Search

Soil seedbanks are particularly important for the resiliency of species living in habitats threatened by climate change, such as alpine meadows. We investigated the germination rate and seedbank potential for the endemic species Dianthus pavonius, a carnation native to the Maritime Alps that is used as model system for disease in natural populations due to its frequent infections by a sterilizing anther-smut pathogen. We aimed to ascertain whether this species can create a persistent reserve of viable seeds in the soil which could impact coevolutionary dynamics. Over three years, we collected data from seeds sown in natural soil and analyzed their germination and viability. We found that D. pavonius seeds are not physiologically dormant and they are able to create a persistent soil seed bank that can store seeds in the soil for up to three years, but lower than the estimated plant lifespan. We conclude that while the seedbank may provide some demographic stability to the host population, its short duration is unlikely to strongly affect the host's ability to respond to selection from disease. Our findings have implications for the conservation of this alpine species and for understanding the evolutionary dynamics between the host and its pathogen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dianthus cruentus Griseb. (Caryophyllaceae) is an herbaceous perennial native to Greece with a strong ornamental potential when used as a pollinator-friendly component of xeric gardens and green roofs, where it is valued for its tolerance of poor, dry soils, and its showy colorful inflorescences. Aiming to develop an efficient mass propagation protocol appropriate for the introduction of the species as a novel floricultural crop, the in vitro seed and clonal propagation of a Greek native xeric ecotype were investigated in this paper for the first time. A total of 90–100% of the seeds, after being stored in the dark at room temperature for 12 months, germinated when incubated at 10 to 25 °C after their surface sterilization and transfer in vitro. Sixty-day-old seedlings grown in vitro were then used as a source of nodal explants for the initial establishment of micropropagation cultures, more efficiently on MS medium with 0.1 mg L−1 6-benzylaminopurine (BA). In the multiplication stage, either normal or hyperhydric micro-shoots were used as explant sources, assessing the possibility of incorporating usually discarded material in the propagation procedure. Different solid media were tested, with the highest multiplication indices (5.1) recorded in an MS medium containing 0.1 mg L−1 BA and 0.05 mg L−1 NAA, regardless of explants' hyperhydricity, while an MS medium containing 0.1 mg L−1 BA and 12 g L−1 agar proved optimal for the effective reversal of hyperhydric explants (MI: 5.2). Despite higher hyperhydricity and reaction rates being observed when hyperhydric explants were used, modifications in the multiplication medium proved to be highly effective in controlling hyperhydricity, with the highest number of normal shoots (2.4–2.6) produced in BA-containing media. Micro-shoots rooted readily in ½ MS medium (60–100%), with rooting rates and quality positively affected by the presence of 0.5 mg L−1 IBA in the rooting medium and the absence of cytokinins in the multiplication one. Rooted micro-shoots were successfully acclimatized ex vitro at high rates (65–100%), their origin influencing their acclimatization and morphology. Thus, the concurrent use of normal and hyperhydric shoots in the proposed micropropagation protocol is proven to be both feasible and desirable, as it is able to significantly increase efficiency and facilitate the sustainable exploitation and dissemination of D. cruentus as a promising multivalent horticultural crop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because of the burgeoning year-round demand, greenhouse growers across the United States are increasingly becoming interested in producing specialty cut flowers for local and regional markets. However, outdoor or high tunnel production is not possible year-round in northern latitudes because of low temperatures and radiation intensities experienced during the winter and early spring. Additionally, natural short days in these seasons can limit which photoperiodic crops can be grown. Thus, our objectives were to quantify the influence of the photoperiod and daily light integral (DLI) on greenhouse-grown dianthus 'Amazon Neon Cherry' and 'Amazon Rose Magic' (Dianthus barbatus interspecific) cut flowers during the young plant and finishing stages. Seeds of both cultivars were sown under 9-, 10-, 11-, 12-, 13-, 15-, or 16-hour photoperiods and a DLI of either ≈5 or 10 mol.m-2.d-1. After 4 weeks, seedlings from several young-plant photoperiods were distributed across 11-, 12-, 13-, 14-, 15-, or 16-hour photoperiods or a 4-hour night interruption (NI) under a DLI of either ≈5 (low) or 14 (moderate) mol.m-2.d-1 for finishing. The young plant photoperiod generally had a statistical, but not commercial, influence on development and finished cut flower quality, whereas a 16-h finishing photoperiod marginally hastened development compared with an 11-hour finishing photoperiod. Additionally, stems were 11 to 13 cm longer when finished under the 16-hour photoperiod compared with those finished under the 11-hour photoperiod. Day length minimally influenced the time to flower and harvest, indicating a day-neutral flowering response. However, plants finished under a moderate DLI reached visible flower bud and were harvestable 9 to 10 days earlier than those finished under a low DLI. Additionally, ≈99% of cut flowers finished under a moderate DLI were harvestable, whereas only up to 32% and 57% of dianthus 'Amazon Rose Magic' and 'Amazon Neon Cherry', respectively, finished under a low DLI were harvestable. Although finished stem lengths were comparable between DLI treatments, cut flower stems were up to 29.6% thicker under a moderate DLI. These findings indicate that high-quality greenhouse-grown dianthus 'Amazon Neon Cherry' and 'Amazon Rose Magic' cut flowers can be produced when grown under any photoperiod between 9 and 16 hours for 4 weeks (during the young plant stage) and finished under any photoperiod between 11 and 16 hours or a 4-hour NI during finishing. If longer stems are desired, then plants can be finished under a 16-hour photoperiod. Young plants should be grown under a moderate DLI $10 mol.m-2.d-1 to promote biomass accumulation and reduce the young plant crop time. Additionally, plants should be finished under a moderate DLI $14 mol.m-2.d-1 to reduce crop time and increase stem thickness and yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

European wild carnations (Dianthus) are represented by a high number of taxa organized in unresolved taxonomies. In particular, taxa belonging to the Dianthus virgineus L. complex in the Central Mediterranean have been delimited mainly with qualitative morphological data and still await quantitative investigations, which are vital to understand boundaries and relations among plant diversity groups. Here, we examine the phenotypic features of nuclear genome organization testing for species boundaries in this complex. We have studied the chromosome number, the total haploid length (THL), and the relative genome size (RGS) in 122 populations belonging to 25 out of 33 taxa of the complex. All the studied populations have 2n = 2x = 30 chromosomes, and the THL ranges from 14.09 to 20.71 μm. Genome size estimations support the absence of polyploidization events, but show a certain degree of variation (0.318–0.423 arbitrary units). The RGS variation is not in agreement with current taxonomic treatment, but rather shows a geographical pattern, with higher values in Sicily and Sardinia. No correlation between the THL and the RGS was detected, possibly due to the stable chromosome number and the small size of chromosomes. A number of evolutionary unique groups lower than the number of currently accepted taxa may be hypothesized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dianthus barbatus linn. is widely used in gardens, mainly as flower beds and flower borders. The effects of different gradients of P on the growth and root morphology of Dianthus barbatus were studied to explore its morphological and physiological responses and adaptive strategies. Hence, this study provides a theoretical basis and practical guidance for D. barbatus production. Two soil substrates, namely loess and vegetable soil, and five phosphorus concentration gradients were set; no phosphorus application was used as the control. The morphology and physiology of D. barbatus were also investigated. Low-to-medium- and low-phosphorus treatments promoted the growth of D. barbatus in the above and underground parts of the plants grown on both substrates. Chlorophyll content, flower quantity, and acid phosphatase activity in the rhizosphere soil were significantly increased in the H1 and H2 treatments of loess and in the C4 treatment of vegetable soil. Thus, D. barbatus seems to reduce the damage caused by phosphorus stress by increasing chlorophyll content and root acid phosphatase activity. The latter was significantly higher in vegetable soil than in loess. Vegetable soil was more conducive to D. barbatus growth than loess. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dianthus chinensis L. is indigenous to northern China, Korea, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, and southeastern Russia. It is widely cultivated in urban landscapes. Its flower has a great variety of colors and color schemes. Sugars control and induce anthocyanin synthesis and accumulation in plants. In sugar metabolism, many enzymes are specific for their substrate's a or ß anomer. Gaining and characterizing genes involved in sugar metabolism and flower color will be beneficial in clarifying the role of sugar in the flower colors of D. chinensis. Glucose-6-phosphate-1-epimerase (G6P1E, EC 5.1.3.15) catalyzes the a or ß change of glucose-6-phosphate at the branch point of glucose metabolism. DchG6P1E1 (MZ292712) was isolated in D. chinensis and characterized using the tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-based virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) system. Its cDNA full length is 1401 bp, including an open reading frame of 918 bp. In the DchG6P1E1-silenced flowers, the reducing purple was observed, as well as the anthocyanin content, reducing sugar content, G6P1E activity, and DchG6P1E1 expression were significantly decreased. During the development of floral buds and among the three flower colors, the anthocyanin content, reduced sugar content, G6P1E activity, and DchG6P1E1 expression rose dramatically, with pigments increasing in the petals. Among the organs, the flowers had the highest anthocyanin contents and reducing sugar. The highest levels of G6P1E activity and DchG6P1E1 expression were in the roots. The anthocyanin content was positively related to the reducing sugar content at 0.05 levels by correlation analysis. In conclusion, DchG6P1E1 is a root-enriched gene associated with flower colors in D. chinensis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the past, natural resources were used as best therapeutic sources for different diseases. Among several herbal resources, certain plant families are known for their analgesic activities, such as Dianthus crinitus , which showed a good curative potential. The mentioned plant has been used traditionally for the healing of several illnesses such as pain, inflammation, injuries, etc. The current study, therefore, evaluated the analgesic and anti-antioxidant activities of ethanolic extracts of leaves, flowers, and seeds of Dianthus crinitus in mice. For analgesic activity, acetic acid and a hot plate thermal stimulation method were used to induce writhes in mice, followed by a tail emersion process. Results showed that the extract demonstrated analgesic potential in mice, signifying both peripheral and central modes of action. Furthermore, extract also significantly inhibited the rat paw edema triggered by carrageenan seaweed and dextran as revealed by neutrophil migration toward the peritoneal cavities of animals and enhanced vascular permeability. The data suggested that the extract exhibited a dose-dependent antioxidant action. These preliminary observations provided support for further exploration and justification for the potential development of a new class of analgesic and anti-inflammatory medicines from the constituents of Dianthus crinitus extract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The induction of variation in chrysanthemums using gamma radiation under in vitro conditions is an effective technique in ornamental plants. The purpose of this study is to obtain new mutants by isolating desirable properties from the three-colored single chrysanthemum mutant using in vitro cultures. Bud explants were cultured four times, the plantlets were acclimatized, and 520 plants were planted in outdoor conditions. Observations of the mutants were collected during flowering time, and 97 of the mutants were compared to the control group. Plants with pink, white, and chimeric flowers were obtained. Mutant plants with white flowers constituted the majority of the population followed by plants with variegated flower colors. The population is divided into six clusters, based on the plant height, plant diameter, flower number, flower diameter, number of flower colors, ray flowers' number, leaves' number, stem weight, and lengths and widths of leaves. The population decreased in plant height, flower number, and stem weight, while other features increased compared to the control group. Thus, a new population with similar characteristics to the parent plant was obtained from a single mutant. Chrysanthemum plants exposed to mutagens showed major changes in flower parts as well as other parts of the plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing evidence supports a major role for abiotic stress response in the success of plant polyploids, which usually thrive in harsh environments. However, understanding the ecophysiology of polyploids is challenging due to interactions between genome doubling and natural selection. Here, we investigated physiological responses, gene expression, and the epiphenotype of two related Dianthus broteri cytotypes—with different genome duplications (4× and 12×) and evolutionary trajectories—to short extreme temperature events (42/28 °C and 9/5 °C). The 12× cytotype showed higher expression of stress-responsive genes (SWEET1 , PP2C16 , AI5L3 , and ATHB7) and enhanced gas exchange compared with 4×. Under heat stress, both ploidies had greatly impaired physiological performance and altered gene expression, with reduced cytosine methylation. However, the 12× cytotype exhibited remarkable physiological tolerance (maintaining gas exchange and water status via greater photochemical integrity and probably enhanced water storage) while down-regulating PP2C16 expression. Conversely, 4× D. broteri was susceptible to thermal stress despite prioritizing water conservation, showing signs of non-stomatal photosynthetic limitations and irreversible photochemical damage. This cytotype also presented gene-specific expression patterns under heat, up-regulating ATHB7. These findings provide insights into divergent stress response strategies and physiological resistance resulting from polyploidy, highlighting its widespread influence on plant function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lack of remediation of inactive mine sites is a serious global concern, as they pose risks to the environment, human health, and safety. The potential of Dianthus sylvestris subsp. sylvestris to remediate post‐mining sites contaminated with copper (Cu) at high altitudes, which is a challenging task for most management strategies, was explored in this study. More than 1300 mg Cu kg−1 in shoots were found in plants collected at the Monte Avanza legacy mine site (Alps). However, it is unclear whether this is due to hyperaccumulation or foliar contamination. To address this gap, field samples were washed with two different protocols, and a controlled Cu‐tolerance test was conducted. While very high Cu concentrations, exceeding the Cu hyperaccumulation threshold of 300 mg kg−1, were found in samples washed with water, results for the plants cleaned with a more rigorous approach with EDTA suggested Cu exclusion strategy. Under controlled conditions, the plant showed Cu hypertolerance but did not hyperaccumulate Cu. Thus D. sylvestris presents a Cu exclusion strategy rather than hyperaccumulation potential, making it a suitable candidate for Cu phytostabilization at high altitude legacy mine sites. The study emphasizes the need for experiments under controlled conditions when assessing the phytoremediation potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dianthus superbus L. has been extensively studied for its potential medicinal properties in traditional Chinese medicine and is often consumed as a tea by traditional folk. It has the potential to be exploited in the treatment of inflammation, immunological disorders, and diabetic nephropathy. Based on previous studies, this study continued the separation of another subfraction of Dianthus superbus and established reversed-phase/reversed-phase and reversed-phase/hydrophilic (RPLC) two-dimensional (2D) high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) modes, quickly separating two C-glycosylflavones, among which 2″-O-rhamnosyllutonarin was a new compound and isomer with 6‴-O-rhamnosyllutonarin. This is the first study to investigate the effects of 2″-O-rhamnosyllutonarin and 6‴-O-rhamnosyllutonarin on cellular glucose metabolism in vitro. First, molecular docking was used to examine the effects of 2″-O-rhamnosyllutonarin and 6″-O-rhamnosyllutonarin on AKT and AMPK; these two compounds exhibited relatively high activity. Following this, based on the HepG2 cell model of insulin resistance, it was proved that both of the 2″-O-rhamnosyllutonarin and 6‴-O-rhamnosyllutonarin demonstrated substantial efficacy in ameliorating insulin resistance and were found to be non-toxic. Simultaneously, it is expected that the methods developed in this study will provide a basis for future studies concerning the separation and pharmacological effects of C-glycosyl flavonoids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The double flower developmental process is regulated via a complex transcriptional regulatory network. To understand this highly dynamic and complex developmental process of Dianthus spp., we performed a comparative analysis of floral morphology and transcriptome dynamics in simple flowers and double flowers. We found that the primordium of double flowers of 'X' was larger in size compared to that of simple flowers of 'L' in Dianthus chinensis. RNA-seq and Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA) during flower development, identified stage-specific gene network modules. Expression analysis by RNA-seq indicated that a group of genes related to floral meristem identity, primordia position and polarity were highly expressed in double flowers genotypes compared to simple flowers genotypes, suggesting their roles in double-petal formation. A total of 21 DEGs related to petal number were identified between simple and double flowers. The experiments of in situ hybridization revealed that DcaAP2L, DcaLFY and DcaUFO genes were expressed in the intra-sepal boundary and petal boundary. We proposed a potential transcriptional regulatory network for simple and double flower development. This study provides novel insights into the molecular mechanism underlying double flower formation in Dianthus spp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dianthus genus, belonging to the family Caryophyllaceae, encompasses over 300 species. Various Dianthus spp. have long been utilized in traditional medicine for the treatment of a wide range of conditions including chronic pain, urinary infections, carbuncles, menostasis, gonorrhea, cough, liver diseases, and certain types of cancer. The objective of this study was to determine the biological activities (antimutagenicity, antibacterial and antioxidant), total phenol-flavonoid content and individual phenolic constituents of methanolic extracts of two different parts [FC (flower+capitulum) and LS (leaf+stem)] of seven different endemic Dianthus spp. (D. ancyrensis, D. aticii, D. balansae, D. carmelitarum, D. kastembeluensis, D. lydus and D. leucophaeus) found in Bolu, Turkey. In the antimutagenicity tests, D. carmelitarum, D. ancyrensis. D. kastembeluensis and D. lydus demonstrated higher inhibition effect against the mutagenic activity of sodium azide (NaN 3) and 4-nitro-o-phenylene diamine (NPD) on Salmonella typhimurium TA 100 and TA 98 strains, respectively. D. carmelitarum -LS displayed the highest antimutagenic effect against the mutagen (base-substitution) on the TA 100 strain, while D. carmelitarum -FC exhibited the highest inhibition against mutagenic activity (frame-shift mutagenesis) by 4-nitro-o-phenylene diamine (NPD) on S. typhimurium TA98 strain. Among the tested 17 bacteria, only 4 bacteria (Staphylococcus epidermidis, S. aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes and Klebsiella pneumonia) demonstrated sensitivity to five different Dianthus spp. D. leucophaeus exhibited moderate antibacterial activity against S. epidermidis. Furthermore, S. pyogenes was quite susceptible to D. kastembeluensis, D. aticii and D. lydus. The most powerful radical scavenging activity was observed with D. balansae -LS. Consistent with this result, D. balansae -LS showed the highest total phenolic content. D. aticii -LS had the highest content of total flavonoid. U-HPLC analysis revealed that rutin, phloridzin, ferulic acid and chlorogenic acid were the most dominant compounds in endemic Dianthus spp. These findings highlight the potential of these plants as valuable natural sources for pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications. [Display omitted] • The best antimutagenic effect was observed with D. carmelitarum and D. ancyrensis. • D. balansae and D. aticii showed the best antioxidant capacity. • D. balansae and D. aticii had the highest TPC and TFC values, respectively. • D. leucophaeus D. kastembeluensis, D. aticii and D. lydus had antibacterial effect. • Rutin and phloridzin were the highest in D. carmelitarum and D. ancyrensis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Benthic suspension feeders like corals and sponges are important bioengineers in many marine habitats, from the shallow tropics to the depth of polar oceans. While they are generally considered opportunistic, little is known about their actual in situ diet. To tackle this limitation, fatty acid trophic markers (FATMs) have been employed to gain insights into the composition of their diet. Yet, these in situ studies have not been combined with physiological investigations to understand how physiological limitations may modulate the biochemistry of these organisms.Here, we used the cold‐water coral (CWC) Desmophyllum dianthus in its natural habitat in Comau Fjord (Northern Patagonia, Chile) as our model species to assess the trophic ecology in response to contrasting physico‐chemical conditions (variable vs. stable) and ecological drivers (food availability) at three shallow sites and one deep site. We took advantage of the expression of two distinct phenotypes with contrasting performance (growth, biomass, respiration) coinciding with the differences in sampling depth. We analysed the corals' fatty acid composition to evaluate the utility of FATM profiles to gain dietary insights and assess how performance trade‐offs potentially modulate an organism's FATM composition.We found that 20:1(n‐9) zooplankton markers dominated the deep high‐performance phenotype, while 20:5(n‐3) and 22:6(n‐3) diatom and flagellate markers, respectively, are more prominent in shallow low‐performance phenotype. Surprisingly, both energy stores and performance were higher in the deep phenotype, in spite of measured lower zooplankton availability.Essential FA concentrations were conserved across sites, likely reflecting required levels for coral functioning and survival. While the deep high‐performance phenotype met with these requirements, the low‐performance phenotype appeared to need more energy to maintain functionality in its highly variable environment, potentially causing intrinsic re‐allocations of energy and enrichment in certain essential markers (20:5(n‐3), 22:6(n‐3)).Our analysis highlights the biological and ecological insights that can be gained from FATM profiles in CWCs, but also cautions the reliability of FATM as diet tracers under limiting environmental conditions that may also be applicable to other marine organisms. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To explain the co-existence and maintenance of females along with hermaphrodite plants, the female advantage hypothesis has been proposed where females should show greater fecundity compared to their conspecific hermaphrodites. On the other hand, greater attraction would be selected in the hermaphrodites to increase their male function, potentially leading to larger showier flowers, with more rewards. Here, I tested the sexual dimorphism trade-off hypothesis with the gynomonoecious-gynodioecious Dianthus plumarius (Caryophyllaceae), in the gardens of Bariloche (Patagonia, Argentina). I measured in female and hermaphrodite plants: flower size, nectar volume and concentration, flower lifespan, ovule production, seed number, seed set and seed weight. Additionally, bagging and pollen supplementation experiments were carried out to evaluate pollen limitation, probability of apomixis, if spontaneous autogamy is possible, and to examine the importance of pollen origin. I found that hermaphrodite flowers are more attractive, with larger-sized flowers and higher nectar volume, whereas female flowers compensate with longer lifespan of stigmatic receptivity and more concentrated nectar. Despite ovule number was lower in female flowers, these showed higher seed set and produced more and heavier seeds than hermaphrodites under open pollination. No evidence of apomixis was found in females, but spontaneous autogamy may occur in hermaphrodites. Hand-pollination experiments showed first that both flower types suffered pollen limitation, but it was higher on hermaphrodite flowers. Finally, despite self-compatibility, pollen origin is important because hand self-pollination decreases seed weight. These findings provide strong evidence in support of the mechanisms and underlying conditions that would allow the co-existence and maintenance of female and hermaphrodite individuals within populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low inflows cause predominantly hypersaline conditions in Baffin Bay, TX (USA), which are inhospitable for oysters, the dominant reef-builder in other northern Gulf of Mexico estuaries. Instead, extensive biogenic reefs contain dense aggregations of the ubiquitous tube-building serpulid worm, Hydroides dianthus. The distribution and size of these reefs have declined over the last several decades. Although serpulid reef habitats have increased in conservation importance, there is a need for ecological knowledge to inform resource management and habitat restoration planning. This study examined spatial and temporal recruitment patterns of serpulid worms and other encrusting species over an 18-month-long period, using recruitment tiles, and live serpulid reef as a reference. Recruitment of H. dianthus occurs year-round; however, the greatest recruitment occurs between September and December. No consistent differences in serpulid recruitment were detected among locations within Baffin Bay, which could be because salinity and temperature were similar among locations, and/or because sampling replication was low. H. dianthus cover was greater on the lower surface of horizontally oriented recruitment tiles (28% cover), whereas Amphibalanus eburneus (barnacle) cover dominated the upper surface of tiles (34% cover). Furthermore, there is no evidence that predation by megafauna (> 1 cm) is hindering serpulid recruitment. There is sufficient larval supply of H. dianthus to suggest that the restoration of serpulid reefs can be successful by providing additional substrate with appropriate microhabitat complexity. Study findings can be used to support planning and successful implementation of serpulid reef restoration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dianthus virgineus encompasses a very complex taxonomic group (traditionally called D. sylvestris group) including an array of units of doubtful taxonomic rank and value. Recent work identified three genetic lineages within this complex that showed strong genetic isolation, and clear geographical boundaries (i.e., "Alpine", "Balkan", and "Apennine" lineages). We evaluated the contribution of 33 morphological characters in differentiating such genetic units, by also investigating the effect of geographical and ecological drivers on the characters showing major discriminating power. The morphological measures were taken from a large number of populations (N = 97) included in the sample used for detecting the three genetic lineages. Our work reveals that these lineages can be morphologically discriminated by a series of character‐states that are traditionally considered of relevant taxonomical value. We also inferred a significant geographical and ecological effect on most characters, which varied gradually with latitude, longitude, and mean annual temperature. Overall, our data suggest that the three biological units can be referred to D. inodorus (L.) Gaertn. ("Alpine" lineage), D. sylvestris Wulfen ("Balkan" lineage), and D. virgineus L. s.str. ("Apennine" lineage). We also provide an identification key to discriminate these three taxa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key message: We introduced the candidate gene DsHSP70 into Arabidopsis thaliana, resulting in male gametophyte sterility and abnormal degeneration of sepals and petals. Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is a useful tool for hybrid production. However, the regulatory mechanism of CMS in Dianthus spiculifolius remains unclear. In this study, we investigated whether male-sterile line of D. spiculifolius has a malformed tapetum and fails to produce normal fertile pollen. RNA sequencing technology was used to compare the gene expression patterns of the D. spiculifolius male-sterile line and its male fertility maintainer line during anther development. A total of 12,365 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, among which 1765 were commonly expressed in the S1, S2 and S3 stages. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses indicated that these DEGs were mainly involved in oxidation-reduction processes, signal transduction and programmed cell death. Additionally, weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA) showed that three modules may be related to male sterility. A putative regulatory pathway for the male sterility traits was constructed based on the reproductive development network. After introducing the candidate DsHSP70 gene into Arabidopsis thaliana, we found that overexpressing plants showed anther abortion and shorter filaments, and accompanied by abnormal degeneration of sepals and petals. In summary, our results identified potential candidate genes and pathways related to CMS in D.spiculifolius, providing new insights for further research on the mechanism of male sterility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presented here are new combinations made in advance of publication of an Annotated Checklist for the Flora of Nevada. New combinations of Aliciella latifolia var. imperialis, Androsace elongata var. acuta, Arceuthobium abietinum var. grandae, Arceuthobium abietinum var. magnificae, Arceuthobium abietinum var. mathiasenii, Arceuthobium abietinum var. wiensii, Artemisia cana var. bolanderi, Askellia pygmaea var. ramosa, Boechera fernaldiana var. vivariensis, Calystegia sepium var. limnophila, Camissoniopsis pallida var. hallii, Cassiope mertensiana var. californica, Centaurea stoebe var. micranthos, Chloropyron maritimum var. canescens, Chloropyron maritimum var. palustre, Chloropyron maritimum var. parryi, Chylismia brevipes var. pallidula, Chylismia cardiophylla var. cedrosensis, Chylismia cardiophylla var. robusta, Chylismia claviformis var. aurantiaca, Chylismia claviformis var. cruciformis, Chylismia claviformis var. funerea, Chylismia claviformis var. lancifolia, Chylismia claviformis var. peeblesii, Chylismia claviformis var. peirsonii, Chylismia claviformis var. purpurascens, Chylismia claviformis var. rubescens, Chylismia claviformis var. wigginsii, Chylismia claviformis var. yumae, Chylismia scapoidea var. brachycarpa, Chylismia scapoidea var. macrocarpa, Chylismia scapoidea var. utahensis, Chylismia walkeri var. tortilis, Crepis runcinata var. hallii, Dianthus armeria var. armeriastrum, Eremothera boothii var. alyssoides, Eremothera boothii var. condensata, Eremothera boothii var. decorticans, Eremothera boothii var. desertorum, Eremothera boothii var. villosa, Eriastrum diffusum var. coachellae, Eriastrum diffusum var. utahense, Eriastrum eremicum var. markianum, Eriastrum eremicum var. yageri, Eriastrum eremicum var. zionis, Festuca brachyphylla var. breviculmis, Gilia aliquanta var. breviloba, Gilia brecciarum var. jacens, Gilia brecciarum var. neglecta, Gilia cana var. bernardina, Gilia cana var. speciformis, Gilia cana var. speciosa, Gilia cana var. triceps, Gilia ochroleuca var. bizonata, Gilia ochroleuca var. exilis, Gilia ochroleuca var. vivida, Hedeoma nana var. californica, Hulsea vestita var. inyoensis, Ipomopsis tenuituba var. latiloba, Langloisia setosissima var. punctata, Leontodon saxatilis var. longirostris, Leptosiphon chrysanthus var. decorus, Leptosiphon nuttallii var. howellii, Leptosiphon nuttallii var. pubescens, Linanthus bigelovii var. johnsonii, Linanthus pungens var. pulchriflorus, Linanthus watsonii var. dolomiticus, Monardella breweri var. lanceolata, Monardella linoides var. sierrae, Navarretia leptalea var. bicolor, Navarretia leucocephala var. bakeri, Navarretia leucocephala var. minima, Navarretia leucocephala var. pauciflora, Navarretia leucocephala var. plieantha, Navarretia linearifolia var. pinnatisecta, Noccaea fendleri var. glauca, Orthocarpus cuspidatus var. copelandii, Pedicularis attollens var. protogyna, Penstemon thompsoniae var. jaegeri, Pentagramma triangularis var. maxonii, Pentagramma triangularis var. rebmanii, Pentagramma triangularis var. semipallida, Pentagramma triangularis var. viscosa, Perideridia parishii var. latifolia, Phragmites australis var. americanus, Poa abbreviata var. marshii, Poa abbreviata var. pattersonii, Polygonum aviculare var. buxiforme, Proboscidea louisiana var. fragrans, Rhodiola integrifolia var. leedyi, Rhodiola integrifolia var. neomexicana, Rosa woodsii var. puberulenta, Sagina decumbens var. occidentalis, and Veronica wormskjoldii var. nutans, are made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this contribution, new chromosome data obtained on material collected in Italy are presented. It includes the first count for Dianthus carthusianorum subsp. tenorei, Helosciadium nodiflorum, Hieracium hypochoeroides subsp. cilentanum, H. lesimanum, H. scopolioides, H. terraccianoi. In addition, first Italian counts for Crupina vulgaris, Damasonium alisma, and Illecebrum verticillatum are reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, one of the main directions of science is the study of plants with medicinal properties, the determination of biological activity and its use for medical purposes. In this supplied research work, the quantitative and qualitative composition of phytochemical components of plants Dianthus superbus, Matricaria chamomilla and Glycyrrhiza glabra growing in the Republic of Kazakhstan were investigated first-ever. The results of our studies showed the maximum amount of organic acids (0.317 %) and flavonoids (0.296 %) in the plant D. superbus. The content of extractive substances M. chamomilla (30.01 %) and G. glabra L. (35.30 %), and the content of polysaccharides is higher in plants G. glabra L. (1.475 %) and D. superbus (1.434 %). The plant M. chamomilla showed good results i n the amount of elements needed daily by the human body, including – K (23.97 mg/g), Na (5.39 mg/g), Mg (2.26 mg/g), Ca (4.31 mg/g) and Fe (0.32 mg/g). The results of the conducted analyses showed that the studied objects contain a sufficient amount of bioactive substances that may enhance the variety of successful home pharmaceuticals in the future based on plant raw materials of the Republic of Kazakhstan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scientific research is the main driver to push forward and disseminate botanical knowledge. Despite many institutions having this fundamental aim as a core activity, many of them do not have a complete set of facilities, expertise, staff, and resources to cover all the steps involved in the study, management, conservation, and popularization of plant diversity. Accordingly, we propose a workflow formalizing the cooperation between a botanical garden and a botanical research center, focused on the study of plant endemic species. Specifically, the cooperation was implemented between the PLANTSEED Lab of the Department of Biology and the Botanic Garden and Museum of the University of Pisa. We present seven representative case studies (Armeria arenaria complex, Bellevalia webbiana, Crocus etruscus and C. ilvensis, Dianthus virgineus complex, Pulmonaria hirta complex, and Santolina chamaecyparissus complex) to disentangle the approaches and opportunities arising from cooperative approaches, from laboratory to cultivation. We analyze the emerging properties derived from this synergistic cooperation by promoting open research questions and answering them using a comprehensive approach to improving endemic plant species research, conservation, and popularization in the botanical garden. In this manuscript, we show how a cooperative approach between heterogeneous botanical institutions can constitute an effective and easy-to-implement approach to achieve the goals of each partner involved in the cooperation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although ethnopharmacologically renowned, wax constituents of Dianthus species were sporadically studied. A combination of GC-MS analysis, synthesis, and chemical transformations enabled the identification of 275 constituents of diethyl-ether washings of aerial parts and/or flowers of six Dianthus taxa (Dianthus carthusianorum, D. deltoides, D. giganteus subsp. banaticus, D. integer subsp. minutiflorus, D. petraeus, and D. superbus) and one Petrorhagia taxon (P. prolifera) from Serbia. Seventeen of these constituents (nonacosyl benzoate, additional 12 benzoates with anteiso-branched 1-alkanols, eicosyl tiglate, triacontane-14,16-dione, dotriacontane-14,16-dione, and tetratriacontane-16,18-dione) and two additional synthesized eicosyl esters (angelate and senecioate) represent completely new compounds. The structures of the tentatively identified β-ketones were confirmed by analysis of the mass fragmentation of the corresponding pyrazoles and silyl enol ethers obtained by transformations of crude extracts and extract fractions. Silylation allowed the identification of 114 additional constituents, including a completely new natural product (30-methylhentriacontan-1-ol). The results obtained by multivariate statistical analyses showed that the chemical profile of Dianthus taxa's surface waxes is subject to both genetic and ecological factors, whereas the latter seemingly takes a more important role for the studied Dianthus samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The seed germination tests of long-term (1978- and 1979-year harvest) storage seeds of Dianthus plumarius were carried out. The seeds were stored in a cold chamber (0-5 °C) for 43- and 44-year period, respectively, in the hermetically sealed glass containers. The experiment was conducted in laboratory conditions, on filter-paper, in three consequent stages: initial screening (Sept/Oct. 2022, sample 1978); 6 seed samples of 100 seeds each: 3 samples from 1978 and 3 samples from 1979 year (Oct/Nov. 2022) and 12 x 100 seeds with the highest germination taken from the previous experimental batch (Nov/Dec.2022). The temperature and air humidity were monitored daily by an Electronic Temperature station. The results from trials Oct./Nov.2022 showed that the highest germination energy (GE) was found in the seed sample from 1978 (65%) while the GE varied between 42 and 46% in the samples of the 1979’ harvest. The maximum percentage of germination, in almost all experimental samples, was achieved on the 14th day and until the end of the experiment remained unchanged. The highest percentage of germination was found in sample from 1978 year - 82%. A statistically significant difference was observed between samples from 1978 and the two samples from 1979 (p≤0.05, ANOVA). The germination process took place at relatively low temperatures and at a relatively small day-night amplitude. The two consecutive experiments confirmed the fact that the seed samples from 1978 year showed a higher germination energy, which could be explained by a higher water content in the seeds which were initially placed in cold storage and were preserved during the storage conditions for the specified long-term period. The high germination rates observed in the present experiment encourages further investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study investigates the hepatoprotective, nephroprotective and hematopoietic and antioxidant effects of Dianthus orientalis leaves aqueous extract (DO.AQ) in rabbits intoxicated with paracetamol. Different experimental groups were formed, i.e., group N, group T, group ELD, group EMD, group EHD and group SM. The groups with leaves aqueous extract of Dianthus orientalis of 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight, i.e., group EMD and group EHD, showed remedial effects; however, a high dose extract significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the elevated serum levels of alanine transaminase ALT, aspartate transaminase AST and alkaline phosphatase ALP and renal related indices such as serum creatinine, urea and uric acid, and serum electrolytes such as Ca, Mg, P, Na and K, as well as the total count of RBC, WBC, platelets and hemoglobin Hb concentration, mean corpuscular hemoglobin MCH concentration and hematocrit HCT values. Additionally, the extract showed positive effects on the lipid profile, i.e., decreasing levels of cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL and increasing levels of HDL. The levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances TBARS, glutathione GSH and radical scavenging activity were also evaluated in liver and kidney homogenates. Paracetamol fed animals had high levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and low levels of glutathione GSH and radical scavenging activity (RSA). Extract ingestion caused a significant increase in glutathione and radical scavenging activity RSA levels, while reducing the (TBARS) levels, showing that the extracts have antioxidant potentials. The antioxidant capacity of the Dianthus orientalis leaves aqueous extract at various dosages demonstrated an increased inhibition of DPPH, i.e., 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylehydrazyle free radical. The histological study of the liver and kidney supports the protective activity of Dianthus orientalis leaves aqueous extract against paracetamol intoxication with optimistic effects regarding oxidative stress condition and serum electrolytes balance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Species with wide ranges often exhibit morphological variability that is mostly shaped by ecological and evolutionary processes, and the resulting diversity is frequently reflected in intraspecific taxonomy. Dianthus sylvestris in the Balkan Peninsula encompasses six subspecies (D. sylvestris subspp. alboroseus , bertisceus , kozjakensis , nodosus , sylvestris and tergestinus), the identification of which is problematic due to a great morphological variability and complex patterns of environmental variation. To explore morphological variation of described subspecies and to investigate how their morphology varies in relation to environmental variations across their geographical distribution, we evaluated 97 populations of D. sylvestris for variability in 25 morphological characters and 20 environmental variables. Number and shape of epicalyx scales, calyx length and petal denticulation captured the greatest extent of morphological variability between populations. Morphometric analyses revealed a continuous variability in quantitative morphological characters and an absence of clear morphological differentiation between the investigated subspecies. However, two main morphologically distinct entities, the north-western Balkan populations and the south-eastern Balkan populations, were identified and they were split approximately along the Neretva River valley. In addition, our results indicate that environment, rather than geography, plays a potentially more important role in shaping the morphological variability of this taxon. Overall, our results do not support the recognition of the described subspecies or the currently accepted taxonomic concept, instead pointing to a continuous morphological variability of D. sylvestris in the Balkan Peninsula. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is the fifth issue of the series of germination reports from Mediterranean areas (sensu Med- Checklist). It comprises germination protocols for 18 taxa: Hieracium and Pilosella from South Italy by Di Gristina & al. (Nos. 103-106); Genista from Sardinia by Deplano & al. (No. 107); Antirrhinum, Anthyllis, Digitalis, Echium, Jasione, Nothoscordum, Silene and Verbascum by Martínez-Oliver & al. (Nos. 108-116); Dianthus, Helichrysum and Silene from Sicily by Scafidi & Salmeri (Nos. 117-120). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, six perennial flowers including Dianthus deltoides, Dianthus superbus, Dianthus carthusianorum, Dianthus chinensis cv. Diamond scarlet Imp., Aguilegia viridiflora, and Salvia japonica were used as experimental materials, by studying the differences in the growth rate of plant height(or plant width), budding stage, and flowering stage of six flower plants in different periods under two planting conditions of application of pure sheep manure and no fertilization, and the changes of SOD, POD, CAT activity and MDA content in plant leaves, the effects of application of pure sheep manure on the six perennial flowers were clarified. And the subordination function was used to compare the barren tolerance of the six kinds of flowers, which provided the basis for their planting on the barren land in Inner Mongolia. The results showed that compared with no fertilization, the application of pure sheep manure could improve the growth rate of Dianthus deltoides, Dianthus superbus, Dianthus carthusianorum, Dianthus chinensis cv. Diamond scarlet Imp., Aguilegia viridiflora, and Salvia japonica, and it could promote the early flowering of the six perennial flowers. Among them, the flowering period of Dianthus deltoides was 28 days earlier, that of Dianthus superbus was 16 days earlier, that of Salvia japonica was 13 days earlier, that of Dianthus carthusianorum was 11 days earlier, that of Dianthus chinensis cv. Diamond scarlet Imp. was 8 days earlier, and that of Aguilegia viridiflora was 5 days earlier. Compared with no fertilization, the application of pure sheep manure significantly increased the POD activity in the leaves of six flowers except for the Dianthus chinensis cv. Diamond scarlet Imp. for 0 d. The activities of SOD and CAT in the leaves of six kinds of flowers except for the Dianthus superbus were significantly increased, the content of MDA in the leaves of six kinds of flowers was significantly reduced. Therefore, pure sheep manure could promote the growth and development of the six perennial flowers, increase the activities of SOD, POD, and CAT in flower leaves, reduce the content of MDA, and thus enhance the resistance of the flowers. Comprehensively analyzing the plant morphology with the physiological indexes, it was found that Aguilegia viridiflora was most tolerant to infertility, followed by Dianthus carthusianorum and Salvia japonica, Dianthus superbus, Dianthus chinensis cv. Diamond scarlet Imp., and Dianthus deltoides were suitable to pure sheep manure and ranked the 3rd, 4th, and 5th, respectively. The results of barren tolerance obtained by analysis of each physiological index by the subordinate function were consistent with those obtained by morphological index and ornamental index, indicating that the physiological indexes could be used at the early stage to forecast the barren tolerance of flowers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solanum nigrum L. is an annual undomesticated berry plant of Solanaceae. The fruits of S. nigrum are tiny, but there are about 25 seeds in a single fruit. The total number of seeds produced in one plant can reach more than 3 000. The height is about 30 - 40 cm, and the whole growth cycle is two months when S. nigrum was cultivated in the light incubator of the laboratory. The Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation has been established in S. nigrum. So S. nigrum has the characteristics of model plants. AcMYB110, an R2R3-MYB transcription factor from kiwi (Actinidia spp.), was transformed into S. nigrum mediated by A. tumefaciens. The results indicated that the petals of 35S:AcMYB110 S. nigrum plants are pink compared with white petals in wild-type plants, and content of anthocyanins was significantly increased in the pericarp from young fruit to its maturity, especially in the central part of the fruit flesh. The results showed that the ectopic expression of AcMYB110 in S. nigrum is consistent with the expression of AcMYB110 in kiwi. This suggests that AcMYB110 plays a conserved role in regulating anthocyanins synthesis in fruits and can be potentially applied for improvement of the anthocyanins content in horticulture fruits breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) is one of the world's main floricultural crops along with chrysanthemum and rose. Dianthus is one of the oldest ornamental plant in the world. Over time, the aim of Dianthus breeding has been to select or hybridize for totally white or double flowers. BRGV Buzău core collection contains more than 52 varieties of this species, organised in 5 groups according to the type of flower and the direction of use: C group (cut flowers), Gs group (garden type, single flower ), Gd group (garden type- double flower), Pd group (pot type-double flower), Ps (pot typesingle flower). From the 5 groups, 26 varieties belonging to the following species have been selected for the present work Dianthus caryophyllus and Dianthus chinensis with distinct phenotypic expression. The breeding methods used were clonal selection and repeated individual selection. From selected morphotypes, G I.3., G II.7, G III.6, G IV.3, G V.4 were completely different. The aims of breeding these varieties were the specific clove fragrance, the immaculate white colour, the presence of double flowers, the long vase life and the pleasant commercial and ornamental appearance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experiment was conducted in the nursery of the Agricultural Division, University of Al-Kufa during the agricultural season 2020-2021 to demonstrate the effect of spraying Putrescine and Roselle extract on the growth and flowering of Chinese carnations. The experiment was conducted by a Randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates with two factors. The first is Putrescine in three concentrations (0,50,100) mg.L-1. The second factor was Roselle extract with three concentrations (0, 2.5, 5)ml.L-1. The averages were compared according to the least significant difference (LSD) test at the probability level of 5%. Results are shown spraying Putrescine at a concentration of 100 mg.L-1 with Roselle extract at a concentration of 2.5 g.L-1 which led to a significant increase in plant height, the number of leaves and the content of leaves from the total chlorophyll pigment, the number of flowering inflorescences, and the content of the leaves from nitrogen and phosphorous, where it reached 30.77 cm and 32.89 leaves.Plant-1 and 62.07 mg.100gm-1 and 12.66 inflorescence.plant- 1 and 3.01% and 3.12% compared to the control treatment that gave the lowest rate of 20.17 cm and 21.65 leaves.plant-1 and 54.85 mg.100gm-1 and 7.66 inflorescence.plant-1, 1.05% and 0.12%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to analyze vegetation data using a phytosociological method and to identify species composition and relationships between vegetation and environmental data in communities that include two threatened species (Dianthus pseudocrinitus Behrooz. & Joharchi and D. polylepis Bien. ex Boiss.) endemic to the montane steppes of Khorassan‐Kopet Dagh floristic province in northeastern Iran. We sampled 75 vegetation plots in 15 sites where the endemic Dianthus species occur. In order to evaluate community characterization of the species, we investigated floristic composition, life‐form spectrum and the phytogeography of the study sites. In all, 370 plant species were recorded, belonging to 184 genera in 45 families. Floristic analysis revealed that Hemicryptophytes are the dominant life‐form in these habitats, and Iran‐Turanian floristic elements contributed 74.5% of the total number of species. Classification analysis based on TWINSPAN showed a clear separation of the study sites based on Dianthus taxa, which was confirmed by detrended correspondence analysis (DCA). The results reflected the highly diverse flora at all Dianthus sites. Species composition and the distribution of vegetation groups were influenced by some environmental factors. Habitats for both species could be managed by a community ecological approach; our study provided a better knowledge of these communities' ecological and floristic composition to enhance effective management and conservation of the threatened species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dianthus spp. is a genus with high economic and ornamental value in the Caryophyllaceae, which include the famous fresh-cut carnation and the traditional Chinese herbal medicine, D. superbus. Despite the Dianthus species being seen everywhere in our daily lives, its genome information and phylogenetic relationships remain elusive. Thus, we performed the assembly and annotation of chloroplast genomes for 12 individuals from seven Dianthus species. On this basis, we carried out the first comprehensive and systematic analysis of the chloroplast genome sequence characteristics and the phylogenetic evolution of Dianthus. The chloroplast genome of 12 Dianthus individuals ranged from 149,192 bp to 149,800 bp, containing 124 to 126 functional genes. Sequence repetition analysis showed the number of simple sequence repeats (SSRs) ranged from 75 to 80, tandem repeats ranged from 23 to 41, and pair-dispersed repeats ranged from 28 to 43. Next, we calculated the synonymous nucleotide substitution rates (Ks) of all 76 protein coding genes to obtain the evolution rate of these coding genes in Dianthus species; rpl22 showed the highest Ks (0.0471), which suggested that it evolved the swiftest. By reconstructing the phylogenetic relationships within Dianthus and other species of Caryophyllales, 16 Dianthus individuals (12 individuals reported in this study and four individuals downloaded from NCBI) were divided into two strongly supported sister clades (Clade A and Clade B). The Clade A contained five species, namely D. caryophyllus, D. barbatus, D. gratianopolitanus, and two cultivars ('HY' and 'WC'). The Clade B included four species, in which D. superbus was a sister branch with D. chinensis, D. longicalyx, and F1 '87M' (the hybrid offspring F1 from D. chinensis and 'HY'). Further, based on sequence divergence analysis and hypervariable region analysis, we selected several regions that had more divergent sequences, to develop DNA markers. Additionally, we found that one DNA marker can be used to differentiate Clade A and Clade B in Dianthus. Taken together, our results provide useful information for our understanding of Dianthus classification and chloroplast genome evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some Dianthus specimens collected from Sakarya and Bolu Provinces (Turkey) are proposed as a new species. Dianthus nezahatiae Hamzaoğlu (Caryophyllaceae) is naturally distributed in subalpine meadow habitats in the altitude range of 1450 and 1620 m a.s.l. Dianthus nezahatiae differs from D. akdaghensis Gemici et Leblebici because its inner bracts are 1.7-2.1 mm wide, the apex of the epicalyx scales is attenuate-rounded, the petal collar is almost half of the claw width, and the capsule is longer than calyx. This paper gives a description of the species, a comparison with a close taxon, photographs, the distribution map, and its habitat preference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many endangered species are distributed in narrow geographic ranges, often at severe risk of extinction. Ecological niche modeling can be used to identify suitable areas, which can be surveyed to detect additional populations. We combined remotely sensed data (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) and field sampling to increase distributional knowledge of the species and improve understanding of its conservation status. We identified numerous new sites for a rare plant (Dianthus pseudocrinitus) and tested model‐based predictions of its full geographic distribution. Using only eight occurrences, we developed initial models, which guided detailed field sampling: 11 new sites were identified, but models were unable to predict better than random expectations. A second round of models did show significant predictive ability and pointed to a broader geographic and environmental distribution of the species. As a consequence, the conservation status of the species should be upgraded from Critically Endangered to Endangered. We identified six protected areas (Golestan, Ghorkhoud, Miandasht, Salouk, Sarani, Sarigol) that likely hold populations of this species; one area adjacent to Ghorkhoud Protected Area, if protected, would protect the best‐known populations of the species. Our results highlight the importance of combining modeling with field sampling in characterizing distributions of rare and endangered species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Macrofauna associated with the bamboo coral Isidella elongata was analysed in the Balearic Basin at depths of 697–1308 m. The diversity of associated macrofauna and the specific associations identified depended on different morphological characteristics of colonies, such as height or density of rami. Species associated with Isidella consisted mainly of sessile fauna, such as cnidarians (the actinian Amphianthus dornhii and the solitary coral Desmophyllum dianthus) and cirripeds (Gibossaverruca sp.). The strongest relationship (commensalism) occurred for the Pontogeneiidae amphipod Dautzenbergia megacheir, living attached to colonies of Isidella and represented by all population stages from adult (oostegal) females and males to juveniles. Species-coral relationships between Dautzenbergia and bamboo corals (Isididae) are plausible. Dautzenbergia spp. showed morphological differences between Atlantic (described by Walker 1897 as "eyes wanting") and Mediterranean (with well-developed reddish eyes) specimens. This would suggest diversification of this genus, as has been recently suggested for Pleustidae associated with deep gorgonians. The diversity of the macrofaunal community associated with I. elongata was higher in the most mature (larger colonies with higher density) fields found NW of Mallorca, with higher colonies than in other parts of the Mediterranean. This was the only site where Gibossaverruca sp. (a first Mediterranean faunal record) and D. dianthus were collected. These complex associations between macrofauna and deep-water corals may provide arguments to protect these fragile ecosystems as a source of faunal diversity and diversification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The stratified Chilean Comau Fjord sustains a dense population of the cold-water coral (CWC) Desmophyllum dianthus in aragonite supersaturated shallow and aragonite undersaturated deep water. This provides a rare opportunity to evaluate CWC fitness trade-offs in response to physico-chemical drivers and their variability. Here, we combined year-long reciprocal transplantation experiments along natural oceanographic gradients with an in situ assessment of CWC fitness. Following transplantation, corals acclimated fast to the novel environment with no discernible difference between native and novel (i.e. cross-transplanted) corals, demonstrating high phenotypic plasticity. Surprisingly, corals exposed to lowest aragonite saturation (Ωarag < 1) and temperature (T < 12.0 °C), but stable environmental conditions, at the deep station grew fastest and expressed the fittest phenotype. We found an inverse relationship between CWC fitness and environmental variability and propose to consider the high frequency fluctuations of abiotic and biotic factors to better predict the future of CWCs in a changing ocean. The cold-water coral Desmophyllum dianthus benefits from stable environmental conditions in deep waters of Comau Fjord (Chile) and is able to acclimatise quickly to new environmental conditions after transplantation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was conducted in one of the greenhouses in the Department of Horticulture and Garden Engineering at the College of Agriculture/Tikrit University. For the period between 5/1/2021 - 6/1/2022, Dianthus Chinensis L. has been cultivated at the age of four leaves, and then the samples were separated and distributed on containers, and they were classified into three replicates, each replicate containing nine treatments with seaweed extracts with concentrations (0, 5, 10) ml. L-1 and extract of jasmonic acid in concentrations (0, 0.5, 1) ml. L-1, each treatment included four containers in the experimental unit. The study recorded significant differences in the effect of single and overlapping treatments, especially when treated with concentrations of 10 ml. L-1 of seaweed and 1.0 ml. L-1 of jasmonic acid in vegetative growth characteristics (plant height, number of leaves, moist and dry weight of the shoot, length and number of internodes, number of branches, leaf area, percentage of chlorophyll A, B and total), Which are attributed to the nutrients of macro- and trace elements present in the extracts that are important in stimulating growth. Significant differences were recorded with the effect of the treatments on the characteristics of floral growth (the days until buds emergence, length and width of the bud, the days until bud opening, flower diameter and the number of flowers, moist and dry weight of the flower, percentage of carotene), which is considered simple in comparison to the effect on vegetative characteristics, It may due to genetic traits that are slightly affected by stimuli and the environment. Also, there are other significant effects of the extracts on the percentage of volatile oil when treated with A1J0, which was 1.7%, in addition, there was a significant effect of the extracts on the chemical compounds, the concentrations of 10 ml. L-1 and 1 ml. L-1 of seaweed extract and jasmonic acid gave the presence of flavonoids (Quercetin, Apigenin, Rhamntin, Kaempferol), while the concentrations were 5 ml. L-1 and 10 ml. L-1 of seaweed extract with jasmonic acid, respectively, gave the presence of tannins (Gallic acid, Phloroglucino, Tannic acid, Gallotannin, and Pyrogallic acid). The histological study dealt with the variance effectiveness of the aforementioned extracts on the anatomical characteristics of the superficial view of the leaf epidermis (the transverse sections of the leaf blades, the middle vein, the variation in the dimensions of the stomata, the upper, and lower epidermis of the leaves, the variance in the qualitative, quantitative characteristics and the frequency of stomata in the leaves) the stomatal complex type is diacytic which was normal Dianthus characteristic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, six known compounds were investigated that were isolated from the aerial parts of plant Dianthus helenae Vved. The structures of these compounds were identified as polypodine B (1), 2,3,20,22-diacetonide-20-hydroxyecdysone (2), 20-hydroxyecdysone (3), cyasterone (4), α-ecdysone (5) and 2-deoxy-α-ecdysone (6). Their structures were confirmed by NMR-, ESI-MS, and IR-spectroscopy. The compounds (5) and (6) are reported for the first time from this species. Furthermore, compounds (2) and (4) were isolated for the first time from the Caryophyllaceae family. In addition, all these phytoecdysteroids were investigated for a nootropic activity. Thus, the total phytoecdysteroids-containing preparation at a dose of 25 mg/kg increases two times the motor activity, an approximate reaction – four times and exploratory behavior − 1.4 times compared to control animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In section Leiopetali, the diploid chromosome numbers were reported from only six of total 25 taxa. There is no karyological data relating to other 19 taxa. In this study, it is intended to determine the diploid chromosome numbers of taxa of section Leiopetali. The diploid number of 13 species were detected, four of which were recorded for the first time and nine numbers compatible with the previous reports. Twelve species were diploid with 2n = 2x =30. D. leptopetalus was diploid and polyploid, which reveals only one polyploidy level of tetraploidy (2n = 4x = 60). Polyploidy might have played a role in the karyotype evolution of the genus. One of the most important reasons for this situation is that although polyploidy is observed in the genus Dianthus, the dysploidy mechanism that causes a change in the basic chromosome number has not been found until now. The basic number is x = 15 according to the all chromosomal reports. In conclusion, this study reports new data into the karyological characteristics of section Leiopetali (genus Dianthus) that can be useful for interpreting or understanding relationships among sections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2012, an invasion by a serpulid tubeworm, unknown to the Atlantic Canada region, caused heavy biofouling on an oyster lease in Eel Lake, Argyle, Nova Scotia. The species was identified as Hydroides dianthus (Verrill, 1873), and this morphological identification was confirmed by comparing a newly sequenced COI gene fragment with H. dianthus sequences available in GenBank. Heavy biofouling on the oyster lease resulted in the need to develop mitigation strategies. It was hypothesized that by understanding the spawning behaviour and spatial/temporal patterns of H. dianthus larvae in Eel Lake, biofouling could be mitigated by determining an optimal depth that oyster cages should be maintained at during its active spawning period. To monitor H. dianthus in Eel Lake, species-specific primers associated with the COI gene were developed. Specificity and sensitivity of primers were tested, and the primer set H. dianthus COI4F/R was chosen for monitoring. Water samples were collected from Eel Lake from June to August 2013, and eDNA was extracted. Spatial and temporal monitoring of H. dianthus using eDNA was completed at four sites (three fouled, one non-fouled), and at three depths (0.3 m, 1.5 m, and 3.0 m) in Eel Lake. Water samples tested positive for H. dianthus in most sites and depths on June 20th, indicating a spawning event had occurred. Subsequently, no significant differences between sites and depths were found and H. dianthus was detected throughout the summer in all locations and depths monitored. The mean % of positive PCR results significantly increased from 18.7 to 65.0% from June to August. Results suggest that H. dianthus spawned frequently during a reproductive season ranging from at least June 20 to August 30 in Eel Lake at temperatures ~ 18-22 °C. The results of this study indicated that an optimal oyster cage depth for biofouling mitigation could not be determined and highlighted the challenges to aquaculture associated with biofouling of H. dianthus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genome size (GS) is an important characteristic that may be helpful in delimitation of taxa, and multiple studies have shown correlations between intraspecific GS variation and morphological or environmental factors, as well as its geographical segregation. We estimated a relative GS (RGS) of 707 individuals from 162 populations of Dianthus sylvestris with a geographic focus on the Balkan Peninsula, but also including several populations from the European Alps. Dianthus sylvestris is morphologically variable species thriving in various habitats and six subspecies have been recognized from the Balkan Peninsula. Our RGS data backed-up with chromosome counts revealed that the majority of populations were diploid (2n = 30), but ten tetraploid populations have been recorded in D. sylvestris subsp. sylvestris from Istria (Croatia, Italy). Their monoploid RGS is significantly lower than that of the diploids, indicating genome downsizing. In addition, the tetraploids significantly differ from their diploid counterparts in an array of morphological and environmental characteristics. Within the diploid populations, the RGS is geographically and only partly taxonomically correlated, with the highest RGS inferred in the southern Balkan Peninsula and the Alps. We demonstrate greater RGS variation among the Balkan populations compared to the Alps, which is likely a result of more pronounced evolutionary differentiation within the Balkan Peninsula. In addition, a deep RGS divergence within the Alps likely points to persistence of the alpine populations in different Pleistocene refugia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dianthus berkayii belongs to sect. Fimbriati was described and illustrated as a new species from Erzincan Province in Eastern Anatolia, Turkey. In the current study morphological, palynological, and molecular characters were compared and discussed with its closely related species. The new species is similar to D. crinitus with fimbriate corolla, linear, acuminate, ± rigid leaves. Also similar to D. vanensis with fimbriate corolla, linear, acuminate, ± rigid, curved divaricate leaves. But distinctly different from D. crinitus by having linear and curved divaricate leaves, stem with 3-4(-5) internodes (not 5-8), a style much longer than petals, and different from D. vanensis with narrower leaves, ebarbulate and long fimbriate corolla. The bracts of D. berkayii are 1/3 of the length of the calyx, but not equal to the calyx length. The IUCN threat category of D. berkayii was determined to be "CR (Critically Endangered)" therewithal it is an Irano-Turanian element. In the study, the geographical distributions of D. berkayii, D. crinitus, and D. vanensis are also mapped, the identification key of these species was provided, pollen morphology and phylogenetic analyses based on ITS region of rDNA and ecological notes are also presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]