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This article explores tensions between producers and audiences over the growing trend of broken games as developers rush error-ridden titles to market and update them after their release. Through the lens of software studies, it examines development norms among major game companies, noting important connections with contingent commodities and perpetual beta development. Focusing on the discourse surrounding Ubisoft's notoriously broken Assassin's Creed Unity (2014), it highlights how digital producers and audiences negotiate failure in a digital environment that increasingly relies on updates, revisions, and patches. It argues that digital industry producers foster an indefinite beta atmosphere within the context of a purchase and recontextualizes audience outrage as free labor by encouraging customers to report on faulty code. Ultimately, industry producers then engender a perpetual update culture in which digital commodities mediate failure through the rhetoric of constant improvement, and producers leverage the instability of digital distribution against its audience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on several film schools in Munich and Berlin. Topics include reports that the prototype workshop is actually cheaper than an assembly line system, and one can achieve more in a well-furnished prototype workshop than in a poorly equipped production facility; and examines that it needs to critique the form of relation between the producers in production and the form of relation between products and users.

Copyright of Agricultura Sociedad y Desarrollo is the property of Colegio de Postgraduados and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Consumers, producers, and lawmakers have long debated whether to require labels for food containing genetically engineered ("GE") ingredients. In 2016, this question was seemingly answered with the National Bioengineered Food Disclosure Act ("NBFDA"), which mandated such labels. Nevertheless, the NBFDA did nothing to alleviate the public's concerns pertaining to GE food ingredients, and the debate surrounding the benefits and safety of GE food ingredients continues. This Comment suggests that the NBFDA was Congress' attempt to sidestep the underlying unease regarding these food products, rather than directly address the negative connotations that surround GE food ingredients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the role of producer organisations in improving service delivery to producers/farmers. It observes that access to technology and other farm advisory services for producers within a producer organisation or partner arrangement is much more effective than for non-partners. Perceptible changes occurred in terms of increase in net incomes for partners compared to non-partners, even though increases in yield were not always observed. Benefits arose mainly because of increase in market access, marketable surplus and bargaining power for producer organisations. Such encouraging findings support arguments for greater policy support to leverage the functioning of producer organisations for their sustenance and replication. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Venues allowing consumers to purchase foods directly from producers, such as farmers markets, have grown rapidly in recent years. Direct-toconsumer marketing not only allows consumers to buy locally produced foods; it also facilitates interaction with producers through which consumers can learn more information about the foods they buy. Although information exchange is important in consumer purchasing decisions, little research has been conducted on information consumers and producers would like to share at farmers markets. This mixed-methods survey study (i.e., including quantitative and qualitative methods) explored interests of both consumers and producers regarding the types of information they would like to learn or share at farmers markets, as well as preferred methods by which they would like this information communicated. Quantitative results showed that consumers and producers were most interested in sharing information regarding pesticide use, flavor, freshness, food safety, animal welfare, nutrition, and environmental impacts; qualitative results indicated consumers were strongly interested in local sourcing, organic production, and animal care. Both groups were interested in sharing information via consumerinitiated conversations. Consumers noted purchasing needs and vendor relationships as drivers for choosing which producers to buy from. These findings could facilitate consumer-producer interactions at farmers markets as well as informed purchasing decisions by consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Silogismo is the property of Revista Silogismo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Here, an approach for finding an optimal path in a flexible jobshop manufacturing system considering two criteria of time and cost is proposed. A network is configured in which the nodes are considered to be the shops with arcs representing the paths among the shops. An automated guided vehicle functions as a material handling device through the manufacturing network. To account for uncertainty, time is considered to be a triangular fuzzy number and apply an expert system to infer the cost. The expert system based on fuzzy rule backpropagation network to configure the rules for estimating the cost under uncertainty is proposed. A multiple linear regression model is applied to analyze the rules and find the effective rules for cost estimation. The objective is to find a path minimizing an aggregate weighted unscaled time and cost criteria. A fuzzy dynamic programming approach is presented for computing a shortest path in the network. Then, a comprehensive economic and reliability analysis is worked out on the obtained paths to find the optimal producer's behavior. Finally, an application of the model is illustrated by a numerical example. The results show the effectiveness of our approach for finding an optimal path in a manufacturing system under uncertainty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A case study is presented on both small food enterprises in Mexico and blueberry growers in southwestern Michigan, with a focus on the challenges that the entrepreneurs faced in starting up their new businesses. Their ability to be integrated into institutional programs, acquire technical knowledge and obtain financing is explored. The manners in which the businesses integrated themselves into producer associations and cooperatives under distinct titles are discussed.

In several countries drawback is a tool for promoting non-traditional exports. However, this custom procedure can not be used by all producers-exporters companies because its use involves strict compliance of the conditions approved by customs law. In the peruvian case, the level of use of drawback is more intensive in certain industries, providing a support for the competitiveness of companies which should be strategically used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tenth session of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity successfully adopted the 'Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization to the Convention on Biological Diversity' in October 2010. This article identifies the main challenges in the final negotiations and explains the framework for access and benefit-sharing established by the Protocol both for genetic resources and for traditional knowledge associated with genetic resources. It also describes in more detail the Protocol's economic, temporal and geographic scope; its relationship to other international instruments; the treatment of pathogens; the role of non-commercial research; and the global multilateral benefit-sharing mechanism. The article then identifies next steps at national level and at international level - in the Intergovernmental Committee set up to prepare the entry into force of the Protocol - to ensure that the Nagoya Protocol becomes a major tool for benefit-sharing as well as for the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The adoption of grades and standards in export markets has become widespread. Has been not defined the role of the organizations in the adoption of standards and there is not clarity of the contribution of the organizations to complete the process. The objective of this work was to identify the role of different actors in the processes of implementation and adoption of standards in horticultural producers in the northwestern region of Mexico. With the field information through an econometric estimate, a Logit model was developed that allows determining the contribution of organizations in the process of adopting standards. The work concludes that the trading houses make the biggest contribution to the adoption process with training, technical assistance and inputs financing. Producer organizations are committed in a particularly important representation in the negotiations and finally the public institutions are contributing to a lesser way with the adoption process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within its sales territory, Producers Cooperative Association of Bryan, Texas is a dominant feed, fertilizer, and farm supply business. This case study enables students to understand the operating philosophies of this cooperative as it faces over twenty-one different major competitors. The case is designed to give students an understanding of the equity financing of a cooperative; a greater appreciation for creating member value within a cooperative; and an illustration of a successful board decision-making process. This case is intended for use in junior or senior level cooperative management or strategic management classes. Alternatively, the case can also be used in board of director and/or manager training. A separate teaching note explains the authors' desired case learning outcomes and also answers student questions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A marketing group is an association of producers who agreed to sell their farms jointly, as a group. The group takes responsibility for widely understood marketing of agricultural products I.E. preparation, supply, promotion, and distribute of these goods. Farmers' groups, in order to generate possibly highest profits, usually merge production-related and marketing functions, which leads to rise in. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine the incentives of atomistic producers to differentiate and collectively market products. We analyze market and welfare effects of alternative producer organizations, discuss circumstances under which they will evolve, and describe implications for the ongoing debate between the EU and the United States. As fixed costs of development and marketing increase and the anticipated market size falls, it becomes essential to increase the producer organization's ability to control supply to cover the fixed costs associated with the introduction of differentiated products. Counterintuitively, stronger property right protection for producer organizations may enhance welfare even after a differentiated product has been developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a policy to prevent and overcome cartels in the U.S. Cartel is a group of independent producers with goals to increase profits by price fixing, limiting supply or other restrictive practices. Collusion has a vital role in cartel because parties tend to cooperate for mutual benefit. One way to deter cartel is the prosecution of collusive practices. The cartel law is covered in the Article 81 of Treaty of European Community.

Some ideas of Reformist "uplift unionism," as exemplified by the nineteenth-century Knights of Labor, have once again become interesting. Arising in a time of hyper-competition and troubled times for traditional trade unions, the Knights aimed to reform society, primarily through solidarity among producers and the formation of cooperatives. Their local organizations often included social action groups along with trade unions. Under current conditions of international hyper-competition and trade union decline, some of the ideas of the old Knights have new importance. The current concept of unionism as a social movement can be grounded in Reformist notions, as can modern worker-rights organizations and the reasoning underlying the workers' capital movement. Reformism offers a coherent approach to these labor movement strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In relation to indigenous political movements, organizations which pursue economic aims (such as producers' associations or cooperatives) have received much less attention from scholars, so far. A survey of the latter in three indigenous areas of Mexico (the Sierra Norte de Puebla, the Costa Montaña of Guerrero and Northeastern Chiapas) reveals situations which are highly differentiated and possess specific dynamics. Born in the 1970s and early 1980s out of the interactions between peasant groups with strong indigenous identities and outsiders (such as left activists or Catholic priests and nuns from the Liberation Theology tendency), these organizations reacted in different ways to the progressive withdrawal of State intervention in the countryside which occurred since the Salinas administration (1988-1994). This article explores the factors which led some of these organizations to conform more closely to State policy, while others chose a prudent apoliticism and others adopted an independent, though not rebellious attitude and made connexions with opposition forces. The article also considers the common recent tendency to claim native identities which used to be kept in the shadow of a common peasant identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new obligatory deposit law went into effect in Russia on 14 February 2002. The law clarifies definitions of material to be deposited, revises the list of which library and information agencies are to receive deposit copies, and includes new mechanisms for fining producers who do not comply with the law, among other changes. It is hoped that the new law will improve registration, preservation and access for the nation's cultural heritage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At Upper Clyde Shipbuilders, at NortonVilliers Triumph, at I.P.D. in Liverpool and at the "Scottish Daily News," the Secretary of State for Industry has been associated with occupations and take-overs by the workers, and with an assertion of rights of direct control in industry which have seemed to many to be new and strange. But there is nothing either novel or unusual in what has been going on, and though the recent attempts at the establishment of producers' cooperatives are the first at any such thing since the failure of the building guilds after the First World War, they represent an important strand in the tradition of British politics. Far from engaging in new and daring experiments, the Government and the workers whom they are supporting are acting within a long and vigorous tradition of British politics.

Educational commodity marketing clubs have been an effective tool for producers to develop their grain and livestock marketing skills. These groups are further enhanced when the participants engage in "actual trading" versus "paper trading" techniques. When a club chooses to try actual trading, it becomes more complicated than pooling monies together. Group members need to think of personal liability and state and government regulations with which they need to comply. This article attempts to assist Extension educators as they guide groups through the steps that will limit their personal liability and bring them into compliance with federal regulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the findings of Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Producer Support Estimate (PSE) that calculated the monetary value of transfers to producers from consumers and taxpayers. It presents the statistics of level and composition of producer support in several countries which include Brazil, Chile and the U.S.

Focuses on whether organic foods is better to produce than conventionally farmed food. Details of the historical debate about the relative merits of food from organic farming and other systems of production; Function of the Soil Association, the Bio dynamic Association and the Scottish Organic Producers Association in Great Britain; Properties of organic food.