shock wave mitigation capability of potentially new personal protective equipment (PPE) suspension pads made from polyurea and shear thickening fluid (STF). The shock tube test results show that when placed behind Twaron fabric systems with thickness ranging from 2 mm to 18 mm, the replacement of conventional flexible foam pad with STF and STF-infused foam pads with the same thickness of 20 mm greatly reduces the normalized peak pressure (by about 72% for each pad). However, this benefit is partially offset by a large increase in the normalized impulse (by about 78% for the STF pad and 131% for the STF-infused foam pad) which may cause the shock wave mitigation performance of these two pads to become less effective. Interestingly, the use of 4 mm thick polyurea pad can greatly reduce the normalized peak pressure and impulse as well (by about 74% and 49%, respectively). These results reveal that among the potentially new suspension pads tested, the polyurea pad displays the best shock wave mitigation performance. Therefore, polyurea has potential for use as a suspension pad in personal protective equipment requiring shock wave mitigation capability such as fabric ballistic vests, bomb suits and combat helmets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article we will present the reasons that the construction worker to stop using protective equipment established as essential to ensure the health. Also stands out in the study, the fact that the productive activity also contributes to leave the exposed worker to these agents that cause accidents and diseases that without proper monitoring and control, can cause irreversible diseases that can lead the worker to death, which requires organizations to adopt protective measures and control in a safety management system at work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction With more diversity in the workforce, companies are producing PPE such as hard hats, safety glasses, coveralls, foot protection, and safety harnesses for a larger range of body shapes and sizes. However, gray literature reports suggest that barriers exist to getting alternate sized PPE from the manufacturer to the workers who need it. The purpose of this study is to determine the extent to which alternative-sized PPE is marketed. Method A web-based review of seven major manufacturers of PPE was conducted to determine: (a) whether or not they offer alternative-sized products, (b) if these products are clearly labeled, and (c) if images used to display PPE are representative of a diverse workforce. Results Of the seven PPE manufacturers investigated, six had at least one product that was marketed as gender and/or size alternatives however, alternative sizes were more common for larger body types. Alternative-sized products rarely included size charts, and the models used to display PPE were overwhelmingly white males of average size. Conclusions Despite the growing availability of alternative-sized PPE, it can be difficult to find these products, which suggests that they are rarely promoted or labeled as alternative-sized. Our study indicates that companies should expand their product lines and more aggressively market and promote these items. Guidance on how to properly fit their products would also be extremely helpful to the end-user. Practical applications Manufacturers could improve the availability of alternative-sized PPE and increase their promotion of these products on their websites and in their catalogs. Individual companies and safety professionals may assist in this process by demonstrating demand for alternative-sized PPE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Toxicological research on the influence of noxious nanoparticles on human health indicates the need to develop efficient protective devices. In particular, this concerns respiratory protective equipment employing filtration nonwovens. This paper presents a methodology for the improvement of the filtration efficiency of electret nonwovens against nanoparticles by enriching amorphous polycarbonate (PC) with additives of different electrostatic potentials. We introduced perlite granules (positive charge) and amber granules (negative charge) to the polymer stream in melt-blown technology. Filtration efficiency was assessed by a standard method using paraffin oil and sodium chloride aerosol, as well as by a non-standard method using NaCl nanoparticles. The experiments showed that strengthening the effects of electrostatic forces by the introduction of modifiers is a promising approach to improving the efficiency of electret nonwovens against nanoparticles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The adequacy of the decision-making regarding the specification of Safety Instrumented Systems (SIS) deployed for hazardous processes, contributes to avoiding incidents and corresponding losses. This paper proposes an approach to mathematically and economically substantiated design of SIS. Markov analysis is used for the stochastic process of SIS failures and technological incidents occurrence. The model is used further for multi-objective optimization of SIS design. The research is relevant to engineering departments and contractors, who specialise in planning and designing the technological solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper discusses the methods of modification of melt-blown polymer materials by the addition of a bactericidal agent or superabsorbent directly to the fibre-forming area during the melt-blown production process. It also presents tests of textile composites designed for use in selected types of personal protective equipment worn in the workplace. One example of the application of textile composites is the protective footwear insole. The insole composites contain specially developed variants of melt-blown nonwovens made from PP, PC, and PA fibres. Microbiological, hygienic, and mechanical tests have shown that the optimum insoles for all-rubber protective footwear are those made of bioactive composites containing a PC melt-blown nonwoven. Another example of composite application is the air-purifying half mask. Filter composites contain polymer nonwovens with the addition of different quantities of a superabsorbent. They have been tested for particle penetration, airflow resistance, and moisture sorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In most industries there are works carried out at height for those the individual protective equipment against falls from height are the only measure of protection for workers against the risk of falls. Although it is successfully used in many activities carried out at height on horizontal surfaces, inclined or vertical, there are situations where the personal protective equipment against falls from height is itself a risk, either because of the discomfort caused by a failure of ergonomic design or stress due to the request of a static position "hooked" or improper selection or use in degraded condition. Based on these specific situations through the article realized I wanted to draw attention to the advantages and disadvantages of using this type of personal protective equipment, as of the measures to be taken to support the work at height safely. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The objective of the present case series study was to analyze injury types and injured anatomic locations resulting from skiing in snow park (SP) features and to determine potential risk factors for ski injuries in an SP.Methods: The study was conducted during the 2013-2014 winter season in the SP of a major winter resort located in the Spanish Pyrenees. Cases involved skiers who experienced feature-related injuries in the SP. A total of 113 cases met the inclusion criteria. Logistic regression was used to calculate the odds of injury types and injury to anatomic locations on aerial versus nonaerial features.Results: The overall injury rate was 0.9 per 1000 skier runs. The proportion of injuries was higher for aerials (1.18% of uses) than for nonaerials (0.66% of uses). Results revealed that the upper extremities were the most commonly injured body region, and sprains/strains/dislocations and fractures were the most common injury type.Conclusions: The most commonly injured anatomic location on nonaerial features was the face, while on aerial features it was the head. A higher proportion of fractures was observed on aerial features, while a higher proportion of sprains/strains/dislocations was observed on nonaerial features. Prevention strategies to reduce injury risk include SP redesign, safety and communication policies, instruction on technical skills, and promotion of the use of protective equipment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report on friction properties between simulated tennis shoe treads created in house and a hard court tennis surface approved by the International Tennis Federation. To simulate tennis shoe tread, we use the compound N70 Nitrile Butadiene Rubber, which possesses similar physical characteristics as commercial tennis shoe treads, namely hardness, tensile strength, and elongation percentage. Into that compound we have created a series of tread patterns with various shapes, spacing, and heights. An in-house traction rig allows for the maintaining of a constant vertical load while a horizontal load is monotonically increased until our tread slips on the hard court tennis surface. Our experimental apparatus allows us to test a range of rubber compound areas and tread patterns. We performed experiments with different vertical loads and extracted both static and dynamic friction coefficients using force data supplied by load cells mounted vertically and horizontally. Variations in the compound's tread geometry lead to different friction coefficients. We also rotated our tread patterns over a range of angles and extracted associated friction coefficients. Our results have moved us closer to a better understanding of optimal tread patterns on a tennis shoe. Such results are especially of interest to us as sliding is becoming a more prominent feature of elite tennis play on hard courts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study compares fabrication methods for auxetic foam intended for use in sports safety equipment. Thermo-mechanical conversion methods were applied using: i) cubic moulds (150x150x150 mm), ii) cuboidal moulds (150x150x30 mm) & iii) cuboidal moulds (150x150x30 mm) with through-thickness pins. The cuboidal moulds having one reduced dimension relative to the cubic moulds enable faster heat transfer and more consistent through-thickness compression to the foam during conversion. The through-thickness pins allow greater control of in-plane compression throughout the bulk of the converted foam. Samples were compared using: i) density measurements and measurements of total surface folding (length multiplied by depth), ii) quasi-static compressive load/unload tests to obtain specific strain energy, stress/strain relationship and Poisson's ratio, iii) impact testing on a bespoke drop rig based on a standard for cricket pads (BS 6183-3: 2000, EN 2001) at 5, 10 and 15 J & iv) microscopic images of dissected samples to confirm their auxetic (re-entrant) structure. Samples fabricated in cuboidal moulds show less variation in final density, axial compressive stiffness and specific strain energy between samples than those cut from monoliths fabricated in cubic moulds. Samples created with through-thickness pins exhibited reduced surface folding. Greater control over final properties paves the way for further work designing auxetic foams for sport safety equipment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Laceration injuries in rugby union account for approximately 6% of all injuries sustained during match play. Commentators often cite the design of studded footwear as a causal factor in laceration injuries. In order to assess the laceration injury risk of different stud designs, there is a need to develop a testing protocol that is able to replicate the laceration injury event. This study used a questionnaire to identify the play scenarios that result in laceration injuries. The questionnaire was answered by 191 rugby players, of which 72% had experienced one or more stud injuries during their career which hindered them playing rugby. Half of the laceration injuries described by the respondents came from the ruck, and 27% from a tackle. When analysing free-text responses, a deliberate stamp was described in 35% of the responses and a tackle from behind was described in 14% of responses. These injury scenarios are considered to be the dominant cause of laceration injuries. In future work the identified injury scenarios will be replicated in simulated play and kinetic and kinematic measurements will be recorded. This will inform test parameters for future assessment of laceration injury risk of stud designs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The head is one of the most heat sensitive parts of the human body. In various sports head protection is obligatory resulting in a dilemma. In situations of high metabolism heat is accumulated due to insulation properties of the helmet, leading to enormous heat stress and discomfort. Today one way to improve heat dissipation from the head is via ventilation openings. But thermodynamically, further opportunities exist either active or passive. In this paper one material- and one technology-based concept are presented and evaluated with a physical thermal head model. The former uses evaporative cooling (convection). It consists of a water reservoir, a small pump to transport the water beneath the helmet, tubes and a textile for a homogeneous water distribution. The second uses materials with beneficial conductive properties (conduction) in direct contact to the head. This concept is realized by the use of heat pipes that are integrated in the structure of the helmet and a heat sink. Cooling effect of the concepts is evaluated in two controlled thermal environments (T 1 =15°C; T 2 =28°C; RH=70%). Thereby the head is heated up to a constant inner temperature of T hy =39°C that arises during high activity. The surface temperatures on the head are recorded by 61 evenly distributed temperature sensors, representing skin temperatures. Finally, cooling effect results from the heating energy that is needed to keep a constant core temperature. The analysed data relating to the required heating energy shows no differences between the HRSs and compared to the reference measurement. In contrast, a considerable effect of HRSs is determined, locally. Applying the HRS Heat pipe & Heat sink skin temperatures show decreases both at 15°C and at 28°C compared to the reference measurement. At sensor position 3 the maximum decrease can be seen by 25%. By using the HRS H 2 O at sensor position 3 skin temperature decreases by 13% at 15°C and by 8% at 28°C in comparison to the values of the reference measurement. Concerning the cooling effect, the comparison of both of the HRSs shows up to 17% better values at 15°C using the HRS Heat pipe & Heat sink . At 28°C no differences can be seen. Concerning the cooling effect and the disadvantages of the evaporative cooling principle, the HRS Heat Pipe & Heat sink is more suited for such an application in bicycle helmets. For applying this HRS to a bicycle helmet it has to be adapted to the entire helmet and to its shape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Concussion awareness in sports-related injuries has increased over the past decade. This has resulted in improvement in protective equipment and in our understanding of head injury. While contact sports such as ice hockey or football are of interest, concussion also occurs in non- contact sports like softball and baseball. The aim of this project was to describe facemask response to ball impacts. The study involved one face mask design and two types of foam padding. A method is presented that allows foam characterization at deformation rates and magnitudes representative of impact conditions. The foam impacts were modelled numerically and shown to agree with experiment. The facemask/foam system was placed on a Hybrid III headform and impacted with softballs to measure its response experimentally. A numeric model of the facemask/foam system on a model of the Hybrid III headform showed good agreement with experiment. Facemask impacts with a stiffer foam showed superior attenuation at high speeds (above 31 m/s) while a softer foam attenuated impacts better at low speeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The design of ski and ski touring boots should consider three key elements: performance, safety and comfort. For all three aspects, the boot's (shaft) flexural behavior is one of the crucial characteristics. Knowing the importance of this design parameter it is surprising that up to now no generally accepted standardized method exists to test and quantify the stiffness of the boot. First test methods, developed in the late eighties, used a leg prosthesis loaded with a horizontal force at the top of the shank in order to apply a bending moment to the boot hinge. Since then the basic principle has not been changed and it is widely used to quantify the dorsal and plantar flexion under slope conditions as well as the effect of buckle closure, temperature and fit of the boot. This common approach however neglects some of the important boundary conditions such as the realistic plantar pressure distribution underneath the artificial foot or the correct location and shift of the point of force application during the flexion movement. The aim of this study was to design a new test bench which overcomes some of the previous limitations thus being able to improve validity of the load simulation. The major addition to the current state is that the new test bench simulates ground reaction forces by using a pneumatic driven active leg-prosthesis generating an internal extension moment in knee and ankle. Further a linear bearing allows simultaneous displacement of the foot in the sagittal plane, simulating forward or backward shift of the center of pressure, which is typical for skiing maneuvers. The presentation will illustrate the theory behind this new concept and describe the details of its design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Foamed rubbers are widely used for the shoe-soles, shin-guards, protectors and so on. The complex microstructure of foamed rubber consists of rubber matrix and pores. Therefore, foamed rubbers show good shock-absorbing properties in addition to good formability and lightweight. The mechanical characteristics of foamed rubber are determined by the mechanical characteristics of rubber matrix and its microstructure. In this study, a homogenization numerical analysis of mechanical characteristics of foamed rubber considering the rubber matrix and microstructure was shown. In order to develop the evaluation method, the microstructure of the foamed rubber was assumed to have the periodical holes, and a homogenization FEM code for formed rubber was developed based on homogenization theory with hyperelasticity. To verify the applicability of our developed code, rectangular rubber specimens with periodically holes were prepared to observe stress distributions of periodical inner structure. Incompressible hyperelasticity was applied to the rubber matrix. The material parameters of hyperelasticity for rubber matrix were identified by the biaxial tensile test results. Compression test of the rubber specimen reproducing FEM model was conducted to verify the applicability of the analysis code. The analysis result showed good agreement with the compression test result in the low strain region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with the development of an original numerical model able to simulate the dynamics of a human body impacting against sport protective structures at a low velocity. The model has been developed using the multibody dynamics approach and includes major bony parts, intervertebral discs, muscles and ligaments. Body interaction with the protective structures has been simulated with a three-dimension contact and using nonlinear stiffness elements evaluated by means of finite element investigations. The use of multibody model has been preferred due to the consideration that it combines the detailed description of the three-dimensional biomechanical systems with a smaller set of parameters to be defined with respect to finite element approach. The model has been used for assessing and comparing the protective performance of different padding shapes and materials in terms of head injury criteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A set of unfavorable climatic factors determines how extreme the environment is for humans in particular regions. The Arctic and Antarctic (polar) regions are generally considered to be the most extreme environments. Assessing the extreme conditions is of importance for developing life support systems and personal protective equipment, implementing proper labor management, and preventing frostbite. Several methods are currently used to assess the climate severity, but none of them addresses the level of discomfort for humans. Two indices, the Wind Chill Index (WCI) and Bioclimatic Index of Severity of Climatic Regime (BISCR), were previously developed to estimate the level of bioclimatic discomfort. With the indices, bioclimatic parameters were evaluated for eight Antarctic stations: Amundsen-Scott, Bellingshausen, Byrd, McMurdo, Mirny, Molodezhnaya, Novolazarevskaya, and Vostok. Monthly and annual data on air temperature, wind speed, relative humidity, altitude, and air pressure were used to calculate the WCI and BISCR. The BISCR, which includes hypoxia as a component of bioclimatic discomfort, was found to better predict the impact of meteorological conditions on the human body in Antarctica and to allow comparisons of outdoor climatic conditions and indoor microclimate for Antarctic stations. The WCI proved to detect no difference between stations from different climatic zones, especially in indoor conditions, thus being unsuitable for comparisons. The findings can be used for labor management at inland Antarctic stations to minimize possible health risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human interactions with horses entail certain risks. Although the acceptance and use of protective gear is increasing, a high number of incidents and very low or inconsistent voluntary use of safety equipment are reported. While past studies have examined factors influencing the use of safety gear, they have explored neither their influence on the overall safety behavior, nor their relative influence in relation to each other. The aim of the present study is to fill this gap. We conducted an online survey with 2572 participants. By means of a subsequent multiple regression analysis, we explored 23 different variables in view of their influence on the protective behavior of equestrians. In total, we found 17 variables that exerted a significant influence. The results show that both having positive or negative attitudes towards safety products as well as the protective behavior of other horse owners or riding pupils from the stable have the strongest influence on the safety behavior of German equestrians. We consider such knowledge to be important for both scientists and practitioners, such as producers of protective gear or horse sport associations who might alter safety behavior in such a way that the number of horse-related injuries decreases in the long term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paper presents the results of testing firefighter protective equipment. During interventions, firefighters are exposed to strain and stress and above all they are exposed to high temperatures and working in extreme thermal conditions. Since clothes protect firefighter and actually presents the barrier for heat exchange, it is very important to know their characteristics (e.g. thermal insulation) when creating and designing suitable clothes that will offer also normal movement and comfort during work. For testing different protective clothes, thermal manikins are usually used. Thermal manikins represent the anatomical shape of human body and in this way represent a measuring tool. During our research, data on nineteen segments of thermal manikin was observed and thermal insulation was calculated. Thermal insulation usually plays an important role when researching or developing optimal protective clothes used in hot environmental conditions. For studying suitability of firefighters movements' two ergonomics methods were used: OWAS and RULA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment (NOCSAE) has developed impact attenuation thresholds that protective helmets worn in sport must meet to be commercially available in an attempt to prevent injury. It remains unknown how normal helmet use in athletic activity alters the force attenuation ability of lacrosse helmets. We tested 3 new and 3 randomly selected used helmets from 2 popular lacrosse models (Cascade Pro7, Cascade CPXR). All used helmets had been worn for 3 collegiate seasons prior to testing and had never been refurbished. Helmets were drop-tested using 3 prescribed impact velocities at 6 locations according to the NOCSAE lacrosse helmet standard, and we compared the Gadd Severity Index (GSI) scores between new and used helmets using a repeated measure ANOVA with location as the repeated variable and data separated by impact velocity. All 12 helmets passed the NOCSAE GSI threshold for all testing conditions; however 1 used helmet shell cracked resulting in a failed test. We found a significant main effect for helmet age at the low ( F 5,50 =2.98, P =.02), medium ( F 5,50 =3.71, P =.006), and high ( F 5,50 =2.70, P =.03) velocities. We suspect that helmet use can degrade materials under some conditions, but improve performance in others due to changes in helmet composition from use. The clinical implications of the differences in GSI scores noted remain unclear. Because one helmet shell cracked resulting in a failed test, used helmets should be regularly inspected for cracks or other signs of mechanical fatigue that may weaken helmet integrity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry's policy on the prevention of sports-related orofacial injuries is presented, which encourages preventive practices for youth in sports, including the use of mouthguards or face protectors as appropriate for particular sports, as well as further research to improve mouthguards.

The biomechanical experiment with eight male and four female firefighters demonstrates that the effect of adding essential equipment: turnout ensemble, self-contained breathing apparatus, and boots (leather and rubber boots), significantly restricts foot pronation. This finding is supported by a decrease in anterior-posterior and medial-lateral excursion of center of plantar pressure (COP) trajectory during walking. The accumulation of this equipment decreases COP velocity and increases foot-ground contact time and stride time, indicating increased gait instability. An increase in the flexing resistance of the boots is the major contributor to restricted foot pronation and gait instability as evidenced by the greater decrease in excursion of COP in leather boots (greater flexing resistance) than in rubber boots (lower resistance). The leather boots also shows the greatest increase in foot contact time and stride time. These negative impacts can increase musculoskeletal injuries in unfavorable fire ground environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The work presented here demonstrates using a novel, field-responsive nanocomposite based on shear thickening fluids (STFs) as responsive protective materials with superior damping and energy adsorption properties. Peak forces and accelerations measured using an instrumented Instron™ drop tower demonstrate that STF nanocomposite prototypes and impact foam taken from a commercial football helmet have similar performance for low kinetic energy impacts. However, tests with STF nanocomposite samples exhibit significantly reduced peak acceleration and peak force for impacts above 15 J. Thus, the STF containing nanocomposite material provides improved energy adsorption upon impact as compared to the commercial foam. These tests suggest that STF nanocomposite materials have promising potential as novel energy dissipating components in personal protective equipment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study which explored the fit of football helmets on high school football players from within the Intermountain West is presented. Topics covered include the habits of the players in maintaining their helmets' inflatable bladders, the relationship between improperly fitted or maintained helmets and the presence of concussion or concussion-like symptoms.

The increased use of explosives in combat has resulted in a large number of returning veterans suffering from blast-related mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and self-reported complications. It remains unclear whether this increase in self-reported difficulties is unique to the blast mechanism or stressful preinjury environment and whether cognitive-functioning deficits correspond with these difficulties in the postacute phase. This study examined the relationship between cognitive performance and self-reported psychological and somatic symptoms of blast-related mTBI compared with civilian mTBI, independent of comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. Twelve veterans with blast-related mTBI were compared to 18 individuals with civilian mTBI on cognitive tests and self-report questionnaires. Univariate analyses failed to reveal differences on any individual cognitive test. Further, veterans reported more psychological and somatic complaints. These self-reported difficulties were not significantly correlated with neuropsychological performance. Overall, preliminary results suggest that in the postacute phase, subjective complaints related to blast-related mTBI do not covary with objective cognitive performance. Additionally, cognitive outcomes from blast-related mTBI were similar to those of civilian forms of mTBI. Future studies should identify the cognitive and self-reported sequelae of blast-related mTBI independent of comorbid PTSD in a larger sample of veterans. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Objective To survey young male athletes to determine the self-reported prevalence of sports-related testicular injuries and use of protective equipment among adolescents and young adults. Methods A self-administered questionnaire was distributed to male students at local high schools and colleges. Respondents were asked about personal and team member usage of athletic cups and history of testicular injuries. Returned surveys were analyzed for descriptive statistics and compared between high school and college respondents. Results Approximately 1700 surveys were distributed and 731 returned. The mean age of all respondents was 17.7 years. Across all sports, 18% of athletes experienced a testicular injury during sports and 36.4% observed injuries in team members, whereas only 12.9% of respondents reported wearing athletic cups. The prevalence of testicular injuries for lacrosse, wrestling, baseball, and football was 48.5%, 32.8%, 21%, and 17.8%, respectively. Of athletes reporting a prior injury, 20.1% reported that they wear a cup now. Rates of athletic cup usage were significantly less for college baseball, football, and all respondents compared with their high school counterparts. Conclusion Previously reported rates of testicular injury with sports participation may underestimate the prevalence of these injuries among adolescent and young adult athletes among whom testicular protective equipment is infrequently used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of ballistic protective equipment is marked by constant improvement of the performance and the level of protection while reducing the weight of the ballistic protection structures and individual armor. Generally, the protective systems are designed and implemented by the optimum combination of different types of materials, such as ceramics, metals, polymers, fibers and composite materials, in order to meet the specific requirements of the various types of threats. Thus, the ballistic protection is achieved by material layers with specific functions. Considering these aspects, research nowadays focuses on implementing simpler structures in terms of construction, enabling high mobility while keeping the same performance level or even a higher level of protection than previous generations. This article briefly presents some of the basic materials for one of the future solutions, the "liquid body armor". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose To characterise the demographics, cycling habits and accident rates of adult cyclists in Tasmania. Methods Volunteers ≥18 years of age who had cycled at least once/week over the previous month provided information on demographics; cycling experience; bicycles owned; hours/km/trips cycled per week; cycling purpose; protective equipment used; and major (required third-party medical treatment or resulted ≥1 day off work) or minor (interfered with individuals’ regular daily activities and/or caused financial costs) accidents while cycling. Results Over 8-months, 136 cyclists (70.6% male) completed the telephone survey. Mean (standard deviation) age was 45.4 (12.1) years with 17.1 (11.4) years of cycling experience. In the week prior to interview, cyclists averaged 6.6 trips/week (totalling 105.7 km or 5.0 h). The most common reason for cycling was commuting/transport (34% of trips), followed by training/health/fitness (28%). The incidence of major and minor cycling accidents was 1.6 (95% CI 1.1–2.0) and 3.7 (2.3–5.0) per 100,000 km, respectively. Male sex was associated with a significantly lower minor accident risk (incidence rate ratio = 0.34, p = 0.01). Mountain biking was associated with a significantly higher risk of minor accident compared with road or racing, touring, and city or commuting biking ( p < 0.05). Conclusions Physical activity of regular cyclists’ exceeds the level recommended for maintenance of health and wellbeing; cyclists also contributed substantially to the local economy. Accident rates are higher in this sample than previously reported in Tasmania and internationally. Mountain biking was associated with higher risks of both major and minor accidents compared to road/racing bike riding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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