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Continuous and robust measurements are needed for the high end-product quality and efficient and eco-friendly process in paperboard manufacturing. As the online measurements enable the optimization of the manufacturing process making it more cost effective and environmentally friendly, these measurements must be validated carefully and continuously. This paper presents the development of a mass-balance based soft sensor for online estimation of a two-ply paperboard ash content. The developed soft sensor considers the basis weight, moisture and fiber measurements to derive the ash content of the paperboard at the reel. The development of the soft sensor was success (Mean Absolute Percentage Error was 11.80) and during the long-term simulation with measured data, this robust online estimator showed the level and changes in ash content accurately, enabling also the continuous validation of the hardware sensor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, studies on packaging that improves the shelf life of perishable food while reducing the waste that is produced upon disposal are encouraged. Thus, exploration of the property improvement of paperboard (Pb) packaging is of interest since this type of packaging is biodegradable and recyclable. This work emphasizes the added value of (2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)oxyl (TEMPO) oxidized cellulose nanofibres (TOCN) and polypyrrole (PPy) coating on such paperboard. The mechanical properties and reduced gas permeability of the coated paperboard (CPb) were significantly improved due to the dense network formed by TOCN and polypyrrole particles. These results suggest that surface coating by polypyrrole particles may be utilized for the manufacture of multilayer paperboard containers in industrial applications to reduce packaging waste generated by the often added conventional plastic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solid leather waste can be considered as a composite material highly structured whose organization is intimately connected with the collagen fibers. Any process aimed at destroying such structure is economically and energetically disadvantageous. A more cost-effective approach therefore would be to reuse the solid leather waste avoiding the wrecking stage: Principle of Minimal Wrecking . The maximum efficiency of the method can be achieved if waste separation is so subtle that each waste becomes a homogeneous system, ie raw material for a new production: Principle of Maximum Separation . These general principles have been applied to handle to solid leather waste from a bovine leather industry manufacturing soles and uppers where the separation process has been refined up to post-tanning dyeing stage. The collagen fibers of leather waste were classified on the basis of length and their compatibility with cellulose was morphologically monitored via electronic microscopy and quantitatively analyzed via physical tests. The degree of compatibility was such that no chemical pretreatment of the material was required. Thereby several ternary systems consisting of mixed newspapers, newspapers and leather waste of long fibers at different composition, were prepared for simple mixing. For each formulation a paperboard type was manufactured whose mechanical performance was tested according to ISO recommendations. The system of composition 70% mixed newspapers, 15% newspapers and 15% leather waste with long collagen fibers, exhibited the best performances and the paperboard quality was comparable to one of boxes and packaging commercially used. In addition, release tests proved the complete absence of Cr(VI) in the material. Transforming solid leather waste into new raw material increases the life cycle of the material and drastically reduces its environmental impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Packaging is designed to protect products from shock and vibration during transport. In recent years, paper cushioning materials, such as corrugated board and pulp molded packaging, are being increasingly used because they are environmentally friendly and easy to recycle. However, because no efficient packaging-design method yet exists for paper cushioning material, packaging engineers must rely on previous experience and the so-called trial-and-error method to design packaging. One reason for this situation is that, for most cases, the paper cushioning material used for protective packaging has a complicated structure and deforms after being subjected to repetitive shock and vibration. To address this shortcoming, we propose a damping design method for corrugated-board packaging that includes shock-absorbing and vibration damping elements. To verify that the resultant packaging functions as intended, we test three types of packaging in the following way: First, we use an existing design method to create cushioned packages and examine them via free-fall drop tests. Next, to test the robustness of packaging against vibration (i.e., for packaging destined for various modes of transport), we study the three packaging types by subjecting them to (i) vibration-only tests and (ii) drop-plus-vibration tests. For vibration-only tests, the packaging with highest static stress gives the best result, its "vibration fatigue" accounts for approximately 52% of the worst result given by packaging with the lowest static stress. In the drop-plus-vibration tests, the best packaging is that with the lowest static stress; its "vibration fatigue" is approximately 31% of the worst packaging, which has an intermediate value of static stress. This approach allows us to determine the packaging with the best shock-absorbing and vibration damping characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For fibrous materials such as nonwoven fabrics, paper and paperboards, inter-fiber bonds play a critical role by holding fibers, thus providing internal cohesion. Being a physical phenomenon, inter-fiber bonds occur at every fiber crossing and can be also geometrically detected. In relation to the idea, a statistical geometrical model was developed to investigate the effects of fiber geometry, (i.e. length and cross-sectional properties), spatial distribution, (i.e. location and orientation), and specimen size on fiber network connectivity, which refers to inter-fiber bonds at fiber crossings. In order to generate the fiber network, a geometrical fiber deposition technique was coded in Mathematica technical computing software, which is based on the planar projections and intersections of fibers and provided as supplementary material to the present article. According to this technique, fiber geometries in discrete rectangular prismatic segments were generated by using uniform distributions of the geometrical and spatial parameters and projected onto the transverse plane. Then, projected geometries were trimmed within the transverse boundaries of the specified specimen shape, rectangular prism in this particular study. After this step, fiber crossings were determined through a search algorithm, which was also used as the basis for the fiber spatial regeneration. Thereafter, fibers were accumulated on top of each other by taking fiber crossings into account and eventually fiber networks based on selected properties were formed. By means of the proposed technique, a series of simulation experiments were conducted on paper fiber networks to investigate the correlation between the fiber network connectivity and fiber length, cross-sectional properties, orientation and specimen length, width and thickness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Packaging products in logistics typically will receive multiple low-intensity repeated impacts, fewer moderate to high-intensity impacts and vibration. As a result of low-intensity repeated impacts, local buckling and fold will be formed in honeycomb paperboard, and its cushioning performance will be weakened. This paper investigates the influence of low-intensity repeated impacts on the cushioning performance of honeycomb paperboard. The low-intensity repeated impacts with dropping height 5 cm were conducted at first. Then, the moderate-intensity impact with dropping height 80 cm and vibration experiment were, respectively, conducted. The results show: (a) honeycomb paperboard absorbs the energy produced by low-intensity repeated impacts through layer upon layer folding of honeycomb structure. The highest buckling peak turns up in low-intensity impact, followed by a series of buckling in intact honeycomb paperboard. However, the buckling is not obvious in repeated impacts; (b) the load carrying capacity of honeycomb paperboard after low-intensity repeated impacts declines significantly. Three deformation stages are observed in the load-displacement curve. Most of impact energy is absorbed in the plateau stage. The absorbed energy of damaged honeycomb paperboard under moderate-intensity impact decreases with the increasing of low-intensity impact repetitions; and (c) the low-intensity repeated impacts have an obvious influence on the resonance frequency of packaging product and stiffness of honeycomb paperboard. To confirm vibration properties of product using honeycomb paperboard cushioning, it should be considered in a designing process that honeycomb paperboard changes soften more in logistics. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we investigated the applicability of wood powder to the manufacture of paperboard. Laboratory studies and mill trials were carried out to develop wood powder suitable for a functional additive of paperboard and to determine its ability to improve the sheet bulk and to reduce the drying steam. The wood powder was manufactured by grinding and screening. The maximum particle size was a critical factor affecting the applicability of the wood powder as an additive. In the laboratory studies, handsheets containing the wood powder were made, and their physical strength properties were analyzed. The wood powder increased the sheet bulk and decreased the physical strength of the sheets. The mill trials were performed in a white lined chipboard (duplex board) mill, and the wood powder was added to the middle ply of Sunny Coated (SC) 300 g/m2 and 400 g/m2, a commercial grade of duplex board that contains a back ply made of deinked pulp. As the level of the wood powder was increased, the bulk increased linearly, and the drying steam decreased significantly. We conclude that wellmanufactured wood powder can be used as an additive for paperboard and is beneficial with respect to bulk improvement and drying steam reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corrugated packaging production is currently facing the challenge to ensure a satisfactory strength of packaging despite the continuous increase in recycled paper as the main fibrous component. This research addresses a very common technical problem for the corrugated board industry -- the difficulty of predicting the properties of paper products produced from heterogeneous sources. Grammage and structural density, being easily available data, were examined as quality parameters of the most common categories of packaging paper in Europe. Grammage, ranging from 100 to 225 g/m2, has been found to be a dominant parameter for estimating the strength properties of paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this research was to study techniques for producing paperboard briquette from A4-wastepaper using no binder with 50-kN of mechanical compression. The steps of this process were classified into 3 stages: (1) a shredding process using A4-wastepaper as raw material, (2) a paper pulp produced from shredded wastepaper by mixing the shredded wastepaper with tap water, and (3) a molding process for producing' the wet paperboard briquette from the paper pulp. The proximate composition and selected physical properties of the wastepaper, paper pulp, and paperboard briquette products were measured according to ASTM Standard Methods. These properties included density and tensile stress of the paperboard briquette products according to ASTM Standard Methods. Various soaking times (1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 h) and molding periods (1, 3, and 6 h) were studied to find the optimal conditions for production of the paperboard briquette. The study investigated paperboard briquette production from A4-wastepaper with 2.2 MPa hydraulic compression using no binder in the raw material. It was found that the optimal conditions for producing the paperboard briquette were 3 h of soaking time in the paper pulp process followed by a molding period of 1 h. The resulting products had 7.42% (wtlwt) moisture content on a wet basis, 15.77% (wt/wt) dry matter, 443.95 g/L density, and 1.93 MPa tensile stress at the point of failure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The problem of failure in the facings of a corrugated board is investigated by means of a mechanical model utilizing the principles of continuum damage mechanics. To evaluate the predictive capability of the model, experiments have been conducted on in-plane isotropic single and two-ply paper sheets manufactured in the laboratory. It is found that there is a qualitative agreement between model and experiments. The model can predict if delamination will occur before the top-ply loses its in-plane load carrying capacity due to material degradation. To circumvent delamination problems, a material with low stiffness should be used in the top-ply (as compared to the bottom-ply) and a very thin top-ply should be avoided. It is exemplified that it is possible to steer the failure mode by optimizing the degree of beating or the ply thickness. It is demonstrated that plasticity may be omitted in the analysis if one is only interested in characterizing the expected type of failure mode. An important key result is that, if the circumstances are that severe damage growth takes place in the crack-tip region, then delamination most likely occur which may be in contradiction to what is anticipated from classical theories of fracture mechanics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work intends to obtain high yield bagasse pulps using moderate pulping conditions, including low sodium hydroxide charges (up to 3%). The adaptation of existing factories to the use of this minimum environmental impact process could be possible. The proposed final use for these pulps is corrugating board, mixed with recycled paper. Experiences were made in CICELPA, UIS, Colombia and PROCYP, UNaM, Argentina laboratories. Selectivity and reaction speeds of bagasse hydroalcoholic delignification in the high yield range increase with alkali charge, temperature and ethanol-water ratio. The global project aim is to manage an environmentally compatible and economically competitive technology of corrugating board production, taking profit of material and energy integration of sugar cane derived products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the evolution of the corrugated industry which coincided with the founding of the Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry (TAPPI). There are several changes in the production of corrugated boxes including the use fluted paper, the adoption of these boxes in shipping, distribution and storage, and the use of rapid drying water-based ink in the corrugated production machinery. The impact of online retailing on the corrugated industry is discussed.