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In this article, the historical and social context of Petrus Dathenus's Form for the Solemnisation of Marriage at the end of the sixteenth century and the early seventeenth century in the province of Holland is examined, in order to grasp the meaning of this Marriage Form of the Dutch Reformed Church. In order to do so, the Dutch Classical Reformed Form is related to information of primary and secondary sources about matrimony. A discussion of the marriage banns, parental consent, engagement, the wedding location, the views on marriage, husbands and wives' responsibilities, and divorce, demonstrates that examination of the historical developments and contemporary rules and manners improves our understanding of the Form. Nevertheless, being a liturgical document, the Form did not always represent the social context, but rather interacted with the social context as a normative source. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emancipation is the act of freeing a child from their parent's control thereby allowing the child to be independent and take on the full responsibilities of an adult. In North Dakota, a minor may be emancipated in one of two ways: (1) by reaching the age of majority (18 years-old), or (2) by obtaining parental consent to enter into a marriage before the age of majority. Currently, all fifty states and the District of Columbia have an established law setting forth circumstances in which minors are emancipated. Thirty-one states have an established court process allowing minors themselves to petition for emancipation before the age of majority. North Dakota is not one of them. North Dakota remains in the minority of states that does not have any established statutory scheme nor common law principles allowing a minor child to petition for emancipation from her parents before reaching the age of majority. With the growing trend of child autonomy, minors seek ways to start their adult lives early without interference from their parents. States that allow emancipation grant it in a variety of situations. These states permit it to avoid labor laws, make their own money, and enter into their own binding contracts. On the surface, these benefits may seem attractive to opportunistic teenagers and completely terrify concerned parents. But many of the benefits of emancipation assist more than those looking to move out of mom and dad's basement prematurely. Emancipation can help self-sufficient children escape abusive homes and severe neglect to begin providing for themselves in a healthy environment without the need of the state foster care system. The United States remains inconsistent when it comes to granting emancipation to minors; thus, this area of law has yielded drastic disparities as to when and how emancipation is granted. This note will discuss the advantages for enacting an emancipation statute in the State of North Dakota and examine why allowing minors to petition a court to be emancipated can benefit the children of our state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the Indiana law allowing for delegation of the power to consent to marriage to the guardian. Topics discussed include the role of parens patriae power in the ability of a court to create and assign a guardianship, types of restrictions imposed by Indiana on marriage in guardianship proceedings, and the ability of the state to regulate marriage in light of the constitutional right to marriage.

Este artículo analiza los litigios presentados en las cortes de la Audiencia de Quito entre fines del siglo XVIII e inicios del XIX que se acogieron a la Pragmática Sanción expedida en 1776, una legislación sobre el consentimiento de los padres para el matrimonio de los hijos e hijas menores de 25 años que buscaba impedir los matrimonios desiguales. Argumenta que las relaciones entre hombres y mujeres de la Real Audiencia de Quito durante el siglo XVIII fueron marcadamente desiguales, fruto de una estructura social jerárquica basada en diferencias relacionadas con el estatus, la clase, la raza y el género. Sin embargo, esta estructura social jerarquizada fue también porosa y cambiante. Los criterios de desigualdad no fueron definidos por la Corona y esta indefinición permitió que el disenso de los padres apelara a categorías que incluyeron la clase, la raza, la calidad y el estatus, las cuales se construían en la vida cotidiana, en la práctica diaria. De esta manera, se demuestra que la identidad de las personas se definió a lo largo de las querellas. Los hombres y mujeres desafiaron las formas aceptables de construir las relaciones de pareja. Desafiaron, por lo tanto, el intento de la Corona por limitar su capacidad de elección y, al hacerlo, dieron cuenta de cómo se construía la autoridad imperial en el Quito del siglo XVIII: en el aquíy en el ahora. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After a long debate the Council of Trent decided against the validity of marriages contracted informally, without a public ceremony. Marriages without parental consent, however, remained valid. These decisions are frequently described as a pragmatic compromise, where one controversial reform was rejected in favor of another, equally controversial. Yet there was, as this article will show, a significant difference in how the delegates addressed the questions of publicity and parental consent. While the discussion of the former mostly concerned how (not if) a reform could be carried out, the discussion of the latter concerned the very principle of mandatory parental consent. The ensuing debate reflects the clash between two opposing views of marriage in sixteenth-century Europe: on the one hand, the couple-oriented, consensualist conception of classical canon law; and on the other, the family-oriented conception of both Protestant and Catholic reformers with its emphasis on order, stability, and parental authority. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article, using information from over one thosand marriage contracts from mid-sixteenth-century Nimes, examines marriage choice in early modern France. It concludes that among the poorer half of the population, children largely chose their own spouses. Legal requirements for consent were frequently ignored, and parents were frequently dead. Many poor young people immigrated to Nimes from the countryside, and met their spouses in town. They also did not have to rely on their parents for dowries, since young women from poor backgrounds frequently used savings from their wages for the purpose. A third of all marriage contracts also specified no particular sum or significant asset as a dowry. The article concludes with an extended comparison to other French cities, which suggests considerable dowry inflation in early modern France. This may have led to increasing parental control by the end of the old regime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines an arranged marriage between a seven-year-old Inka girl and an adult Spanish man, and the prosecution that followed. Historians of marriage in the early modern Hispanic world have found broad support for the principle of free consent, which underlay Catholic marriage law and prohibited child marriage. Child marriage was legally invalid and rare. Yet, in this case none of the participants, whether Spanish or indigenous, in favor or opposed to the marriage, considered child marriage to be wrong in itself. The marriage of a child provided members of two ruling castes (colonial elites and colonized Inkas) a shared space for family alliance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on Hugo Grotius as one of the makers of early modern international thought and showing how his reasoning about marriage was part of that logic. It mentions Grotius placed marriage within the compass of the laws of nature, common to all humanity, and precedent to any national laws. It also mentions Grotius discusses such matters as polygamy, divorce, parental consent, polyandry, consanguinity and sorts of conjugal agreements.

A literary criticism of the novel "Charlotte Temple" by Susanna Rowson is presented, focusing on the elements of age and consent. Topics include relation between heroine Charlotte's young age and her legal vulnerability to seduction; her seduction with her sixteenth birthday which is the age at which girls could legally consent to elopement, sex and marriage, but fathers could void the marriages of minor daughters; and the inadequacy of laws against sexual violence.

The article analyses child marriage laws and the differences with how they are regulated in each U.S. state, creating confusion among the young population. Topics discussed include a brief history of child marriage, the impact of child marriage on the society, and the ruling in the case South Dakota v. Dole.

The article focuses on several topics published within periodical like Malawian Parliament has amended constitution to remove a legal loophole that allowed children between ages of 15 and 18 years to marry as long as they had parental consent. It mentions consolidated guideline on sexual and reproductive health and rights of women living with HIV produced by World Health Organization (WHO). It also mentions protecting sexual and reproductive health needs of women during conflicts.

Understanding the determinants of marital timing is critical because it has implications for marital functioning and divorce. One salient predictor of marital timing is youth's desires for marriage timing. To shine light on predictors of both desires for marital timing and the timing of marriage itself, we examine offspring marital desires and maternal marriage characteristics in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979 (NLSY79) cohort and 1979 Child and Young Adult cohort (NLSY79-CYA; biological offspring of the women in the 1979 cohort). Analyses showed that maternal cohabitation postdivorce predicted decreased expectations to ever marry in offspring. Maternal age at marriage was positively associated with offspring desires for age at marriage, but only for those whose mothers had not divorced. Maternal marital age was significantly associated with the offspring's transition into marriage even when controlling for the offspring's desires for marriage timing, but neither maternal marriage age nor offspring desires for marital timing were associated with the timing of entrance into cohabitation, whereas maternal divorce was associated with earlier cohabitation. Our findings suggest that maternal marriage characteristics, particularly divorce, are significant predictors of millennials' desires for and experiences with romantic relationships. (PsycINFO Database Record [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined factors influencing parent willingness to use D-Cycloserine (DCS) for treating child anxiety. N = 222 parents were given information about using DCS to treat anxiety. They were then asked to rate their willingness to allow their child to take DCS/antibiotics for mild anxiety, severe anxiety, or an infection. The associations between willingness to use DCS and parental trait anxiety, demographics, as well as specific concerns regarding the medication, were examined. Parents could also provide written responses regarding their attitudes to DCS, which were analysed for themes. Parents reported concerns regarding potential side-effects from DCS. More severe anxiety was associated with more willingness to consent; however, parents were more willing to use antibiotics to treat an infection than DCS to treat their child's anxiety. The degree of perceived benefit from DCS was most strongly associated with parents’ willingness to use it. Overall, parents expressed mixed views, reporting they would consider using DCS to treat their child; however, they had significant concerns about it. Results suggest providing parents with information explaining how DCS works, its risks and potential benefits may increase its acceptability. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The Court of Appeal inRe B-S (Children)[2013] EWCA Civ 1146 delivered a judgment on 17 September 2013 that has led to confusion and uncertainty in adoption cases specifically, but public law cases more generally. In his judgment, the President of the Family Division, Sir James Munby, highlighted the need for a greater degree of analysis and a weighing up of all the options for the child, including adoption. Significantly, the President stated that adoption without parental consent is an extremely draconian step, and as an option should not therefore be based on resource constraints if the most appropriate option for the child is to remain living within his or her own family with support. The authors are concerned that following the decision inRe B-Sthe courts appear to be more willing to grant leave to appeal an adoption order, especially where parents are not legally represented. Members of the judiciary may be concerned to uphold the Article 6 rights of parents, but this must be carefully balanced against the welfare of the child. Furthermore, following the decision inRe B-Swe are seeing evidence in unreported cases of social workers being heavily challenged on their oral evidence in court. The judgment in this case will inevitably lead to uncertainty amongst professionals who are already working under considerable strain and these may result in further delay for children; this is ironic given the rhetoric of recent reform of family justice is premised upon the importance of the timetable for the child. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses clandestine marriage, Lord Hardwicke's Act (LHA), an act for preventing of clandestine marriages in England with reference to the book "Gretna Green; Or, All for Love" by Susannah Frances Reynolds. Topics discussed include two options such as banns and licenses for valid marriages provided by LHA, requirement of male parents' consent for marriages of minors in 19 century and female novelists criticizing other women and disapproving weddings in Gretna Green, Scotland.

Previous work based on conjectural responses of minors predicted that the 2003 Texas requirement for parental consent for state-funded birth control to minors would lead to a large increase in underage pregnancies. We use state- and county-level data to test this prediction. The latter allow us to compare the impact of parental consent in counties with and without state-funded family planning clinics. We control for characteristics systematically correlated with the presence of state-funded clinics by combining difference-in-difference estimation with propensity score–weighted regressions. The evidence suggests that the parental consent mandate led to a large decrease in attendance at family planning clinics among teens but did not lead to an increase in underage pregnancies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using the case of adolescent fertility, we ask the questions of whether and when national laws have an effect on outcomes above and beyond the effects of international law and global organizing. To answer these questions, we utilize a fixed-effect time-series regression model to analyze the impact of minimum-age-of-marriage laws in 115 poor- and middle-income countries from 1989 to 2007. We find that countries with strict laws setting the minimum age of marriage at 18 experienced the most dramatic decline in rates of adolescent fertility. Trends in countries that set this age at 18 but allowed exceptions (for example, marriage with parental consent) were indistinguishable from countries that had no such minimum-age-of-marriage law. Thus, policies that adhere strictly to global norms are more likely to elicit desired outcomes. The article concludes with a discussion of what national law means in a diffuse global system where multiple actors and institutions make the independent effect of law difficult to identify. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An essay on how the construction of marriage was explored and problematized in William Shakespeare's play "Measure for Measure" and the matrimonial litigation in the early modern courts in England is presented. It discusses the importance of consent in making marriage, the instability of England's marriage law, and the formula prescribed by the Church of England for marriage. It also mentions matrimonial contract and narratives, and the intersections of intentions, words and actions.

This paper analyses the views of parents in a slum setting in Pakistan regarding the marriage preparedness of their daughters. Twenty-five parents participated in four gender-specific focus group discussions. Latent content analysis was used to explore parents' views and experiences with regard to their daughters' marriage and how they prepared them for it. The main theme identified was that 'good parents' strive to raise 'innocent daughters'. Three sub-themes contributing to the main theme were: a daughter-a responsibility and a burden; social and sexual innocence; and parents' roles in the preparation for marriage. The theme and the sub-themes together illustrate how parents saw themselves as responsible for raising 'innocent daughters' and arranging good marriages. Parents realised, though, that bringing up daughters for marriage required not only training in submissivness, but also building confidence and knowledge during their childhood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the patriarchal economy, particularly the paternal authority, in marriage-making functions in the play "A Midsummer Night's Dream," by William Shakespeare. It notes that the law of the father is the ideological basis on which early modern legal and economic theories governing marriage and the household take shape. It also presents an overview of the expected role of parents in spousal contracting and cites the importance of parental consent to marriage-making.

In traditional settings where early marriage and early childbearing persist, decisions about age at marriage are often made by parents, and mothers-in-law tend to have considerable influence in hastening the initiation of childbearing. This study analyzes data from a 2002 survey in six villages in rural Bangladesh to test the hypothesis that daughters of women with more education marry later and that daughters-in-law of more educated women initiate childbearing at a slower rate. Using Cox proportional hazard models, we find significant associations between the educational level of mothers and the age at marriage of their daughters and between the educational level of mothers-in-law and the timing offirst birth among their daughters-in-law, although the association between the former attenuates when controlling for other variables. We also find that these associations do not appear to be mediated by the senior women's level of empowerment. We conclude that in rural Bangladesh there is a significant relationship between female education in one generation and the timing of marriage and childbearing in the next. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]