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Pandanus is a morphologically unique plant group of the Paleotropical flora, with approximately 450 known species occupying diverse habitats. Because the male inflorescences of this genus are pendent and nectarless, they are commonly assumed to be wind-pollinated; however, their floral scent coupled with the observation that female inflorescences mature while still covered by bracts suggest the possibility of an alternative pollination mechanism. We studied the pollination system of Pandanus odorifer in subtropical Japan. A peroxidase assay was conducted to determine the timing of stigma receptivity, which showed that the stigmas were sensitive to peroxidase while the female inflorescences were covered by bracts. We found numerous pollen-bearing adult beetles of the genus Amystrops on both male and female inflorescences. Nitidulid larvae were also found on male inflorescences, and the larvae became adults of the same Amystrops species as found on the inflorescences by feeding only on Pandanus pollen. Last, floral temperature was monitored to test for floral thermogenesis. Both male and female inflorescences were thermogenic at night when insect visitation occurred. This study provides the first examples of insect pollination and floral thermogenesis in Pandanaceae. Most known Amystrops species are associated with Pandanus inflorescences, suggesting a widespread, specialized Pandanus – Amystrops association. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Closely related sexual and parthenogenetic species often show distinct distribution patterns, known as geographical parthenogenesis. Similar patterns, characterized by the existence of separate sexual and parthenogenetic populations across their natural range, can also be found in facultative parthenogens – species in which every female is capable of both sexual and parthenogenetic reproduction. The underlying mechanisms driving this phenomenon in nature remain unclear. Features of the habitat, such as differences in host‐plant phenotypes or niche breadth, could favour sexual or asexual reproductive modes and thus help to explain geographical parthenogenesis in natural insect populations. Megacrania batesii is a facultatively parthenogenetic stick insect that displays geographical parthenogenesis in the wild. We aimed to explore whether sexual and parthenogenetic populations of M. batesii displayed niche differentiation or variations in niche breadth that could explain the separation of the two population types. To do this, we sampled host plants from across the range of M. batesii and quantified phenotypic traits that might affect palatability or accessibility for M. batesii, including leaf thickness, toughness, spike size and density, plant height, and chemical composition. We also quantified host‐plant density, which could affect M. batesii dispersal. We found little evidence of phenotypic differences between host plants supporting sexual versus asexual M. batesii populations, and no difference in host‐plant density or niche breadth between the two population types. Our results suggest that habitat parameters do not play a substantial role in shaping patterns of geographical parthenogenesis in wild populations of M. batesii. Instead, population sex ratio variation could result from interactions between the sexes or dispersal dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aimed to study salted eggs' antioxidant activity and organoleptic quality by adding Pandan leaves with different concentrations. The research used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD), four treatment levels, and three replications, adding pandan leaf levels (%) 0.15, 30, and 45, respectively. Measuring the organoleptic quality of salted eggs uses a Likert scale. Testing for antioxidant activity using the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-l-l pircryhydrazhyl) method. The level of addition of pandan leaves had a very significant effect (P<0.01) on antioxidant activity and a significant effect (P<0.05) on the IC50 of salted eggs. The antioxidant activity and IC50 value of salted eggs in all treatments produced an IC50 of less than 50 ppm (powerful antioxidant). The addition of 15% pandan leaves was the best treatment in terms of color, texture, preference, and taste, while for aroma, the best quality was the addition of 45% pandan leaves. From this research, the best treatment for salted eggs is adding 15% pandan leaves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pandan leaves are usually used when cooking to enhance aroma. Fresh pandan leaves are easy to rot because of the high water content. Drying is a very important method for preserving natural materials. The choice of drying parameters and the proper drying method is very important in order to produce quality dried leaves without removing the distinctive aroma and color. Drying of pandan leaves was usually conducted using conventional drying method. However there are some drawbacks especially on the loss of nutrients. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the effect of drying temperature and drying method on the kinetics of pandan leaves drying. The drying parameters tested include hot air temperature (40-80 °C) and drying method (fluidized bed, oven). The results showed that the higher the temperature, the drying rate also increased. Drying pandan leaves in a fluidized bed dryer was faster than drying in oven due to the good contact between the hot air and the samples in a fluidized bed dryer. The drying kinetics of pandan leaves were represented in two types of curves, namely the moisture content curve with respect to drying time and the drying rate curve versus moisture content. Drying of pandan leaves in a fluidized bed dryer occured very fast and no initial and constant periods were observed. Page model was found to be the most suitable model to represent the kinetics of drying pandan leaves in a fluidized bed dryer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: A widely assumed ecological process called the "rescue effect" holds that populations of organisms that receive immigrants from other populations should be less vulnerable to local extinction than populations that do not receive such immigrants. While sensible, the rescue effect has had little strong support from real-world populations because of the difficulty of testing this idea. Using a study system of plant-specialist frogs from the rainforests of Madagascar, this study provides evidence for the rescue effect as well as weaker evidence for a related (but opposite) process referred to as the "abandon-ship effect". Ecological theory predicts that populations which receive immigrants are less vulnerable to extinction than those that do not receive immigrants (the "rescue effect"). A parallel but opposite process may also exist, where emigration increases the risk of local extinction (the "abandon-ship effect"). Using a natural microcosm of plant-specialist frogs from Madagascar, empirical evidence for both processes is provided. Populations receiving immigrants were less extinction-prone than those without immigration, and those populations losing individuals through emigration were more extinction-prone than those in which no emigration occurred. The number of immigrants and emigrants was also elevated and depressed (respectively) in patches that did not go extinct. These data provide some of the first definitive empirical evidence for the rescue effect and provide suggestive initial data on the abandon-ship effect. Both of these processes may be important to understanding the dynamics of populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil salinity is a major environmental constraint causing huge losses in crop production. Pandanus odorifer (Forssk.) Kuntze is an aromatic monocot plant species belonging to the family Pandanaceae, which grows naturally on the saline soils along the coasts of Asia, Southeast Asia, and Polynesia. The plants are dioecious and highly fertile, and the consistent saline sprays, strong winds, and severe soil salinity hardly affect their growth and fertility. Hence, understanding the mechanism of high salinity tolerance in P. odorifer could provide major advances in overcoming salinity stress in crop plants. In the present study, we analyzed control (0 M NaCl) and treated (1 M NaCl treatment for 3 weeks) plants of P. odorifer to understand the role of ion distribution, ion transport, and related mechanisms under salt stress. Using a combination of ionomics and transcriptomics approaches, we identified the molecular mechanisms contributing to the high salinity stress in P. odorifer. Under NaCl stress, there was a significant increase in Na, Cl, and other ions in leaves, while the concentrations of Si, Fe, Ni, and Ti decreased. Similarly, in roots, the levels of Na, Mg, Cd, and Cr were significantly high, while the levels of other ions decreased. Most of the genes related to ion transport and homeostasis, such as NHX1, CLC-C, SOS1, HAK, and ABC transporters, were upregulated in 1 M NaCl stress conditions. This study revealed that vacuolar sequestration of Na+ and the distribution of ions in the roots and shoots play significant roles in the salt-stress tolerance mechanism of P. odorifer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The leaf extracts of three endemic species of Pandanus namely, P. luzonensis, P. panayensis, and P. simplex were investigated for their safety profile and anti-inflammatory property. The Approximate Lethal Dose (ALD) was established through acute oral toxicity test. Carrageenan-induced rat paw edema assay assessed the anti-inflammatory property. Each treatment group received assigned dose of extract (250, 500, 1000 mg/kg BW), 1% Tween 80 and diclofenac sodium (100 mg/kg BW) for the negative and positive control groups, respectively. The ethanol leaf extract P. panayensis at 500 mg/kg BW showed sustained inflammatory inhibition for 6 hours of observation with comparable inhibitory activity with diclofenac sodium (ave p=0.970). Histopathology of the inflamed paw tissues showed mild inflammation. IC50 against COX-1 and 2 are 610.69 ug/mL and >1000 ug/mL respectively against <10 ug/mL of Indomethacin as standard. These results suggest that all Pandanus leaf extracts have an ALD greater than 2000 mg/kg BW while P. payanensis extracts may serve as potential sources of anti-inflammatory agents. This activity may be contributed by flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids and fatty acid which were identified by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pandanus odorifer (Forssk.) Kuntze commonly called as Kewda (Pandanaceae) is an important aromatic plant, most celebrated for its unique fragrance and the only native species representing subgenus Pandanus in India. In this study, chloroplast genome sequence of P. odorifer was sequenced for the first time and compared with the closely allied Pandanus species P. tectorius as well as other Pandanales members to understand gene content and structural variations. The size of complete plastome was 1,57,885 bp, with Large Single Copy (85,947 bp), Small Single Copy (18,112 bp) and a pair of Inverted Repeats, IRs (26,913 bp). The plastome exhibited total 133 genes, 82 protein coding genes and 19 genes duplicated in IR region. The multiple sequence alignment of all Pandanales plastomes exhibited conserved nature. The plastome of P. odorifer also showed truncated rps19, full length rpoC2 and unique RNA editing site which differentiated it from the closely allied P. tectorius plastome. The highest nucleotide diversity was found in ndhF and ycf4-cemA regions of P. odorifer and P. tectorius. The plastome of Pandanus exhibited conserved nature when compared to Pandanales plastomes, except an inversion leading to cemA-petA regions in Stemona plastomes. The phylogenetic analysis based on complete plastome and protein coding genes placed P. odorifer and P. tectorius as sister species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Saint Martin's Island is a tiny island located in Bangladesh that is rich in biodiversity but threatened by many natural disasters, and it is often neglected due to being far from the mainland. Ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction (Eco-DRR) is the most urgently required provision for Bangladesh as it is a very easy and inexpensive way to survive natural adversities. In this study, attempts were made to quantify the capacity of an existing Pandanus forest on Saint Martin's Island to reduce the storm surge disaster risk. For this, satellite images were processed with ErdasImagine and ArcGIS software, and land use and land cover changes were analyzed to determine the changes related to Pandanus trees over time. Storm surge wave height reduction was analyzed using the Bao regression model equation. The results show that the Pandanus tree population increased almost 3-fold from 2010 to 2021, and that the Pandanus trees can reduce the surge height, which will ultimately preserve 75% of the area of the island (2021). The minimum required patch width for the Pandanus tree belt was identified as 4.53 m. The areas highly vulnerable to flooding were also identified in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Premise of research. The Capella region in central Queensland has yielded diverse, three-dimensionally preserved, permineralized floras that are associated with 32–28 Ma Cenozoic volcanics. A new fossil infructescence that was recently discovered from a new locality is shown to have affinities with Pandanus Parkinson, and it is described herein as Pandanus estellae sp. nov. Methodology. The affinities of the material were assessed according to a literature review of families that have syncarpous fruits or cones. The specimen was studied and photographed using conventional macromorphological approaches. Micro–computed tomography scanning was used to ascertain whether the internal structure of the fruit was preserved. Pivotal results. The single infructescence consists of several basally connate segments that lack a clear phyllotactic pattern and are variable in size and shape; the external surface of each segment is irregularly pentagonal-hexagonal and strongly coalescent. Each segment is interpreted as multicarpellate. Collectively, these features allow interpretation of the fossil as syncarpous, and the morphological features support placement in the monocot family Pandanaceae. The arrangement of segments is consistent with the polydrupes that characterize most species of Pandanus , but the small size of the infructescence of P. estellae differs from fruits of modern species in the genus, which are typically much larger. The anatomy of P. estellae is not preserved. The inferred Early Oligocene age for the fossil fruit predates current estimates, which are based on molecular data and limited calibration points, by about 8–10 Myr for the split of Benstonea Callm. and Buerki from Pandanus. Conclusions. The new species P. estellae is significant because it provides credible pre-Pleistocene evidence of the genus and is the oldest unequivocal fruit of Pandanus currently known. Its occurrence in Australia supports a Gondwanan history for the family. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Members of the genus Pandanus are popularly known for their variety of uses, yet there is difficulty identifying its species since discrimination is dependent on its seasonal reproductive parts. DNA barcoding was utilized to establish an ideal locus for the rapid identification and authentication of six Pandanus species in the Philippines. A total of 17 samples representing six species with three endemic taxa were collected and analyzed. Genomic DNA was extracted from leaf samples and was used as a template to generate the DNA barcodes. The BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool) method, divergence, and NJ (neighbor-joining) analyses were conducted to determine the efficiency of each barcode. The internal transcribed spacer, a nuclear region, was initially assessed in this study; however, plastid markers showed more universality with better amplification and sequencing success rates. In terms of discriminatory power, trnH-psbA revealed a significantly higher interspecific divergence compared to its intraspecific divergence. Phylogenetic analyses using the NJ approach exhibited that trnH-psbA has a better ability to resolve species identity and exclusive lineages than matK. The concatenated gene trnH-psbA + matK was able to generate better species resolution compared to the single barcodes analyzed. In general, rbcL performed poorly in the NJ analysis and has the lowest species discrimination based on its interspecific and intraspecific distances with close values. We provisionally recommend trnH-psbA as the most efficient single candidate barcode for the molecular authentication of Philippine Pandanus species and the combination of trnH-psbA + matK for a better discriminatory ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study determined the neuroprotective potential of the alcoholic and aqueous extracts of Pandanus clementis Merr. (Pandanaceae) to protect the neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells against amyloid-beta1-42 (Aβ) cytotoxicity. Inhibition of Aβ aggregation was determined by Thioflavin T (ThT) assay, and in vitro neuroprotective cell viability, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) were evaluated with human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells insulted with Aβ. Chromatographic separation on the alcoholic extract yielded known phytosterols. Results showed that pretreatment of the SH-SY5Y cells with the P. clementis extracts increased cell viability and MMP, and decreased ROS, suggesting protective effects. Hence, P. clementis extract has promising neuroprotective therapeutic potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pandanus grayorum Callm., Buerki & Gallaher (Pandanaceae) is newly described from the Wet Tropics of north-eastern Queensland in Australia. It is the second Australian species other than P. gemmifer H.St.John known to reproduce by axillary plantlets on aerial branches. It can be distinguished from P. gemmifer and P. solms-laubachii F.Muell. by the dimensions of its leaves, shape and dimensions of its syncarps, and by the morphology of its phalanges. The placement of P. grayorum in a molecular phylogeny confirmed morphological evidence and showed that the new species clusters with P. gemmifer and P. solms-laubachii in a clade closely related to the P. tectorius Parkinson complex. Pandanus grayorum is known from near the banks of the lower reaches of Mulgrave, Russell, Johnstone and Moresby rivers and associated subcoastal flood plains. Most collection records are from areas outside national parks and a preliminary conservation assessment of Vulnerable is suggested using the IUCN Red List. Finally, a key to north-eastern Queensland Pandanus species is also provided. A new species of screw pine (Pandanaceae) is described from north-eastern Queensland in Australia: Pandanus grayorum Callm., Buerki & Gallaher. The new species occurs mainly in lowland rainforest, along large river banks and associated small creeks and is named in honour of Joy and Bruce Gray. It is the second Australian Pandanus species other than P. gemmifer H.St.John, also occurring in north-eastern Queensland, to show active vegetative propagation producing axillary plantlets on branches. An identification key to the eight species of Pandanus known from north-eastern Queensland is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to determine the yield and quality of liquid smoke in the form of pH values, acid levels, and phenol levels from the burning of red fruit seed waste as raw material for grade 3 liquid smoke using pyrolysis equipment. Liquid smoke is used as an alternative food preservative and flavor enhancer that it can use in the food processing industry to minimize the use of harmful preservatives such as formalin. But it also can be used as a biopesticide in agriculture so that it becomes an alternative to chemical pesticides in controlling pests. It was researched at the Research Laboratory of the Chemical Engineering Department FTI UMI Makassar in July 2020 and the Agrotechnology Laboratory of the Petra Baliem Wamena Agricultural Science College in April 2021. The research activity began by making grade 3 liquid smoke because liquid smoke can be used as a biopesticide at this level. Then proceed with the analysis of the chemical and physical content of liquid smoke. The research method used was an experimental method with six replications on the amount of red fruit seed waste 500 g, 1000 g, and 1500 g. The pyrolysis process was carried out at temperatures ranging from 300-400°C for 180 minutes. The results of the observations from the tests carried out showed that the liquid smoke of red fruit seed waste produced was more in the weight or quantity of red fruit seed waste 1000 g was BM2 treatment which had a pH value of 3.35, the acid content of 14.20%, total phenol content of 4.91%, quite brown. Thick and smells like liquid smoke. The high levels of acid ranging from 13.73-14.20% and high levels of phenol ranging from 4.91-5.11% compared to previous studies with raw materials for liquid smoke of rice husks, coconut shells, and organic waste, made the liquid smoke of red fruit seed waste as a biopesticide with repellant and anti-inflammatory properties. Insects ate them because acids and phenols can provide an aromatic that insects do not like. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Otto Warburg (1859–1938) had a great interest in tropical botany. He travelled in South-East Asia and the South Pacific between 1885 and 1889 and brought back a considerable collection of plant specimens from this expedition later donated to the Royal Botanical Museum in Berlin. Warburg published the first comprehensive monograph on the family Pandanaceae in 1900 in the third issue of Das Pflanzenreich established and edited by Adolf Engler (1844–1930). The aim of this article is to clarify the taxonomy, nomenclature and typification of Warburg's contributions to the Pandanaceae. Considerable parts of Warburg's original material was destroyed in Berlin during World War II but duplicates survived, shared by Engler and Warburg with Ugolino Martelli (1860–1934). Martelli was an expert on the family and he assembled a precious herbarium of Pandanaceae that was later donated to the Museo di Storia Naturale dell'Università degli Studi di Firenze. Warburg published 86 new names in Pandanaceae between 1898 and 1909 (five new sections, 69 new species, five new varieties, two new combinations and five replacement names). A complete review of the material extant in B and FI led to the conclusion that 38 names needed a nomenclatural act: 34 lectotypes, three neotypes and one epitype are designated here. Twenty new synonyms are also proposed. One Freycinetia name and six Pandanus names are considered as incertae sedis. A total of 21 names published by Warburg are accepted: 11 in Freycinetia and ten in Pandanus. In addition, four names published in Pandanus by Warburg serve as the basionyms of accepted names in the genus Benstonea. Citation: Callmander M. W., Vogt R., Donatelli A., Buerki S. & Nepi C. 2021: Otto Warburg and his contributions to the screw pine family (Pandanaceae). – Willdenowia 51: 5–31. Version of record first published online on 15 February 2021 ahead of inclusion in April 2021 issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was designed to investigate analgesic, anti-pyretic, anti-inflammatory, GI motility and cytotoxic activities of fruit extract of P. fascicularis L. The analgesic effect was evaluated by using the acetic acid-induced writhing test. Antipyretic study was done by yeast induced pyrexia. The cytotoxic activity was evaluated by using brine shrimp lethality bioassay. The extracts are used for anti-inflammatory studies by albumin induced edema over a period of time. GI motility test was performed using charcoal. The methanolic, ethanolic and chloroform extracts show presence of maximum phytochemicals such as alkaloid, tannin, saponin, steroid, terpenoid, protein, flavonoid etc. The dose of 400mg/kg is capable of inhibiting 62.96% writhing in comparison to standard Diclofenac sodium. The initial and final rectal temperatures treated with chloroform extract (400 mg/kg) were 38.7±0.45°C and 37.83±0.37°C; where the values for Acetyl salicylic acid (100mg/kg) were 38.4±0.11°C and 37.5±0.010°C respectively. During cytotoxic bioassay LC50 value was found 1.0636 mg/ml. Oedema reduced from 0.62 ± 0.06 to 0.45 ± 0.02 after 5hr administering of chloroform extract (400 mg/kg), where aspirin did this from 0.60±.002 to 0.42±0.01 at 200mg/kg. The motility rates of castor oil and chloroform extract were 53.24%& 31.78% at 10 ml/kg and 400 mg/kg respectively, where the control showed 63.68% motility rate. These results show that, chloroform extract of fruit of P. fascicularis L. has significant analgesic, anti-pyretic, cytotoxic, antiinflammatory and GI motility effects that increase with the increase of concentration. It can be assumed that, phytochemicals present, are the source of potency of the chloroform extract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pandanus unguifer is a threatened species endemic to Sikkim and Darjeeling district of West Bengal. The species bears mildly fragrant creamy white colored flower and is the only Pandanus species that produces flowers in potted condition and hence, is of ornamental value. We used field collected-coordinates of five presence occurrence localities of the species for habitat distribution modeling. Additionally, downloaded environmental data from worldclim database were used for correlation. Amongst the input environmental variables, Mean diurnal range in temperature (Bio2) and Precipitation seasonality (CV) (Bio15) were influential factors and contributed 48.7% and 40.8% respectively to the MaxEnt model. The Rest of the remaining layers collectively contributed 10.5% to the final habitat model. Of the total 5963 sq.km suitable area only 153 sq. km has a very high probability of having P. unguifer which is only 2.57% of the total area. The study revealed the highest potential distribution of the species in Darjeeling district of West Bengal compared to Sikkim. However, resource extraction due to the felling of trees for fodder and small timber, road-widening and agricultural expansion are the causative factors threatening the existence of the species in its natural habitat. Thus urgent conservation initiatives are required to protect the existing endangered endemic species richness of these regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The morphological characteristics of plant vegetative organ has the potential to be the defining factor of pandanus family collection at Purwodadi Botanical Garden (PBG). However, the information is not enough to confirm the identity of pandanus at the type-level. This problem happened at the collection of PBG. It is an urgent issue considering PBG as one of the most important ex-situ plant conservation institute that also has function as a study source for plant taxonomy science in Indonesia. Therefore, the use of molecular technology analysis using molecular marker (primer) is incredibly important to identify the member of pandanus family by identifying its family relationship pattern. This information was expected to give a clarity about the identity of Pandanus family at PBG which will support further research and activity for pandanus conservation. The plant sample includes 16 specimens of pandanus with one member of the family from Freycinetia as the outgroup. Morphological analysis of the 50 characteristics of vegetative organs (leaf, stem, and root) was conducted. Molecular analysis of DNA using primer of trnL and trnL-F. The data sequence as a result of the analysis was then tested using homology test with BLAST. All of the DNA sequence was paralleled using Clustal W analysis, the tree construction relationship was analysed using Maximum Parsimony (MP) method with MEGA 6.0 program. The results of morphological studies showed the character vegetative that is the position of the spines on the leaves, the shape of apex leaf and the condition of the root surface above the soil. Molecularly, appears 1 new genera that has not been previously identified by PBG researcher is Benstonea.

Introduction: One factor that is of great importance to the cultivation of flowers and ornamental plants, is the media. Planting plants in containers as an important component of the nursery technology has grown. Compared with farm volume, growth media used for each plant greatly reduce plant growth that largely influence by the physical and chemical properties of growth media used. Therefore, good management of potted plants bed will cause the plants have good quality. A good growth media with optimal physical and biological properties, relatively inexpensive, stable and style enough to work should be available. The Burgers showed that composted green waste can be used as substrates for soilless cultivation and improve the water-holding capacity of soil. The garden has a range of materials including hardwood and softwood bark, leaves, soil, waste, sewage sludge and coconut (cocopeat) that has been used as a seed bed. According to the economic issues and increasing moisture storage, palm peat substrates are primary material that can be prepared as a good growth medium for the producing's presented level Country. Peat moss is not applicable to all plants because of high cost and poor absorption characteristics like low pH and low water holding capacity . This study was conducted to investigate the possibility of replacing peat moss palm waste and the effect of it on growth characteristics were studied. Materials and Methods: The experimental design was completely randomized design with four replications of eight treatments. The compressed unit (block) was supplied and commercial cocopeat was used because of reducing the cost of transportation. Before applying this material, the amount of water was added for opening up and voluminous and become it completely uniform.. In treatments containing sand + perlite, these four types volume ratio of 1:1 and mixed with sand + perlite were used. First, wooden cuttings of pandanus in a bed of sand rooted in the greenhouse, then the rooted cuttings were transferred to pots with a diameter of 17cm. The pots were filled with the examined material. After planting in pots in a greenhouse with temperature of 20-25°C in winter and 30-35°C in summer were kept on planting plans. The indicators of growth including stem diameter, stem length and lateral shoot number, leaf area and chlorophyll index were measured. Analysis was performed on data using SPSS 16. Comparisons were made using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan’s multiple range tests. Differences were considered to be significant at P < 0.05. Results and Discussion: Vegetative characteristics of pandanus plants were significantly different from each other. Results showed that the mean media of cococheps and 50% peat palm + 25% sand + 25% perlite had the highest leaf area with 413.97 and 378.69cm2 respectively and non-significant difference was showed. Means followed by same letter are not significantly different at P

Pandan leaf extract, a major source of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2AP), encapsulated in rice starch aggregates was investigated to improve shelf life for its pleasant flavor and color by spray drying a mixture of nonglutinous or glutinous rice starch, gum acacia, and fresh pandan leaf extract under various conditions. An increase in the amount of pandan leaf extract resulted in a darker green color with a larger amount of chlorophyll. Scanning electron microscopy observation revealed that the microstructure of the product consisted of spheres with an average diameter of 34.14-50.98 µm. The spray dry process, which comprises high temperature treatment of the mixture matrices, caused a change in the pasting properties, as compared with native starch. Quantitative determination of 2AP realized using headspace SPME-GC-MS-SIM revealed that rice starch aggregates are able to entrap 2AP. Encapsulated 2AP was released into the headspace with rice starch gelatinization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Forest frogs that undergo direct development (no tadpole stage) rely heavily on moist microhabitats for their survival. Objective: To describe the abundance and microhabitat use and some aspects of the breeding behaviour of the threatened forest frog Platymantis hazelae at Twin Lakes Balinsasayao Natural Park, Negros Island, Philippines. Methods: From September 2016 to February 2017, we surveyed Platymantis hazelae using 27 (400 m2) plots in Twin Lakes Balinsasayao-Danao Natural Park in Negros Oriental, Philippines. Results: After a total of six months survey P. hazelae was found abundant in the montane zone with mean density ranging from 30.56±6.94 to 86.11±15.65 ind./ha. Fourteen environmental variables were measured and subjected to multivariate principal component analysis (PCA). PCA revealed that rainfall, altitude, relative humidity, and air temperature influenced the density of P. hazelae. Screwpines (Pandanus) leaf axils and leaves (51.56%) and palm leaves (14%) were the preferred microhabitats for the species. Details of physical characters of embryos and froglets are also described. Conclusions: P. hazelae was found abundant in higher elevations (submontane and montane zones) where ambient temperature was generally lower, higher rainfall and relative humidity and microhabitats (e.g. screwpines) remain intact and abundant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poor conditions during early development can initiate trade‐offs that favour current survival at the expense of somatic maintenance and subsequently, future reproduction. However, the mechanisms that link early and late life‐history are largely unknown. Recently it has been suggested that telomeres, the nucleoprotein structures at the terminal end of chromosomes, could link early‐life conditions to lifespan and fitness. In wild purple‐crowned fairy‐wrens, we combined measurements of nestling telomere length (TL) with detailed life‐history data to investigate whether early‐life TL predicts fitness prospects. Our study differs from previous studies in the completeness of our fitness estimates in a highly philopatric population. The association between TL and survival was age‐dependent with early‐life TL having a positive effect on lifespan only among individuals that survived their first year. Early‐life TL was not associated with the probability or age of gaining a breeding position. Interestingly, early‐life TL was positively related to breeding duration, contribution to population growth and lifetime reproductive success because of their association with lifespan. Thus, early‐life TL, which reflects growth, accumulated early‐life stress and inherited TL, predicted fitness in birds that reached adulthood but not noticeably among fledglings. These findings suggest that a lack of investment in somatic maintenance during development particularly affects late life performance. This study demonstrates that factors in early‐life are related to fitness prospects through lifespan, and suggests that the study of telomeres may provide insight into the underlying physiological mechanisms linking early‐ and late‐life performance and trade‐offs across a lifetime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main advantages of pandan (Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb.) is the fresh leaves which mainly used for the pleasant fragrance in cuisine. 2-acytile-1-pyrroline (2AP) (also known as 1-(3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrrol-5yl) ethanone) is the principle volatile chemical responsible for the fragrance in pandan. 2AP was identified for the first time from the cooked rice. Many cultivars of certain crops also produce pandan-like fragrance/2AP including rice (Oryza sativa L.), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench), mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek), soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), coconut (Cocos nucifera L.), cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), wax gourd (Benincasa hispida), and taro (Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott). The fragrant crop varieties command higher price than non-fragrant cultivars. Breeding for fragrance is a main goal in breeding programs in these crops. Although genetics studies revealed that the presence of fragrance in crops is monogenic trait and that mutation(s) resulting in null or reduced function of betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (BADH2)/amino aldehyde dehydrogenase (AADH) causes production of 2AP, the level of the fragrance is quantitative in nature. In this paper, we review and discuss the genetic controls of the fragrance in some crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pandanus odorifer (Pandanaceae) is an economically important species distributed on coasts from India and Sri Lanka to South China through tropical Asian countries. Pandanus odoratissimus has been widely used as the accepted name for the species, but P. odoratissimus is in reality a superfluous and illegitimate name. No original material of P. odorifer has been traced, and a neotype is designated here for that name. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Along with the development of culture, both traditional and biotechnology, the use of pandan, as can be found either in the community, traditional markets, experiencing a shift which was replaced by other materials, such as by plastic straps, caps from fabric. Ethnobotany study done by collecting a "ethnodirect sampling" technique with direct or semi-structural interviews. The method is carried out at pandan anatomy including: methods for extracting fiber, making transverse and longitudinal leaf preparations, measurements of leaf length and fiber strength and making preparations transversal and longitudinal of supporting root. The long term goal of this study is to obtain a data base of pandan (Pandanaceae) that can later be used to perform resource management in pandan (Pandanaceae) to its preservation in East Java, thus supporting ecological functions and the resulting types are also cultivating other Pandan also potentially. The short term goal is to get the kind of pandan (Pandanaceae) is useful to be developed as a craft that can later be used to improve the economy of East Java community through anatomical structures. The three types of pandan namely P. tectorus, P. labyrinthicus and P. furcatus has the potential to be developed as a base for the manufacture of rope and handicrafts. The potential of plant-based crafts from fiber can still be developed on the craft of Pandanus.

The number of diabetes mellitus patients is continuously growing. Diabetes is a chronic disease and/or a major endocrine disorder caused by a deficiency of insulin production by pancreas or low insulin productivity. Hypoglycemic potentials have been widely examined from plant ingredients to substitute diabetes medicines and treatments. The objective of this research was to investigate a hypoglycemic activity and pancreatic cell regeneration of ethyl acetate extract from Pandanus amaryfollius leaves in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. The ethyl acetate extract of pandan leaves was prepared by crushing, macerating, filtrating and evaporating the leaves. Forty rats were grouped into five groups: (1) normal controlled rats, (2) diabetic controlled rats, (3) diabetic rats with feed standard and 0.985 mg/20g diet ethyl acetate extract (K1), (4) diabetic rats with feed standard and 1.97 mg/20g diet ethyl acetate extract (K2), and (5) diabetic rats with feed standard and 2.955 mg/20g diet ethyl acetate extract (K3). The treatments were being conducted for 28 days; blood sampling was taken every 7 days to be analyzed its blood glucose levels, and the final research stage was to analyze its blood insulin levels and MDA levels in the rats' liver and pancreatic histology. The result showed that the intake of ethyl acetate extract in the diabetic rats could lower their blood glucose levels. The higher the dose of ethyl acetate extract resulted in the lower blood glucose levels, the higher blood insulin levels, and the lower liver damage due to the oxidative stress. In addition, the higher the dose of ethyl acetate extract resulted in the lower insulin resistance in the islet of Langerhans, indicated the smaller the volume of pancreatic ß-cells. However, the insulin resistance decreased and the insulin secretion increased; hypoglycemic ability of ethyl acetate extract of fragrant pandan leaves remained high. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides illustrated descriptions of micro-fungi newly found on Pandanaceae in China and Thailand. The fungi are accommodated in 31 families. New taxa described include a new family, seven new genera, 65 new species, 16 previously known species. A new family: Malaysiascaceae (Glomerellales). New genera are Acremoniisimulans (Plectosphaerellaceae), Pandanaceomyces, Pseudoachroiostachy (Nectriaceae), Pseudohyaloseta (Niessliaceae), Pseudoornatispora (Stachybotriaceae) and Yunnanomyces (Sympoventuriaceae). New species are Acremoniisimulans thailandensis, Beltrania krabiensis, Beltraniella pandanicola, B. thailandicus, Canalisporium krabiense, C. thailandensis, Clonostachys krabiensis, Curvularia chonburiensis, C. pandanicola, C. thailandicum, C. xishuangbannaensis, Cylindrocladiella xishuangbannaensis, Dictyochaeta pandanicola, Dictyocheirospora nabanheensis, D. pandanicola, D. xishuangbannaensis, Dictyosporium appendiculatum, Di. guttulatum, Di. hongkongensis, Di. krabiense, Di. pandanicola, Distoseptispora thailandica, D. xishuangbannaensis, Helicoma freycinetiae, Hermatomyces biconisporus, Lasiodiplodia chonburiensis, L. pandanicola, Lasionectria krabiense, Menisporopsis pandanicola, Montagnula krabiensis, Musicillium pandanicola, Neofusicoccum pandanicola, Neohelicomyces pandanicola, Neooccultibambusa thailandensis, Neopestalotiopsis chiangmaiensis, N. pandanicola, N. phangngaensis, Pandanaceomyces krabiensis, Paracylindrocarpon nabanheensis, P. pandanicola, P. xishuangbannaensis, Parasarcopodium hongkongensis, Pestalotiopsis krabiensis, P. pandanicola, Polyplosphaeria nabanheensis, P. pandanicola, P. xishuangbannaensis, Pseudoachroiostachys krabiense, Pseudoberkleasmium pandanicola, Pseudochaetosphaeronema pandanicola, Pseudohyaloseta pandanicola, Pseudoornatispora krabiense, Pseudopithomyces pandanicola, Rostriconidium pandanicola, Sirastachys phangngaensis, Stictis pandanicola, Terriera pandanicola, Thozetella pandanicola, Tubeufia freycinetiae, T. parvispora, T. pandanicola, Vermiculariopsiella hongkongensis, Volutella krabiense, V. thailandensis and Yunnanomyces pandanicola. Previous studies of micro-fungi on Pandanaceae have not included phylogenetic support. Inspiration for this study came from the book Fungi Associated with Pandanaceae by Whitton, McKenzie and Hyde in 2012. Both studies reveal that the micro-fungi on Pandanaceae is particularly rich in hyphomycetes. All data presented herein are based on morphological examination of specimens, coupled with phylogenetic sequence data to better integrate taxa into appropriate taxonomic ranks and infer their evolutionary relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Red fruit oil (Pandanus conoideus Lam) contains active substances in the form of alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene and unsaturated fatty acids that can potentially be antioxidants. This study aims to examine the effect of red fruit oil (Pandanus conoideus) on the development of ovarian follicles of rat exposed to cigarette smoke, (in increasing the number of primary follicles, secondary follicles, tertiary follicles and ovarian weight). This study used Completely Randomized Design with 20 female rats (3 months old) divided into 4 treatment groups: P0 (Positive control), P1 (negative control of exposure to cigarette smoke for 8 days), P2 (exposure to cigarette smoke for 8 days + 0.1 ml red fruit oil) and P3 (exposure of cigarette smoke for 8 days + 0.2 ml red fruit oil) with 5 time repetition and 28 days red fruit treatment for the research parameters were the number of primary follicles, secondary follicles, tertiary follicles and ovarian weight. The data obtained were analyzed using oneway ANOVA with 95% confidence level (P < 0.05). The results showed that the administration of red fruit oil at doses of 0.1 ml and 0.2 ml was not significantly affecting (P > 0.05) the number of primary follicles, secondary follicles, tertiary follicles and ovarian weight, so it can be conclusion that the administration of red fruit oil at a dose of 0.1 ml and 0.2 ml cannot increase the number of primary follicles, secondary follicles, tertiary follicles and ovarian weight in rat exposed to cigarette smoke. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Xanthine oxidase (XO) plays an important role in the regulation of uric acid and prevents it from being overproduced as in hyperuricemia disease. The combined effects of antioxidant and xanthine oxidase inhibitor would become a promising approach for hyperuricemia treatment. In this research, the antioxidant and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activities of Pandanus amaryllifolius leaf were evaluated. The leaf water extract (PA‐W) showed highest total phenols, and petroleum ether extract (PA‐PE) showed highest total flavonoids contents. The antioxidant activity of DPPH, metal chelating and hydrogen peroxide was highest in PA‐W extract. The treatment of PA‐W extract at 1000 mg kg−1 body weight in potassium oxonate‐induced hyperuricemic rats showed significant (P < 0.001) decrease in serum uric acid level by 85% and XO activity by 64%, respectively, as compared to the hyperuricemic rats. In conclusion, the P. amaryllifolius possess the dual effect of antioxidant and XO inhibition as potential therapeutic agents in the hyperuricemia treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pandanus amaryllifolius (Roxb.) is a Southeast Asia tropical plant used in culinary and traditional medicine for century. It is a source of phytochemical constituents. The aim of the study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity, antioxidant, and cytotoxic effect of the ethanol Pandanus amaryllifolius (Roxb.) leaf extracts for therapeutic potential in oral applications. To determine the amount of total phenolic contents and to evaluate the antioxidant activity of 70% ethanol leaf crude extracts of Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb. the Folin-Ciocalteu method and the 2, 2-diphenyl-lpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay were used. The ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) were used as standard positive controls. A broth serial micro dilution method was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against oral pathogens i.e. Porphyromonas gingivalis, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguinis and Streptococcus salivarius compared to the standard antibiotics and 0.2% (w/v) chlorhexidine gluconate which were positive controls. The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide reduction assay (MTT assay) was used for cytotoxicity effect tested. Results showed that the extracts contained 57.25 ± 0.02 mgGAE/g of total phenolic contents. The antioxidant activities of all tested substrates were calculated and exhibited as (IC50) the half maximum inhibitory concentration; is the concentration of antioxidant which reduces the free radical DPPH about 50%. The value of IC50 of ascorbic acid, the leaf extracts and BHT were 7.79 ± 1.25, 93.16 ± 10.46 and 110.57 ± 36.42 μg/mL, respectively. Pandanus amaryllifolius (Roxb.) leaf extracts had antimicrobial activities (MICs ranging from 32 to 125 μg/mL) μg/mL against tested oral bacteria. The extract exhibited the cytotoxicity effect on head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cell line (HNSCC cell line: HN31) with 50% lethal concentration (LC50) of 75.19 ± 3.48 μg/mL. Collective data from this study suggested the therapeutic potentials of the Pandanus amaryllifolius (Roxb.) for the future research and development health applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study was conducted on two species of Pandanus to investigate the habitat classifications of P. immersus Ridley and P. tectorius Parkinson in Peninsular Malaysia. Traditionally, their leaves are used as woven materials to produce mats, baskets and hats. They also have been used for medicinal purposes. The objective of this study is to identify the type of habitat for these two species. Field data on plant localities were recorded. Digital images of the habitats and plants were captured for comparative analysis. Soils were sampled for soil type classification. P. immersus could be easily found in swampy areas, meanwhile, P. tectorius is commonly found in the coastal areas including rocky and sandy beaches. Most of P. immersus and P. tectorius can also inhabit sandy clay loam soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pandan from Riau is one of the important plants in Kajuik Lake located in Langgam, Riau Province of Indonesia, although its scientific name has not been recognized. This study reports the use of three DNA barcodes: matK, rbcL, and trnL-trnF intergenic spacer; to determine the Pandan's taxonomic status. The methods included DNA isolation, PCR, electrophoresis, and sequencing. The software BLASTn, BioEdit, and MEGA were used to analyze the data. The matK, rbcL, and trnL-trnF intergenic spacer sequences obtained were 639 bp, 539 bp, and 1014 bp in size, respectively. The results showed that although the identification had already been performed using two standard DNA barcodes sequences for plants, i.e. the matK and rbcL, and also the trnL-trnF intergenic spacer sequence which was commonly used as a DNA barcode in Pandanaceae and abundantly available in GenBank, none of them had 100% similarity to Pandan from Riau. In addition, the dendrogram generated from those sequences showed that Pandan from Riau had the closest relationship with a few species of Benstonea rather than Pandanus, Martellidendron, and Freycinetia. It can be concluded that the scientific name of Pandan from Riau can only be determined up to the genus level, i.e. Benstonea sp. This suggests that Pandan from Riau is an identified species but its DNA barcode sequences are not present in the GenBank database. It can also be understood that this plant is a new species of Benstonea which has never been identified and reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim To test for and describe the genetic structure of the Pandanus tectorius complex, a group of closely related ocean-dispersed plants and members of the Indo-Pacific coastal strand community. Location Tropical Indo-Pacific (coastal East Africa to Polynesia). Methods We sampled 535 individuals (46 localities) from throughout the range of the complex. Fifteen microsatellite loci were used to detect and characterize population structure and estimate migration rates between island groups and broad regions. Results Hierarchical population structure was detected. Samples group into an eastern cluster (Hawaii and coastal South-Central Pacific localities) and a western cluster [Western Pacific (WP) through Indian Ocean]. Within these two clusters, at least six regional subclusters were detected including samples from the Indian Ocean + South China Sea (SCS), Ogasawara Islands, WP, inland South-Central Pacific, coastal South-Central Pacific and Hawaii. Migration rates between regions are low leading to isolation and genetic differentiation while within regions, rates are much higher. In most cases, inland populations are genetically differentiated from nearby coastal counterparts. Main conclusions Substantial population structure occurs across the range of the P. tectorius complex due to dispersal limitation across stretches of open ocean and patterns of ocean currents. Low levels of asymmetric westward migration, consistent with the direction of ocean currents in the Pacific, links Hawaii and the South-Central Pacific with populations further to the west preventing complete isolation. SCS + Indian Ocean populations are distinct from those in the Pacific due to limited dispersal between these regions. The isolation of inland populations on several islands also contributes to genetic differentiation. While population clusters have a clear geographical basis they are not completely congruent with previously recognized taxa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seven new alkaloids belonging to three typical classes, isolated from an ethanolic extract of Pandanus amaryllifolius , were applied to establish the models in structural elucidation. The first type [pandanusines A and B ( 1 and 2 )] was applied to alkaloids with a diazaspirocyclic ring system. The absolute stereochemistry of aminal carbon is determined by analysis of J -based configuration analysis and circular dichroism spectroscopy, which has never been revealed before. The second type [pandalizines C–E ( 3 – 5 )], the stereochemistry of unusual indolizinone with chiral hydroxyl substitutions were determined by circular dichroism spectroscopy and vibrational circular dichroism experiments. The last type [norpandamarilactonines C and D ( 6 and 7 )], a comparing model in determination of diastereomers of pyrrolidinyl α , β -unsaturated γ -lactone alkaloids was established. Our study provides solutions for a challenging subject in stereochemistry determination for three different types of Pandanus alkaloids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Headspace Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (HS-FTIR) in tandem with chemometrics was applied to differentiate several species of the genus Pandanus . The headspace was generated from each Pandanus sample after incubation in a tightly sealed sample chamber. The resulting FTIR spectra of the headspace samples were found to be almost similar, but the application of principal component analysis (PCA) effectively differentiated the species. The unique spectral features for some samples were highlighted in the second-derivative FTIR spectra. A higher variance was exhibited in the PCA bi-plot of the 2nd derivative spectral data. The principal components differentiated not only the species, but also the cultivars or varieties, which formed distinct but proximate clusters. The manner of clustering obtained in this study resembled the behavior reported in a Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA analysis conducted on the Pandanus samples. The results demonstrate the potential of headspace FTIR spectroscopy as a simple, rapid, non-destructive, and relatively inexpensive method to discriminate between plant species and varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pandanus is recently recognized as a new geobotanical indicator for kimberlite diatremes in Liberia. The plant also grows in non-kimberlite terranes making it critical to determine the differences, similarities or contrasts between the chemical nutrient uptake of elements into the tissues (roots, fronds, bark and trunk) of the plant from substrates of fertile kimberlite and those of non-economic regional country rock. A random sampling survey was adopted in which 20 soils and 59 Pandanus tissues of roots, fronds trunks, and bark were collected over a kimberlite pipe in NW Liberia. In addition, 9 soils and 27 Pandanus samples covering the equivalent botanical tissues, except for trunk, were obtained over three granodiorite gneiss, non-kimberlite locations. A total of 5,865 analyses for major and trace elements including REE were obtained by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry on Pandanus candelabrum and their soil hosts. Major Mg and trace elements of Co, Cr, Ni, Ba, Cs, Nb, Rb, Sr, Zr and REEs are enriched in the kimberlitic eluvium compared to soils from granodiorite gneisses. Diagnostic Cr, Ni, Ba, Rb, Sr, Zr and REE in Pandanus tissues on the kimberlite pipe have distinctive concentrations making the plant a new biogeochemical tool in the exploration for kimberlites in tropical cratonic terranes. • Pandanus is a new botanical indicator for kimberlites. • The plant is biochemically distinct in kimberlite versus country rock. • Pandanus has been successfully deployed in new kimberlite discoveries. • Pandanus is an auxiliary exploration tool in dense tropical terranes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Highlights • This the first total synthesis and determination of the absolute configuration of diaportheone A. • The absolute configuration was unambiguously determined by X-ray crystallography. • The synthesis was accomplished in four steps and 46% over-all yield. Abstract Diaportheone A (1), a chromone natural product was previously isolated from the endophytic fungi Diaporthe sp. P 133. Its structure was established by spectroscopic methods, however, its absolute configuration remained undefined. This study dealt on the total synthesis of diaportheone A (1) utilizing the cyclization and in situ thermal syn -elimination of a β-ketosulfoxide. The C-1 R absolute configuration of the natural product was established by X-ray crystallography of the synthetic diaportheone A (1) (>99% ee) and comparison with the optical rotation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]