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In early 2020, when the first COVID-19 cases were confirmed in Switzerland, the federal government started implementing measures such as national stay-at-home recommendations and a strict limitation of health care services use. General practitioners (GPs) and their at-risk patients faced similar uncertainties and grappled with subsequent sensemaking of the unprecedented situation. Qualitative interviews with 24 GPs and 37 at-risk patients were conducted which were analyzed using thematic analysis. Weick's (1993) four sources of -resilience – improvisation, virtual role systems, attitudes of wisdom and respectful interaction – heuristically guide the exploration of on-the-ground experiences and informal ways GPs and their at-risk patients sought to ensure continuity of primary care. GPs used their metaphorical Swiss army knives of learned tools as well as existing knowledge and relationships to adapt to the extenuating circumstances. Through improvisation, GPs and patients found pragmatic solutions, such as using local farmer apple brandy as disinfectant or at-home treatments of clavicle fractures. Through virtual role systems, GPs and patients came to terms with new and shifting roles, such as "good soldier" and "at-risk patient" categorizations. Both parties adopted attitudes of wisdom by accepting that they could not know everything. They also diversified their sources of information through personal relationships, formal networks, and the internet. The GP-patient relationship grew in importance through respectful interaction, and intersubjective reflection helped make sense of shifting roles and ambiguous guidelines. The empirical analysis of this paper contributes to theoretical considerations of sensemaking, resilience, crisis settings and health systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Gut microbiota profiles are closely related to cardiovascular diseases through mechanisms that include the reported deleterious effects of metabolites, such as trimethylamine N -oxide (TMAO), which have been studied as diagnostic and therapeutic targets. Moderate red wine (RW) consumption is reportedly cardioprotective, possibly by affecting the gut microbiota. Objectives To investigate the effects of RW consumption on the gut microbiota, plasma TMAO, and the plasma metabolome in men with documented coronary artery disease (CAD) using a multiomics assessment in a crossover trial. Methods We conducted a randomized, crossover, controlled trial involving 42 men (average age, 60 y) with documented CAD comparing 3-wk RW consumption (250 mL/d, 5 d/wk) with an equal period of alcohol abstention, both preceded by a 2-wk washout period. The gut microbiota was analyzed via 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing. Plasma TMAO was evaluated by LC-MS/MS. The plasma metabolome of 20 randomly selected participants was evaluated by ultra-high-performance LC-MS/MS. The effect of RW consumption was assessed by individual comparisons using paired tests during the abstention and RW periods. Results Plasma TMAO did not differ between RW intervention and alcohol abstention, and TMAO concentrations showed low intraindividual concordance over time, with an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.049 during the control period. After RW consumption, there was significant remodeling of the gut microbiota, with a difference in β diversity and predominance of Parasutterella, Ruminococcaceae , several Bacteroides species, and Prevotella. Plasma metabolomic analysis revealed significant changes in metabolites after RW consumption, consistent with improved redox homeostasis. Conclusions Modulation of the gut microbiota may contribute to the putative cardiovascular benefits of moderate RW consumption. The low intraindividual concordance of TMAO presents challenges regarding its role as a cardiovascular risk biomarker at the individual level. This study was registered at clinical trials.gov as NCT03232099. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the wine grape from which it is prepared, has played a greater role in the evolution of human society than any plant other than cereal grains. Topics include the many people associate the beginnings of wine culture with the Greeks and Romans of the ancient Mediterranean world, and the alcohol consumption presumably predates the emergence of Homo sapiens by millions of years.

Purpose: Red wine polyphenols (RWP) are plant-based molecules that have been extensively studied in relation to their protective effects on vascular health in both animals and humans. The aim of this review was to quantify and compare the efficacy of RWP and pure resveratrol on outcomes measures of vascular health and function in both animals and humans. Methods: Comprehensive database searches were carried out through PubMed, Web of Science and OVID for randomised, placebo-controlled studies in both animals and humans. Meta-analyses were carried out on acute and chronic studies of RWP in humans, alongside sub-group analysis where possible. Risk-of-bias assessment was carried out for all included studies based on randomisation, allocation, blinding, outcome data reporting, and other biases. Results: 48 animal and 37 human studies were included in data extraction following screening. Significant improvements in measures of blood pressure and vascular function following RWP were seen in 84% and 100% of animal studies, respectively. Human studies indicated significant improvements in systolic blood pressure overall (− 2.6 mmHg, 95% CI: [− 4.8, − 0.4]), with a greater improvement in pure-resveratrol studies alone (− 3.7 mmHg, 95% CI: [− 7.3, − 0.0]). No significant effects of RWP were seen in diastolic blood pressure or flow-mediated dilation (FMD) of the brachial artery. Conclusion: RWP have the potential to improve vascular health in at risk human populations, particularly in regard to lowering systolic blood pressure; however, such benefits are not as prevalent as those observed in animal models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the potential of red wine in modulating dental erosion kinetics in the presence or absence of salivary pellicle. Polished human enamel specimens were used in two conditions; presence or absence of acquired enamel pellicle; and subdivided according to exposure: red wine, orange juice, apple juice, or citric acid. The specimens were incubated in clarified whole human saliva (presence of acquired enamel pellicle) or in a humid chamber (absence of acquired enamel pellicle) for 2 h at 37°C, then in the test substances for 1 min, at 25°C, under shaking. This was repeated four times. Surface hardness was measured initially and after each cycle and surface reflection intensity was measured initially and after all cycles. In the presence of acquired enamel pellicle, red wine caused the least surface hardness loss, followed by orange juice, apple juice, and citric acid. Statistically significantly less surface reflection intensity loss was observed for red wine and orange juice than for apple juice and citric acid. In the absence of acquired enamel pellicle, red wine and orange juice caused less surface hardness loss than apple juice and citric acid. Orange juice showed the least surface reflection intensity loss, followed by red wine, citric acid, and apple juice. The polyphenol composition of these drinks can notably modulate the erosion kinetics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The consumption of bear gallbladders and bear bile in Southeast Asia is a persistent threat to bear populations. As part of a larger effort to understand the characteristics of bear part consumption in Cambodia, we uncovered a consumer base of women seeking treatment for post-partum and uterine ailments. Methods: To better understand this aspect of consumption, we interviewed 122 women in seven different provinces in Cambodia, probing into the motivations and influences for using bear bile, as well as what types of ailments Cambodian women use it for. Results: We found that it is generally used by young or expecting mothers, and for such issues as post-partum "fatigue" (toas in Khmer), which could encompass post-partum depression. A desire to be supported by kin networks seems to facilitate the continued use of bear gallbladder and bile for these purposes. Conclusions: We suggest that efforts to reduce consumption should focus on encouraging older kin to change their means of support to Western/biomedical and by extension non-wildlife alternatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the textual materiality of childbirth in early modern period as revealed in French midwife Louise Bourgeois' "Observations diverses." She describes in details how wine and sugar were used as medical remedies for mothers and children. The use of metaphor by Bourgeois to explain infertility and childbirth is also discussed.

The work analyzes the global experience of using wines and grape-processing products to support a person’s physical, mental, and psychological health, to slow down aging, to prevent and treat many diseases, in particular cardiovascular and oncological ones, endocrine system disorders, etc. It has been shown that a great deal of waste, including marc, is obtained while processing grapes and producing wine. The fact has been pointed out that in Ukraine, the technologies of using wine-making waste in food and cosmetic industries and in medicine are being developed and introduced but slowly, though the level of viticulture is high. The importance and prospects of finding ways to process grape marc have been proved, as its valuable chemical composition allows obtaining dietary supplements and oenotherapeutic products for spa and wellness industry. The following rational parameters have been suggested to extract the most valuable biologically active substances (polyphenols) from grape marc: microwave extraction; specific power of the microwave installation 1.6–1.7 kW/kg; 40% ethyl alcohol as the extractant; proportion of water (hydromodulus) 1:5; extraction temperature 60–65°C; 4 heating stages; stage interval 1.5–2 minutes; total extraction time 12–14 minutes. The physico-chemical parameters of the marc extracts obtained from the grapes harvested in 2016 and 2017 have been determined. It has been established that, besides polyphenols, a whole complex of biologically active substances is extracted. It has been shown that grape marc can be used to produce dietary fibre, pectins, and other valuable substances. The medical and biological properties of the polyphenolic complex obtained from marc (the Odesky Chorny variety of grapes) have been studied on laboratory rats to determine its antioxidant activity and the prospects of its use in treating type 2 diabetes. The protective properties of the obtained product have been proved. Such processes have been established to take place as the mobilization of the antioxidant system of cells, the normalization of the enzyme activity of the antioxidant protection system, and a decrease in the level of markers of oxidative modification of proteins and lipids (that are higher than normal with diabetes mellitus). It has been suggested to use polyphenolic complex extracts in oenotherapy as a skin and face care product with protective properties.

Introduction: Moderate consumption of red wine (RW) has been associated with a decrease in cardiovascular risk due to its phenolic composition. Purpose: Assessing the effects of consuming different doses of RW on the blood pressure (BP) of men during 24 hours after its ingestion. Methods: 10 normotensive male subjects (25.1±3.6 years) consumed three different doses of RW (250ml, 200ml and 150ml) randomly for three weeks; one dose was ingested per week. The BP was measured by using the Ambulatory BP Monitoring every 15 minutes during waking, and every 30 minutes during the sleep period for 24 hours. Results: There was a reduction in mean values of Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) from six to nine hours of waking period, and the Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP) from nine to 12 hours of sleep compared with BP at rest. Conclusions: The moderate RW consumption significantly reduced SBP and DBP in men, with a 150ml dose sufficient to reduce and maintain better BP levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The work analyzes the global experience of using wines and grape-processing products to support a person’s physical, mental, and psychological health, to slow down aging, to prevent and treat many diseases, in particular cardiovascular and oncological ones, endocrine system disorders, etc. It has been shown that a great deal of waste, including marc, is obtained while processing grapes and producing wine. The fact has been pointed out that in Ukraine, the technologies of using wine-making waste in food and cosmetic industries and in medicine are being developed and introduced but slowly, though the level of viticulture is high. The importance and prospects of finding ways to process grape marc have been proved, as its valuable chemical composition allows obtaining dietary supplements and oenotherapeutic products for spa and wellness industry. The following rational parameters have been suggested to extract the most valuable biologically active substances (polyphenols) from grape marc: microwave extraction; specific power of the microwave installation 1.6-1.7 kW/kg; 40% ethyl alcohol as the extractant; proportion of water (hydromodulus) 1:5; extraction temperature 60-65°C; 4 heating stages; stage interval 1.5-2 minutes; total extraction time 12-14 minutes. The physico-chemical parameters of the marc extracts obtained from the grapes harvested in 2016 and 2017 have been determined. It has been established that, besides polyphenols, a whole complex of biologically active substances is extracted. It has been shown that grape marc can be used to produce dietary fibre, pectins, and other valuable substances. The medical and biological properties of the polyphenolic complex obtained from marc (the Odesky Chorny variety of grapes) have been studied on laboratory rats to determine its antioxidant activity and the prospects of its use in treating type 2 diabetes. The protective properties of the obtained product have been proved. Such processes have been established to take place as the mobilization of the antioxidant system of cells, the normalization of the enzyme activity of the antioxidant protection system, and a decrease in the level of markers of oxidative modification of proteins and lipids (that are higher than normal with diabetes mellitus). It has been suggested to use polyphenolic complex extracts in oenotherapy as a skin and face care product with protective properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to identify the therapeutic use of wine, in the period between 1701 and 1800, in Portugal, and characterize the nursing care in the preparation and administration of this therapy. The historical method was used. Data collection was done by consulting the primary sources in libraries, with especial emphasis on the library of the Royal Palace of Mafra. The ethical procedures of historical research were taken into account. Wine has been present in the life of man since its earliest days. It was an important element of life and festivities, but also a therapeutic element for the cure of diseases and preparation for eternity. During the eighteenth century it was widely used as a therapy for the treatment of different diseases, including aesthetic treatments. These preparations were carried out in the Boticas, and the nurses were in charge of its administration, as well as in charge of preparing the baths, sheets and cloths of herbs for the application of this medication. Therapy by wine was prescribed by the physician, prepared in the public pharmacies, or in the convents' nurseries, and administered by the nurses, who ensured the effectiveness of the treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chemical characterization of 14 wines (six red and eight white) made from interspecific hybrids grown in Poland has been made. The study evaluated basic oenological parameters (acidity, pH, sugars content, alcohols content) as well as polyphenolics composition (UPLC-PDA-MS/MS) and antioxidant activity (ABTS, DPPH, FRAP, ORAC). Additionally, PCA was applied to differentiate tested wines. The content of total phenolics ranged from 74.79 mg/L (Musct Odesski) to 1860.8 mg/L (Regent). The red wines strongly differed in polyphenolics content, while white wine turned out to be similar to each other. Antioxidant activity was strongly correlated with total phenolics content (r2 = 0.98). However, antioxidant potential depended mainly on the type of polyphenolic group: anthocyanins and flavan-3-ols, respectively, in red and white wines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wine, and particularly red wine, is a beverage with a great chemical complexity that is in continuous evolution. Chemically, wine is a hydroalcoholic solution (~78% water) that comprises a wide variety of chemical components, including aldehydes, esters, ketones, lipids, minerals, organic acids, phenolics, soluble proteins, sugars and vitamins. Flavonoids constitute a major group of polyphenolic compounds which are directly associated with the organoleptic and health-promoting properties of red wine. However, due to the insufficient epidemiological and in vivo evidences on this subject, the presence of a high number of variables such as human age, metabolism, the presence of alcohol, the complex wine chemistry, and the wide array of in vivo biological effects of these compounds suggest that only cautious conclusions may be drawn from studies focusing on the direct effect of wine and any specific health issue. Nevertheless, there are several reports on the health protective properties of wine phenolics for several diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, some cancers, obesity, neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes, allergies and osteoporosis. The different interactions that wine flavonoids may have with key biological targets are crucial for some of these health-promoting effects. The interaction between some wine flavonoids and some specific enzymes are one example. The way wine flavonoids may be absorbed and metabolized could interfere with their bioavailability and therefore in their health-promoting effect. Hence, some reports have focused on flavonoids absorption, metabolism, microbiota effect and overall on flavonoids bioavailability. This review summarizes some of these major issues which are directly related to the potential health-promoting effects of wine flavonoids. Reports related to flavonoids and health highlight some relevant scientific information. However, there is still a gap between the knowledge of wine flavonoids bioavailability and their health-promoting effects. More in vivo results as well as studies focused on flavonoid metabolites are still required. Moreover, it is also necessary to better understand how biological interactions (with microbiota and cells, enzymes or general biological systems) could interfere with flavonoid bioavailability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural dietary components are evolutionary-selected molecules able to control inflammation and cancerous transformation and progression. Because many studies assessed the beneficial properties of key molecules extracted from grapes, we aimed at investigating the properties of Liofenol™, a natural red wine lyophilized extract, devoid of alcohol and composed by a miscellaneous of components (polyphenols, flavonoids, anthocyanins). We proved that the colon cancer cell line HCT116 responded to Liofenol™ treatment by reducing their proliferation, in association with an increase of p53 and p21 cell cycle gate keepers. Liofenol™ increased dihydroceramides, sphingolipid mediators involved in cell cycle arrest and reduced proliferation rate. We observed a strong induction of antioxidant response, with the activation of the transcriptional factor Nrf2, involved in redox homeostasis and differentiation, without altering tumor sensitivity to chemotherapy. Liofenol™ induced an important morphology change in HCT116 cells, migration inhibition, undifferentiated stem/stem-like cells markers downregulation, and E-cadherin downregulation, interested in epithelia to mesenchymal malignant transition. We conclude that lyophilized grape extract, at dose comparable to putative dietary doses, can activate molecular pathways, involving Nrf2 signaling and the modulation of structural and signaling sphingolipid mediators that cooperate in promoting differentiation and reducing proliferation of digestive tract cancer cells. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Background: Angelicae Sinensis Radix (ASR) and Chuanxiong Rhizoma (CR) can be treated with wine to promote their biological functions in Chinese medicine. Both ASR and CR contain similar volatile chemicals that could be altered after wine treatment. This study aims to identify the differential chemical profiles and to select marker chemicals of ASR and CR before and after wine treatment. Methods: Chemical analyses were carried out by gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-QQQ-MS/MS) coupled with multivariate statistical analysis. Characterization of the compositions of essential oils was performed by automated matching to the MS library and comparisons of their mass spectra (NIST08 database). For ferulic acid, butylphthalide, Z-butylidenephthalide, senkyunolide A and Z-ligustilide, the mass spectrometer was operated in electron ionization mode, the selection reaction monitoring mode was used and an evaluation of the stability and sensitivity of the chromatographic system was performed for the tested extraction. Results: Principal component analysis (PCA) simultaneously distinguished ASR and CR from different forms. Ferulic acid, Z-butylidenephthalide, Z-ligustilide, butylphthalide and senkyunolide A were screened by PCA loading plots and can be used as chemical markers for discrimination among different groups of samples. Conclusion: Different chemical profiles of ASR and CR after wine treatment could be identified by GC-QQQ-MS/MS. The five marker chemicals selected by PCA, namely ferulic acid, butylphthalide, Z-butylidenephthalide, senkyunolide A and Z-ligustilide, were sufficient to distinguish between the crude and corresponding wine-treated forms of ASR and CR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractModerate wine intake (i.e., 1–2 glasses of wine a day) is associated with a reduced risk of morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-atherosclerotic effects of a nonalcoholic ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) from a South Brazilian red wine obtained from Vitis labruscagrapes. Experiments were carried out on low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor knockout (LDLr−/−) mice, which were subjected to a hypercholesterolemic diet and treated with doses of EAF (3, 10, and 30 mg/kg) for 12 weeks. At the end of the treatment, the level of plasma lipids, the vascular reactivity, and the atherosclerotic lesions were evaluated. Our results demonstrated that the treatment with EAF at 3 mg/kg significantly decreased total cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL plus very low-density lipoprotein levels compared with control hypercholesterolemic mice. The treatment of mice with EAF at 3 mg/kg also preserved the vasodilatation induced by acetylcholine on isolated thoracic aorta from hypercholesterolemic LDLr−/−mice. This result is in agreement with the degree of lipid deposit on arteries. Taken together, the results show for the first time that the lowest concentration of an EAF obtained from a red wine produced in southern Brazil significantly reduced the progression of atherosclerosis in mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A reduction in the risk of coronary heart disease has been associated to moderate red wine consumption. We tested whether a nonalcoholic red wine extract would open mitochondrial KATP channels in guinea pig myocytes. The opening of mitochondrial KATP channels was assessed by endogenous flavoprotein fluorescence. Red wine extract (100 μg·mL-1) increased flavoprotein oxidation (10.9% ± 1.2%, n = 20). This effect was prevented by the mitochondrial KATP channel blocker, 5-hydroxydecanoate (500 µmol·L-1; 0.3% ± 1.1%, n = 13), confirming the hypothesis that red wine extract opens mitochondrial KATP channels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The variable penetrance of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes suggests that other genetic or environmental factors may interact with these mutations to modify breast cancer risk. The objective of this study was to measure departures from multiplicative effects of alcohol consumption and BRCA gene mutations. A cohort of French-Canadian breast cancer patients was tested for BRCA gene mutations and completed a food frequency questionnaire. The case-only odds ratio (COR) was calculated. A total of 857 women, including 10 BRCA1 and 33 BRCA2 mutation carriers, participated in the study. No significant interaction between alcohol consumption and BRCA1 mutations was detected, although the interaction with wine consumption suggested a sub-multiplicative effect (COR = 0.38, 95% CI: 0.08-1.81). Consumption of alcohol other than wine interacted significantly with BRCA2 mutations (COR = 2.15, 95% CI: 1.03-4.49). Consumption of wine may protect against BRCA1-associated tumors, while women with BRCA2 mutations may be at greater risk of alcohol-induced breast cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, the author delves into the mythical origins of wine, firstly, to explain the art of drinking at a symposium, an inescapable symbol of civility and culture. Secondly, to demonstrate the surgence of the ideas of remedy, healing, health, and their association with wine not only metaphorically but also in the medical field because from Ancient times to the present day, wine is considered an effective remedy for physical as well as spiritual pains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Numerous studies indicate that moderate red wine consumption is associated with a protective effect against all-cause mortality. Since oxidative stress constitutes a unifying mechanism of injury of many types of disease processes, it should be expected that polyphenolic antioxidants account for this beneficial effect. Nevertheless, beyond the well-known antioxidant properties of these compounds, they may exert several other protective mechanisms. Indeed, the overall protective effect of polyphenols is due to their large array of biological actions, such as free radical-scavenging, metal chelation, enzyme modulation, cell signalling pathways modulation and gene expression effects, among others. Wine possesses a variety of polyphenols, being resveratrol its most outstanding representative, due to its pleiotropic biological properties. The presence of ethanol in wine aids to polyphenol absorption, thereby contributing to their bioavailability. Before absorption, polyphenols must be hydrolyzed by intestinal enzymes or by colonic microflora. Then, they undergo intestinal and liver metabolism. There have been no reported polyphenol adverse effects derived from intakes currently associated with the normal diet. However, supplements for health-protection should be cautiously used as no level definition has been given to make sure the dose is safe. The role of oxidative stress and the beneficial effects of wine polyphenols against cardiovascular, cancer, diabetes, microbial, inflammatory, neurodegenerative and kidney diseases and ageing are reviewed. Future large scale randomized clinical trials should be conducted to fully establish the therapeutic use of each individual wine polyphenol against human disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data suggest that polyphenol-rich products may improve endothelial function and other cardiovascular health risk factors. Grape and wine contain high amounts of polyphenols, but effects of these polyphenols have hardly been investigated in isolation in randomized controlled studies. Our objective in this study was to test the chronic effect of polyphenol-rich solids derived from either a wine grape mix or grape seed on flow-mediated dilation (FMD). Blood pressure and other vascular function measures, platelet function, and blood lipids were secondary outcomes. Thirty-five healthy males were randomized in a double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study consisting of three 2-wk intervention periods separated by 1-wk washout periods. The test products, containing 800 mg of polyphenols, were consumed as capsules. At the end of each intervention period, effects were measured after consumption of a low-fat breakfast (∼751 kJ, 25% fat) and a high-fat lunch (∼3136 kJ, 78% fat). After the low-fat breakfast, the treatments did not significantly affect FMD. The absolute difference after the wine grape solid treatment was -0.4% (95% Cl = -1.8 to 0.9; P = 0.77) and after grape seed solids, 0.2% (95% Cl = -1.2 to 1.5; P = 0.94) compared with after the placebo treatment. FMD effects after the high-fat lunch and effects on secondary outcomes also showed no consistent differences between both of the grape solids and placebo treatment. In conclusion, consumption of grape polyphenols has no major impact on FMD in healthy men. Future studies should address whether grape polyphenols can improve FMD and other cardiovascular health risk factors in populations with increased cardiovascular risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: As moderate wine drinking is atheroprotective, it is clinically relevant to elucidate its possible mechanism/s of action/s. Our objective is to demonstrate the potential benefits of the wine components, quercetin and ethanol, on the development of aortic plaques with parallel changes in antiatherogenic factors. Methods and Results: The effects of quercetin and ethanol on the development of aortic atherosclerotic lesions, liver PON1 gene expression, and serum PON1 activity were measured in LDLR−/− mice on an atherogenic diet for 4 and 8 weeks. Depending on the duration and dosage of these modulators, 12.5 to 25 mg/dl quercetin (12.5Q to 25Q) and 18 to 25% ethanol, the magnitude of decreases in aortic lesions caused by moderate ethanol and quercetin ranged from 20 to 70% ( p < 0.05 to p < 0.001) based on ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) analyses, and from 18 to 61% ( p < 0.05 to p < 0.001) based on morphometric analyses. The composite plot of all the UBM and morphometric data showed significant correlation between these 2 methods ( p = 0.0001, Pearson r = 0.79 for 4-week treatment; p = 0.000004, Pearson r = 0.84 for 8-week treatment). Concomitantly, 4-week treatments with 12.5Q and 18% ethanol up regulated liver PON1 mRNA by 41% ( p < 0.05) and 37% ( p < 0.05), respectively, accompanied by 92% ( p < 0.001) and 61% ( p < 0.001) increases in serum PON1 activity, respectively. The corresponding values after 8-week treatment with 12.5Q and 18% ethanol were 23% ( p < 0.05) and 40% ( p < 0.02) with respect to the up regulation of liver PON1 mRNA expression, while the stimulations of serum PON1 activity were 75% ( p < 0.001) and 90% ( p < 0.001), respectively. Conclusions: Based on these findings, we conclude that quercetin and moderate ethanol significantly inhibit the progression of atherosclerosis by up regulating the hepatic expression of the antiatherogenic gene, PON1, with concomitant increased serum PON1 activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of a red wine extract supplement (Super S.O.D) on hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced apoptosis were examined in H9c2 cardiomyocytes. Super S.O.D pretreatment dose-dependently protected against hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced apoptosis in H9c2 cardiomyocytes. The cytoprotection was associated with increases in cellular reduced glutathione level and mitochondrial membrane potential, as well as the decrease in the extent of Ca2+-induced mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) pore opening in both unchallenged and challenged cells, as compared with the unpretreated control. The results indicated that Super S.O.D pretreatment protected against hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced apoptosis in H9c2 cardiomyocytes, possibly mediated by the inhibition of MPT triggered by hypoxia/reoxygenation challenge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phenolic composition of wine depends not only on the grape variety from which it is made, but on some external factors such as winemaking technology. Red wine possesses the most antioxidant effect because of its high polyphenolic content. The aim of this work is to study for the first time, the neuroprotective activity of four monovarietal Spanish red wines (Merlot (ME), Tempranillo (T), Garnacha (G) and Cabernet-Sauvignon (CS)) through its antioxidant ability, and to relate this neuroprotection to its polyphenolic composition, if possible. The wine effect on neuroprotection was studied through its effect as free radical scavenger against FeSO4, H2O2 and FeSO4 + H2O2. Effect on cell survival was determined by 3(4,5-dimethyltiazol-2-il)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium reduction assay (MTT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assay on astrocytes cultures. Results showed that most of the studied wine varieties induced neuroprotection through their antioxidant ability in astrocytes, Merlot being the most active; this variety is especially rich in phenolic compounds, mainly catechins and oligomeric proanthocyanidins. Our results show that red wine exerts a protection against oxidative stress generated by different toxic agents and that the observed neuroprotective activity is related to their polyphenolic content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phenolic compounds in grapes and wine are grouped within the following major classes: stilbenes, phenolic acids, ellagitannins, flavan-3-ols, anthocyanins, flavonols, and proanthocyanidins. Consumption of foods containing phenolic substances has been linked to beneficial effects toward chronic diseases such as coronary heart disease and colorectal cancer. However, such correlations need to be supported by in vivo testing and bioavailability studies are the first step in establishing cause and effect. Class members from all phenolic groups can be glucuronidated, sulfated, and/or methylated and detected at low concentrations in the bloodstream and in urine. But the majority of phenolic compounds from grapes and wine are metabolized in the gastrointestinal tract, where they are broken down by gut microflora. This typically involves deglycosylation, followed by breakdown of ring structures to produce phenolic acids and aldehydes. These metabolites can be detected in bloodstream, urine, and fecal samples by using sophisticated instrumentation methods for quantitation and identification at low concentrations. The health effects related to grape and wine consumption may well be due to these poorly understood phenolic acid metabolites. This review discusses the known metabolism of each major class of wine and grape phenolics, the means to measure them, and ideas for future investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Given the high cost and side effects of radioprotective agents such as amifostine, attention has been focused on potentially equally effective but less expensive and toxic natural substances. We evaluated the potential radioprotective effects of wine in preventing skin toxicity in patients with breast cancer. Methods and Materials: Before treatment, the medical history and habits of patients were assessed and the information recorded in their clinical folders. Patients were divided into three groups based on the dose/fractionation scheme used: control group, 60.4 Gy (standard technique); Modulated Accelerated Radiotherapy in Adjuvant treatment of breast cancer (MARA)-1 protocol group, 44 Gy (concomitant boost to tumoral bed); and MARA-2 protocol group, 60 Gy (concomitant boost to tumoral bed). The impact of the following variables on acute skin toxicity was evaluated by chart review: radiotherapy protocol, planning target volume (PTV), comorbidity (e.g., hypertension and diabetes), hemoglobin level before therapy, adjuvant hormone therapy, adjuvant chemotherapy, cigarette smoking, and drinking habits. Results: The study population consisted of 348 patients. More severe skin toxicity was significantly associated with the radiotherapy protocol (p < 0.001) and median PTV (p = 0.005). In addition, the incidence of acute toxicity of Grade 2 or greater was higher in patients without alcohol intake (38.4% vs. 22.3%, p = 0.021). The daily amount of alcohol intake also influenced the incidence of skin toxicity, with an incidence of 38.4% in patients with no wine intake, 31.8% in patients drinking half a glass per day, 13.6% in patients drinking one glass per day, and 35.0% in patients drinking two glasses per day. Multivariate analysis showed that wine intake, PTV, and radiotherapy protocol were all significantly correlated with acute toxicity. Conclusions: Our results indicate that wine may have a radioprotective effect; however, prospective studies are needed to confirm this beneficial effect of wine and its components. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article analyzes the evidence of purchase of wine in England during the 17th-18th centuries and explores whether wine was a commodity with high income elasticity. It notes that consumption of wine is associated with social status since only wealthy people could afford it. The author explores if wine purchases can provide evidence on the social conditions in England during the period studied. The author examines issues related to social mobility and the drinking of wine as well as the medical uses of wine.

Aims: Chronic ethanol consumption leads to oxidative damage in the central nervous system inducing neuronal degeneration and impairment of brain functions. Nevertheless, it has been reported that grape polyphenols might prevent the alluded ethanol effects. We have reported that prolonged red wine intake improves hippocampal formation oxidative status, a finding not replicated using Port wine. Thus, we thought of interest to compare the effects of chronic ingestion of these wines in the morphology of dentate gyrus (DO) neurons that are particularly vulnerable to alcohol effects. Methods: Six-month-old Wistar rats were fed either with red wine or Port wine (both with 20% ethanol content, v/v), and the results were compared with 20% (v/v) ethanol-treated, ethanol/glucose and pair-fed control groups. After 6 months of treatment, the layer volumes of the DO and the total number of granule and hilar neurons were estimated. The dendntic trees of granule cells were also studied in Golgi-impregnated material. Results: The number of granule cells and the DO layer volumes were similar among all groups. However, the number of hilar neurons was reduced in Port wine, ethanol-treated and ethanol/glucose animals. Furthermore, the granule cells from these groups showed a decrease in the total dendritic length. Conclusions: Although the Port wine and red wine have similar amounts of flavanols with identical ability to protect against oxidative stress, the differences observed are probably related to the very dissimilar processes of wine production, leading in Port wine to a high content of sugars, which are known to have potent pro-oxidant effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: trans-Resveratrol (3,4′,5-trihydroxystilbene; RES), a polyphenol found in particularly high concentrations in red wine, has recently attracted intense interest for its potentially beneficial effects on human health. Here, we report the effects of long-term exposure to micromolar concentrations of RES on antioxidant and DNA repair enzyme activities in a human cell line (MRC-5). RES had either no effect on, or reduced the activities of glutathione peroxidase, catalase and CuZn superoxide dismutase (SOD), in treatments lasting up to 2 weeks. RES failed to induce activities of the DNA base excision repair enzymes apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease and DNA polymerase β. However, it dramatically and progressively induced mitochondrial MnSOD expression and activity. Two weeks exposure to RES increased MnSOD protein level 6-fold and activity 14-fold. Thus, long-term exposure of human cells to RES results in a highly specific upregulation of MnSOD, and this may be an important mechanism by which it elicits its effects in human cells. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Objective: Acute smoking causes endothelial dysfunction through impairment of nitric oxide (NO) production, or increased oxidative stress, but the exact mechanism still needs to be elucidated. In healthy non-smokers acute endothelial dysfunction caused by smoking one cigarette was counterbalanced by red wine's antioxidants. The aim of the present study is to investigate whether red wine's antioxidant substances could counteract the acute endothelial dysfunction induced by acute cigarette smoking in healthy smokers as well.Methods: Twenty healthy volunteers (12 males) participated in a double-blind, cross-over study, comprised of three study days. All subjects either smoked one cigarette, or smoked and drank 250 ml of red wine, or smoked and drank 250 ml of dealcoholized red wine in each one of the study days. Flow mediated dilatation (FMD) was measured at fast and 30, 60 and 90 minutes after each trial.Results: Smoking one cigarette induced a significant decrease in FMD (p < 0.001), which remained significant 30 (p < 0.001), and 60 (p = 0.003) minutes after the end of smoking. FMD remained statistically unchanged after consumption of either regular red wine, or dealcoholized red wine together with smoking.Conclusions: The observed endothelial dysfunction following smoking of one cigarette was counterbalanced by consumption of either red wine or dealcoholized red wine in healthy smokers. It is possible that acute endothelial dysfunction caused by smoking could be attributed to increased oxidative stress and red wine's antioxidants counteract these acute effects of smoke on endothelium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The genus Oenothera includes a number of species alien to central Europe, which differ in their invasion success. The present study was designed to investigate how fecundity, growth rate of seedlings and competitive ability contribute to the invasion potential within this genus. The relative growth rate and response to interspecific competition from neighbouring vegetation were determined for 15 species. Relations between these characteristics and other species traits identified in previous studies (germination, seed production and seed mass) were examined and used to explain the invasion success of particular species in Europe. Ability to germinate in the light was the only significant predictor of invasion success in six European countries. Fecundity is another trait contributing to invasion success. The most successful invaders within the genus are poor at competing with native vegetation, and an ability to escape from competition seems crucial for invasion success. Oenothera biennis, the most successful invader, is not outstanding in any of the characteristics assessed but is well placed in most of them. We suggest that a ‘Jack-of-all-trades’ strategy may be beneficial for an invader. The parental chromosomes of the species studied had no effect on the distribution of traits; hence the conclusions drawn at the species level are not biased by the specific banding pattern within the genus (permanent translocation heterozygosity). The present study indicates that comparative studies of closely related species may indicate the determinants of invasion success if they include many characteristics of the complete life cycle. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In this work, we have investigated the effects of nutritional antioxidants as antidegenerative agents on glutamate-induced apoptosis in primary cultures of cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs). Glutamate-induced apoptosis is also associated with intracellular [Ca2+]i overload, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), depression of cell energy metabolism, cytochrome c release, and increase in caspase-3 activity. Pretreatment (3 h) with red wine extract (5 μg/mL) and ascorbic acid (30 μM) blocks glutamate-induced apoptosis in CGNs. In vivo experiments carried out on transgenic mice expressing the human mutated Cu, Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) G93A (mSOD1G93A) show that mice fed with lyophilized red wine have significantly increased survival as compared to control, untreated animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of acute and chronic (10 wk) red or white wine consumption on fasted and postprandial lipemia in the rat model are reported. Fasted rats, in the acute study, were loaded intragastrically with 5 ml of an olive oil emulsion (30% w/v) in the presence or absence of wine (8% v/v ethanol), and either mesenteric lymph or blood was collected 3 h postprandially. Animals in the chronic study received either red or white wine in drinking water for a period of 10 wk (3% v/v ethanol). Blood samples were collected from animals in either the fasted state or after fat–wine loading. Postprandially, wine delayed gastric emptying, reduced lymph triacylglycerol (TAG) secretion concomitantly with increased number and decreased chylomicron (CM) size, and increased plasma TAG and CM concentrations. Phospholipid and cholesterol contents of CM, but not very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), were increased, indicating enhanced liver bile secretion; however, a significant increase in plasma VLDL concentration was observed. In the chronic study, a wine–fat load resulted in increased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol concentration and less pronounced postprandial hypertriglyceridemia and hyperchylomicronemia. In the fasted state, plasma TAG and total apolipoprotein B concentrations were not modified in these animals, and an increase in HDL and a decrease in low-density lipoprotein (LDL)/HDL cholesterol ratios were observed. No liver function or intestinal lipid absorption impairment was observed. In conclusion, unlike binge drinking, chronic moderate wine consumption appears to have a cardioprotective effect in the fasted state, an effect attenuated by the observed temporary postprandial hyperchylomicronemia and hypertriglyceridemia resulting from a direct effect of alcohol on CM size and number. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aberrant energy metabolism is one characteristic of diabetes mellitus (DM). Two types of DM have been identified, type 1 and type 2. Most of type 2 DM patients eventually become insulin dependent because insulin secretion by the islets of Langerhans becomes exhausted. In the present study, we show that resveratrol (3,5,4′-trihydroxylstilbene) possesses hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects in streptozotocin-induced DM (STZ-DM) rats. In resveratrol-treated STZ-DM rats, the plasma glucose concentration on day 14 was reduced by 25.3 ± 4.2%, and the triglyceride concentration was reduced by 50.2 ± 3.2% compared with the vehicle-treated rats. In STZ-nicotinamide DM rats, the plasma glucose concentration on day 14 was reduced by 20.3 ± 4.2%, and the triglyceride concentration was reduced by 33.3 ± 2.2% compared with the vehicle-treated rats. Resveratrol administration ameliorates common DM symptoms, such as body weight loss, polyphagia, and polydipsia. In STZ-nicotinamide DM rats, resveratrol administration significantly decreased insulin secretion and delayed the onset of insulin resistance. Further studies showed that glucose uptake by hepatocytes, adipocytes, and skeletal muscle and hepatic glycogen synthesis were all stimulated by resveratrol treatment. Because the stimulation of glucose uptake was not attenuated in the presence of an optimal amount of insulin in insulin-responsive cells, the antihyperglycemic effect of resveratrol appeared to act through a mechanism(s) different from that of insulin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It became evident in the present study that carbon tetrachloride (CC14), in addition to its known liver and renal toxicity, causes serious damage to endothelial cells. The preventive effect of red wine on cardiovascular diseases has been documented in a number of human population studies as well as in animal experimental models. In this study, the endothelium protective effect of polyphenolic compounds isolated from red wine was studied in rats administered 0.5 ml of CC14/kg body weight intraperitoneally twice a week for 8 weeks. Endothelemia (endothelial cells/10 µl of plasma) was used as the marker of endothelial cell injury in vivo. Chronic CCl4 treatment for 8 weeks lead to a 3-fold increase of free endothelial cells circulating in the blood when compared to the baseline values (2.5+0.3). Parallel oral administration of polyphenols 40 mg/kg/day significantly decreased the endothelemia. Polyphenolic compounds alone did not produce significant changes. Three weeks of spontaneous recovery after the 8-week treatment with CCl4 did not lead to a marked decrease of endothelemia, but the administration of red wine polyphenols during the 3-week period significantly decreased free endothelial cells in the blood. It can be concluded that long-term administration of CCl4 may serve as a useful experimental model of endothelial damage. The red wine polyphenolic compounds exert a powerful protective effect on endothelial cells from the injury caused by CC14. This effect was documented by decreased endothelemia that corresponded to diminished endothelial cell swelling and detachment evaluated by histology of the vascular intima. The endothelium protective effect may be one of the key factors that contribute to the preventive action of red wine on cardiovascular diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective:The aim of the study is to evaluate the effect of moderate Sicilian red wine consumption on cardiovascular risk factors and, in particular, on some inflammatory biomarkers.Methods:A total of 48 subjects of both sexes who were nondrinkers or rare drinkers of moderate red wine were selected and randomly subdivided into two groups assigned to receive with a crossover design a Sicilian red wine (Nero d'Avola or Etna Torrepalino) during meals: Group A (n=24), in whom the diet was supplemented for 4 weeks with 250 ml/day of red wine, followed by 4 weeks when they returned to their usual wine intake; and Group B (n=24), in whom the usual wine intake was maintained for 4 weeks, followed by 4 weeks when the diet was supplemented with 250 ml/day of red wine. The following were values measured in all tests: blood glucose, total and HDL-cholesterol and triglycerides, LDL-cholesterol, LDL/HDL ratio, apolipoproteins A1 and B, Lp(a), plasma C-reactive protein, TGFβ1, D-Dimer, Factor VII , PAI Ag, t-PA Ag, fibrinogen, oxidized LDL Ab, total plasma antioxidant capacity.Results:At the end of the red wine intake period, LDL/HDL, fibrinogen, factor VII, plasma C-reactive protein and oxidized LDL Ab were significantly decreased, while HDL-C, Apo A1,TGFβ1, t-PA, PAI and total plasma antioxidant capacity were significantly increased.Conclusions:Our results show a positive effect of two Sicilian red wines on many risk factors and on some inflammatory biomarkers, suggesting that a moderate consumption of red wine in the adult population is a positive component of the Mediterranean diet.European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2006) 60, 41–47. doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602265; published online 31 August 2005 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents abstracts of several studies on alternative medicine. "Serum Alpha-Tocopherol and Gamma-Tocopherol in Relation to Prostate Cancer Risk in a Prospective Study," by S. J. Weinstein, M. E. Wright, P. Pietinen, et al; "Neuroprotection Afforded by Prior Citicoline Administration in Experimental Brain Ischemia: Effects on Glutamate Transport," by O. Hurtado, M. A. Moro, A. Cardenas, et al; "The Influence of Moderate Red Wine Consumption on Antioxidant Status and Indices of Oxidative Stress Associated With CHD in Healthy Volunteers," by C. Tsang, S. Higgins, G. G. Duthie, et al.

Describes the making of wine on the Wawona ship in 1936 by Colorado native Don McInturf and his fellow sailors. Training of McInturf in wine making; Jean Bagger's responsibility for food and drink aboard the ship; Discovery of wine's medicinal properties on the ship; McInturf's formation of a committe called the Wawona Brewing Society.

The article discusses recent modifications and construction of a new medical discourse about wine. It is based on the medical advancement demonstrating the advantage of wine consumption upon health as emphasized by media and the wine industry. It asserts a new representation of the effects of wine. It discusses the production, use and diffusion of information and images on the new perception of wine.

Resveratrol (3,4′,5-trihydroxystilbene) is a natural phytoalexin synthesized in response to injury or fungal attack, found in the grape skin and wine, specially red wine. A large number of studies have demonstrated that resveratrol regulates many biological activities, namely protection against atherosclerosis by a set of pharmacological properties, including the antioxidant activity. In this study, we explored the capacity of resveratrol in protecting low density lipoproteins (LDL) against either ferrylmyoglobin- or peroxynitrite-mediated oxidation and the underlying mechanisms of its antioxidant potential. Resveratrol efficiently decreases the accumulation of hydroperoxides in LDL promoted by ferrylmyoglobin, a potent oxidant formed by the reaction of metmyoglobin with hydrogen peroxide, in a concentration-dependent manner, promptly reducing the oxoferryl complex to metmyoglobin. Simultaneously, resveratrol is consumed as detected by the rapid decrease in the characteristic peak at 310 nm, in a similar way to that observed upon its reaction with peroxidase/H 2 O 2 , pointing to a mechanism of one-electron oxidation and subsequent resveratrol dimer formation. On the other hand, resveratrol inhibits LDL apoprotein modifications induced by peroxynitrite, another potent oxidant formed by the reaction between superoxide and nitric oxide, as assessed by the decrease in apo-B net charge alterations and in carbonyl groups formation mediated by that oxidant. Resveratrol also interacts with peroxynitrite in a similar way to that observed with laccases, suggesting a mechanism of resveratrol oxidation rather than a nitration one. These mechanisms are discussed. Considering that either ferrylmyoglobin or peroxynitrite are physiologically relevant oxidants implicated in several pathologies, including atherosclerosis, our results certainly contribute to the understanding of the antioxidant action of resveratrol and consequently provide a new approach for the cardiovas... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1 The present study investigates the mechanisms by which polyphenolic compounds from red wine elicit Ca[&sup2+;] mobilization in bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAECs). Two polyphenol-containing red wine extracts, red wine polyphenolic compounds (RWPC) and Provinols™, and delphinidin, an anthocyanin were used. 2 RWPC stimulated a Ca[&sub2+;] -dependent release of nitric oxide (NO) from BAECs accounting for the relaxation of endothelium-denuded rat aortic rings as shown by cascade bioassay. 3 RWPC, Provinols™ and delphinidin increased cytosolic free calcium ([Ca[&sup2+;][sub1]), by releasing Ca[&sup2+;] from intracellular stores and by increasing Ca[&sup2+;] entry. 4 The RWPC-induced increase in [Ca[&sup2+;], was decreased by exposure to ryanodine (30 μM), whereas Provinals™ and delphinidin-induced increases in [Ca[&sup2+;]], were decreased by bradykinin (0.1 μ)and thapsigargin (1 μM) pre-treatment. 5 RWPC, Provinols™ and delphinidin-induced increases in [Ca[&sup2+;] ]; were sensitive to inhibitors of phospholipase C (neomycin. 3 mM; U73122, 3 μM) and tyrosine kinase (herbimycin A, 1 μM), 6 RWPC. Provinols™ and delphinidin induced herbimycin A (1 μM)-sensitive tyrosine phosphory-lation of several intracellular proteins. 7 Provinols™ released Ca[&sup2+;] via both a cholera CTX) and pertussis toxins (PTX)-sensitive pathway, whereas delphinidin released Ca[&sup2+;] only via a PTX-sensitive mechanism. 8 Our data contribute in defining the mechanisms of endothelial NO production caused by wine polyphenols including the increase in [Ca[²], and the activation of tyrosine kinases. Furthermore, RWPC. Provinols™ and delphinidin display differences in the process leading to [Ca[²]], increases in endothelial cells illustrating multiple cellular targets of natural dietary polyphenolic compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moderate consumption of wine is associated with a reduced risk of cancer. Grape plant cell cultures were used to purify 12 phenols: the stilbenoids trans-astringin, trans-piceid (2), trans-resveratroloside, trans-resveratrol, trans-piceatannol, cis-resveratroloside, cis-piceid, and cis-resveratrol; the flavans (+)-catechin, (-)-epicatechin, and epicatechin 3-O-gallate; and the flavan dimer procyanidin B2 3′-O-gallate. These compounds were evaluated for potential to inhibit cyclooxygenases and preneoplastic lesion formation in carcinogen-treated mouse mammary glands in organ culture. At 10 μg/ml, trans-astringin and trans-piceatannol inhibited development of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced preneoplastic lesions in mouse mammary glands with 68.8% and 76.9% inhibition, respectively, compared with untreated glands. The latter compound was the most potent of the 12 compounds tested in this assay, with the exception of trans-resveratrol (87.5% inhibition). In the cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 assay, trans isomers of the stilbenoids appear to be more active than cis isomers: trans-resveratrol [50% inhibitory concentration (IC[sub 50]) = 14.9 μM, 96%] vs. cis-resveratrol (IC[sub 50] = 55.4 μM). In the COX-2 assay, among the compounds tested, only trans- and cis-resveratrol exhibited significant inhibitory activity (IC[sub 50] = 32.2 and 50.2 μM, respectively). This is the first report showing the potential cancer-chemopreventive activity of trans-astringin, a plant stilbenoid recently found in wine. trans-Astringin and its aglycone trans-piceatannol were active in the mouse mammary gland organ culture assay but did not exhibit activity in COX-1 and COX-2 assays. trans-Resveratrol was active in all three of the bioassays used in this investigation. These findings suggest that trans-astringin and trans-piceatannol may function as potential cancer-chemopreventive agents by a mechanism different from that of trans-resveratrol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several studies have demonstrated that resveratrol (3,5,4′-trihydroxystilbene), a compound belonging to the phytoalexin family, involved in grape disease resistance, occurs in wines. It has been demonstrated that this compound might have cardioprotective and chemoprotective activities. I report here the presence of this compound in Tunisian wine. Analysis of resveratrol in wine was carried out using high-performance liquid chromatography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Raffia palm (Raphia hookeri G. Mann & H. Wendl) wine (RPW) is a natural beverage obtained from the R. hookeri consumed for refreshment and medicinal purposes. For medicinal purposes, it is used singly or as macerating agent for other medicinal plants for the treatment of several diseases. This study investigates the effect of Raffia palm wine on dysregulated lipid metabolic pathways in testicular tissues of type 2 diabetic (T2D) rats. Raffia palm wine (150 and 300 mg/kg bodyweight) was administered to two T2D groups respectively, another T2D group was not administered treatment and served as negative control, while metformin served as the standard drug. After 6 weeks of treatment, the rats were sacrificed, and the testes collected. After weighing, the organs were homogenized in 20% methanol/ethanol and centrifuged at 20,000 g to extract the lipid metabolites. GC-MS analysis of the supernatants revealed an alteration of the metabolites on induction of T2D, with concomitant generation of 10 metabolites. Raffia palm wine inhibited the T2D-generated metabolites while replenishing cholesterol and squalene levels, with concomitant generation of 7 and 8 metabolites for low and high dose treatment respectively. Pathway enrichment analysis of the metabolites revealed a decreased level of steroid biosynthesis and increased level of fatty acid biosynthesis. Raffia palm wine inactivated glycerolipid, fatty acid, and arachidonic acid metabolisms, fatty acid biosynthesis and fatty acid elongation in mitochondria pathways, and activated pathways for plasmalogen synthesis, mitochondrial beta-oxidation of long chain saturated fatty acids. The replenishment and generation of these metabolites and additional ones as well as activation of pathways involved in energy generation, phospholipids, antioxidant activity, steroidogenesis and spermatogenesis suggest a therapeutic effect of Raffia palm wine against hyperglycemic-induced testicular dysfunction. [Display omitted] • Induction of type 2 diabetes caused alterations in testicular lipid metabolites. • Lipid metabolic pathways were altered in testes of type 2 diabetic rats. • Treatment with raffia palm wine suppressed these alterations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents a study that investigated the beneficial effects of wine on myocardial infarction mortality. Red and white wines studied; Determination of the effect of wine and wine components on vascular tension; Effects of different red and white wines on vascular tension.