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The objective of this article is to widely publicaze the origin, structure and purpose of the Legal Law of the XII Tables, a transcendental legal instrument in the Roman Republic, with special emphasis on the marriage between patricians and plebeians, finally evoking the lex canuleia to the rhythm of the most emblematic song of the Peruvian songwriter Felipe Pinglo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

St. Catherine of Alexandria and St. Barbara of Nicomedia provide the archetypes for the construction of two secular heroines invented by Venetian political communication in the XVI Century. These two heroines, successively known as Anna Erizzo and Arnalda of Rochas (or Oronta of Cyprus), were developed by authors very close to the patrician ruling class, which was successful in spreading their histories throughout Europe. This contribution aims to follow the origins and subsequent development of these two secular heroines through historical and literary texts of the XVI and XVII Centuries, also providing the reason behind their creation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the 16th and 17th centuries, the ambitious reorganization of the urban fabric sponsored and supervised by princes or ruling elites, usually aimed at establishing the power and prestige of the central authority, transformed most Italian cities. However, the separation within the city center between a political and ceremonial space, usually centered around the palace of the prince, and a marketplace, that came to characterize most urban contexts, did not occur in Milan. In order to preserve peace and stability in a period of intense warfare, the monarchy sacrificed an invasive oversight of the city and abdicated a higher degree of local power, choosing instead to delegate it to the urban patriciate, the merchant elites, and the Ambrosian church. Free of any restriction, and in order to preserve their financial interests and emphasize their political prominence, the families of the urban elites maintained the economic function of the area around the cathedral square at the expense of the royal-ducal palace and articulated an alternative power network anchored to their palaces in the residential neighborhoods outside the city center. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on contemporary witness report from the early 18th century to Goslar Cathedral Zacharias Conrad von Uffenbach about his visit to Goslar. It mentions imperial city patrician who lived as a private scholar and made a name for himself as book collectors and cathedral church, which belongs to the monastery of the Canonicarum. It also mentions portal on the north wall of the transept in the old collegiate collegiate church of Emperor Heinrich III.

The article has three parts. First, I sketch debates concerning the origins, function, and history of religions context of the Lukan birth narrative and its canticles. Second, I outline the urban–rural conflict between patricians/aristocrats and plebleians in Rome as narrated by Dionysius of Halicarnassus. Dionysius’s Greek terminology is identical to the vocabulary of Mary’s Magnificat in Luke 1, including the contrasts between the proud rich and the hungry humble. I then glance at Carol Wilson’s recent model of how poor persons scratched out a living in the Roman Empire and how changes in their circumstances would drive them below subsistence level. Dionysius’s narrative and Wilson’s model correspond to an amazing degree. Given this economic interpretation of the Magnificat, I record how contemporary corporations’ investments in Mexico deprive farmers of their land and living, generating migration through poverty, a significant parallel to Dionysius’s narrative, Wilson’s model, and the Magnificat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Venetian patrician wives of the late Middle Ages brought to their marriages material goods and family loyalty, both vitally important to the prosperity of conjugal families. The crucial resource was the dowry. During the marriage it sustained the family economy under the husband's administration. Afterward, as the wife's inherited property, it returned to her, supporting her widowhood and benefiting her children and kin. The economic connection established by the dowry, which included a corredo, a gift to the groom, encouraged collaboration between families, demonstrated in spouses' appointment of both agnates and affines as testamentary executors. Moreover, accompanying the fi nancial contents of the dowry were trousseaux consisting of clothing and furnishings for the bride, bestowed by her family and supplemented by the groom. These items further enhanced the relationships forged in marriage by giving visual testimony of a married woman's position as the bridge between her natal and marital families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The venetian patriciate has been considered, so far, as a nobility that was different from the other on the base of the historiographical assumption which regarded it as not used to resort to feud and vengeance. The present research aims to refute this statement by analysing some episodes of patrician conflicts in the early 16th century through the integration of narrative and trial sources. This purpose has been achieved thanks to the examination of the relationship between conflict's manifestation, trial rites adopted by Venice's courts and modalities through which political-judicial venetian institutions administrated justice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Livy tries to judge virtutes and vitia of both patricians and plebeians impartially. Naturally, Livy's vision of the early republic presented in the first pentad is anachronic and discordant in reference to historical truth. In my opinion he supports an aristocratic republic and Augustus's principate, but often criticizes patricians and highly estimates valours of the plebs. His observations on regnum, libertas, moderatio, discordia are noteworthy and rhetorically embellished. The language of political rhetoric is extended and close to invective. The struggle between the patricians and the plebeians is a poison (venenum) destroying the city. On the other hand, the best effects are brought out by concordia ordinum (e.g. II 1, 11). As in Vergil's Aeneid very important are the martial, civil, religious, and familial virtues. The primal role, however, is played by virtus, understood for the most part as military courage (e.g. XXV 14, 1; IX 40, 6; XXIV 38, 2). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay studies the Venetian patriciate's enforcement of its exclusiveness and superior status by focusing on the purity and social standing on the women of the class. It begins by reviewing legislation that through the early Cinquecento laid down status requirements for wives of male nobles in order for their sons to be eligible for membership in the ruling class. It then examines two marriage trials before the ecclesiastical court in the mid-Quattrocento in which marriages contracted by young nobles were disputed by their families alleging the inferior status and questionable chastity of the wives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Venetian patrician portraits of the late fifteenth century document deeply ingrained expectations of that class. Largely static and impassive, the subjects of independent portraits appear as slight variations on a theme, rather than as studies of individuals. In contrast, Titian's (Tiziano Vecellio, ca. 1488–1576) early portraits seem to represent a significant departure from tradition and reveal the artist's commitment to portraying personality, as well as physiognomy. In this article, I suggest that Titian's success was due in part to his knowledge of and sensitivity to the social constraints of late fifteenth-century Venetian culture. In turn, this allowed him to consciously accommodate traditional expectations of his patrician clientele while incrementally introducing the modern portrait. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The juridical institution of the accession derives its origin from the norms of the Roman private law that consecrated the criteria according to which a property is defined as being principal or accessory. In agreement with these criteria - of a patrician origin - a property was considered to be principal when it did not lose its individuality after the accessory was incorporated to it. This rule was taken over by the Romanian legislator since 1864. But, once the new Civil Code was adopted in 2011 a redefinition of the criteria concerning the two properties was specified: the most valuable property will be considered as principal; this redefinition will become the law for the mentality of a whole social category. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the claims of Dionysius of Halicarnassus and his patron Q. Aelius Tubero on Rome's Liberator and first consul L. Iunius Brutus as a patrician. It states that the descendants of Brutus were plebeians and are not obliged to hold the consulship. It also mentions M. Iunius Brutus and Marcus' claims as the descendant of the consul concerning the questions of the consul's existence. Explanations of Plutarch on the issue are also discussed.

The study aims to identify ways of spending leisure time in the 16th -17th century Transylvania. The research focuses on books of the Transylvanian authors, edited and printed at home or abroad, on works printed in various centers of Transylvania, regardless of their authors (known under the name of "Transilvanice"). The brief periods of peace and calm that marked the principality of Transylvania in the two centuries caused both in the case of patricians, and especially of the noblemen, the continuation, but also the discovery of new ways of spending leisure time: the organization of hunting parties, the regular guild meetings-feasts, gambling, solitary walks, family meetings, courtesy visits; balls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the position of the patron during the pre-classical period (250-27 B.C.). His role as representative and pleader in court developed from the Roman institution patronage (clientela). According to Dionysius of Halicarnassus Romulus had divided Roman citizens into two groups, patricians and plebeians, who had reciprocal rights and duties. Since most of the law was unpublished and not well-known it was especially legal assistance which was sought from the patrons by the clients who also lacked the social prestige to defend their rights. The patron had to come to the legal rescue of his client, pay his money for litigation and represent him in court, acting as legal advisor, protector and (eventually) as advocate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on archival materials from the Roman Republic and US antebellum South, this paper challenges the distinction between research on 'modern' and 'pre-modern' management thought, where the former commonly entails a critical analysis of management thinking within a social context and the latter offers documentation of past knowledge and practices. Contrary to this division, we offer a critical analysis of management discourse taking place in agrarian societies based on chattel slavery. In the late Roman Republic and early empire, the patrician elite confronted challenges to their large-scale land ownership, run by hired managers upon the landlord's absence. In the antebellum South, following the Nat Turner revolt, plantation owners staved off threats from abolitionism and Northern political activists. These challenges led to a considerable effort devoted to the elaboration of principles regarding the private management of unfree labor. Texts not only provided practical managerial advice, but also promoted an ideology supportive of the labor arrangements in dispute. We conclude by pointing to the relevance of these case studies from both an historical and a contemporary perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article tries to demonstrate that, during the period which extends approximately from c. 500 to 450 BC, some of the repeated wars initiated by the Romans against different neighbouring villages were propitiated and used by the aristocracy as a way of restraining internal conflicts generated by plebeians' demands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, I analyze the development of a central sector of seventeenth-century Rome during the Barberini papacy. The Barberini transformed the area surrounding their Casa Grande, directing the development of three public institutions--the Monte di Pietà, the Trinità dei Pellegrini, and the Ospizio dei Mendicanti. A comparison is drawn with the earlier urban projects of the Farnese for the surroundings of their palace to emphasize the role of patrician clans in building the Baroque city. The development of the area is traced through the concessions in papal licenses granted to the institutions, and a reconstruction of their architectural and urban implementation. The episode is paradigmatic of the rising scale of urban interventions by patrician families in the mid-seventeenth century. Finally, the urban history of the Casa Grande quarter identifies the novel attempt of ruling elites to subdivide the city into socially homogenous neighborhoods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the roles played by the barbarian general Sigisvult and the Arian bishop Maximinus in western imperial politics during the reign of Valentinian III. In c. 426/7 Sigisvult was sent to North Africa to subdue the rebel Count Boniface. He was accompanied by Maximinus, who, in the course of the campaign, engaged in a celebrated debate with Augustine. Maximinus helped achieve a non-violent settlement that returned Boniface and his German troops to the imperial fold. Sigisvult then returned to Italy and was appointed Patrician and Master of Soldiers after the assassination of Felix in 430. In 435, however, this position was transferred to Fl. Aëtius, who spent most of his time campaigning in Gaul. In 440, the Vandals attacked Sicily, and Sigisvult was placed in charge of the defence of the Italian coast. At the same time, an Arian bishop Maximinus, apparently the one who had debated with Augustine, was in contact with the Vandals. He may have planted disinformation that Sebastianus, the son of the now-deceased Boniface, was about to invade Africa. This resulted in a Vandal withdrawal, and both Italy and Sicily were saved. Sigisvult last appears in the mid-440s, and his subsequent demise, perhaps in the early 450s, may have resulted in the breakdown of a precarious balance of power and the murders of Aëtius and Valentinian in 454 and 455, which hastened the demise of the Western Roman Empire. In an appendix it is suggested that although Boniface called in Vandal auxiliaries in 427, he was not responsible for the Vandal crossing in 429. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the history of Italy, geography of Africa and specific nature study, designed for seventh grade classes in the U.S. The class studies on the self-government setting of the city which socially and politically struggled through the patricians and plebeians feud. Students trace on how the city conquered Italy and the world. The relation of Chicago and Africa is also examined including the distance, surface characteristics and population. Nature studies include the weather condition, distribution of seeds and chemistry of decay.

The governing of men has rested in the hands of many men who across the centuries have possessed in common only their power and authority. But cannot some order be found to simplify the diversity of time and place. Does not the classic tri-partite classification of the forms of government into monarchy, oligarchy, and democracy provides some order. It does, but each of these categories is so abstract that the majority of peculiarities of time and place slip through this conceptual sieve. Raising the constitutional question of the relation between the ruler and the ruled may narrow the meshes of the sieve. If the one, few, or many who rule are not responsible to the populace there may be absolute monarchy, a ruling junta, or a dictatorship of the proletariat. The patrician does not monopolize the seats of public authority. He shares it in Rome, Italy, with wealthy plebeians, in Florence, Italy, with newly rich merchants, and in Victorian England with hardware manufacturers from the Midlands. The upper class is made up not only of patricians but also of men of new wealth who often can surpass the patrician in the splendor of his style of life. The patrician may well monopolize the upper status group. But there will always be others whose claim to great prestige will be based on different criteria of excellence and who will have their claim granted by large and perhaps powerful segments of the society. The patrician is a member of a lineage, which has possessed high rank for at least two generations, on each of the hierarchies of authority, class, and status.

The article offers information on the interdisciplinary conference sponsored by the University of Florence and the Medici Institute and organized by Tim Carter on April 11-12, 2019. It mentions aspect of cultural life in Medicean Florence from around the end of the 16th century and role of patrician families in the development of art, music, literature and economy. It also mentions Musical patronage was main topic of conference.

The article offers information regarding the cause of the strife of the patricians and the plebeians. The cause of the strife is one of the questions in the Yale University examination papers published in the "Journal." An account concerning the issue as narrated in Latin abridgement of Roman history is presented. After translating the narration, it is suggested to William Shakespeare's play entitled "Coriolanus."