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Copyright of China Pulp & Paper is the property of China Pulp & Paper Magazines Publisher and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Art-Sanat Journal / Art-Sanat is the property of Art-Sanat and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

During the Taimurid (1370-1507 A.D.) and Safawid 1501-1736 A.D.) to Qajar periods (1785-1925 A.D.), Iranian masters introduced a number of paper dyes in order to prepare a suitable support for their calligraphies and paintings. This paper will discuss the different types of dyes and application techniques as described in Persian historical sources. Eighteen manuscripts from the thirteenth to the nineteenth century were selected and studied in detail; recipes were translated and categorized according to colour, materials and techniques in order to be able to draw comparisons. Studying these historical references not only adds a new dimension to the identification of materials used in manuscripts and miniature paintings of the period under study, but also can help to preserve the colours by providing a better understanding of their composition, manufacture and use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conservation treatments may cause alterations to the aesthetic qualities and appearance of paper materials, including their color. The scientific evaluation of color change to measure the effects of conservation treatments is therefore valuable information for the conservator weighing the advantages and disadvantages of the various treatments and approaches available. In this study, two Japanese tissue papers (Yukyu-shi and Sekishu Mare) were treated with plant dyes including black tea, henna, fresh and dried Eucalyptus cinerea leaves, as well as selected watercolors and acrylic paints. Paper specimens were subjected to both moist-heat artificial aging and accelerated photo-aging and color changes were measured using spectrophotometry and microfading tests. Color change is here defined as a change in light/dark, red/green, and yellow/blue coordinates in the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) color space of light reflected from a colored surface before and after an intervention such as accelerated aging. The findings of this study show that paper samples treated with plant dyes experienced larger and more perceptible color changes, as measured by spectrophotometry, compared to untreated controls and samples treated with watercolors and acrylic paints. Thus, plant dyes have poor color stability after moist-heat aging when compared with watercolors and acrylic paints. Nevertheless, papers treated with alizarin crimson acrylic paint, dried eucalyptus leaves, and black tea exhibited minimal color change after photo-aging. This study provides paper conservators with a better understanding of toning materials and their color stability when chosen for paper conservation treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The deacidification of historic paper objects has evolved into a method that is applied in mass-scale in some archives and libraries. While the impact of the deacidification reagents on paper is quite well researched, knowledge about the behavior of colours and dyes is more limited. Our study focused on the influence of paper deacidification by the Book Saver® process on eight different dyes applied on paper, as well as on the paper support itself. Accelerated ageing in moist and warm conditions (80°C, 65% relative humidity) was applied to investigate the stability of the dye layer on top of the paper, with respect to their chemical, optical and spectroscopic attributes. The Book® deacidification process increased the pH of the aqueous extract and an alkaline reserve was created. FTIR spectroscopic measurements showed that deacidification suppresses acid hydrolysis of paper. The variations in UV-Vis reflectance spectra and in total colour difference of the dye layer evidenced the changes in the structure of dyes caused by accelerated ageing, but the extent of the changes differs depending on the dye. We can conclude that some dyes are more prone to changes by deacidification than others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Latent fingerprint deposits on thermal paper sourced from the U.S., China, the U.K., and Australia have been visualized by heating. U.S. and Chinese sourced paper produced two distinct types of fingerprint development. In one type (type 1), the paper dye colors where the deposit is present (as previously reported) and in the other type (type 2) the 'inverse' of this gives paper coloring only in areas not coincident with the deposit. Both development types gave identifiable fingerprints, the majority fading within 24 h of heating. Fingerprint development from U.K. and Australian sourced paper was exclusively type 1 and resistant to fading. Temperatures for fingerprint visualization were higher for U.S. paper (64-71°C) and Chinese paper (75-95°C) than for U.K. and Australian sourced paper (43-50°C). Particularly for Chinese sourced paper, these temperatures were within a few degrees of the normal paper color temperature. A mechanism for type 2 fingerprint development is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe is the property of Sciendo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Industria Textila is the property of Institutul National de Cercetare-Dezvoltare pentru Textile si Pielarie and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Carbonless copy paper has been used extensively in many fields in China since 1990s. Document examiners were often requested to confirm the authenticity of questioned carbonless copy documents. Estimating the age of carbonless copy documents could be an effective method to confirm the authenticity of such documents. Estimating age is an important and difficult problem, and is also an important task that forensic document examiners should confront. In this paper, a fading rate method was successfully employed to estimate the relative age of carbonless copy documents by comparing fading rates. Using extensive tests, butanol proved to be a suitable solvent and was used to dissolve and fade the dye of carbonless copy line strokes made at different times. The relative age of the line strokes was estimated by means of changing rate of gray value. As preliminary findings of this study, curves were created to indicate the relationship between the fading rate (changing rate of gray value) of line strokes and the age of carbonless copy documents. It was also determined that the amount of solvent, brands of carbonless copy paper and thickness of carbonless copy line strokes had varying impacts on estimating the dates of carbonless copy line strokes. Experimental results showed that the fading rate method was applicable for finding the relative age of questioned carbonless copy documents in some cases where the strokes were produced on the document within 43 months. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was focused on the products from a larch biorefinery, specifically bleached paper and different fermentation products. Siberian larch (Larix sibirica Lebed.) wood chips were treated with water in a pre-extraction (PE) stage. The larch extract was removed by drainage and fermented into different products. Eight different bacteria strains were tested. The extracted wood chips were mildly washed before kraft pulping with polysulfide (PS) and anthraquinone (AQ). The PE-PSAQ pulps were bleached to about 80% brightness. Laboratory paper sheets were made and tested for different paper properties, and a conventional larch kraft pulp was also prepared as reference. The larch PE-PSAQ paper and the larch kraft paper had similar properties. The removal of a significant amount of hemicelluloses from the wood chips before pulping was not a detriment to the paper properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Waste Forum is the property of Czech Environment Management Center (CEMC) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article presents the research which studied the application of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) to mixed pulp slurries for wood-containing paper production. The results indicates that some mechanisms asides from enhancement of rosin size retention may have brought about the clear improvement of sizing performance by the CMC addition. The changes in distribution of rosin size components or some structural changes may be candidates for sizing development. It further states that sizing performance of wood-containing grades with alum and rosin dispersion size can be improved by 0.1% CMC addition at the wet end.

The main purposes of filler addition in papermaking are to improve paper properties and reduce cost. The cost reduction is attributed to the low cost of the filler itself and to the energy savings that occur during the papermaking process. In this work, the effects of clay filler addition on the energy savings during the papermaking process, including water drainage, pressing, and drying, were systematically investigated. Experimental results indicated that the addition of filler could dramatically increase the drainage rate and the water removal rates during pressing and drying. With 20% filler addition, the drainage time decreased by 20% compared to the unfilled paper. At a filler content of 23%, the solids content of the handsheets after pressing increased at least 5 absolute points, and the drying rates increased by 20%. All these improvements can offer considerable benefits for paper mills, including enhanced machine speeds and large energy savings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper is concerned with the temperature field produced by a thermal printer head. Such heads are used to provide high quality prints of electronically stored images. In this system, a thin dye-layer, sandwiched between two copolymer sheets, is heated by a thermal head and dye diffuses into the receiver sheet producing a small dye-dot. The picture is made up of a large number of such dots. The basic aim is to determine the amount of dye which is eventually diffused into the receiver sheet when the heating is turned off and the system has cooled down. However, the amount of dye which diffuses into the receiver sheet depends on the temperature field because the diffusion coefficient is a sensitive function of temperature. In the thermal printer system, each head is heated by an electric current which is carried by gold leads. In this paper, we show that the heat loss through these leads has an important effect on the temperature field produced by the head and therefore, strongly influences the amount of dye transferred. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: As a new model system of dye-containing oil droplet of color paper, the dispersion of dye-containing oil droplet in water was successfully prepared by reprecipitation method, and was used for the analysis of photo-excited states of dyes used for color image formation in silver halide color photography. This model was applied to analysis of photo-excited states of yellow dye aggregates of 1,1-dioxo-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine series. It was found that the lightfastness of the yellow dye of this series is controlled by the degree of aggregation and the lifetime of S1 state of the aggregate. Based on the finding, we have succeeded in improvement of lightfastness of the dye by sterically hindering the aggregation and reducing the lifetime of the excited state. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Characterisation of membranes in order to determine how clean the membranes are is usually determined by (1) comparing the initial and final clean water flux (2) the product flux in the following run, (3) FTIR analysis, (4) streaming potential and (5) contact angles. However, these techniques do not provide information about where the remaining foulant resides. In this paper clean water flux results were combined with dye tests (Amido black) to reveal how clean the membranes really were after cleaning with both formulated and industrial cleaners. The dye tests not only identified the remains of protein foulant on the membrane after cleaning but also the presence of surfactant adsorbed to membranes and protein. Also, the dye tests showed for similar relative water fluxes (after fouling, cleaning and rinsing), for three different cleaners, the membranes were cleaned to vastly different degrees. In addition to this by combining the dye test results with the surface tension and pH of the cleaning solution, it was possible to determine the optimum pH and surface tension required for complete removal of protein deposits, without modifying the membrane too drastically. The role of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and surfactant in the cleaner was investigated and it was found that for successful removal of proteins from membranes the cleaner needed to contain both NaOH and surfactant. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The paper was to evaluate anaerobic treatment efficiency of reducing toxic compounds by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis combined with biological toxicity test during the treatment process of printing and dyeing wastewater. There had an obvious decrease trend in the response abundance of GC-MS chromatograms between raw influent and anaerobic effluents with the removal of COD. A main component of the raw effluent was long-chain n-alkanes. Alkanes in the expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) categories could be reduced by 75%. EGSB had a better degradation performance on some complicated pollutants and toxicity. The most sensitive bioassay was Microtox® bioassay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plants that are available from various regions of Greece were investigated as sources of natural dyes in a paper-dyeing operation. The production of natural dyes was achieved by aquatic extraction of plant materials in order to obtain an environmentally friendly method of producing the dyes. The extracted dyes were applied on de-inked mechanical pulp. A broad variation in shade and color depth was achieved by applying mixtures of plant extracts in various combinations. The produced colours were found to lie in the first and second quadrant of a two-dimensional chromatic diagram. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides information on a study conducted to determine the applicability of natural colorant extracts from norbixin, curcumin and copper chlorophyll in papermaking. Upon evaluation of the saturation of the color, higher consistencies in stock preparation and higher levels of refining were found to favor the retention of these natural colorants. The color saturation of norbixin and curcumin was higher in the acidic range of pH compared with the alkaline range. Copper chlorophyllin demonstrated a higher color saturation at pH 6.0, falling below pH 5.0 and above pH 7.0. It was found that natural colorants interact well with the others additives and can be ecologically advantageous for dyeing paper products.

Multicylinder sections of paper dryers consume the most energy in an industrial plant. They are also responsible for the final characteristics of the paper produced. In this context, the modeling of the paper drying process is very important, and is normally done by phenomenological approaches. An interesting and promising alternative, due to the possibilities of its application, is through the identification of an operational standard behavior, obtained by the use of neural networks in the simulation of the final paper moisture content. This alternative was implemented in the drying section of the KIabin Paraná Papeis S.A. (Klabin-PR) MP-7 paper machine. For this study, we collected operational data related directly and indirectly to the drying process, composing a database with 110 preselected variables. These data were analyzed with the help of Statistica Neural Network software, which, besides its use for training and choosing the more capable neural networks to model the chosen variable, allows the selection of the group of variables of larger influence in the studied process. The results obtained by the use of the neural network modeling were quite satisfactory, with an average error of less than 2% in the prediction of the final paper moisture content Application: Neural networks may be useful to help control moisture content and increase dryer efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Two low-volume solvent continuous extraction methods are applied to the extraction of paper matrices. In the methods reported here, a complex mixture of fluorescent whitening agents (FWAs) and azo dyes (AZOs) used in paper materials intended to come into contact with foodstuffs was extracted by using subcritical water extraction (SWE) and dynamic sonication-assisted solvent extraction (DSASE). Rationale for the work is based upon migration concerns of these groups of analytes from the packaging to the packaged items, thus compromising their subjective and/or objective quality. In SWE, sample was extracted in 21min with 0.5mL of water, whereas the DSASE method required 11min and used 7mL of water. DSASE was further developed by incorporating an organic modifier in order to change water polarity, thus improving extraction of moderately polar analytes. This way, modified-DSASE used a total organic volume of 0.9mL which represents a reduction of 200 times in organic solvent consumption (200mL versus approximately 1.0mL) and 11 times in extraction time (2h versus 11min) compared to the existing methods. SWE was able to extract only 9 out of 12 test analytes with average recoveries between 10 and 25% whereas modified-DSASE succeed in extracting all the target analytes with an average recovery of 89%. Complete discussion and explanation concerning these differences are provided in the text. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The colorfastness of several traditional Japanese colorants upon exposure to atmospheric ozone was tested in a chamber exposure experiment. Samples, in the form of colorants applied to paper, dyes on silk cloth, and colorants on a nineteenth- century Japanese woodblock print, were exposed to an atmosphere containing 0·40 parts per million ozone at 22°C and 50% RH, in the absence of light, for 12 weeks. Color differences, calculated from the measured diffuse reflectance spectra, were used to assess the rate and extent of the ozone fading. Of the colorants applied to paper, orpiment was the only inorganic pigment that showed severe color loss after ozone exposure. Several organic colorants on paper also reacted, including the widely used plant colorants ai (indigo) and ukon (turmeric). The woodblock print, produced using the plant-derived colorants beni (safflower), ai (indigo), shiō (gamboge) and aigami (dayflower), showed significant ozone fading only in the blue and green areas, which contain ai. Several of the dyed silk cloths also exhibited some color change in this experiment, suggesting that prolonged exposure to atmospheric ozone could pose a risk to these materials as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Provides information about the possible synergistic effects between papermaking additives. Problems generated from the interaction of dispersants and retention aids; Explanation on how synergy from performance chemicals can be positive or negative; Positive impact of wet-end starch on retention and drainage.

The ancient technique employed to produce Lajian paper—a very famous Chinese traditional handmade paper—has been lost. However, widespread restoration of the traditional skills used in the paper's production is emerging in China. A small piece of orange-red Lajian paper dating from the Qing dynasty and decorated with flecked Ag and Au was chosen as the subject of this study to investigate the paper's composition and structure using optical microscopy (OM), SEM–EDS, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Raman spectroscopy, and FTIR spectroscopy. The results revealed that the raw materials constituting the Lajian paper were bast and bamboo fibers. Each of the two paper layers was treated differently. First, the upper orange-red layer was treated with kaolinite and organic turmeric. Next, inorganic minium nt was used to obtain an orange-red color. Animal glue was used as a binding medium. Finally, the dyed surface was waxed with Chinese insect wax and then polished with small stones to form a smooth coating. The same treatment, except for the intentional use of inorganic pigment, was applied to the backing layer. Turmeric dye, minium, and wax coating protected Lajian paper from humidity and mold growth while maintaining the stability of the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents a study which shows the trends that might be expected in retention aid performance for various retention aid systems with increasing system closure in mechanical printing grade mills. Effects of system closure on retention aid performance; Number of retention and drainage aid systems examined; Observation on the degree of system closure in terms of fresh process water make-up to the mill.