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The formation of the first state system in Europe took place from the conclusion of the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, as a result of the Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648), to the Utrecht (1713), Rastatt-Baden (1714) and Nystad Congresses (1721) which finished the end of the war of the Spanish Succession and the Northern war. The legal fixation of the Westphallian system was accompanied by its public perception and acceptance. First of all, this was demonstrated by International Congresses, which were not only a common negotiation process, but also a place of representation of the significance and culture of each state. In fact, the European Congress was a carefully designed triumph of Рeace within the continent, which required considerable funds, was widely covered in the press and glorified in celebrations, paintings, plastic art, release of commemorative medals, poetry and even fashion. The article presents the most striking examples of iconography of Peace Congresses. The author believes that their performative nature and iconography, emphasizing the European character of Peace and the protopatriotic moods that it evoked, made a significant contribution to the civilization heritage of Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From 1716 to 1718, Sweden experienced a shock of liquidity when the absolutist regime of Charles XII issued large amounts of fiat coins (mynttecken) in order to finance the Great Northern War. After the death of the king in November 1718, the new parliamentary regime decided to partially default on the coins. In international literature, this episode is largely unknown, and in Swedish historiography, scholars have often claimed that the country's currency collapsed in hyperinflation. We assess the performance of the new coins by studying how prices of commodities in various geographic locations developed. We also study bookkeeping practices in order to see how accountants treated the new coins. Our results show that there was a complex relationship between prices and liquidity. Prices of products in high demand by the military increased more than other prices. Accountants did not treat mynttecken and other currencies differently in 1718. It was only after the death of the king that accountants started to differentiate between different types of coins. The value of the fiat coins was linked to the actions and the legitimacy of the royal regime, which is in line with the State theory of money. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article comments on the article "Elbing an der Wende zum 18. Jahrhundert" by Simon Behnisch published in the January 2020 issue of the journal. Topics include the relation of the Polish city of Elbing in 17th-18th century with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth with regard to war threats; political structure of the Commonwealth in view of the affiliation of cities like Danzig, Thorn and Elbing to it; and the origin of the Great Northern War from 1700-1721.

The Treaty of Altranstadt forced Augustus II to renoilllce the crown of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth as well as any cooperation with the Tsardom of Muscovy in the context of the Great Northern War. Now Tsar Peter I was isolated facing the military superiority of Sweden. Looking for diplomatic solutions, Peter I pursued multiple strategies, building a political coilllterweight to Sweden in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth being one of particular importance. The election of a pretender to the Polish crown by the Sandomierz Confederation illlder the patronage of Peter I developed into a crucial part of Russian diplomacy. Johann Christoph von Urbich was accredited as a Russian envoy in Vienna at a time when the efforts of the Tsar to enthrone an anti-king to Stanislaw Leszczyiiski stalled. Based on the resources of this experienced diplomat, changes of strategy were discussed. The discrepancy between the Tsar's high expectations and the limits set by pragmatic politics put the new envoy into a situation in which he had to develop networks for initiatives of his own. His correspondence with the Saxon court and with Jan Szembek, the Polish Vice-Chancellor of Augustus II, show that the diplomat entered into special relations with them. These multiple loyalties only existed for a limited time, but were concurrent with his commitment to Peter I. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Particular Interests Sacrificed for the General Good: The Protagonists of the Great Northern War at the Perpetual Diet of Regensburg Between their Own Interests and those of the Empire - The Perpetual Imperial Diet was a showplace for the conflict that escalated in the Baltic Sea area during the Great Northern War of 1700-1721. In 1712, a kind of 'paper war' came into being between the emissary of the Empire's Swedish provinces and the representative of Electoral Saxony. Both endeavored to dissolve the competing roles of their princes as external monarchs and members of the Empire in favor of their role as sovereigns of Imperial Estates. In this way, they hoped to profit from the conflict-balancing measures of the Imperial constitution. To that end. they attempted to persuade the Imperial Estates that they shared a common framework of values and norms with the Estates. In doing so, both parties also offered their own interpretations of events. In this way, the Imperial Diet became a forum for regulated conflict management, for which the Reich constitution laid down structures and procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This special issue has been motivated by the drive to contextualize the role of individuals of various backgrounds in early modern foreign relations. All contributions cover a broad geographic scope and stress the impact of non-European practices and stages for the study of early modern foreign relations. Four thematic articles follow diverse diplomatic actors, ranging from non-elite envoys to chartered companies, Catholic friars and ministers on ships, to foreign courts, and behind their desks. They provide insights into these individual actors' functions and achievements and raise questions about social belonging and knowledge channels. The introduction below portrays the development of an actor-oriented research angle in the field of New Diplomatic History over the past decades and addresses blurring concepts and over-generalizations. It attempts to redefine the heterogeneous group of early modern diplomatic actors as products of their involvement in political and material struggles, both at home and abroad. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The article explores the history of the imperial policy of the Romanovs in Finland during the 18th century. The Russian military administered the Finnish lands during the Great Northern War. A war between Russia and Sweden started after King of Sweden Gustav II Adolf declared a war on Russia and demanded the return of the lost Finnish territories to Sweden. The two countries formed a military-political alliance following the defeats suffered by the Russian army from the French.

Copyright of Codrul Cosminului is the property of Codrul Cosminului and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article discusses the significance of the Battle of Poltava and Ukrainian Hetman Ivan Mazepa. Topic discussed include Mazepa's bestowal of hetmancy, the Great Northern War from 1700-1721 between King Charles XII of Sweden and Tsar Peter I of Russia, and the legacy of the Battle of Poltava on the history of Europe.

A timeline is presented of events in history including the annexation of Livland by Sweden after the Thirty Years war, the Great Northern war between Russia and Sweden and the annexation of Latgale by Russia.

During road construction, previously unknown burial ground containing four mass graves, two double burials and eight single graves was discovered. The dead were buried just outside the town walls of Medieval and Early Modern Tartu. The location and several lead bullets found inside the skeletons indicate that the burials date to the Great Northern War (1700-1721). Further archaeological research confirmed that the dead had been soldiers from the siege of Tartu in 1704. The find is unique as it is the first and biggest battle grave from the long-lasting war that has been discovered from Estonia or from neighbouring countries. The skeletons belonged to Russians, who attacked the town and town defenders, consisting of local battalions and Swedish garrison. In three mass graves, dead had been simultaneously buried in the shallow graves and the topmost skeletons had been sagged into the bottom ones. The skeletons were intertwined without any order and from one common grave six Russian orthodox pendants were discovered. The analysis of the osseous material showed that the remains of at least 90 male individuals, between 17-50+ years of age, were buried in the excavated area. The demographic profile was similar to other war-related assemblages of the same region. Paleopathological analysis allowed to conclude that the battle was not fought face-to-face. The numerous gunshot and small cannon shot wounds identified from the remains suggest that the men had been killed from the distance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Early modern society was characterized by severe conflicts, but not all were caused by antagonistic relations between military (combatants) and civilian (noncombatants) persons. The civil–military relations were blurred. The separation and differentiation of civil and military functions in society was a process that occurred mainly in the 19th century. This process coincided with a conceptual change of the nature of gender: ‘civil’ became feminine and ‘military’ became masculine. Civil–military relations in early modern societies have recently been the focus of novel and productive research, and this article falls into that category. How civilian aspects of society were subordinated to military demands while still being a part of the military is examined in this article from a different angle; namely, to what extent the military was in charge of civilian aspects within its own organization. This is discussed from a gender perspective and scrutinized through the role of children in a series of issues connected with the creation of boundaries between civilian and military spheres in society. To put it simply, what did children do within the Swedish military in the 17th and 18th centuries? And who were the children? The answers are based on data from garrisons and the Swedish Ship’s Boys’ Corps, together with data from previous research on military history in Scandinavia. The article is part of a project that aims to make visible the role of children in the military prior to the era of child soldiers. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

It is commonly acknowledged that an elaborated military pastoral care provided a significant contribution to the efficiency of the Swedish army during the Great Northern War (1700–1721). Usually battle preparations and the chaplains’ efforts to instil morale and discipline among the soldiers are emphasized. In this article my aim is to provide a somewhat different idea on the nature of the religious life in the army of Charles XII. By focusing in turn on the chaplains’ duties, the military sermons, the hymns sung in the army and the soldiers’ reading of prayer books, I point at the similarities between military and civilian religious life in early 18th-century Sweden. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Copyright of International Journal of Maritime History is the property of Sage Publications, Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article examines the conceptualisation of state violence in Nordic propaganda for domestic consumption during the period of the Great Northern War (1700–1721). The focus is on the interrelated notions of martial manliness and patriotic martyrdom. Through a broad repertoire of rhetorical themes, religious, marital and historico-mythical, the advocates of the belligerent state promoted patriotic male identities that were based on the capacity to use and endure violence. At the heart of this process was the glorification of ‘manly sacrifice’, a concept which primarily denoted soldierly death on the battlefield. Dying for the fatherland (pro patria mori) was continuously exalted as the highest form of manliness that any loyal subject of the king could hope to achieve. The propaganda-makers drew upon concepts of hegemonic masculinity which had traditionally been associated exclusively with the knightly elite, yet in the calamitous times of the early eighteenth century, the same masculine attributes were made available to anyone who was willing to suffer and die for the benefit of the all important war effort. Factors such as social background and even physical sex were downplayed in this martial community of manly patriots, especially in the Swedish case, where the overwhelming pressure of constant warfare engendered a relatively high degree of flexibility in the official definitions of manliness and patriotic martyrdom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From the 14th to the end of the 18th century, Szadek was the place where political sejmiks of the Sieradz Voivodeship were held (exeptions were the election sejmiks, which took place in Sieradz). This article foccuses on the reasons why Szadek was chosen as a place of Sieradz Voivodeship sejmiks. It also discusses the role which sejmiks played in local life and shows the political and economic situation of this land at the beginning of the 18th century, connected with economic crisis, epidemics, political chaos and the Northern War. These were the reasons why Sieradz Voivodeship nobility joined the Confederetion in Targowica in 1716. The article also presents the resolution of the confederate sejmik of Sieradz Voivodeship Nobility, adopted in Szadek on 8th June 1716. This source document, being part of the collection of the Bartoszewicz family, is kept in the State Archive in Łódź. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El artículo presenta un recuento histórico de la participación de Finlandia en conflictos bélicos desde el siglo XVI hasta la Segunda Guerra Mundial, con énfasis en las estrategias sociales adoptadas por el Estado para la transición a la paz. Los conflictos discutidos incluyen la Gran Guerra del Norte en el siglo XVIII, la Guerra Civil en el siglo XX y la Segunda Guerra Mundial.

Copyright of Romanian Journal for Baltic & Nordic Studies/Revista Romana de Studii Baltice si Nordice is the property of Sciendo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

After the Great Northern War in 1721, Sweden ceased to be an important military power. Instead, the kingdom concentrated on developing science. Swedish research got international fame with names as Carolus Linnaeus, Pehr Wargentin and Anders Celsius. Medical research remained limited and malaria was common especially in the coastal area and along the shores of the big lakes. Already in the beginning of the 18th century Swedish physicians recommended Peruvian bark as medication and they also emphasized that bleeding or blood-letting a malaria patient was harmful. Although malaria was a common disease in the kingdom, the situation was worst in the SW-part of Finland which consisted of the town of Turku and a large archipelago in the Baltic. The farmers had no opportunity to get modern healthcare until Johan Haartman was appointed district physician in 1754. To improve the situation he wrote a medical handbook intended for both the farmers and for persons of rank. Haartman's work was first published 1759 and he discussed all the different cures and medications. His aim was to recommend the best ones and warn against the harmful. His first choice was Peruvian bark, but he knew that the farmers could not afford it. Haartman was appointed professor in medicine at the Royal Academy of Turku in 1765. The malaria situation in Finland grew worse in the 1770's and Haartman analysed the situation. He found the connection between the warm summers and the spring epidemics next year. In a later thesis, Haartman analysed the late summer/early autumn malaria epidemics in the archipelago. Althouh Haartman did not know the connection between malaria and the vector, he gave astute advice and encouraged the farmers to build their cottages in windy places away from the shallow bays in which the Anopheles females hatched. Haartman died in 1788. After his death malaria research in Turku declined. His medical handbook would not be replaced until 1844. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An article on the travels of oboist Johann Jacob Bach, elder brother of composer Johann Sebastian Bach, is presented. A visit to Constantinople, Turkey, undertaken by Bach is examined, and his meeting there with French flautist Pierre Gabriel Buffardin in the spring or summer of 1710 is described. The author discusses the allegedly suspicious lack of mention of Buffardin as Bach's flute instructor before Bach's death.

The purpose of this article is to examine the effects of the great naval blockade on the Swedish salt market during the Great Northern War (1700-1721). Whether or not salt can be perceived as a strategic good subject of wartime shortage is important in interpreting the reasons behind the famous Swedish Navigation Act of 1724. New research claims that the Navigation Act was a welfare enhancing institution, as it helped to secure salt imports. This essay shows that although Sweden was at war with most European Great Powers and the subject of sea blockades during the Great Northern War, the salt market still worked remarkably well. Neither supply nor salt movements show any signs of a great crisis. Thus, there was no need to secure salt imports during the period of peace that followed. Consequently, the Swedish Navigation Act had little to do with welfare but more with rent seeking and monopolies on the freight market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses Ukrainian visual representations of the military victories of Russian Emperor Peter I, particularly the Battle of Poltava, Ukraine against Sweden and the Battle of Azov, Russia, against the Ottoman Empire, along with the Great Northern War in general. Focus is given to two icons and an engraving and the way in which they demonstrate the reception of Ukrainian Orthodox visual culture in Russia. The images' divergent understandings of time are discussed along with the impact of European art on the images.

The article examines the geopolitical consequences of Russia's victory over Sweden and its king, Charles II, in the 1709 Battle of Poltava, Ukraine, during the Great Northern War in Western Eurasia. Focus is given to the relations between the regions' four main powers: Sweden, Russia, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, and the Ottoman Empire. It is argued that Russian Emperor Peter I's victory ended the hegemony established by Swedish King Gustav Adolf and Polish King Sigismund III in the region in the preceding century. Also discussed is the decreased military power of the Ukrainian Cossacks, the Russo-Turkish War, and decreased Swedish power in the Baltic Sea.

The article discusses the way in which Russia's 1709 victory over Sweden and Swedish King Charles XII in the Battle of Poltava, Ukraine, during the Great Northern War impacted the politics and foreign relations of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. It is argued that the battle ended the reign of Polish King Stanisław Leszczyński due to his alliance with Charles and began the reign of Polish King Augustus II. However, the author is suspicious of the notion that the battle directly caused increased Russian dominance of Polish politics based on analyses of revisionist histories. It is argued that the removal of a Saxon army from the Commonwealth following the battle and Augustus' work with the Polish szlachta, or nobility, helped solidify the Polish state.

The article discusses the way in which Russia's 1709 victory over Sweden at the Battle of Poltava, Ukraine, during the Great Northern War impacted local and regional autonomy within the Russian Empire under the rule of Russian Emperor Peter I. Focus is given to the decreased autonomy of the Hetmanate, or Cossack state, following the battle, as its leader, Hetman Ivan Mazepa, chose to ally with King Charles XII of Sweden during the war, along with increased autonomy for Russia's Baltic states. The Russian government's involvement in the appointment of military leaders in the Hetmanate's administrative divisions is outlined, as is Peter's role in having Ivan Skoropads'kyi elected as Hetman.

In this article, the author applies the military revolution doctrine, which describes the evolution of military technology and warfare in early modern Europe, to an analysis of Russia's victory over Sweden in the 1709 Battle of Poltava, Ukraine. The author explains how changes to tactical transformations and firepower that had developed in Russia over two hundred years largely influenced Russian Emperor Peter I's land army reform and subsequent success at Poltava. Focus is given to the way in which Russian Tsar Aleksei Mikhailovich's creation of more effective infantry units and deployment strategies during the Thirteen Years' War benefited Peter at Poltava. Also addressed is Peter's command of his forces.

The article discusses the tactics used by Russian Emperor Peter I in the victory of Russia's armed forces over Sweden's during the 1709 Battle of Poltava, Ukraine. Focus is given to Peter's use of dragoons, or relatively highly-trained cavalry, in the battle. It is noted that prior to becoming cavalry, dragoons were a form of mounted infantry. Peter's efforts at recruiting dragoons between 1700 and 1709 are outlined, as is the government's work in supplying soldiers with adequate horses. The types of swords used by both Russian and Swedish cavalry are described as well. The Battles of Narva, Estonia, and Lesnaia, Belarus, are also detailed.

The article discusses the archaeological excavation of Baturyn, Ukraine, between 2001 and 2010 as a means to explain the character and architecture of the city prior to its destruction by the Russian Army during the Great Northern War, when the city served as the capital of the Cossack Hetmanate under Hetman Ivan Mazepa. The author notes that the city was destroyed after Mazepa allied with King Charles XII of Sweden during the war. Focus is given to such aspects of the medieval city as its citadel, the wooden Church of the Resurrection, the layout of its streets, and underground passages. Archaeological evidence of the destruction of the city and the massacring of its residents is also detailed, including the discovery of human remains and destroyed defensive walls.

The article examines Russian Emperor Peter I's administrative reforms within the Hetmanate, a Ukrainian Cossack state under Russian authority, as a means to explain Hetman Ivan Mazepa's decision to end his alliance with Peter and enter into another with King Charles XII of Sweden during the Great Northern War. These reforms include the transformation of the Little Russian Department, which dealt with Cossack affairs, into a military department, the creation of the gubernia administrative divisions within the Hetmanate, the creation of mercenary military units, and Russian ownership of Ukrainian fortresses. It is argued that the latter two reforms dealt with Russia's involvement in the war, while the former two were connected to Peter's formation of the Russian Empire.

This article analyzes a situation when the war was actually over and society began to recover. The government faced a severe challenge after the war. These serious problems will be analyzed in the light of the Great Northern War (1700-1721). The plans of the central government to stabilize society will be analyzed, as will the different kinds of planning activities undertaken by the authorities. The critical nature of the situation led the government to concentrate solely on short-term planning. The government had no proper strategies; there were just a couple of exceptions to this rule. Firstly, the problems in Finland were repeatedly concrete and tangible. This made them both easy to address and essential to redress. Conditions in Finland became an issue of the first order. Even here decisions were dictated to a great extent by short-term goals. Another strategy was connected with notion of the 'primacy of the economy'. The government tried to deal with the problems by granting tax exemptions and reliefs, or correspondingly by cut-backs in areas other than those that had been devastated. The machinery of government was not able to create anything new after the war, but its supervision of existing activities was excellent. This was important with respect to the allocation and use of the meagre resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines discussions of love and peace found in the essay "Paterik" by Kyivan Orthodox clergyman and archimandrite Ioasaf Krokovs'kyi representing advice from the clergyman to Russian Tsar Peter I. The author explains Krokovs'kyi's focus on the Biblical tenet of loving one's enemies at a time when Peter I and Imperial Russia were engaged in the Northern War. The homiletic style of the essay is examined, as is the presence of a specifically Ukrainian identity among Kyivan clerics, especially those associated with Ukraine's Caves Monastery. The importance of the cult of Saint Barbara to Krokovs'kyi's work is also examined.

Discusses the supply distribution system for soldiers and horses of the Russian Armiia in Finland during the Great Northern War from 1713-1721. Amounts of fodder for horses; Remittance of money; Reestablishment of customs administration and foreign trade.

Focuses on the predominance of local clan or family names in Scotland and Russia. Discussion on how the earldom of Angus, or county of Forfar, possessed its own share of distinctive surnames; Impact of the Great Northern War to Russia; Details on the history of the Angus-Russian connections.

Examines the internal social factors undermining the war effort of Finnish societies during the Great Northern War from 1700 to 1714. Economic condition of peasantry; Peasant recalcitrance; Open resistance to authority.