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Introduction: Cerebral palsy in children (CP) is a group of non-progressive neurological disorders characterized by inadequate control of movement and posture, caused by factors affecting the central nervous system pre-, intra-, or postnatally, within the first 3-5 years of life (the initial period of brain development). Cerebral palsies are considered non-progressive conditions, but they are continuously dynamic, influenced by the processes of growth and development, so the clinical manifestations can change over time. Aim: The purpose of this paper is to emphasize the role of physical therapy in improving Gross Motor Function and integrating Primitive Reflexes in children with cerebral palsy (CP). Material and methods: The study was conducted at the Mihai Nesu Foundation (Oradea) over a period of 6 months (from November 7, 2022, to May 5, 2023) on a female subject with a chronological age of 6 years and 5 months. It involved implementing a physical therapy program twice a week, consisting of exercises to strengthen the muscles of the pelvic girdle, trunk, and lower limbs, as well as exercises to improve anterior knee balance, coordination, and integration of primitive reflexes. Results: Following the rehabilitation program, regarding the progression of walking, a reduction in the time needed by the patient to complete it was observed, from 21 seconds initially to 18 seconds at the end. Additionally, the integration of the Asymmetric Tonic Neck Reflex on both the left and right sides, as well as the Moro reflex for the vestibular and visual systems, was evident. The Stepping-Over-Obstacle reflex was integrated within physiological parameters, while no changes were observed in the Tonic Labyrinthine Reflex of Flexion/Extension from the beginning to the end. Conclusion: In conclusion, we can affirm that implementing a comprehensive rehabilitation program over a period of 6 months, consisting of thermotherapy, massage, and sensory stimulation, followed by Thera-Suit sessions and physical therapy, will allow for the integration of primitive reflexes, improvement of walking and balance, as well as the enhancement of gross motor function in a child with spastic tetraparesis, as confirmed by partial results.

Introduction: Primitive reflexes (PR) induce involuntary automatic movements in response to specific stimuli. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of active PR in young high-level football players. Methodology: Sixty-nine national-level football players from a French academy were tested (17.0 ± 1.4 years; 69.6 ± 8.0 kg; 178.9 ± 6.9 cm) to evaluate the persistence of PR, following the methodology of the Institute for Neuro-Physiological Psychology (INPP) and the classification by a global score (GS). Based on the sum of seven tests, each was rated between 0 = null and 4 = max. The GS is classified into five categories from no activity to maximal (0-1=no activity, 2-7 = low, 8-13 =medium, 14-21 = high, and 22-28 =maximal). Result: Around two-thirds (68.1%) of players presented active PR at different activity levels. Among them, a small proportion (7.2%) had medium GS, while 60.9% had a low GS. The GS was not dependent on field position or the age of the players (p > 0.05). However, playing football in an age category higher than their own was associated with significantly more active primitive reflexes (PR) compared to being in their age category (p < 0.01). The results showed that 72.7% of "upgraded" football players had low GS and 18.2% had medium GS, compared to 55.3% and 2.1% in the non-upgraded group. Discussion: The findings of the current study demonstrate that PR could still be active in a healthy population of high-level football players. Practicing a single sport for years and upgrading players could create a negative environment that can ultimately lead to the activation of otherwise integrated PR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Primitive reflexes (PRs) are clinical signs that indicate diffuse cerebral dysfunction and frontal lesions. We aimed to present a comprehensive analysis of the prevalence and risk of PRs in patients with dementia. English‐language articles published from January 1990 to April 2021 were searched in PubMed, ScienceDirect, Cochrane, and Web of Science with keywords. The titles and abstracts of the identified articles were screened to identify potentially relevant papers. Odds ratios and risk ratios were extracted with 95% confidence intervals and combined using the random‐effects model after logarithmic transformation. The prevalence in dementia patients was also combined using the random‐effects model. This meta‐analysis involved 29 studies. The snout reflex (48% of cases) was the most prevalent. It was found that the risk of PRs in individuals with dementia was significantly elevated, ranging from 13.94 to 16.38 times higher than in healthy controls. The grasp reflex exhibited the highest risk for dementia. This meta‐analysis showed that the prevalence and the risk of PRs is high in older patients with dementia. Therefore, PRs, especially the grasp reflex, should be carefully assessed as a part of routine physical examination in the diagnostic process for dementia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IntroductionPrimitive reflexes (PR) induce involuntary automatic movements in response to specific stimuli. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of active PR in young high-level football players.MethodologySixty-nine national-level football players from a French academy were tested (17.0 ± 1.4 years; 69.6 ± 8.0 kg; 178.9 ± 6.9 cm) to evaluate the persistence of PR, following the methodology of the Institute for Neuro-Physiological Psychology (INPP) and the classification by a global score (GS). Based on the sum of seven tests, each was rated between 0 = null and 4 = max. The GS is classified into five categories from no activity to maximal (0–1 = no activity, 2–7 = low, 8–13 = medium, 14–21 = high, and 22–28 = maximal).ResultAround two-thirds (68.1%) of players presented active PR at different activity levels. Among them, a small proportion (7.2%) had medium GS, while 60.9% had a low GS. The GS was not dependent on field position or the age of the players (p > 0.05). However, playing football in an age category higher than their own was associated with significantly more active primitive reflexes (PR) compared to being in their age category (p

(1) Background: Contracting diseases or being exposed to adverse environmental factors in the first year of life may impair the development of body posture and motor coordination. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the correlation between data on the speed of passive verticalization, the number of risk factors and the quality of development in the first year of life, and the results of the functional examination of these individuals in adolescence. (2) Methods: Two groups of 60 volunteers, aged 9–14 years, were examined by performing functional tests and the retrospective analysis of their development up to the age of 1 year. The first group consisted of patients diagnosed with postural defects. The control group consisted of healthy people of the same age who volunteered for this study. (3) Results: Statistical analysis showed statistically significant differences between groups in terms of posture (p = 0.001), motor coordination (p = 0.001), and accumulated primitive reflexes (p = 0.001), as well as a high correlation between these disorders and the quality of development in the first year of life. In the first group, for the ages of 3–6 months (r = 0.96; p = 0.001), 6–9 months (r = 0.871; p = 0.001), and 9–12 months (r = 0.806; p = 0.001), no significant correlations were found with the age of 0–3 months. In the second group, the results were as follows: 0–3 months (r = 0.748; p = 0.001), 3–6 months (r = 0.862 p = 0.001), 6–9 months (r = 0.698; p = 0.001), and 9–12 months (r = 0.740; p = 0.001). In the group of adolescents with posture defects, we observed an earlier time of passive verticalization and sitting, as well as more frequent use of loungers, seats, and walkers (p = 0.026). (4) Conclusions: The analysis of this study’s data indicates that the development of body posture and motor coordination may be impaired due to accelerated and passive verticalization in the first year of life.

Background and Objective: An abnormality in muscular tone, lack of postural control, and a lack of coordination are all linked to the retention of primitive and immature postural reflexes. The Purpose of this study aimed of detecting which therapeutic approach is more effective in integrating retained primitive reflexes, either Masgutova neuro‐sensorimotor reflex integration or Sensory integration (SI) program. Methods: Forty children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy (CP) (11 girls and 29 boys), involved in the current study and their ages ranged from 3 to 6 years old. They were divided at random into two groups (A and B), patients in the study group (A) (n = 20) were treated by Masgutova neuro‐sensorimotor reflex integration program (MNRI) while those of study group (B) (n = 20), were subjected to Sensory integration program (SIP), A standardized physical treatment regimen was provided to both groups (Stretching exercise, Strengthening exercise, and facilitation of developing motor milestones) All children were evaluated by using GMFM‐88 and (PDMS‐2) reflexes subtest before and after treatment that lasted for three successive months at a frequency of three sessions per week. Results: There was a statistically substantial increase in GMFM scores and control of primitive reflexes post treatment in each group compared to those of the pretreatment mean values (p > 0.05). There was also a statistically non‐significance difference between group A and group B regarding post treatment results (p > 0.05). Implications on Physiotherapy Practice: SI and MNRI programs can equally be used in the treatment of children with spastic CP who suffer from retained primitive reflexes and delayed gross motor function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) can be identified by a general tendency toward a reduction in the expression of low-band, widely dispersed integrative activities, which is made up for by an increase in localized, high-frequency, regionally dispersed activity. The study assessed ASD children and adults all possessing retained primitive reflexes (RPRs) compared with a control group that did not attempt to reduce or remove those RPRs and then examined the effects on qEEG and brain network connectivity. Methods: Analysis of qEEG spectral and functional connectivity was performed, to identify associations with the presence or absence of retained primitive reflexes (RPRs), before and after an intervention based on TENS unilateral stimulation. Results: The results point to abnormal lateralization in ASD, including long-range underconnectivity, a greater left-over-right qEEG functional connectivity ratio, and short-range overconnectivity in ASD. Conclusions: Clinical improvement and the absence of RPRs may be linked to variations in qEEG frequency bands and more optimized brain networks, resulting in more developmentally appropriate long-range connectivity links, primarily in the right hemisphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Investigation on the association between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and primary reflexes is in the initial stage, with considerable differences in the findings. This study evaluated the association between ADHD and primitive reflexes using systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods: Data were obtained from PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, EBSCO (Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online, American Psychological Association Psyclnfo, and Education Resources Information Center), Embase, Scopus, and ProQuest. Articles were searched from the date of inception of the respective databases to January 01, 2023, and StataCorp Stata (version 15) was used for the analysis. Results: Four articles with 229 samples were included in the meta-analysis. Results showed a significant positive and moderate correlation between ADHD and primitive reflexes, particularly asymmetric tonic neck reflex: summary r value = 0.48, 95% CI = 0.27-0.64; symmetric tonic neck reflex: summary r value = 0.39, 95% CI = 0.25-0.52. Overall, findings from the sub-group analysis indicate that the behavioral problem measuring tool (Conners' scale), sex, and primitive reflex test could significantly moderate the relationships between ADHD and ATNR and STNR primitive reflexes. Conclusion: ADHD symptoms in children are closely related to the non-integration of (a)symmetric tonic neck primitive reflexes. Longitudinal or experimental studies should be conducted to reveal the causal relationship between ADHD and primitive reflexes in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dyslexia is considered a neurodevelopmental disorder accordingly; investigating primitive reflexes – which considered as indicator for neuromotor maturation – possibly be of clinical value for evaluating dyslexic children. To assess balance functions and primitive reflexes in dyslexic children. The study was conducted on 60 children divided into two groups. Control group consists of 20 normal children and study group consists of 40 children with dyslexia (diagnosed by Arabic Reading Screening test (ARST) and Modified Arabic Dyslexia Screening Test (MADST). Both study and control groups aged from 6 6/12 to 9 years old. They were subjected to clinical diagnostic tests for primitive reflexes and balance function tests (office tests, computerized dynamic posturography (CDP), sensory organization test (SOT)). Dyslexic children have poorer balance functions compared to control group. Sixty seven percent of the study group has retained primitive reflexes. Dyslexic children have poorer balance functions in challenging situations and have retained primitive reflexes indicating delayed neural maturation. Dyslexia is a medical complex that needs assessment and management of balance functions and primitive reflexes for better quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prefrontal cortex is included in a neuronal system that includes the basal ganglia, the thalamus, and the cerebellum. Most of the higher and more complex motor, cognitive, and emotional behavioral functions are thought to be found primarily in the frontal lobes. Insufficient connectivity between the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and other regions of the brain that are distant from each other involved in top-down information processing rely on the global integration of data from multiple input sources and enhance low level perception processes (bottom-up information processing). The reduced deactivation in mPFC and in the rest of the Default Network during global task processing is consistent with the integrative modulatory role served by the mPFC. We stress the importance of understanding the degree to which sensory and movement anomalies in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) can contribute to social impairment. Further investigation on the neurobiological basis of sensory symptoms and its relationship to other clinical features found in ASD is required Treatment perhaps should not be first behaviorally based but rather based on facilitating sensory motor development. [Display omitted] • There is a direct relationship between motor and non-motor deficits of frontal lobes in ASD. • Inhibition of movement to simple stimuli relates to inability to inhibit social responses to complex internal stimuli. • Motor dysfunction can result in cognitive and emotional dysfunction and vice versa. • Individuals with ASD demonstrate functional independence of interhemispheric communication and lack asymmetry of function. • Individuals with ASD possess impaired sensation/perception impairing social/verbal communication and understanding of self. • Reduced deactivation of medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in task processing relates to integrative modulatory role of mPFC. • Treatment first ought to be based on facilitating sensory-motor development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In healthy children, the frequency of the anomalous persistence of primitive reflexes (PRs) and craniosacral blocks (CBs) is unknown, as well as their impact on neurodevelopment, behaviour disorders and related consequences. We aim to know the prevalence of anomalous PRs and CBs in apparently healthy children and their relationships with behavior and neurodevelopment anomalies. Methods: Participants (n = 120) were evaluated via a physical examination to detect PRs and CBs and an ad hoc parent survey to collect perinatal events, and children's behavioral assessments were conducted by teachers using the Battelle score. Results: PRs were present in 89.5%. Moro (70.8%), cervical asymmetric (78.3%) and cervical symmetric PRs (67.5%) were the most frequently observed PRs. CBs were found in 83.2%, and the most frequent CBs were dura mater (77.5%) and sphenoid bone (70%) blocks. Moro, cervical asymmetric and cervical symmetric active primitive reflexes were significantly associated with cranial blocks of dura mater, parietal zones and sphenoid bone sway. Gestational disorders or perinatal complications were associated with a higher frequency of PRs and CBs. The presence of PRs and CBs was associated with abnormal Battelle scores and neurobehavioral problems. Conclusion: The presence of PRs and CBs in children without diagnosed diseases is frequent and related to disturbances in childhood neurodevelopment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Szkoła Specjalna is the property of Akademia Pedagogiki Specjalnej im Marii Grzegorzewskiej and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

IntroductionInvestigation on the association between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and primary reflexes is in the initial stage, with considerable differences in the findings. This study evaluated the association between ADHD and primitive reflexes using systematic review and meta-analysis.MethodsData were obtained from PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, EBSCO (Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online, American Psychological Association Psyclnfo, and Education Resources Information Center), Embase, Scopus, and ProQuest. Articles were searched from the date of inception of the respective databases to January 01, 2023, and StataCorp Stata (version 15) was used for the analysis.ResultsFour articles with 229 samples were included in the meta-analysis. Results showed a significant positive and moderate correlation between ADHD and primitive reflexes, particularly asymmetric tonic neck reflex: summary r value = 0.48, 95% CI = 0.27–0.64; symmetric tonic neck reflex: summary r value = 0.39, 95% CI = 0.25–0.52. Overall, findings from the sub-group analysis indicate that the behavioral problem measuring tool (Conners’ scale), sex, and primitive reflex test could significantly moderate the relationships between ADHD and ATNR and STNR primitive reflexes.ConclusionADHD symptoms in children are closely related to the non-integration of (a)symmetric tonic neck primitive reflexes. Longitudinal or experimental studies should be conducted to reveal the causal relationship between ADHD and primitive reflexes in the future.

Background: Primitive reflexes (PRs) are of great importance to visual function due to their ability to interfere with visual projection (VP). VP is defined as the binocular behavior pattern, which, when measured, determines whether there is an orthophoria or identifies the point closest to it. The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship of four primitive reflexes and to determine how their inhibition modified VP. Methods: We investigated the use of two different therapies for the inhibition of four PRs, including the Moro reflex (MR), the tonic labyrinthine reflex (TLR), the asymmetric tonic neck reflex (ATNR), and the symmetric tonic neck reflex (STNR), in a group of 78 children (aged 4 to 15) with modified VP. The Van Orden star (VOS), which aids in understanding how progressive inhibition of PRs modifies VP, was the outcome measure. Results: The results showed a significant correlation between inhibition of PRs and improvement in VP (p=0.000; <0.05). The values obtained suggest that the changes obtained as a consequence of inhibiting PRs are similar regardless of the therapy used. For the total sample of 78 children, the majority experienced an increase in VOS scores of 1 to 4 points. Conclusion: The results suggest that inhibition of PRs enhances motor control and is significantly associated with the improvement of binocular coordination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reemergence of primitive reflexes (PRs) in older age is related to cognitive impairment. Currently, there are no means to prevent or slow their reappearance, but research evidence exists for their control in children. Therefore, this experiment investigated whether a 16-week special sensorimotor exercise program could benefit older adults and whether the intervention-induced changes (if any) may be associated with various indices of mental health. Of 115 adults over 60, 95 completed the study (mean age = 76.37 ± SD = 7.04 years, 22 % men). The experimental group (n = 38) showed an almost threefold decline in PRs compared to controls. In contrast, the control group (n = 57) exhibited a nearly threefold increase in PRs compared to the intervention group. Cognitive function increased in the experimental but not in the control group. Changes in PRs over the 16-week intervention were positively related to negative mental health indices (hopelessness and perceived stress) and negatively related to well-being. These findings suggest that the here-presented mild sensorimotor exercises could affect older adults' reemerging PRs and that changes in PRs are associated with mental health benefits. These results may open new research avenues toward preventing cognitive and psychological decline in older adults. • A 16-week sensorimotor exercise program may reduce the primitive reflexes in older adults. • Such changes occurred in 52.6 % of the participants; the others showed no change or increase. • Researchers should examine idiographic profiles related to PR changes due to an intervention. • Changes in PRs (i.e., pre-post difference scores) are associated with mental health measures. • Well-being falls, while perceived stress and hopelessness increase as PRs rise, and vice versa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Background: Contracting diseases or being exposed to adverse environmental factors in the first year of life may impair the development of body posture and motor coordination. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the correlation between data on the speed of passive verticalization, the number of risk factors and the quality of development in the first year of life, and the results of the functional examination of these individuals in adolescence. (2) Methods: Two groups of 60 volunteers, aged 9-14 years, were examined by performing functional tests and the retrospective analysis of their development up to the age of 1 year. The first group consisted of patients diagnosed with postural defects. The control group consisted of healthy people of the same age who volunteered for this study. (3) Results: Statistical analysis showed statistically significant differences between groups in terms of posture ( p = 0.001), motor coordination ( p = 0.001), and accumulated primitive reflexes ( p = 0.001), as well as a high correlation between these disorders and the quality of development in the first year of life. In the first group, for the ages of 3-6 months (r = 0.96; p = 0.001), 6-9 months (r = 0.871; p = 0.001), and 9-12 months (r = 0.806; p = 0.001), no significant correlations were found with the age of 0-3 months. In the second group, the results were as follows: 0-3 months (r = 0.748; p = 0.001), 3-6 months (r = 0.862 p = 0.001), 6-9 months (r = 0.698; p = 0.001), and 9-12 months (r = 0.740; p = 0.001). In the group of adolescents with posture defects, we observed an earlier time of passive verticalization and sitting, as well as more frequent use of loungers, seats, and walkers ( p = 0.026). (4) Conclusions: The analysis of this study's data indicates that the development of body posture and motor coordination may be impaired due to accelerated and passive verticalization in the first year of life.

This cross-sectional study examined eye movement performance in patients aged 4 to 16 years. Measurements of eye movements were obtained before and after performing therapy for inhibition of four primitive reflexes, asymmetric tonic neck reflex, symmetric tonic neck reflex, labyrinthine tonic reflex and Moro reflex. Subsequently the scores of the four primitive reflexes were compared with the results of five variables: fixation maintenance, % mean saccade size, motility excursions, fixations during excursions and mean duration of fixations. The comparisons showed a significant reduction in evidence of fixation maintenance as well as mean saccade size due to the inhibition of the four primitive reflexes. There was also a significant increase in ocular motility while fixations per saccade and average duration of fixations also decreased significantly. Visual balance between values of both eyes improved in all tests. A device called VisagraphTM III, which measures eye movements, was used for data collection. These results suggest that the oculomotor improvements reflect the involvement of other maturational processes such as the emergence and inhibition of primitive reflexes, the whole reorganization being key to future reading and attentional processes., Competing Interests: The author declares that the contents of the article are in agreement with the ethics described in http://biblio.unibe.ch/portale/elibrary/BOP/jemr/ethics.html and that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this paper., (Copyright (©) 2024 Vicente A. Domingo-Sanz.)

Background: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) can be identified by a general tendency toward a reduction in the expression of low-band, widely dispersed integrative activities, which is made up for by an increase in localized, high-frequency, regionally dispersed activity. The study assessed ASD children and adults all possessing retained primitive reflexes (RPRs) compared with a control group that did not attempt to reduce or remove those RPRs and then examined the effects on qEEG and brain network connectivity. Methods: Analysis of qEEG spectral and functional connectivity was performed, to identify associations with the presence or absence of retained primitive reflexes (RPRs), before and after an intervention based on TENS unilateral stimulation. Results: The results point to abnormal lateralization in ASD, including long-range underconnectivity, a greater left-over-right qEEG functional connectivity ratio, and short-range overconnectivity in ASD. Conclusions: Clinical improvement and the absence of RPRs may be linked to variations in qEEG frequency bands and more optimized brain networks, resulting in more developmentally appropriate long-range connectivity links, primarily in the right hemisphere.

Background: In healthy children, the frequency of the anomalous persistence of primitive reflexes (PRs) and craniosacral blocks (CBs) is unknown, as well as their impact on neurodevelopment, behaviour disorders and related consequences. We aim to know the prevalence of anomalous PRs and CBs in apparently healthy children and their relationships with behavior and neurodevelopment anomalies. Methods: Participants (n = 120) were evaluated via a physical examination to detect PRs and CBs and an ad hoc parent survey to collect perinatal events, and children’s behavioral assessments were conducted by teachers using the Battelle score. Results: PRs were present in 89.5%. Moro (70.8%), cervical asymmetric (78.3%) and cervical symmetric PRs (67.5%) were the most frequently observed PRs. CBs were found in 83.2%, and the most frequent CBs were dura mater (77.5%) and sphenoid bone (70%) blocks. Moro, cervical asymmetric and cervical symmetric active primitive reflexes were significantly associated with cranial blocks of dura mater, parietal zones and sphenoid bone sway. Gestational disorders or perinatal complications were associated with a higher frequency of PRs and CBs. The presence of PRs and CBs was associated with abnormal Battelle scores and neurobehavioral problems. Conclusion: The presence of PRs and CBs in children without diagnosed diseases is frequent and related to disturbances in childhood neurodevelopment.

We provide evidence to support the contention that many aspects of Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD) are related to interregional brain functional disconnectivity associated with maturational delays in the development of brain networks. We think a delay in brain maturation in some networks may result in an increase in cortical maturation and development in other networks, leading to a developmental asynchrony and an unevenness of functional skills and symptoms. The paper supports the close relationship between retained primitive reflexes and cognitive and motor function in general and in ASD in particular provided to indicate that the inhibition of RPRs can effect positive change in ASD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence of primitive (infant) reflexes in school-aged children as indicators of immaturity in neuromotor functioning has been associated with under-achievement in terms of reading, writing and mathematics, and been linked to conditions such as dyslexia, developmental coordination disorder (DCD) and attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The research presented here explores the extent to which three such reflexes, previously linked to learning and behavioural difficulties in the classroom, were present in a sample of 120 children in the September that they started formal schooling (aged 4–5) in the United Kingdom (UK). Approximately half of these children then participated in a movement programme and 108 were then tested again towards the end of their first year at school. The data demonstrate that a high percentage of young children are, indeed, starting school with one or more of these reflexes present to some extent. Those children who received no additional input throughout the school year showed no improvements in their reflex status when compared to children who had participated in a developmental movement programme. Thus, recommendations are made for further research; particularly in relation to neuromotor screening, appropriate physical development provision prior to and during school; and developmental movement interventions for older children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We provide evidence to support the contention that many aspects of Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD) are related to interregional brain functional disconnectivity associated with maturational delays in the development of brain networks. We think a delay in brain maturation in some networks may result in an increase in cortical maturation and development in other networks, leading to a developmental asynchrony and an unevenness of functional skills and symptoms. The paper supports the close relationship between retained primitive reflexes and cognitive and motor function in general and in ASD in particular provided to indicate that the inhibition of RPRs can effect positive change in ASD.

A study was performed on 2,175 individuals between the ages of 3.2 and 22.04 years diagnosed with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and drawn from 89 separate locations across the United States in satellite clinics with common practices and common staff training and equipment. The objective was to determine the efficacy of a hemispheric-based training program to reduce extant retained primitive reflexes (RPRs) and examine the relationship to motor function by metronome-based motor, DL, and cognitive tasks measured by subtests of the Wechsler Wide Range Achievement Test. After a 12-week program, RPR's were significantly reduced, as well as performance on all motor and cognitive measures significantly increased. Listening comprehension demonstrated significant increases between pre- and post-testing of 7% (W = 1213000; df = 2094; p < 0.0001) and mathematical problem solving revealed a significant increase of 5% (W = 1331500; df = 2091; p < 0.0001) associated with a significant reduction in primitive reflexes. The study concluded that the incorporation of relatively simple hemispheric-based programming within the educational system worldwide could relatively inexpensively increase academic, cognitive, and motor performance.

Copyright of Aplikované Pohybové Aktivity v Teorii a Praxi is the property of Palacky University in Olomouc and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background and purpose: Primitive reflexes may reoccur in various neurodegenerative diseases. However, little is known about their structural and functional correlates in the human brain. Notably, the neural mechanisms underlying a positive palmomental reflex (PMR) are poorly understood. As recent studies link Alzheimer's disease (AD)‐related primitive reflexes to a dysfunction of the corticostriatal motor circuit (CMC), we conducted the present study to investigate functional and structural correlates of a positive PMR. We hypothesized an involvement of frontostriatal structures and an impairment of the CMC. Methods: Using whole‐brain resting‐state functional connectivity (FC), hypothesis and FC result‐based probabilistic tractography, and voxel‐based morphometry analyses, we compared two groups of AD patients with either positive (n = 12) or negative PMR (n = 12). Results: No significant differences in grey matter volume or structural connectivity (SC) could be observed between the PMR‐positive and PMR‐negative groups. In contrast, the PMR‐positive group showed a decreased seed‐to‐voxel FC between the bilateral supplementary motor area and parts of the right‐hemispherical caudate nucleus and thalamus and a decreased region of interest (ROI)‐to‐ROI FC between the left putamen and the left superior frontal gyrus. Conclusion: Data suggest that dysfunction of the CMC reflected by decreased FC underlies a positive PMR in patients with AD. The lack of significant grey matter or SC differences might reflect that changes in FC appear before changes in SC in the structures of the CMC and brain atrophy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the article is to outline the problem of neuromotor immaturity in the context of school functioning. Research on neuromotor immaturity has been reviewed for child development and difficulties at school. It has been established that neuromotor immaturity constitutes an area of interest of scientists in many fields, including neurobiology, medicine, psychology, and pedagogy. Numerous studies provide information on the subject of the presence of a relationship between the student's difficulties in learning and neuromotor immaturity. The scientists reveal that children with problems in reading, writing, and counting show persistent and non-integrated primitive reflexes. The phenomenon is increasingly often observed in students at the stage of the elementary school not only in Poland but also in the world. The awareness of the problem and the expanding knowledge on neuromotor immaturity can contribute to a better understanding of the school difficulties of students and to using preventative measures and effective interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The neonatal neurological examination is a cornerstone in the assessment of a neonate's neurological function. Although current neuroimaging and neurophysiology techniques have markedly improved our ability to assess and diagnose neurologic abnormalities, the clinical neurological examination remains highly informative, cost-effective, and time efficient. Early recognition of abnormal findings can prevent delays in diagnosis and implementation of beneficial therapies. The intent of this article is to improve the understanding and performance of the neonatal neurological examination. A standardized approach to neonatal neurological examination is described, including examination techniques and normal and abnormal findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The Kuesioner Pra Skrining Perkembangan/KPSP (Developmental Pre-screening Questionnaire/DPsQ) is a series of questions and instructions used as a developmental screening tool for children aged 3 months to 6 years. However, the DPsQ cannot fully detect the soft signs of future neurological disorders. However, the retained primitive reflex assessment as an adjunct to the DPsQ may be useful for such detection. Objective To determine whether assessing for retained primitive reflexes can add to the usefulness of DPsQ as a neurodevelopmental screen in children aged 1 to 5 years. Methods This cross-sectional study included children aged 1-5 years. Developmental screening was done using the DPsQ and retained primitive reflex assessment was performed using the Institute for Neuro-Physiological Psychology (INPP) screening and scoring guideline. Results Of 46 subjects, 56.8% of children with normal DPsQ scores had not retained primitive reflexes, while 88.9% of children with suspect DPsQ score had retained primitive reflexes. Hence, children with suspect DPsQ score had a 10.5 times higher chance of retaining primitive reflexes (OR 10.50; 95%CI 1.19 to 92.73; P=0.034). Furthermore, 66.7-77.8% of children with suspect DPsQ score had retained the Moro reflex, asymmetrical tonic neck reflex (ATNR), and symmetrical tonic neck reflex (STNR). Neither gender nor age were significantly associated with either suspect DPsQ score or the presence of retained primitive reflexes. Conclusion The DPsQ results correlate to integration of primitive reflexes, with 10.50 greater odds of children with 'suspect' DPsQ scores to have retained primitive reflexes. As such, retained primitive reflexes is not useful as a primary screen for future neurological problems. However, a high percentage of children (43.2%) with normal DPsQ scores also have retained primitive reflexes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Psychomotor development in the first year of life is possible due to activity and then integration of primitive (neonatal) reflexes. The presence of active primitive reflexes (APRs) in preschool and school-aged children indicates neuromotor immaturity. Studies show dependencies between the preserved activity of primary reflexes and developmental problems such as learning difficulties (problems with reading, writing, reduced mathematics skills, and dyslexia), difficulties with coordination, and attention deficit. The primary purpose of this study is to present the activity of three tonic reflexes in a sample of 112 Polish children aged 4–6 in relation to their motor skills. The children were examined for the presence of the asymmetric tonic neck reflex (ATNR), symmetric tonic neck reflex (STNR), and tonic labyrinthine reflex (TLR). Motor performance was examined with the MOT 4–6. Statistical analysis shows an inverse correlation between the score in the test of reflexes and motor efficiency (MOT 4–6) at p < 0.05 (−0.33). Children with increased reflex activity presented a lower level of motor efficiency. The multiple regression model showed that with the older age of the child and the decrease in the level of reflex activity, the motor skills of children improve. Thus, there is a need for early screening of primitive reflexes in children. Properly selected exercises and therapeutic activities aimed at integrating APRs in children with developmental difficulties can improve their motor skills, perceptual abilities, and emotional behavior.

We report a new type of stimulus-bound behavior, denoted forced person-following, which we documented for a patient with hypoxic encephalopathy following a suicide attempt with carbon monoxide poisoning. The patient's brain was damaged in the bilateral frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes and in the basal ganglia. The patient was compelled to follow any person who came into his sight and would continue to do so until the person went out of his sight. The patient also exhibited certain primitive reflexes. The forced person-following exhibited by our patient appears to be a consequence of stimulus-bound behavior due to frontal lobe dysfunction and, to a lesser degree, severe cognitive dysfunctions, e.g., visuospatial deficits, which are related to damage in posterior cortices. The unique behavior exhibited by this patient might contribute to our understanding of innate human behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reports on a qualitative phenomenological research project that investigated the use of Rhythmic Movement Training (RMT) as an intervention for retained primitive reflexes. Participants were from seven families who each had a child between the ages of 7 years and 12 years. Through semi-structured interviews, parents described their reasons for seeking additional help with their child’s development issues. They talked about finding RMT, using RMT within their family routine and their views on the costs and the benefits they experienced, both financial and time. While there has been a small amount of research into movement programmes targeting retained primitive reflexes, to date there appears to have been no studies completed on RMT. The data collected described searches for help, the stress and frustrations associated with the search and the range of interventions these parents tried. The families in this research found that RMT was easy to use within their daily routine and that it was a cost-effective, low-impact intervention. The families noticed a range of benefits for children who had completed the movements. The findings provide encouraging evidence to proceed with further study that will investigate the academic, social and emotional development of children using RMT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between Visual Skill Deficits (VSD) and retained primitive reflexes in children ages 6-14. Method: The data was collected through retroactive chart reviews of one hundred and thirty-five (N=135) participants ages 6-14, who were evaluated at a private behavioral optometric practice near Cleveland, Ohio. Chi Square and Logistic Regression analyses were applied to the participants' recorded scores from the New York State Optometric Association King-Devick (NYSOA K-D) test, the Gardner Reversals Frequency test, the Motor Speed and Precision test, The Test of Visual Perceptual Skills-Revised (TVPS-R), the Rapid Automatized Naming (RAN) test, and the Draw-a-Person test, as well as the Institute of Neuro-Physiological Psychology (INPP) screening form for the Moro Reflex (MR), Tonic Labyrinthine Reflex (TLR), Asymmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex (ATNR), Spinal Galant Reflex (SGR), and Symmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex (STNR). Results: The Chi Square analyses indicated that there are statistically significant relationships between VSD and three of the five primitive reflexes observed: TLR (p=0.007), ATNR (p=0.020), STNR (p=0.012). Furthermore, scores taken from the Draw-a-Person Test and the Motor Speed and Precision Test also suggest relationships with primitive reflex retention and VSD. Logistic Regression analysis suggested that the Tonic Labyrinthine Reflex is a potential predictor of VSD; the Motor Speed and Precision Test and Gardner Reversals Frequency Test can potentially be used to predict Neuro-Sensory Motor immaturity. Conclusion: There is a significant correlation between retained primitive reflexes and vision skill deficits in the children, ages 6-14, who participated in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to treat dysphagia in a newborn baby with cri du chat syndrome using an oral stimulation intervention and to examine its effects. The subject of this study was a baby born 2 weeks prematurely. Since birth, his oxygen saturation (SaO2) decreased while feeding, and he had difficulty with mouth feeding. Thus, an NG feeding tube was inserted, and dysphagia treatment was initiated on the sixth day after birth. A baseline phase and an intervention phase were performed using an AB design. The oral stimulation intervention was not performed in the baseline phase, as only nonnutritive sucking training using a rubber pacifier was used during the baseline phase. During the intervention phase, nonnutritive sucking training and oral stimulation intervention were simultaneously conducted. After the intervention period, daily oral milk intake and intake per feeding of the subject noticeably increased. The oxygen saturation while feeding rose over 90% on average, and the baby did not present with hypoxia. The oral stimulation intervention provided prior to feeding resulted in highly positive effects, including induced normal development of the baby, stimulation of his transition from the NG feeding tube to bottle feeding, increased oxygen saturation, and a shortened hospital stay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Purpose: The palmomental reflex (PMR) is a primitive reflex that might be released due to inhibition in adulthood. It has been associated with several neurodegenerative conditions. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the frequency of PMR in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Patients and Methods: Non-demented ALS patients (n = 179) were recruited. Two groups of disease controls were enrolled: (a) non-demented patients with other neurological disorders (NC; n = 86, mean age 60 ± 14 years); (b) healthy subjects, healthy controls (HC; n = 175, mean age 61 ± 12 years). PMR was elicited by a brisk stroke along the thenar eminence of the right hand with a key or a pen. Results: The PMR could be elicited in 46% of the ALS patients, compared to 29% of NC and 16% of HC (p < 0.001). A multivariate analysis showed that bulbar-onset and female gender are associated with an increased risk of PMR. Conclusion: We demonstrate a higher frequency of the PMR in ALS patients compared to NC or HC. Its expression increases with age, being higher in bulbar-onset patients. Given that the reflex circuit is located in the brain stem, its release due to inhibition might be associated to the presence of a cortico-bulbar tract dysfunction in ALS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. The angle of trunk rotation (ATR) is a measurement that allows an objective assessment of a growing child's spine. Early detection of trunk rotation prevents the progression of scoliosis. One of the factors that predispose children to the formation of faulty posture may be primitive reflexes, which should be integrated in the central nervous system (CNS) by the age of one year. If retained, primitive reflexes affect children's physical development as well as their development at school. Objectives. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of trunk asymmetry and the persistence of primitive reflexes and their inter-relationships in early school-age children. Material and methods. In this population-based survey, 61 children, average age 6.3 years (SD ±1.43), were examined. The ATR was examined using a scoliometer. The degree of integration of reflexes was assessed using tests developed by S. Goddard to assess the asymmetrical tonic neck reflex (ATNR), symmetrical tonic neck reflex (STNR), and spinal Galant reflex (SGR) on a 0-4 scale. Spearman's rank correlation coefficient and the χ2 test were used in the statistical analysis. Results. In almost half of the children body rotation was observed, in most cases toward the right (p = 0.012). This asymmetry was positively correlated with non-integrated Galant reflex on the same side (r = 0.335, p = 0.050). The presence of trunk rotation is associated with sex: There was higher frequency of asymmetry among the girls than among the boys. Conclusions. In the evaluation of scoliosis, it could be useful to examine primitive reflexes as a possible reason for trunk rotation. In the treatment of scoliosis, primitive reflex integration methods should be used in some cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Retained primitive reflexes can disturb natural development and involve difficulties in social and educational children's life. They can also impact on psychomotor development. Mature responses in a child's psychomotor progress can only occur if the central nervous system itself has reached maturity. The process consist the transition made from brain stem reflex response to cortically controlled response. This study define the occurrence of primitive reflexes in healthy 4-6 years old children and analyze the impact of survived primitive reflexes on psychomotor development.Material and methods: The study involved 35 participants aged 4-6 years healthy preschool children. The study tools were: primitive reflexes tests by Sally Goddard for children and Motor Proficiency - Test (MOT 4-6 test) in 18 tasks.Results: Over a half (65%) preschool children had survived the primitive reflexes on the residual level. Eleven percent of them had no retained primitive reflexes. According to the psychomotor ability, 9% of the children were in the category of "altered development", 29% in "delayed development", 59% in "normal" and 3% in "very good development". The greater the severity of the reflex, the motor efficiency was lower (p < 0.05).Conclusions: It seems reasonable to introduce reflexes integration therapy in children's with low psychomotor skills. Primitive reflexes routinely tested, can contribute to improved early psychomotor development in children with needs, thus preventing many difficulties which children can encounter within their social and school life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]