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Determining the mechanical characteristics of rocks is crucial in various civil engineering sectors. Traditionally, the mechanical properties of rocks are determined through on-site and laboratory tests carried out during geotechnical surveys. However, these extensive surveys require considerable time and resources. In contrast, hyperspectral remote sensing techniques offer a rapid and simple means to determine the mineral composition and crystallographic structure of rocks. These features, in turn, influence the rocks' mechanical properties. This study focuses on characterizing the mechanical properties of carbonate rocks in a laboratory setting, using hyperspectral sensors. Approximately 150 cylindrical carbonate rock samples, spanning a wide strength range, were collected from diverse Israeli rock outcrops. Employing a point spectrometer (0.4 to 2.5 µm) and a spectral image sensor (8.0 to 12.0 µm), we captured samples' light reflections and spectral emissivity. Mechanical attributes, including density, porosity, water absorption, and uniaxial compressive strength (UCS), were measured. Advanced data mining techniques identified statistical correlations between hyperspectral signatures and mechanical properties, pinpointing key wavelengths for prediction. The developed models exhibited excellent predictability for the specified properties, attributing accuracy to discernible mineralogy and internal crystalline structure through spectroscopy. However, predicting UCS showed slightly weaker results due to influences from internal flaws not entirely reflected in spectroscopic data. Nonetheless, outcomes regarding rock UCS were deemed satisfactory. These findings open avenues for non-destructive tools in assessing the mechanical properties of rocks in quarrying operations. Highlights: We developed a new method for evaluating the mechanical properties of carbonate rocks using non-destructive spectroscopy. We applied sophisticated data mining techniques to identify statistical correlations between the hyperspectral signatures and mechanical properties of rock samples. We found the key wavelengths for predicting density, porosity, water absorption, and uniaxial compressive strength of the rock samples. The ability to assess the mechanical properties of intact rocks through remote sensing can improve the fieldwork of an engineering geologist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study marks the first detailed depositional, diagenetic and organic geochemical investigation of Jurassic Isha Formation in North Waziristan, Khyber Pukhtunkhuwa, Pakistan. Detailed systematic sampling was carried out from exposed outcrop along the Mirali road in North Waziristan for microfacies analysis and diagenetic studies to unravel the depositional environment and diagenetic alterations. The oraganic maturity and hydrocarbon generation potential were assessed by total organic content and Rock-Eval pyrolysis. Outcrop analogue revealed that the formation predominantly comprises of thick to thin bedded oolitic fractured limestone, bioclastic and dolomitic limestone. In the petrography, a total of eight microfacies (MF1–MF8) were constructed and were directed different depositional enviroments. Based on the integrated field data and microfacies analyses, the Isha Formation is interpreted to be deposited on a homoclinal ramp particularly in peritidal, lagoon, and carbonate shoals. Sequences stratigraphic setup shows intervallic Transgressive and Regressive Systems Tracts. The TSTs are mostly grainstone and packstone facies whereas the RSTs are wackestone and mudstone microfacies which demonstrates a single 2nd order cycle and then multiple 3rd order transgressive and regressive cycles for the deposition of Isha Formation. The total organic content and Rock-Eval pyrolysis results were ploted on VanKerevlen diagram which indicate that the source rock potential fall within the type III kerogen. The HI versus Tmax and PI versus Tmax cross plots indicate that the formation lies within the zone of maturation, generation potentiality indicate that the formation has fair to poor potential and hydrocarbons are indigenous. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tight sandstone reservoirs, despite their low porosity and permeability, present considerable exploration potential as unconventional hydrocarbon resources. Natural fractures play a crucial role in hydrocarbon migration, accumulation, and present engineering challenges such as late-stage reformation in these reservoirs. This study examines fractures in the seventh member of the Triassic Yanchang Formation's tight sandstone within the Ordos Basin using a range of methods, including field outcrops, core samples, imaging and conventional logging, thin sections, and scanning electron microscopy. The study clarifies the characteristics of fracture development and evaluates the relationship between dynamic and static rock mechanics parameters, including the calculation of the brittleness index. Primary factors influencing fracture development were quantitatively assessed through a combination of outcrop, core, and mechanical test data. Findings reveal that high-angle structural fractures are predominant, with some bedding and diagenetic fractures also present. Acoustic, spontaneous potential, and caliper logging, in conjunction with imaging data, enabled the development of a comprehensive probabilistic index for fracture identification, which produced favorable results. The analysis identifies four key factors influencing fracture development: stratum thickness, brittleness index, lithology, and rock mechanical stratigraphy. Among these factors, stratum thickness is negatively correlated with fracture development. Conversely, the brittleness index positively correlates with fracture development and significantly influences fracture length, aperture, and linear density. Fractures are most prevalent in siltstone and fine sandstone, with minimal development in mudstone. Different rock mechanics layer types also impact fracture development. These insights into fracture characteristics and controlling factors are anticipated to enhance exploration efforts and contribute to the study of similar unconventional reservoirs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article "Unveiling the enigmatic cone snails along the coastal environments of the South Andaman Islands: diversity, distribution and their habitat preference" published in Frontiers in Marine Science explores the diversity, distribution, and habitat preferences of cone snails in the South Andaman Islands. The study reveals that Conus ebraeus is the predominant species among the nine study sites, with Conus litteratus and Conus leopardus found exclusively in specific locations with soft, muddy substrates. The research highlights the importance of substrate type, waterline zones, and habitat characteristics in shaping the distribution patterns of cone snails, emphasizing the need for responsible management and conservation practices. [Extracted from the article]

Zoobank LSIDArtificial refuges are commonly used to sample small reptiles and to provide supplementary shelter. For refuges to be effective, they should be safe and acceptable to reptiles. Current designs used for New Zealand lizards are vulnerable to trampling and degradation, restricting where they can be used without risk to lizards. We tested the usage of a new trampling-resistant concrete refuge, containing an internal crevice and basking ledge, by terrestrial lizards on the Port Hills in Canterbury, South Island. Twice a month we inspected 40 refuges on 20 occasions over one year which resulted in 420 gecko and 39 skink encounters. Geckos consistently used refuges throughout the year while skinks were infrequently found. Internal refuge surface and ambient air temperature data suggests that both overnight and day-time temperatures in the refuges were favourable for year-round occupation by geckos at the study site. Due to the low number of skinks, their occupancy was not analysed. Our refuge design appears to be a robust and effective design, particularly for crevice-dwelling geckos in trampling-prone and rocky habitats. Additional research is needed to investigate gecko movements in refuges at more extreme temperatures, test our design on other reptile species and assess potential restoration benefits.urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:71482E37-D73D-4362-AAE8-4AA15BE33A7F. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The collection of a dead specimen of the coral Heterocyathus cf. sulcatus on a sandy beach in southern Odisha highlights the importance of exploring offshore waters along this coast. The specimen was identified based on prominent taxonomic characters and association with coral boring worm. This genus was previously known to occur along the eastern coast of India, from the Gulf of Mannar/Palk Bay and off the Chennai coast. The presence of rocky offshore outcrops and a sandy substratum in the vicinity suggests that the specimen likely originated from that location. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high-altitude pre-Andean region of the Atacama Desert is characterized by its stark volcanic rock formations and unique hydrothermal gypsum outcrops (gypcrete) that it hosts. This study delves into the biomolecular composition of the endolithic phototrophic microbes that thrive within these gypcretes. Using advanced Raman spectroscopy techniques, including Raman imaging (complemented by microscopic and 3D microscopic observations), herein we unveil new insights into the adaptive strategies of these gypsum-inhabiting algae. Our Raman imaging results provide a detailed chemical map of carotenoids associated with microbial colonization. This map reveals a significant gradient in pigment content, highlighting a critical survival mechanism for algae and cyanobacteria in this polyextreme environment. Intriguingly, we detected signals for carotenoids not only in the algae-colonized layer, but also deeper within the gypsum matrix - indicating pigment migration following cell disruption. In addition, we conducted an in-depth analysis of individual algal cells from the Trebouxiaceae family, noting their color variations from green to orange, plus describing the spectral differences in detail. This investigation identified in-vivo pigments (carotenoids, chlorophyll) and lipids at the cellular level, offering a comprehensive view of the molecular adaptations enabling life in one of the Earth's most extreme habitats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cambrian subsalt dolomite is an important strategic area for natural gas exploration in the Tarim Basin. The gypsum-salt rocks, argillaceous mudstone and argillaceous dolomite strata developed in large areas of the Middle Cambrian can be used as good caprocks. The sealing ability and favorable area distribution of the Middle Cambrian caprock in the Tarim Basin are studied through the lithofacies paleogeography and microscopic evaluation of the Middle Cambrian strata in this paper. Based on the 2D seismic interpretation covering the entire basin, combined with data from drilling, outcrops, well logging, core samples and thin sections, the sedimentary characteristics and lithofacies paleogeography of the Middle Cambrian were studied and then the thickness of the Middle Cambrian gypsum-salt rocks, gypsiferous mudstone and gypsiferous dolomite was analyzed in the Tarim Basin. Studies suggest that the Middle Cambrian is primarily characterized by the development of restricted-platform facies. In the Awati Depression, the northern part of the Tazhong Uplift, the southern part of the Manxi Low Uplift, and the central and northern parts of the Bachu Uplift, the thickness of the gypsum-salt rock strata is relatively large. Moreover, centered on the northern part of the Bachu Uplift, the thickness of the gypsum-salt rocks decreases irregularly towards the periphery, forming a circumferential distribution. To investigate the sealing ability of caprocks, 64 core samples from four wells were examined under a microscope, and physical parameters as well as breakthrough-pressure tests were conducted. By establishing correlations between various parameters, the sealing ability of different rock types in the Cambrian formation within the study area was quantitatively assessed. The research suggests that gypsum-salt rocks exhibit superior sealing ability compared to gypsiferous mudstone and gypsiferous dolomite, but factors such as faults and geological conditions of gypsum can influence the sealing performance of caprocks. According to both micro- and macro-scale evaluations of the Cambrian strata in the study area, along with constraints imposed by actual drilling exploration results, a comprehensive evaluation method for assessing caprock sealing ability has been established. The results suggest that the Awat Depression, the western and southern parts of the Manxi Low Uplift, the northern and western parts of the Tazhong Uplift, and the central part of the Tabei Uplift are favorable areas for the development of caprocks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The distributary channels in shallow‐water delta are well‐developed in tight sandstone. There are few studies on the channel type and diagenetic differences among them. To illustrate the relationship between channel types and high‐quality reservoirs, this study summarizes the lithofacies types and sequences in the second member of the Xujiahe Formation. We use core data, outcrops, and modern sediments observation, scanning energy spectrum, and rock thin sections. The lithofacies can be divided into 15 types, and there are four types of vertical lithofacies sequence. Lithofacies sequences are different in lithofacies, channel scale, reservoir porosity and permeability, and so forth. They are formed in various hydrodynamic environments. With the continuous bifurcation of the channels, the width and depth of the channels are decreasing, forming different lithofacies sequences. Four types of distributary channels are classified. The characteristics of these channels are described, and the sedimentary models are established. Distributary channel types are related to the diagenetic process. Channel type I and the bottom of type II develop moderate compaction–dissolution diagenetic facies, the middle and upper parts of type II and type III can develop strong compaction, moderate compaction–dissolution, or strong cementation diagenetic facies, and type IV can develop strong compaction diagenetic facies. High‐quality reservoirs are developed in limitedly distributed in distributary channels of type I and type II, and part of type III. This study provides a useful view for evaluating high‐quality reservoirs based on distributary channel types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the 1970s, it has been widely accepted that the Nördlinger Ries and the Steinheim impact structures represent a crater doublet formed by the simultaneous impact of a binary asteroid in the Middle Miocene. From a biostratigraphic point of view, however, the lowermost crater-lake sediments deposited in the drainless morphological depressions differ in age by ~ 0.5 to 1 Myr. Recent work additionally questioned the double-impact theory due to the occurrence of two vertically separated seismite horizons in North Alpine Foreland Basin deposits, interpreted to result from two different impact-induced seismic events. A continuous double-layer ejecta blanket originally surrounded the Ries crater within a minimum distance of 45 km from its center. Distal Ries ejecta consist of sedimentary and shocked basement rock fragments of the Ries area. The Steinheim crater is located 41 km WSW of the Ries crater and filled by a 'basin breccia' that consist of Middle and Upper Jurassic rock fragments. Most parts of the breccia and overlying crater-lake deposits are preserved. If both craters formed simultaneously, Ries ejecta would have reached the Steinheim area and should be incorporated in the Steinheim breccia or intercalated between the basin breccia and crater-lake deposits. However, no sedimentary or basement rock fragments derived from the Ries crater have ever been found in outcrops or drillings into the Steinheim crater. We conclude the Steinheim impact crater did not exist at the time of the Ries impact and the Steinheim asteroid rather impacted into the outer continuous distal Ries ejecta blanket some 0.5 to 1 Myr after the Ries impact. Geological map of the Ries crater with the present distribution of its ejecta blanket and the geographical position of the Steinheim crater ~41 km WSW of the Ries crater. The Ries ejecta blanket consists of the more proximal type of impact breccia (Bunte Breccia) and the more distal type of impact breccia (Bunte Trümmermassen) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Bosnian pine is a relict species of the Tertiary Oro-Mediterranean forests, with a distribution mainly extended over the Balkan peninsula and disjunct Italian populations on the mountain ranges between the regions of Basilicata and Calabria. The ability to adapt to harsh climatic conditions, to survive in difficult environments and the wide altitudinal range where it is possible to find natural populations are the main reasons why this species has been considered in planning reforestation interventions. This study compares growth and survival performances in two experimental plots of Bosnian pine reforestations established on different pedogenic substrates (Mesozoic limestone rocks vs. Paleozoic granites) of the mountains of Calabria using different types of propagation material (bare-root vs. containerized seedlings). At an age of approximately 40 years, annual increments in the two experimental plots averaged over the last two decades were equal to 0.2 cm and 0.1 cm, 0.2 m and 0.3 m, 8.4 m³ ha-1 and 7.3 m³ ha-1 for diameter, height and volume, respectively. These results confirm the ability of the species to successfully cope with the edaphic poverty of the outcropping rocky substrates and the rigidity of the climatic factors that characterize Mediterranean mountains; the growth performances are somewhat unexpected, higher than the average ones registered in Italy for black pine forests. Operationally, the production system of bare-root seedlings does not guarantee the best results under the examined conditions. This study contributes to improving the potential use of the species for new reforestation and related nursery activities, necessary for insitu and ex-situ conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Habitat loss is one of the primary drivers of large felid decline. The leopard (Panthera pardus), a generalist large felid species, has the behavioural and dietary flexibility to exploit different habitat types of varying human influence. Understanding habitat selection in a shared landscape is critical for the development of conservation strategies and managing negative human–leopard interactions. The development of conservation policy requires data on large spatial scales, which is mostly lacking, especially within shared landscapes in India. This study aims to determine habitat selection by Indian leopards and the anthropogenic, environmental, and climatic variables contributing to this selection. Leopard occurrence records were obtained from an occupancy survey conducted in the five administrative districts in Karnataka (28,375 km2). 267 randomly selected 30 km2 grids were each walked for 10 km and all leopard signs were recorded. Environment variables were chosen to reflect land use, climatic, topographic, and human disturbances that could affect habitat selection at a resolution of 0.1 km2. The mean ensemble model was projected to the state of Karnataka. Habitat selection predicted by the ensemble model was driven by proximity to forest cover and rocky outcrops, higher precipitation, and negatively by distance to cropland and roads. Protected Areas and Reserved Forests in the study covered 47% of the predicted habitat, while 25% is within human‐use areas such as human habitation and croplands. This study predicts that half of the habitat selected by leopards is outside of protected areas and reserved forests. The selection of human‐use areas is predicted because of the availability of cover from irrigated croplands and the proximity to natural cover that provides refuge. Livestock density did not drive large‐scale habitat selection. The preservation of natural cover and rocky outcrops that provide refuge between protected areas is paramount for leopard conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Islands are fundamental model systems in ecology, biogeography, and evolutionary biology. However, terrestrial islands, unlike their aquatic counterparts, have received comparatively less attention. Among these land islands, inselbergs (i.e. isolated rock outcrops with diverse lithologies and a modest topographical prominence) stand out as iconic examples distributed worldwide across global biomes. Due to their durable lithology, inselbergs change slowly, persisting for tens of millions of years. In this review, we propose a biological definition for inselbergs that captures three fundamental characteristics of inselbergs from the perspective of biota. These are old age, isolation and the presence of unique microhabitats that are rare or absent in the surrounding matrix, fostering distinct communities often with unique and endemic biota. We synthesise the state of the art and formulate a set of testable hypotheses to deepen our understanding of the origins and maintenance of diversity on inselbergs, which are increasingly exposed to anthropogenic threats. By offering different habitats compared to the surrounding habitat matrix (e.g. moist microhabitats in dryland landscapes and xeric environments in humid tropical landscapes), inselbergs may allow specific lineages to thrive beyond their typical geographical limits. Particularly in drylands and degraded landscapes, inselbergs may not just provide different habitats but also act as ecological refuges or evolutionary refugia by providing a wider range of potential microhabitats than the surrounding matrix, enhancing resilience and promoting regional biodiversity. The central role of the matrix ensures that the ecological and evolutionary dynamics of inselbergs differ from those of true islands such as oceanic islands. Given that inselberg biota coexist within a terrestrial matrix, interactions between inselberg and matrix populations impact each other significantly. Over evolutionary timescales, matrix species may contract to inselberg refugia, preserving lineages while cycles of isolation and reconnection may drive speciation via a species pump. Although inselberg biodiversity has been studied predominantly from an island biogeography perspective, we argue that depending on the spatial scale, habitat specificity and mobility of the organisms considered, a range of different theories and paradigms can help explain the biogeography and local distribution patterns of different taxonomic and functional groups of inselberg species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Western Alaska’s convergent margins are composed of tectonostratigraphic terranes. On land, terrane assembly is recognized along boundaries or sutures between neighboring geologic elements with distinctly different origins. In marine areas where rock outcrops are covered by sediment, recognizing terrane sutures is problematic. A fault in seismic dip line 5 of the ALEUT project has been interpreted as a terrane suture. It is imaged intermittently down to the 30+-km-deep plate interface. Processing of ALEUT strike line 7 revealed the suture at ~18 km depths extending 300 km along the margin. Upper structures in line 5 are like the structures of adjacent seismic transects where imaging is only 8−10 km deep. They were previously not recognized as the upper reaches of terrane sutures and show structural details obscured at greater depths. The composite data are the basis for a simple tectonic model of terrane docking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In recent years, great breakthroughs have been made in gas explorations of the Upper Paleozoic bauxite series in the Longdong area of the Ordos Basin, challenging the understanding that bauxite is not an effective reservoir. Moreover, studying the reservoir characteristics of bauxite is crucial for oil and gas exploration. Taking the bauxite series in the Longdong area as an example, this study systematically collects data from previous publications and analyzes the petrology, mineralogy, oolitic micro-morphology, chemical composition, and other sedimentary characteristics of the bauxite series in the study area using field outcrops, core observations, rock slices, cast slices, X-ray diffraction analysis, scanning electron microscopy and energy spectra, and so on. In this study, the oolitic microscopic characteristics of the bauxite reservoir and the significance of oil and gas reservoirs are described. The results show that the main minerals in the bauxite reservoir are boehmite and clay minerals composed of 73.5–96.5% boehmite, with an average of 90.82%. The rocks are mainly bauxitic mudstone and bauxite. A large number of oolites are observable in the bauxite series, and corrosion pores and intercrystalline pores about 8–20 μm in size have generally developed. These pores are important storage spaces in the reservoir. The brittleness index of the bauxite series was found to be as high as 99.3%, which is conducive to subsequent mining and fracturing. The main gas source rocks of oolitic bauxite rock and the Paleozoic gas series are the coal measure source rocks of the Upper Paleozoic. The oolitic bauxite reservoirs in the study area generally have obvious gas content, but the continuity of the planar distribution of the bauxite reservoirs is poor, providing a scientific basis for studying bauxite reservoirs and improving the exploratory effects of bauxite gas reservoirs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Natural Gas Geoscience is the property of Natural Gas Geoscience and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Natural Gas Geoscience is the property of Natural Gas Geoscience and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Early Bartonian Reneiche/Siouf member is one of the primary conventional carbonate oil/gas reservoirs to be assessed in Tunisia that demands detailed evaluation. Accurate zonation and modeling of this reservoir require an integrated approach combining surface and subsurface studies. This research focuses on the depositional, diagenetic, and stratigraphic factors affecting reservoir quality and porosity within the Reneiche/Siouf member, utilizing an integrated surface-subsurface analysis. The primary aim is to understand the reservoir zonation of the Reineche Member near Kerkennah archipelago (eastern Tunisian offshore) and its lateral equivalents in central Tunisia the Siouf Member (outcrop analogue). Gamma-ray and sonic logs from the Reineche Member in the southern and southeastern Pelagian Platform (Tunisian offshore) identify three distinct limestone units (A, C, and E). These units transition into a single mud-dominated limestone unit (C) to the east and northeast of the Kerkennah archipelago. In contrast, the western Pelagian Platform (onshore) and Central Tunisia present a different stratigraphy for the Reineche/Siouf Member, comprising two limestone units: the Lower Reneiche Limestone (LRL) and the Upper Reneiche Limestone (URL), corresponding to Units C and E, respectively, separated by the Upper Reneiche Shale (URS) unit. Reservoir porosity and permeability analyses of the outcrop analogs reveal hybrid pore types (depositional and diagenetic), including intragranular, biomouldic, and vuggy pores, resulting from significant dissolution of large bioclasts. In the northern Gulf of Gabes, the Nummulite barrier of the Reineche Member (SW of the Kerkennah archipelago) demonstrates substantial reservoir quality improvement, with porosity reaching up to 30% in Unit C, attributed to intense dissolution, dolomitization (intercrystalline porosity), and fracturing. Diagenetic processes observed in the Siouf Member (Central Tunisia) differ from those in the Reineche Limestone Member (Pelagian Platform). In the Reineche Member, CO2-rich fluids entering through faults and fissures during deep burial diagenesis drive dissolution and dolomitization. Conversely, in the Siouf Member, these processes occur due to short subaerial exposures during meteoric to shallow-burial diagenesis. A key outcome of our study is the comparison between Central Tunisia and the eastern Tunisian offshore, highlighting local tectonic control on reservoir thickness and identifying three upward-thickening sequences in the Siouf Member outcrop. This research is crucial for understanding the Gulf of Gabes and Libyan offshore nummulitic Eocene reservoirs, emphasizing the role of tectonics and sea level changes in shaping reservoir characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the heterogeneity of reservoirs is crucial for enhancing the efficiency of hydrocarbon exploration and development. The primary porosity of samples from modern braided river sands and outcrops of braided river sandstone was calculated using a model previously proposed by the authors. The characteristic parameters (Vx) for calculating primary porosity are closely related to the architectural–elemental configurations (AEC), and the AEC of braided river sand bodies (BRSD) has apparent effects on the distribution of the primary porosity heterogeneities. Analysis of our results has established a simple primary porosity heterogeneity model of BRSD. The center of braided river channel and mid-channel bars have excellent strong primary petrophysical properties with high primary porosity exceeding 38%. The contact areas between the braided river channel and channel bars exhibit relatively low primary porosities of less than 33%. The area between the center and edge of the braided bars and channels displays medium primary porosities. The nonlinear correlation in the Q–Q plot of the primary porosity and present porosity of samples from BRSD in the Ahe Formation is mainly caused by chemical diagenesis. The present porosity heterogeneity of BRSD in the Ahe Formation is less influenced by compaction and cementation, it predominantly arises from the differential of dissolution. Q–Q plots attempt to correlate the geological information from an individual sample with the heterogeneity of present porosity in BRSD. In addition, by utilizing Q–Q plots of the primary and current petrophysical properties of the sand body, the relative extent of heterogeneity modification caused by different diagenetic processes can be assessed. This assessment is crucial for modeling macroscopic models of physical properties during geological history periods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Question: Rocky outcrops in mountains represent unique ecosystems characterized by a series of stress‐inducing features on living organisms. Despite numerous studies focusing on plant diversity and species community composition in these ecosystems, less attention has been given to understanding plant strategies in response to their challenging environment. This is essential, especially considering the existence of numerous endemic species facing climate change and human disturbances. Location: The study was conducted in six sites located in rocky outcrops and their nearby rangelands across a rainfall gradient (160–910 mm) and under different soil fertility levels in northern Iran. Methods: We used competitor, stress tolerator and ruderal (CSR) strategies as functional groups to examine the responses of plant communities to environmental variation. The composition of plant species and functional traits were evaluated in ninety 1‐m2 plots. The influence of 10 soil and 5 bioclimatic factors on CSR plant strategies was examined along the rainfall gradient. Results: Our results showed changes in CSR strategies from stress‐tolerant species (S) in rocky outcrops toward intermediate strategies (S/CSR) in rangelands. Soil organic carbon, electrical conductivity and sand were consistently correlated with shifts from S towards C and R strategies in rangelands. Silt and sodium (Na) affected the presence of S strategies in outcrops. The stressful conditions induced by a fine soil texture and Na in outcrops were particularly effective in establishing the dominance of the S strategy. Conclusions: We identified patterns of shifts in CSR plant strategies that align with changes in environmental gradients. Although stress‐tolerant species (S) were the dominant strategy in most cases, this shifted towards intermediate strategies (SR and CSR) under more benign environmental conditions. In outcrops, these changes were primarily aligned with soil parameters, whereas in rangelands, both soil and climate variables were correlative. However, these correlations varied between soil and climate factors, as well as between outcrop and rangeland landscapes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

African savannahs are characterised by a high plant diversity, partly resulting from a high turnover in community compositions across space. However, it is poorly understood what is driving this spatial turnover in plant communities. Here, we investigate to which extent the presence of rocky outcrops (also called kopjes) explains the community composition of trees in an African savannah, and how we can understand the responses of tree species to rocky outcrops by their functional traits. Along a precipitation gradient, we visited 24 sites in Serengeti National Park (Tanzania). At each site, we characterised tree communities, as well as their functional traits, in both a kopje and an adjacent open savannah plot (matrix plot). We found that kopjes harboured elevated tree abundances and species richness. Their dominant trees were more often evergreen, had a higher specific leaf area, a lower leaf nitrogen content and a lower spine density, than dominant trees in the savannah matrix. Differences in tree communities between kopjes and savannah matrix plots were generally the largest at sites with low precipitation. Our results indicate that kopjes are strong drivers of tree biodiversity, possibly due to locally increased soil moisture and low fire frequencies. The uniqueness of kopje tree communities may have important implications for higher trophic levels and ecosystem functioning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new compilation of Bouguer gravity anomaly data has been used, together with forward and inverse modeling, to reappraise the structure, volume, and state of isostasy of the Cornubian batholith of SW England. We show the individual plutons that comprise the batholith are, on average, ∼10–11 km thick, are outward-sloping in their upper 2–3 km, and are underlain by roots which protrude downward into the middle crust. The batholith volume is estimated within the range of 76,367 ± 17,286 km³, significantly larger than previous estimates. Granite outcrops correlate with elevated topography, and mass balance calculations show that the mass deficiency of the granites relative to their host metasedimentary rocks is approximately equal to the mass excess of the topography relative to air. The existence of roots beneath individual plutons is in general agreement with predictions of an Airy model of isostasy and a depth of compensation that is within the crust rather than at the Moho. In addition, a middle crust compensation depth is compatible with the origin of the granites by heating and melting of metasedimentary rocks and with data from experimental rock mechanics which suggest that at the melting temperature and pressure of granite formation, deformation is likely to be plastic and controlled by glide along dislocations. During pluton emplacement the middle crust would, therefore, have acted as a mechanically weak layer, effectively decoupling the topography from any support it might otherwise have received from the lower crust and/or upper mantle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the forest‐steppe transition of Patagonia from Argentina, the intense physical variability promotes the occurrence of contrasting vegetation units, among which is the saxicolous meadow developed on rock outcrops. In temperate and tropical regions, these geoforms of highly variable climate and topography, and poor soil development play an ecological and evolutionary role disproportionate to their reduced area. In Aguas Frías (38°46′S, 70°54′W), the range, diversity, density and adaptation of vascular plant species growing in the saxicolous meadow were compared to those of the surrounding steppe, forest and hygrophilous meadow. We hypothesize that rock outcrops exhibit a compositionally and functionally divergent, cold‐adapted flora of a previously more widespread distribution, allowing them to be categorized as refugia for species whose range retreated during the current interglacial. In comparison to the other units, the saxicolous meadow exhibited a small area, low plant cover, high total, native and rare species richness, high density and diversity of species, high richness of unique families and species and an exclusive presence of (rock) ferns. It also presented a high richness of endemic species with more extreme latitudinal and altitudinal distribution, particularly >46° S and >3000 m a.s.l. The similarity of species between the saxicolous meadow and the other units was low. Chamaephytes and nanophanerophytes were dominants, hemicryptophytes and geophytes were infrequent and mesophanerophytes and therophytes were absent. Equivalent results in terms of area of rock outcrops, and origin, strategy, composition, diversity and range of species were found in different regions. The biological and physical attributes would allow these outcrops to be characterized as reduced habitats of high diversity which could be acting as refugia for cold‐adapted plants. Conservation actions must prevent and mitigate the effects of fire, biological invasion and cattle grazing that represent the current threats to this ecosystem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Short-range MEMS-based (Micro Electronical Mechanical System) LiDAR provides precise point cloud datasets for rock fragment surfaces. However, there is more vibrational noise in MEMS-based LiDAR signals, which cannot guarantee that the reconstructed point cloud data are not distorted with a high compression ratio. Many studies have illustrated that wavelet-based clustered compressive sensing can improve reconstruction precision. The k-means clustering algorithm can be conveniently employed to obtain clusters; however, estimating a meaningful k value (i.e., the number of clusters) is challenging. An excessive quantity of clusters is not necessary for dense point clouds, as this leads to elevated consumption of memory and CPU resources. For sparser point clouds, fewer clusters lead to more distortions, while excessive clusters lead to more voids in reconstructed point clouds. This study proposes a local clustering method to determine a number of clusters closer to the actual number based on GMM (Gaussian Mixture Model) observation distances and density peaks. Experimental results illustrate that the estimated number of clusters is closer to the actual number in four datasets from the KEEL public repository. In point cloud compression and recovery experiments, our proposed approach compresses and recovers the Bunny and Armadillo datasets in the Stanford 3D repository; the experimental results illustrate that our proposed approach improves reconstructed point clouds' geometry and curvature similarity. Furthermore, the geometric similarity increases to 0.9 above in our complete rock fragment surface datasets after selecting a better wavelet basis for each dimension of MEMS-based LiDAR signals. In both experiments, the sparsity of signals was 0.8 and the sampling ratio was 0.4. Finally, a rock outcrop point cloud data experiment is utilized to verify that the proposed approach is applicable for large-scale research objects. All of our experiments illustrate that the proposed adaptive clustered compressive sensing approach can better reconstruct MEMS-based LiDAR point clouds with a lower sampling ratio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the importance of both macroalgal heterogeneity and specific macroalgal species or morphotypes to nursery provision for juvenile sparids (Diplodus capensis and Sarpa salpa) in a shallow (< 2 m), sheltered rocky cove in warm-temperate Algoa Bay, South Africa. The rocky cove is comprised of a mosaic of two main benthic habitats; canopy-forming Plocamium corallorhiza beds on rocky outcrops and flat reef dominated by low growing red algae morphotypes. We assessed macroalgal communities and the trophic ecology (stomach contents and isotopes), abundance and size structure of D. capensis and S. salpa in the two different benthic habitats and the resources/food associated with the dominant macroalgae species/morphotypes. We found high densities of S. salpa and D. capensis, in both high profile reef (rocky outcrops) and low profile (flat) reef. Within this habitat mosaic resources (epiphytes and macroinvertebrates) were more abundant in the non-canopy forming low growing macroalgae (Laurencia spp. and coralline turf algae) and these algae were also assimilated in the diets of both sparids. The high abundance of both juvenile S. salpa and D. capensis in high profile and low profile reef, suggests that within this mosaic of habitats these species may be using canopy-forming algae in the high profile reef for shelter and non-canopy forming algae in both the high and low profile reef for food. This shows that macroalgal habitats comprising several morphotypes have the potential to support higher juvenile diversity and abundance through both food provision and shelter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Temperature affects the timing of the transformation of amorphous silica (opal-A) into crystalline (opal-CT) exponentially. Thus, in hot subseafloor environments opal-A is expected to convert into opal-CT at relatively shallow burial depths, where in situ temperatures do not exceed ∼56 °C, as it has been previously observed at various deep-sea sites and in onshore rock outcrops as well as assessed during lab experiments. The response of biosilica (biogenic opal-A) diagenesis to steep geothermal gradients (∼224–529 °C/km) at extremely high sedimentation rates (∼1 m/kyr) was examined in cores from off-axis boreholes drilled by the International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) Expedition 385 in the actively spreading, intrusive sill-riddled Guaymas Basin at the Gulf of California (Mexico) rifted margin. At three sites drilled by IODP Expedition 385 (U1545, U1546, and U1547), the conversion from amorphous opal (−A) to crystalline opal (−CT) occurs in relatively deep (up to ∼330 mbsf) and unexpectedly hot (in situ temperatures of ∼74–79 °C) subseafloor conditions. This observation indicates a significantly slower reaction kinetics of biosilica transformation than previously reported. A compilation of empirical data that include biosiliceous basins with a similarly hot subseafloor (Sea of Japan and Bering Sea) yield new kinetic parameters that account for the slower rates of silica transformation. Thus, current kinetic models for the prediction of opal-A to −CT conversion face limitations when burial rates exceed those typical of biogenic sedimentation in open-ocean conditions. At Guaymas Basin Site U1545, where there is no evidence of sill-related metamorphic overprint, the d-spacing of the opal-CT (1 0 1) peak correlates linearly with in situ temperature between ∼75 and 110 °C throughout the opal-CT zone, thus, providing a local silica paleothermometry proxy that can be used to calculate the maximum temperature to which opal-CT sediment has been subjected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The methods and result of scientific studies are often difficult to understand for non-specialists due to their esoteric nature. Such lack of understanding means that such work is removed from our normal life experience, and thus, the applicability, interest and use of such work can be minimal. The communication of geoscience finds a natural conduit through geoheritage. A good example of an inaccessible technique far removed from everyday experience is anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS), an extremely useful geoscience technique with many applications, including finding strain and flow directions in rocks. We explored here how to make "AMS" understandable, using three different volcanic sites where the flow of molten rock is an important aspect, each situated in different types of geoheritage visitation context (wild trekkers, beach visitors, and walkers). The method we developed and tested follows the production of simple and adapted explanations, and is coupled with geoheritage inventorying and communication. We utilized the tangible geological features of outcrops, as well as intangible elements such as rock magnetic data, and conducted a geoheritage inventory using the modified geosite assessment model (M-GAM) to create narratives for popular comprehension. The M-GAM analysis has identified the geosites of the San Bartolo lava flow of the Stromboli volcano for the communication of AMS. Later, a simple and comprehensible definition of AMS and thus of the flow processes was created using a step-by-step process. This method could be useful for scientific studies to allow them to reach out to a wider public, using their input in the simple explanation stage to con-construct a narrative. This would provide a way for science to be more widely appreciated, useful and applicable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes an unusual method for the dissemination of geological sciences and the promotion of geotourism: a scientific documentary, where a representative itinerary of geological and geomorphological evolution of the Umbria and Marche regions was presented. The considerations that led to the identification of the geological route proposed to the editorial staff of FOCUS TV are presented in detail. At each stop, there was an explanation by academic professors and researchers, mainly from the Geology Division of the University of Camerino (MC), who explained the outcrops in detail. During the episode, insights were also given into the anthropogenic frequentation of the epigean caves in Frasassi (AN), ancient places of frequentation and worship thanks to their suggestiveness and the sense of magnificence that they can elicit. In addition to the illustration of the individual stops, the article offers further insights into the geomorphology of the most important geosites depicted, all of which are in natural parks or protected areas and characterized by a high landscape value. The result was the production of an episode of the television program 'Geological Wonders of Italy: the Marche and Umbria Regions', which was broadcast in October 2022 by the Italian national Mediaset group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sediment gravity flows (SGFs) cause serious damage in the Alpine regions. In the literature, several methodologies have been elaborated to define the main features of these phenomena, mainly considering the rheological features of the flow processes by laboratory experiments or by flow simulation using 2D or 3D propagation models or considering a single aspect, such as the morphometric parameters of catchments in which SGFs occur. These very targeted approaches are primarily linked to the definition of SGFs' propagation behavior or to identify the predisposing role played by just one feature of catchments neglecting other complementary aspects regarding phenomena and the environment in which SGFs can occur. Although the research aimed at the quantification of some parameters that drive the behavior of SGFs provides good results in understanding the flow mechanisms, it does not provide an exhaustive understanding of the overall nature of these phenomena, including their trigger conditions and a complete view of predisposing factors that contribute to their generation. This paper presents a research work based on the collection and cross-analysis of lithological, geomechanical, geomorphological and morphometrical characteristics of Alpine catchments compared with sedimentological and morphological features of SGF deposits, also taking in to account the rainfall data correlation with historical SGF events. A multidisciplinary approach was implemented, aiming at quantifying SGF causes and characteristics starting from the catchments' features where the phenomena originate in a more exhaustive way. The study used 78 well-documented catchments of Susa Valley (Western Italian Alps), having 614 historical flow events reported, that present a great variability in geomorphological and geological features. As the main result, three catchment groups were recognized based on the dominant catchment bedrock's lithology characteristics that influence the SGFs' rheology, sedimentological and depositional features, triggering rainfall values, seasonality, occurrence frequency and alluvial fan architecture. The classification method was also compared with the catchments' morphometry classification, demonstrating that the fundamental role in determining the type of flow process that can most likely occur in a given catchment is played by the bedrock outcropping percentage, regardless of the results provided by the morphometric approach. The analysis of SGF events through the proposed method led to a relative estimate of the hazard degree of these phenomena distinguished by catchment type. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conservation of insects, particularly endangered species such as the Apollo butterfly, is a pressing global concern. Understanding the habitat requirements and factors influencing species occupancy is crucial for designing effective conservation strategies. We focused on investigating the habitat characteristics expected to affect the occupancy of the nationally endangered Apollo butterfly in Southwest Finland. We conducted field surveys and GIS analysis to assess the impact of larval host plant and adult nectar resources, habitat encroachment, elevation, connectivity, and spatial variation on Apollo larval occupancy in rocky outcrop habitats. We found that rocky outcrops with abundant host plants and those less isolated from nectar patches play a significant role in supporting Apollo reproduction, whereas encroachment, specifically increased tree volume, negatively affected occupancy. We additionally observed spatial variation in occupancy across different blocks within the study area. Our findings emphasise the importance of resource availability for Apollo butterflies and highlight the dynamic nature of their habitat requirements. Maintaining a network of intact rocky outcrops with suitable resources is essential for the long-term persistence of the Apollo butterfly population in the region. Implications for insect conservation: Our research underscores the critical need to protect and restore habitats for the Apollo butterfly, particularly by addressing threats such as habitat encroachment and construction projects that pose risks to their breeding sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB) was formed by the aggregation and collage of numerous Paleozoic subduction‐accretion assemblages and Precambrian microcontinental blocks. However, the tectonic nature of the southeastern CAOB remains controversial, which complicates the reconstruction of the Paleo‐Asian Ocean. To address this issue, a deep seismic reflection survey was initiated across the southeastern CAOB and reveals broad gentle sub‐horizontal reflectors in the middle‐lower crust and a relatively transparent zone in the upper crust. Combining with the Precambrian geological outcrops and other geophysical features, we support a microcontinental block, the Xilinhot Block, existed in the Paleo‐Asian domain. Thus, the Paleo‐Asian Ocean was separated into two branches that underwent north‐dipping and double‐dipping oceanic plate subduction, respectively, to form the Hegenshan‐Heihe and Solonker sutures. Multiple relics beneath Hegenshan‐Heihe Suture indicate that multiple sets of unidirectional oceanic subduction‐accretion and magmatism were important mechanisms of continental growth. Plain Language Summary: During the consumption of the Paleo‐Asian Ocean, a great number of Paleozoic subduction‐related accretionary complexes were developed and combined with pre‐existing Precambrian continental fragments to form the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB). However, research on the tectonic evolution of this area has been limited, and the tectonic nature of the southeastern CAOB remains controversial. A deep seismic reflection survey along the southeastern CAOB shows the crustal architecture in detail. The broad gentle sub‐horizontal reflectors and a relatively transparent zone in the profile reveal a Precambrian continental fragment existed in the North Orogenic Belt of CAOB. The Paleo‐Asian Ocean was further separated into two parts, the fossil subduction zones of which show northward and bidirectional dipping characteristics beneath the Hegenshan‐Heihe and Solonker sutures, respectively. Several relics of the unidirectional subduction beneath the Hegenshan‐Heihe Suture indicate that multiple sets of unidirectional oceanic subduction‐accretion and magmatism were important mechanisms of continental growth. Key Points: A preserved microcontinental block has been revealed in the North Orogenic Belt of Central Asian Orogenic BeltThe Paleo‐Asian Ocean was separated into two branches, which were closed respectively by north‐dipping and double‐dipping subductionMultiple unidirectional subduction‐accretion and oceanic magmatism may contribute to continental growth [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study endeavors to formulate a comprehensive methodology for establishing a Geological Knowledge Base (GKB) tailored to fracture-cavity reservoir outcrops within the North Tarim Basin. The acquisition of quantitative geological parameters was accomplished through diverse means such as outcrop observations, thin section studies, unmanned aerial vehicle scanning, and high-resolution cameras. Subsequently, a three-dimensional digital outcrop model was generated, and the parameters were standardized. An assessment of traditional geological knowledge was conducted to delineate the knowledge framework, content, and system of the GKB. The basic parameter knowledge was extracted using multiscale fine characterization techniques, including core statistics, field observations, and microscopic thin section analysis. Key mechanism knowledge was identified by integrating trace elements from filling, isotope geochemical tests, and water-rock simulation experiments. Significant representational knowledge was then extracted by employing various methods such as multiple linear regression, neural network technology, and discriminant classification. Subsequently, an analogy study was performed on the karst fracture-cavity system (KFCS) in both outcrop and underground reservoir settings. The results underscored several key findings: (1) Utilization of a diverse range of techniques, including outcrop observations, core statistics, unmanned aerial vehicle scanning, high-resolution cameras, thin section analysis, and electron scanning imaging, enabled the acquisition and standardization of data. This facilitated effective management and integration of geological parameter data from multiple sources and scales. (2) The GKB for fracture-cavity reservoir outcrops, encompassing basic parameter knowledge, key mechanism knowledge, and significant representational knowledge, provides robust data support and systematic geological insights for the intricate and in-depth examination of the genetic mechanisms of fracture-cavity reservoirs. (3) The developmental characteristics of fracturecavities in karst outcrops offer effective, efficient, and accurate guidance for fracture-cavity research in underground karst reservoirs. The outlined construction method of the outcrop geological knowledge base is applicable to various fracture-cavity reservoirs in different layers and regions worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The permeability of a rock mass is an indispensable and significant parameter for the construction of rock engineering. Since most fractures are buried in the rock mass, accurately assessing the permeability of the rock mass has posed a challenge to scholars in the field. The discrete fracture network (DFN) is recognized as an effective method for calculating the permeability of rock masses. However, the impact of the fracture model on permeability calculations is neglected during the construction of DFNs. This study uses the FracMan software to conduct a series of numerical simulation experiments, demonstrating that the selection of the fracture model significantly influences permeability calculations. Furthermore, we investigate the effects of constructing different circular DFNs based on trace information from various sampling windows. The results indicate that relying solely on a circular DFN derived from a single sampling window to calculate permeability is unreliable, and we reveal the fundamental laws of how DFNs constructed based on different fracture models influence the permeability assessment of rock masses. Therefore, integrating multi-source information from rock mass outcrops and boreholes, in conjunction with selecting an appropriate fracture model for constructing DFNs, is crucial for accurate permeability calculations of rock masses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sampling of environmental DNA (eDNA) and high‐throughput sequencing is emerging as an effective biodiversity assessment method in aquatic systems and may have utility for biodiversity inventory in terrestrial environments. Rock pools (gnammas) on granite inselbergs support a rich community of aquatic organisms and are culturally important to Indigenous peoples worldwide. However, the application of eDNA to survey rock pool biodiversity are undocumented. In a collaborative study with traditional owners, we explore the application of eDNA metabarcoding and traditional sampling methods to document and compare species richness and composition of eukaryotes from 15 rock pools (pits and pans) on granite inselbergs in southeastern Australia. We detected 116 taxonomic units, 81 assignments from eDNA sequencing and 35 species (23 rotifers and 12 microcrustaceans) using microscopic analysis. eDNA detected a broad range of taxa not previously documented from rock pools in Australia, although significantly more zooplankton (rotifers and microcrustaceans) were detected under a microscope, including several rare species and two undescribed species of rotifer. Brachionus calyciflorus and B. angularis were the only rotifer species assigned to species level through eDNA sequencing and were detected using both methods. We found no significant difference in mean species richness between rock pool types; however, species composition differed significantly between pits and pans. This study highlights the value of using eDNA to document biodiversity of ephemeral aquatic habitats in terrestrial ecosystems but reveals the general lack of reference sequence data for microorganisms, underscoring the value of using traditional sampling and taxonomic assignment methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The EN280 Leba Road is a mountain road that runs along the western slope of Serra da Leba (Humpata Plateau) and its outstanding escarpments, connecting the hinterland areas of the Province of Huila to the coastal Atlantic Province of Namibe, in Southwest Angola. In the Serra da Leba ranges, as in Humpata Plateau, a volcano-sedimentary succession of Paleo-Mesoproterozoic age known as the Chela Group outcrops extensively. This main unit records a pile of sediments with a thickness over 600 m, overlying a cratonic basement with Eburnean and pre-Eburnean granitoids. This sequence is overlain in unconformity by the Leba Formation, which consists of weakly deformed cherty dolostones rich in stromatolites. Along the EN280 Leba Road, in the downward direction, were inventoried and characterized eight sites that, by their exceptional geological content and the singularity of their geoforms, are worth being defined and formalized as geosites: (1) traditional mining clay pit in the Humpata Plateau (post-Eburnean Paleo-Mesoproterozoic claystones); (2) old lime oven of Leba (post-Eburnean Meso-Neoproterozoic cherty dolostones with stromatolites); (3) viewpoint of the Serra da Leba (post-Eburnean Paleo-Mesoproterozoic volcano-sedimentary formations and Eburnean Paleoproterozoic granitoids); (4) vertical beds at the beginning of the descent (post-Eburnean Paleo-Mesoproterozoic volcano-sedimentary formations); (5) slope of the fault propagation fold (post-eburnean Paleo-Mesoproterozoic volcano-sedimentary formations); (6) reverse fault in granitoid rocks (Eburnean Paleoproterozoic granitoids); (7) Dolerite Curve (Eburnean Paleoproterozoic granitoids and dolerites); (8) ductile simple shear zone (Eburnean Paleoproterozoic granitoids and mylonites). These sites were primarily selected using the results of fieldwork (observations, measurements, reproduction of representations, and creation of models), interpretation of remote sensing data, and data from previously published bibliographies and cartography. A quantitative assessment of the selected sites to be preserved through their classification as geosites (integration in a geoconservation strategy) was proposed. The first position in the numerical assessment is occupied by the landscape dimension geosite "Viewpoint of the Serra da Leba". This position is conferred, mainly, by its high geological, use, and Management values, being therefore considered the place with the highest geoheritage value in the studied area. Based on the previous characterization and evaluation, several field activities were proposed to be included in a guidebook, highlighting aspects such as landscapes, outcrops, rocks, structures, fossils, and georesources. The high scientific, didactic, and aesthetic values of these geological contexts and their high degree of geodiversity justify their integration into a geoeducational transect, contributing to the appreciation and awareness of the geological heritage of Serra da Leba, as well as to its promotion and scientific and educational dissemination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The intactness of rock masses is a fundamental parameter in classifying surrounding rocks. Due to limitations imposed by the extent of tunnel face outcrops, the assessment of rock mass intactness necessitates the manual extraction of the positions, orientations and spacing of joints/fissures. To mitigate the labour-intensive nature of this process, in this paper deep learning is employed to develop an integrated method for the automated extraction of joints/fissures and the quantitative analysis of rock mass intactness. We introduce an image preprocessing method based on multiscale histogram equalization to obtain high-contrast, low-noise images. The DeepIntactness model, which incorporates the strategy of curriculum learning to utilize a large number of unlabelled tunnel rock images for model training, is introduced for the extraction of joints/fissures. Following the extraction of joints/fissures, a multiline centre statistic method based on the rock mass block index method is employed to evaluate the intactness of the most vulnerable part of the tunnel face. By applying this approach to an engineering structure, its capacity to automatically extract and quantitatively evaluate the engineering properties of the surrounding rock mass intactness is demonstrated. Hence, this method provides a novel approach to evaluating the tunnel surrounding rock intactness using two-dimensional images. Supplementary material: The I-RBI calculation process of the cases in this paper is available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.7154677 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large amounts of video images have been collected for decades by scientific and governmental organizations in deep (>1000 m) water using manned and unmanned submersibles and towed cameras. The collected images were analyzed individually or were mosaiced in small areas with great effort. Here, we provide a workflow for utilizing modern photogrammetry to construct virtual geological outcrops hundreds or thousands of meters in length from these archived video images. The photogrammetry further allows quantitative measurements of these outcrops, which were previously unavailable. Although photogrammetry had been carried out in recent years in the deep sea, it had been limited to small areas with pre-defined overlapping dive paths. Here, we propose a workflow for constructing virtual outcrops from archived exploration dives, which addresses the complicating factors posed by single non-linear and variable-speed vehicle paths. These factors include poor navigation, variable lighting, differential color attenuation due to variable distance from the seafloor, and variable camera orientation with respect to the vehicle. In particular, the lack of accurate navigation necessitates reliance on image quality and the establishment of pseudo-ground-control points to build the photogrammetry model. Our workflow offers an inexpensive method for analyzing deep-sea geological environments from existing video images, particularly when coupled with rock samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In the Gongola sub-basin, a recent hydrocarbon discovery in the Kolmani river-2 wellbore penetrated the Yolde formation, and two exploratory drilled wells namely; the Kuzari-1 and Nasara-1 also penetrated, but were both dry holes. Accurate recognition and documentation of meso-scale sedimentary heterogeneities that may potentially create fluid anisotropy and constriction into wellbores are required for accurate reservoir modeling and well placement. This study attempts for the first time to evaluate the Cenomanian-Turonian Yolde sandstone facies heterogeneities to deduce their depositional environment and potential contribution to petroleum exploration challenge through outcrop observations. Results from the field reveal multiple relatively high energy depositional environments with tidal and wave influence of transport sediments and decipher eight (8) sandstones sub facies heterogeneities namely; 1) tilted fault-bounded massive sandstone 2) herringbone crossed bedding, 3) planar crossed stratification, 4) trough crossed bedding, 5) blocky mudrock, 6) hummocky crossed stratification and bioturbated sandstone, 7) tabular crossed-bedded sandstone and 8) shalesandstones intercalated sandstones within the formation that hold potential challenge on hydrocarbon dynamic flows into the wellbores of the drilled exploratory wells. These heterogeneities at subsurface suggest will contributes reservoir permeability anisotropy & barriers, compartmentalization, poor connectivity, pressure gradient variations, flow channelling & bypassing, stratigraphic trapping, diagenetic alteration, migration, reservoir lateral discontinuity and erroneous modelling that will hampers accurate well placement and flow of hydrocarbon into Kuzari-1 and Nasara-1 wells. Therefore, thoughtfulness on their distribution and internal architecture of reservoir sandstones facies are crucial for surface and subsurface data integration for an accurate reservoir modeling/simulation in overcoming erroneous well placement, reservoir deliverability challenges and future optimum recovery plans in the Gongola basin of Upper Benue Trough. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The total gamma values and the three radioactive mineral values recorded by sophisticated tool where the correlation between them was measured. Grain size analyses were performed using the Sieve Shaker to calculate the mass retained, the mean grain size and the sediment type for each of the rock extracted. The use of RS-332 SGR equipment revealed the cross plotting radioactive minerals. This paper highlights the use of Spectral Gamma Ray (SGR) RS-332 tools to analyze rock lithology, grain sizes and the geological analysis of the outcrop. In addition, the cumulative and probability distribution of Brunei region were computed to describe the grain size distribution and sediment type. Moreover, fine sand sediment type concluded that more of the rock samples collected were montmorillonite. The main objective of this paper is to study the spatial distribution pattern of the grain size and their correlation to naturally occurring radioactive minerals which include potassium, uranium, and thorium., Furthermore, python software is used to create spatial variability by interpolation, choosing kriging method for reliable variability results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]