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Introduction: Tert‐butylphenol (TBP) derivatives, antioxidants in adhesives and diabetes devices, may provoke allergic contact dermatitis (ACD). Objectives: The objective of this study is to report sensitization to TBP derivatives in medical devices and to highlight that tert‐butylhydroquinone (BHQ) and tert‐butylcatechol (TBC) are potential screeners in this regard. Methods: Fifteen patients with ACD from adhesives and diabetes devices were patch tested to different TBPs: BHQ 1% pet., TBC 0.25% pet., BHA 2% pet., BHT 2% pet., 4‐tert‐butylphenol (TBP) 1% pet. and 2,4‐di‐tert‐butylphenol (di TBP) 1% pet. The culprit devices (medical adhesives, sanitary pads, diabetes devices) and TBP patch preparations were analysed using gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Results: BHQ (9/13), TBC (7/13), and to a lesser extent BHT (3/15), BHA (2/15) and TBP (2/13) gave positive reactions. Seven patients had developed ACD from adhesives and diabetes devices, respectively, and one patient from sanitary pads. GC–MS analyses of the medical devices and patch test materials confirmed the presence of the patch‐test positive TBPs, or chemically related derivatives, or, interestingly, tert‐butylbenzoquinones (BBQ) were found, that is, spontaneously formed, highly reactive TBP metabolites, likely (pseudo‐) cross reacting with the patch tested TBPs. Conclusion: TBPs might be overlooked sensitizers in medical devices, and BHQ and TBC are potential screeners in this regard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article "Riverine Macroplastic Survey along the Segments of Tullahan River in Metro Manila, Philippines" presents data on the types and quantities of macroplastics found in the Tullahan River. The study conducted at three different sites along the river revealed a significant amount of plastic waste, including beverage bottles, straws, grocery bags, and food wrappers. The research also analyzed the relationship between macroplastic flux and river flow velocity, finding correlations at some sites but not at others. The study aims to provide valuable insights into the pollution levels in the river and the impact of plastic waste on the environment. [Extracted from the article]

Background: Menstrual hygiene management is a critical aspect of adolescent health. However, access to adequate menstrual hygiene products and sanitation facilities is severely restricted during times of war. There is a dearth of information about the menstrual hygiene needs of adolescent girls during humanitarian crises. This study investigated the menstrual hygiene management needs of the internally displaced adolescent girls in the war-torn region of Tigray, Ethiopia. Methods: A qualitative study was conducted in three centers for internally displaced people in Mekelle, Tigray Region. Four focus-group discussions and six in-depth interviews were conducted using the local language among 39 adolescent girls aged 13–19 years. The collected data were recorded, transcribed, translated, and analyzed using the ATLAS.ti-7.5.18 software through a qualitative thematic analysis approach. Results: Six primary themes were identified: 1) shortage of menstrual pads; 2) poor accommodation of latrine facilities; 3) silence around menstruation; 4) exchange of menstrual pads for life-saving commodities, 5) lack of privacy; 6) menstruation is a "curse" for adolescent girls living in displaced people's camps. The study highlights the significant challenges faced by internally displaced adolescent girls in managing their menstrual hygiene while living in camps for internally displaced people. Lack of access to adequate menstrual hygiene management supplies often leads them to use rags or worn-out clothing instead of menstrual pads. Conclusion: Access to adequate menstrual hygiene products and sanitation facilities is severely limited among displaced adolescent girls in Tigray. The findings emphasize the urgent need to address menstrual hygiene issues during emergencies. Supplying essential items such as sanitary pads, soap, water, sanitation infrastructure, and improved information on menstrual hygiene management should be prioritized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Super absorbent polymer based on methyl methacrylate (MMA), methacrylic acid (MAA) has been prepared during the present work for coating the top layer of feminine sanitary napkins. Synthesized polymers were coated on the needly punched cotton and adjusted as the top layer of the sanitary napkins, which has been prepared. The samples were evaluated by means of absorbency capacity, rewet back, strike through, and pH by the comparative study with commercially available sanitary napkin. The most suitable ratio of monomers (60 g MMA, and 40 g MAA) for synthesizing polymer was suggested. Absorbency capacity of the said ratio is competing with commercial sample with 63.68 g absorbent capacity. Specially, pH of prepared polymers suggested the acidic value and those are more preferable for maintaining the acidic pH of vagina at the menstrual time. Present work suggests the polymer, which can be utilize for coating the feminine napkin by the comparative result suggested by absorbency capacity, rewet back, strike through, and pH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of sanitary napkins during menstruation is inevitable. However, they pose a menace to the environment because of the associated non-biodegradability. Conventional sanitary napkins are composed of around 90% plastic, which goes to landfill and remains there for centuries leading to an increased carbon footprint. A study conducted on major brands of sanitary napkins in India revealed that the presence of various phthalate groups harms neurological, cardiovascular, and reproductive systems in women and volatile organic compounds show harmful neurological effects including paralysis and memory loss. To overcome this environmental mayhem and severe pathological effects, various approaches have been undertaken by researchers and government authorities. Plant-based alternatives aid the dire need to manufacture sanitary napkins which can decompose and leave no threat to biodiversity. The use of organic materials like cotton, jute, bamboo, banana fibers, and neem leaves in making sanitary napkins holds magnanimous potential. The utilization of sansevieria and water hyacinth to produce sanitary napkins served the dual purpose of recreating life in water bodies and providing financial independency to the local women in Africa. Leftovers of many natural products during their processing end up creating an increased amount of waste material. Incorporating the industrial waste in the absorbent layer to generate eco-friendly napkins retains the sustainable tripod and also reduces the cost which will make napkins affordable by women of every class in society. This review sheds light on the grave issue of disposal and non-biodegradability of currently used marketed sanitary napkins, various biodegradable approaches and their importance over conventional sanitary napkins, that can be adopted to overcome this environmental problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional menstrual absorbent pads typically combine cellulose fiber fluff pulp with non-biodegradable, petroleum-based superabsorbent polymers (SAPs). To eliminate the need for SAPs, this study explores foaming as a method to create a highly porous lignocellulosic fiber network capable of storing large amounts of fluid. Bamboo fibers were chosen due to their high lignin content, which is expected to help maintain the structural integrity of the porous network during liquid absorption and preventing collapse compared to 100% cellulose fibers. The bamboo fiber foams demonstrated remarkable porosity and superior absorbency compared to commercial pads, but they exhibited lower water retention when subjected to compression. Refining the fibers and incorporating microfibrillated cellulose offer promising opportunities to enhance water retention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Menstrual Hygiene Management (MHM) is fundamental to women's health, well-being, and gender equality. The study aimed to assess the cost-effectiveness and acceptability of reusable sanitary pads among rural women in Pakistan, proposing a scalable model for improving MHM practices in low-income countries. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted using Multi-Stage Cluster sampling to accomplish a sample size of 340 childbearing-age women from the rural areas of Sindh, Pakistan. The data was collected using a standard questionnaire regarding the affordability and accessibility of reusable versus disposable sanitary pads; further information was also gathered from Market surveys for MHM products. The biodegradability of the pads was assessed using a soil burial test. The data was analyzed using SPSS version 27. Results Our research found a significant preference for reusable sanitary pads. The biodegradability tests demonstrated that reusable pads had a superior degradation rate (1.88%) to disposable pads (1.59%) over four months. Economic assessments showed a low utilization of commercial pads (12.5%) due to affordability issues, with 87.5% using reusable cloths. Despite 70% awareness of menstrual hygiene, 48% of women showed interest in creating sanitary solutions, underscoring the feasibility of implementing locally sourced, cost-effective products across similar socio-economic landscapes. Conclusion The present study underscores the universal applicability of affordable, sustainable MHM solutions in rural communities of low-income countries, advocating for broader implementation of such models to address global menstrual hygiene challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Products that may reduce menstrual flow from the endometrial cavity to the vagina (i.e. tampons and menstrual cups) could facilitate retrograde menstruation and the spillage of blood into the myometrium, two mechanisms which could be major determinants in endometriosis and adenomyosis pathogenesis. The aim of this narrative review is to summarize the evidence regarding the mechanical role menstrual products may have in the pathogenesis of these two conditions. Evidence in this regard is inconclusive. While Darrow and colleagues observed that 14 or more years of tampon use were associated with endometriosis (OR 3.6; 95% CI, 1.04–13.5); in Meaddough and colleagues' retrospective study, the percentage of women using pads only was significantly higher among those with endometriosis than among those without the condition (31% vs 22%). Three further groups failed to find an association between endometriosis/adenomyosis and any type of menstrual product. The only case that may be considered as a sort of proof-of-concept of the association between products potentially reducing anterograde menstrual flow and endometriosis was reported by Spechler and colleagues, who described the case of a 41 year-old who developed endometriosis after having used a menstrual cup on a regular basis. However, the number of studies on the subject is scarce, study populations are exiguous and a greater attention to temporality of endometriosis onset in relation to when women started habitually using a specific menstrual product is needed. Confounding variables including type and quantity of endocrine disruptors contained in menstrual products should also be addressed. At the present moment, no recommendation can be provided on the safety of one type of menstrual product compared to another. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sanitary napkins are technical textile products that women use to hygienically collect menstrual fluids when they are menstruating. Because sanitary napkins must simultaneously fulfil a number of end-use requirements, they have layered constructions. Through the Unnat Bharat Abhiyan, Surat, India, this study explores the eco-friendly (organic material) sanitary napkin production facility in the village of Bhatlai in the Gujarat province of India and identifies an issue. With eco-friendly organic sanitary products, bioburdens are a big problem. The Unnat Bharat Abhiyan accepts recommendations and improvements relating to sterility in a sanitary manufacturing unit after bioburden testing is conducted using various approaches outlined by Sanitary Napkins - Specification (IS 5405:2019). This study seeks to develop sanitary napkins that are sterilized and have no bioburden to replace SAPs (super absorbent polymer) with an ecologically friendly biopolymer that provides competent performance and characteristics to rural women of India living near or below poverty line. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant food production generates a lot of by-products (BPs). These BPs are majorly discarded into the environment, polluting it, or into landfills where they just decompose, providing no benefit and taking up storage space, causing financial costs. These plant BPs are biodegradable, but reusing them may provide a better outcome and profit. The vast majority of plant-based food BPs are polysaccharide polymers like gums, lignin, cellulose, and their derivatives. It is possible to utilize plant food production waste, like banana peels, leaves, pseudostems, and inflorescences, to produce bioethanol, single-cell protein, cellulase, citric acid, lactic acid, amylase, cosmetics, fodder additives, fertilizers, biodegradable fibers, sanitary pads, bio-films, pulp and paper, natural fiber-based composites, bio-sorbents, bio-plastic, and bio-electricity in the agro-industry, pharmaceutical, bio-medical, and bio-engineering fields. Moreover, the use of banana BPs seems to be a way of dealing with many issues in underdeveloped countries, providing a clean and ecological solution. The suggested idea might not only reduce the use of plastic but also mitigate waste pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional menstrual absorbent pads typically combine cellulose fiber fluff pulp with non-biodegradable, petroleum-based superabsorbent polymers (SAPs). To eliminate the need for SAPs, this study explores foaming as a method to create a highly porous lignocellulosic fiber network capable of storing large amounts of fluid. Bamboo fibers were chosen due to their high lignin content, which is expected to help maintain the structural integrity of the porous network during liquid absorption and preventing collapse compared to 100% cellulose fibers. The bamboo fiber foams demonstrated remarkable porosity and superior absorbency compared to commercial pads, but they exhibited lower water retention when subjected to compression. Refining the fibers and incorporating microfibrillated cellulose offer promising opportunities to enhance water retention.

Background: 2‐Hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) was added into the European baseline series (EBS) in 2019. There is limited data regarding the frequency, relevance, and sources of exposure to HEMA. Objectives: To investigate the frequency and clinical relevance of positive reactions to HEMA in the EBS in Israel, and explore sources of exposure. Methods: Retrospective cohort study that included all patients who underwent patch testing with the EBS in a tertiary center in Israel between 2020 and 2023. Positive reactions to HEMA were stratified by sex, six age groups, and year of study. Sources of exposure to HEMA as well as occupational data were recorded. Results: A total of 1671 consecutive patients underwent HEMA patch testing, with 135 (8.1%) showing positive reactions to HEMA (130 females, 5 males). The prevalence in women (11.0%) was significantly higher compared to men (1.0%) (p < 0.001). Stratification by age and sex revealed the highest frequency of HEMA sensitivity of 16.7% among women younger than 30 years of age, with odds ratio of 2.3 (95%CI: 1.6–3.3, p < 0.001) compared to older women. There was an increase in frequency among women between the years 2022 and 2023 when compared to 2020–2021 (OR 1.7, 95%CI: 1.5–2.1, p < 0.01) attributable to COVID‐19 pandemic and social restrictions. Among men the frequency fluctuations over the study period and age categories were nonsignificant. 111 (84%) were judged to be of clinical relevance and nail cosmetics was responsible for 95% of them. Of 111 patients with relevant reaction (110 females, 1 males), 20 (18%) had occupational contact dermatitis (18 nails stylists, 2 dentists). Other culprit products included sanitary pads (n = 4), medical adhesives (n = 3), and paints (n = 2). Conclusion: We report the highest frequency of HEMA sensitivity to date of 8.1%, that was most common among young women and in vast majority of cases was attributable to nail cosmetics. Our findings reflect the popularity of nail cosmetics in Israel as well as the global trend of increasing sensitivity to (meth)acrylates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the virtual semiotic landscape of a South African online advertisement campaign, Vagina Varsity, by sanitary towel company Libresse®. The article extends notions of linguistic landscape studies and virtual semiotic landscape studies to bring attention to the various semiotics used in online spaces for communication and meaning-making. Using a social semiotic approach to multimodality as a theoretical framework, the investigation found that the campaign addressed the topic of menstruation in a manner that assuaged cultural sensitivities towards this topic. The campaign advertised sanitary products by drawing on semiotics usually related to a teaching genre, as well as on popular cultural references. The affordances of the internet allowed for the creation of spaces where the female anatomy and related matters were presented, constructing a conducive atmosphere for young women to share, discuss and motivate others within that space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Women in Himachal Pradesh encounter various restrictions impacting their reproductive health practices, including menstrual hygiene, breastfeeding, and complementary feeding. This qualitative survey aimed to explore these practices, beliefs, and challenges to inform targeted interventions. Methods: A qualitative survey was conducted from March 2021 to August 2022 across 20 selected blocks in 11 districts of Himachal Pradesh. Focus group discussions (FGDs) included a diverse range of participants, such as women of reproductive age, lactating mothers, Anganwadi workers, ASHAs, and other stakeholders. Thematic analysis identified common themes and patterns related to menstrual hygiene, breastfeeding, and complementary feeding. Results: Thematic analysis revealed key findings in each area. Menstrual hygiene practices included the continued use of cloth instead of sanitary pads, improper disposal of menstrual products, and prevalent social and religious taboos and myths. Despite awareness of breastfeeding benefits, misconceptions about alternative feeding methods persisted. Complementary feeding practices were generally well understood, but certain communities held beliefs against nonvegetarian foods and relied on commercially prepared products. Conclusion: The study underscores the need to address cultural beliefs, provide accurate information, and promote evidence-based practices to enhance reproductive health in Himachal Pradesh. Targeted interventions, education programs, and community-based awareness campaigns are essential to dispel myths, promote positive practices, and empower women to make informed decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractMenstruation is considered an off-limits subject in India where menstruating woman continue to face silence, discrimination and isolation. A mesh of patriarchal cultural practices surrounding the subject of menstruation places restrictions on girls and women who are menstruating. This paper explores the menstrual experiences and challenges experienced by teachers from a village located in a Kishangarh block in rural Rajasthan. Informed by qualitative research, the study reveals the irony in thrust to distribute disposable menstrual pads to adolescent girls in school while ignoring the needs of teachers. The study calls for the inclusion of teachers as key stakeholders in the design of school based menstrual hygiene management and awareness initiatives and programmes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Rohingya people are the most marginalized minorities in the world. Being female refugees in Malaysia, they are vulnerable to many challenges which may impact their menstrual hygiene. Currently, not much is known about their menstrual health practices and needs in Malaysia in which this knowledge gap needs to be addressed. This study aimed to identify the menstrual health practices and needs among Rohingya women refugees and determine the relationship between their socio-demographic profile and menstrual experiences. A cross-sectional study involving 18 to 55 years old Rohingya women attending QFFD Clinic managed by IMARET in Selayang, Selangor between April to November 2022 was conducted. The MPQ and MPNS-36 were included in the self-administered questionnaire. 70 respondents completed the questionnaire. Majority of respondents had used disposable sanitary pad and able to wash hands every time after changing (n = 65, 92.9%), as well as preferred to use bathroom (n = 50, 71.4%) and household bin (n = 68, 97.1%) as location to change and dispose their menstrual materials when at home. The study had also found that only 47.1% (n = 33) of respondents had positive menstrual experiences with the husband’s education level to be statistically significantly associated with respondents’ menstrual experiences. This study provides a preliminary data on menstrual health practices and needs of Rohingya women in Malaysia. Nevertheless, they performed poorly in addressing their menstrual experiences. Thus, there is a need to include menstrual health programmes in humanitarian crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A menstrual cup is a menstrual hygiene device which is inserted into the vagina, made of silicone can be reused for 10 yrs. Today in the era of reduce, reuse and recycle, menstrual cup provides a suitable, safe, and feasible option for sustainable menstruation. This study aimed to assess the awareness, acceptability, and feasibility of menstrual cup among student population. Materials and methods: A descriptive longitudinal study done including the female medical and dental undergraduates. All eligible participants consenting to participate were provided with a predesigned questionnaires. The data collected were entered in MS Excel and analyzed into descriptive statistics like percentages. Results: 462 female students received the questionnaire, out of which 459 completed the questionnaire. Of the total participants, 93.5% were aware of the cup as a menstrual sanitary product with social media as the leading source of information (75%). In the study, 5.9% were active cup users. The main reason cited for not using the cup was lack of information regarding the correct insertion and removal techniques (45%) and the fear of insertion (31%). Among the cup users, the common problem faced was difficulty in insertion and removal (66.6%), while 46% of the users did not face any problems or difficulties with usage of the cup. About 75% of the non-users showed a willingness to change over to cup. Conclusion: From our study, it can be inferred that though the awareness regarding availability and safety of the cup is on the rise in the last few years, the popularity is still low. Thus, more awareness programs regarding proper usage technique, safety, and additional benefits of the menstrual cup needs to be arranged particularly focusing on the student population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In this study, hazardous substances in 5 different brands of sanitary napkins being used in India have been analysed through gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GCMS). Concentration of chemicals such as volatile organic chemicals (VOCs) (acetone, iso propyl alcohol, toluene), persistent organic pollutant (dioxins and furans), phthalates and total chlorine present in sanitary napkin have been reported. Furthermore, amounts of plastic present per sanitary napkin and total plastic waste generation potential have been calculated. Additionally, data analysis was done to understand the health impacts of these hazardous chemicals on users and the environment. It has been found that Indian sanitary pads have higher concentration of hazardous chemicals, as compared to similar product being sold in developed countries like — USA, Europe and Japan. The values of total chlorine observed in 5 different brands were found to be in the range of 170 to 460 ppm; dioxins varied from 0.244 to 21.419 pg/g; furans varied from 0.07 to 0.563 pg/g; acetone varied from 351 to 429 ppm; isopropyl alcohol varied from 125 to 184 ppm; toluene varied from 2.91 to 3.21 ppb; concentration of two phthalates, DBP and DEHP varied from 57.3 to 127.8 and from 146.2 to 188.5, respectively. Plastic pollution potential of this waste is approximately 33,210 tons/year. Daily exposure volume (DEV) of dioxins varied from 2.295 to 2.266 pg TEQ/g and furan from 0.0616 to 0.0738 pg TEQ/kg/day, compared to safe TDI value < 0.7 TEQ/kg/day. Dioxin's value is around 3 times higher than the accepted TDI value, whereas furan is within acceptable limit. Daily exposure doses (DED) of DBP were observed in-between 4.24 and 9.47 μg/kg-bw/day, whereas the DEHP value varied from 0.541 to 0.698 μg/kg-bw/day. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jacquet erosive dermatitis (JED) is a rare, severe form of napkin dermatitis associated with friction and irritant exposure in the napkin area. The condition typically causes erosions and erythematous punched‐out ulcerations. We present two cases of JED in infants associated with the use of a common brand barrier cream Curash. This appeared to present following a change of several active ingredients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To assess the efficacy of utilizing dining hall napkins as a novel health messaging strategy to promote mindfulness. Undergraduate students at a large Midwestern university. Methods: Utilizing a place-based promotional strategy, mindfulness messages were printed on over 8-million napkins at dining halls. Surveys (N = 573) were used to measure message viewership, and attitudes toward mindfulness. While only a few small significant effects for students who read the messaging were found (e.g., increases in self-efficacy for keeping ones phone out of sight while speaking with someone), napkins appeared to be a successful channel for reaching students. About 97% of students who dined in-person indicated they saw the napkin messaging. Additionally, students were more likely to read the napkin messaging when dining in-person rather than when they took their food "to-go." Future research should continue to test napkins' efficacy as a messaging channel for health messaging for college students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Menstrual hygiene management is integrally associated with reproductive health of women. Menstrual health and hygiene needs, particularly of tribal women still remain unmet for many reasons. Inappropriate menstrual behaviour leads to adverse health consequences. Objectives: This study aimed to ascertain the menstrual hygiene behaviour of tribal married women aged 15 to 49 years and its correlates. Methods: A descriptive cross‑sectional study was conducted from May 2019 to April 2020 in the Barabani block of Paschim Bardhaman district, West Bengal. A calculated sample of 530 women was selected randomly from 10 tribal villages of the study area; they were interviewed through a pre‑designed schedule for socio‑demographic and menstrual hygiene behaviour characteristics. Menstrual hygiene management score was derived based on five essential components‑ hygienic absorbents, hygienic disposal of absorbents, frequency of changing of absorbents, cleaning of external genitalia and source of water for cleaning; menstrual hygiene behaviour was categorised as favourable and unfavourable. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression was performed using SPSS v. 20. Results: All 530 women were Hindu and belonged to Santhal ethnicity; 53.4% were illiterate. Sanitary pads were used by 43.8% of women; 63% practised indiscriminate throwing for disposal of absorbents; 86% practised appropriate changing of absorbents. Overall, 63% had favourable menstrual hygiene management behaviour, and the literacy status of women was found to be a significant predictor. Conclusion: Unfavourable menstrual practices are still widely prevalent among tribal women, mainly attributable to lack of knowledge. Awareness generation should be focused on improving those practices, which would also result in the improvement of general health conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With ever-improving social and medical awareness about menstrual hygiene in India, the demand for sanitary napkins has increased significantly. The utilization of high-quality and environment-friendly raw materials to produce these pads is further supporting the growth of the market. However, with improving demand and usage, the need for proper disposal techniques becomes more relevant, since all of these pads get contaminated with human blood which makes them a biohazard and can cause significant damage to human health and the environment. One sanitary pad takes around 800 years to degrade naturally and the plastic and super absorbent polymers (SAPs) in sanitary pads are non-biodegradable and can take multiple decades to degrade. Waste management technologies such as pyrolysis, gasification, and resource recovery can be adopted to manage tons of sanitary waste. Currently, sanitary waste treatment mainly focuses on landfilling, incineration, and composting, where biohazard wastes are mixed with tons of solid waste. Disposable sanitary pads have a high carbon footprint of about 5.3 kg CO2 equivalent every year. Innovative solutions for sanitary pad disposal are discussed in the manuscript which includes repurposing of derived waste cellulose and plastic fraction into value-added products. Future aspects of disinfection strategies and value addition to waste cellulose recovered from napkins were systematically discussed to promote a circular economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In low- to middle-income communities, the lack of affordability of conventional sanitary products during menstrual cycles can cause psychological and health issues, ultimately affecting their quality of life. It is crucial to develop alternative products that are affordable and accessible to all while also promoting menstrual health and hygiene. Super absorbent polymers (SAPs) are a vital component in current disposable sanitary pads and nappies. However, these SAPs are often non-biodegradable and non-biocompatible. Therefore, the use of eco-friendly materials for the production of SAPs is gaining popularity in the hygiene industry, as it offers a means to reduce the carbon footprint and environmental impact associated with traditional SAPs made from non-renewable petroleum-based materials. SAPs made from polysaccharides often have naturally occurring antibacterial properties, making them appealing for commercial applications in sanitary products such as sanitary pads. In addition, the move toward reusable sanitary pads with antibacterial properties can significantly reduce waste generated by single-use products and prevent the growth of bacteria, improving the safety and hygiene of the product. Furthermore, computational modeling and artificial intelligence are now important tools in SAP synthesis, providing advantages such as predicting polymer properties, rationalizing synthesis pathways, and improving quality control. These tools can reduce synthesis costs by eliminating the need for trial-and-error approaches in polymer synthesis, ultimately promoting more affordable products for end users. Overall, these advancements in polymer synthesis and material design can help to create a more sustainable industry and promote menstrual hygiene and product accessibility to those who need it most. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: For a specific purpose involving the pH of menstrual blood and the pH of the vagina during menstruation, the current work describes the development of pH-responsive superadsorbent polymer (SAP)-coated menstrual pads. Acrylic acid (AA) and methyl methacrylate (MMA) were used to create a pH-responsive polymer, which was then applied layer by layer to sanitary napkins. Using FTIR, the chemical composition and structure were examined. By examining tests for absorbent capacity, swelling capacity, water retention, sorption under load, strike through, wicking height, and re-wetness under load, the performance studies of coated pads were contrasted with those of menstrual pads that are sold commercially. Additionally, the coated pad's pH response was examined to determine how stable the polymer was against pH variation. Results: The use of SAP in this study resulted in a higher free swelling capacity (102.22 g/g) for tap water and absorption under load in sanitary napkins. The absorption capacity of SAP ranges from 8 to 24 h, with values ranging from 14.84 to 132.41 g/g. Similarly, wet back and striking through analysis indicated superior outcomes in comparison with commercial products. The pH of the prepared SAP helps to maintain the necessary acidity level (pH 3.02) for the vagina during menstruation. Conclusions: Based on comparison results from FTIR, absorbency capacity, rewet, strike-through, and pH, the report recommends using the pH-responsive SAP to coat the top layer of feminine napkins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: From menarche until menopause, the average menstruator will use over 11 000 tampons or sanitary pads. Vaginal and vulvar tissue is highly permeable, and chemicals are absorbed without undergoing first‐pass metabolism. Objectives: To conduct a review of the literature to determine exposure to environmental chemicals in menstrual products. Search strategy: This review identified 15 papers over the past 10 years. Selection criteria: Papers that measured chemicals in menstrual products and that measured human biomarkers of chemical exposure were included. Papers had to also be available in English. Data collection and analysis: Reviewers assessed the articles and data provided. Multiple chemical groups were found. Main results: Phthalates, volatile organic compounds, parabens, environmental phenols, fragrance chemicals, dioxins and dioxin‐like compounds were detected in menstrual products. Research gaps were identified, including the lack of studies on newer products such as menstrual underwear and cups/discs. In addition to measuring chemicals in these products, future research should focus on clarifying the exposure per menstrual cycle to these chemicals to understand how menorrhagia and cycle length influence exposure from menstrual products. Conclusion: Menstrual products contained measurable levels of a range of endocrine disrupting chemicals including phthalates, phenols and parabens. This reflects a potentially important route of exposure to chemicals that can impact women's reproductive health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Almost 70% of women residing in urban areas and 48% of women in rural areas use sanitary napkins in India. According to menstrual health alliance India (MHAI), single sanitary pad will take about 500-800 years to decompose as the plastic used in manufacturing is nonbiodegradable and causes severe noxious effects contributing to global warming through the production of planet warming fuels which eventually have severe impact on environment sustainability. Hence, the study was undertaken to contribute the evidence for the “Clean and Green India”. Aim: To know the perception and practice of disposal of sanitary napkins among young college-going females in India. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted throughout the country employing a self-administered questionnaire using a survey link sent through social media. Data collected were analyzed and interpreted using SPSS version 20.0. Result: The study population comprised 484 young college girls with a mean age of 20.92 ± 1.86 years and 96.9% of them are using sanitary napkins as menstrual absorbent aids. The most common method employed for the disposal of sanitary napkins was dumping them in the bin (87.4%). About 63.2% of them had no knowledge about sanitary napkin-burning machines. Around 92% think that improper disposal of sanitary napkins can cause health problems. Conclusion: The findings from the study revealed that a significant number of women were practicing noneco-friendly disposal methods and menstrual hygiene aids which are a bane to the ecosystem. Study warrants the education and training of females to achieve a green and clean sustainable India.

Background: Menstruation is a major physiological change in a woman's life, but lack of knowledge, poor practices, socio-cultural barriers, poor access to products and their improper disposal have significant consequences on health, dignity and well-being of women and adolescent girls. Objectives: This study aimed to assess the knowledge and practices related to menstrual health and hygiene amongst females of 10–49 years of age; explore the experiences and challenges of women during menstruation; and identify the key predictors of healthy menstrual health and hygiene. Methods: Using a cross-sectional study design, we adopted a mixed methods approach for data collection. For quantitative household survey, a total of 921 respondents were selected from three districts of Odisha. Qualitative findings through focus group discussions and in-depth interviews supplemented the survey findings and helped to identify the barriers affecting good menstrual practices. Epi data version 2.5 and R 4.2.2 was used for data entry and data analysis, respectively. Descriptive statistics was used to calculate proportion, mean and standard deviation; Chi square test was used to measure the association between categorical variables. Bivariate and multivariate logistics analyses were done to identify predictors of healthy menstrual health and hygiene. For qualitative data analysis, thematic analysis approach was adopted using software Atlas.ti 8. Results: For 74.3% respondents, mothers were the primary source of information; about 61% respondents were using sanitary pad. The mean age at menarche was 12.9 years and almost 46% of respondents did not receive any information about menstruation before menarche. Lower age and education up to higher secondary level or above had statistically significant associations with the knowledge about menstruation. Age, caste, respondent's education, mother's education, sanitation facility, availability of water, accessibility and affordability for sanitary pads were found to be strongly associated with good menstrual hygiene practices. Conclusion: Traditional beliefs regarding menstruation still persists at the community level. Educating mothers, increasing awareness about safe menstrual hygiene, providing adequate water and sanitation facilities and ensuring proper disposal of menstruation products need priority attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Almost 70% of women residing in urban areas and 48% of women in rural areas use sanitary napkins in India. According to menstrual health alliance India (MHAI), single sanitary pad will take about 500-800 years to decompose as the plastic used in manufacturing is nonbiodegradable and causes severe noxious effects contributing to global warming through the production of planet warming fuels which eventually have severe impact on environment sustainability. Hence, the study was undertaken to contribute the evidence for the "Clean and Green India". Aim: To know the perception and practice of disposal of sanitary napkins among young college-going females in India. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted throughout the country employing a self-administered questionnaire using a survey link sent through social media. Data collected were analyzed and interpreted using SPSS version 20.0. Result: The study population comprised 484 young college girls with a mean age of 20.92 ± 1.86 years and 96.9% of them are using sanitary napkins as menstrual absorbent aids. The most common method employed for the disposal of sanitary napkins was dumping them in the bin (87.4%). About 63.2% of them had no knowledge about sanitary napkin-burning machines. Around 92% think that improper disposal of sanitary napkins can cause health problems. Conclusion: The findings from the study revealed that a significant number of women were practicing noneco-friendly disposal methods and menstrual hygiene aids which are a bane to the ecosystem. Study warrants the education and training of females to achieve a green and clean sustainable India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The primary objectives were to determine the proportion of modern menstrual method (MMM) users among college going women in Coimbatore district, Tamil Nadu; and to estimate the unmet needs associated with use of MMMs in comparison with other menstrual hygiene methods (MHMs). We also assessed the factors that determine MMM use among college going women. Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted among college going women in Coimbatore district, Tamil Nadu, India between October 2022 and January 2023 using a purpose predesigned, pretested, semi-structured proforma that included validated Menstrual Practice Needs Scale (MPNS-36). Results: Only 1.4% of the study participants used MMMs – menstrual cups (1.3%) and tampons (0.1%). Sanitary pads were the most common MHM of choice (96.3%); of which majority (98.6%) used disposable pads and more than half (50.4%) used non-biodegradable pads. Importantly, one in six (16.5%) were not aware of nature of sanitary pads (biodegradable or nonbiodegradable) used. The unmet needs associated with MMMs (menstrual cups and tampons) were significantly lower than that for other MHMs (including sanitary pads), in particular, the unmet material and home environment needs, unmet material reliability concerns, unmet reuse needs and unmet reuse insecurity. However, we found no significant difference between MMMs, sanitary pads and other MHMs in terms of unmet transport, college environment, change and disposal insecurity needs. The significant predictors of use of MMMs were age (more than 21 years of age), residence (urban), type of stay (off campus including home), socioeconomic status (upper), fathers' and mothers' education (high school and above), and presence of personal income. Discussions with friends (or peers) both before and after menarche regarding menstruation resulted in higher adoption of modern menstrual methods. Conclusion: MMMs provided comparative advantage with lesser unmet needs for material reliability and reuse insecurity concerns, particularly in home environment. However, none of the MHMs fulfilled the user expectations for transport and disposal insecurity concerns, particularly outdoors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• It is rare for women to choose to use the menstrual cup even though they know it. • Social media is an effective resource for providing information about the menstrual cup. • Many women experience difficulties in using a menstrual cup. To evaluate the knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors of Turkish women of reproductive age toward menstrual cup. This descriptive study was conducted via online platforms with 301 Turkish women between March-June 2023. The Participant Information Form was used to collect the data. A p value of <0.05 was considered. The mean age of the participants was 26.42 ± 7.81 years. The most common used menstrual hygiene product was sanitary pad. Of the women, 72.1 % have heard of the menstrual cup before, however, only 6.6 % of the women used menstrual cups. The 42.9 % of the women who use the menstrual cup had difficulty in using it. The most common concern of women who did not use menstrual cups was that they thought they were uncomfortable and did not know how to use them. Factors such as age, marital status, place of residence, occupation, previous pregnancy and finding the menstrual hygiene product used comfortable was found statistically significantly correlated with the menstrual cup usage. In our study, very few of the women use menstrual cups, and nearly half of them stated that they had difficulty in using it. The participants who did not use the menstrual cup most frequently did not know how to use the cup and did not use it because they thought the cup was uncomfortable. It is essential to increase the awareness of reproductive age women about the menstrual cups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to analyze the transdimensional theme of the dignity of people who menstruate, which has a double facet: on the one hand it brings a universal aspect of dignity, being innate to human beings, with rational content, which distances them from reification or invisibility of people and on the other hand it brings a sense of citizenship to be achieved, with a clear provisional nature to be conferred by the State and other members of organized society. Based on these two pillars of understanding dignity, using the hypothetical-deductive method, the article develops to find out whether not valuing menstrual dignity, in addition to causing harm to health, can have repercussions in the school environment, causing a state of inequalities between vulnerable people who menstruate and others. The article seeks to verticalize the theme by pointing out that, once the state of educational inequalities is proven, the loss of these people is inevitable from the beginning of the competition of life, ceasing to be effective the equality of resources professed by Ronald Dworkin, in his work Sovereign Virtue (2000). The work also presents the initial efforts that have been carried out at the legislative level in Brazil, concluding with the hypothesis of a broader approach to the valorization of menstrual dignity with a bias towards educational and human development that goes far beyond the free delivery of sanitary pads and scarves [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The event of menarche associated with taboos and myths in our traditional society has a negative implication for women's health, particularly their menstrual hygiene. Women having better knowledge regarding menstrual hygiene are less vulnerable to reproductive tract infections. Objectives: 1) To study the Socio-demographic profile of adolescent school girls. 2) To study the Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of menstrual hygiene among adolescent school girls. Materials and Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted among 122 adolescent girls of two secondary schools situated in the rural field practice area of Kurnool Medical college, Kurnool with the help of a pre-designed and pre-tested questionnaire. Data were analyzed statistically by simple proportions. Results: Out of 122 respondents, 48 (39.3%) girls were aware about menstruation prior to attainment of menarche. Mother and family members were the first informant regarding menstruation in case of 93 (76.2%) girls. 101 (82.8%) girls believed it as a physiological process. Regarding practices, 119 (97.6%) girls used sanitary pads during menstruation. Conclusions: Menstrual hygiene, a very important risk factor for reproductive tract infections, is a vital aspect of health education for adolescent girls. Trained health personnel, motivated school teachers and knowledgeable parents can play a very important role in transmitting the vital message of correct menstrual hygiene to the adolescent girl of today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of hygienic materials (sanitary napkins, locally prepared napkins, tampons, and menstrual cups) during menstruation among adolescent women in India has improved over the years, yet a significant rural–urban gap in the usage persists at the national level. This study investigates how this rural-urabn gap varies across different states and union territories (UTs) of India and uses Fairlie decomposition to quantify the contribution of various factors to this gap. The study uses data on 114,805 adolescent women (aged 15–19 years) from the fifith round of National Family Health Survey (2019–21). The utilization of hygienic materials during menstruation among adolescent women in rural India stood at 43%, whereas in urban areas, it was 68%, indicating a significant 25 percentage point (pp) difference between the two. The rural–urban gap in the hygienic material use varied significantly across Indian states and UTs. The gap exceeded 20 pp in Madhya Pradesh (36 pp), Odisha (26 pp), Jammu and Kashmir (25 pp), Assam (25 pp), Uttar Pradesh (23 pp), Jharkhand (22 pp), Chhattisgarh (21 pp), and Rajasthan (21 pp). In contrast, the gap in Tamil Nadu, Himachal Pradesh, and Telangana was less than 10 pp. The decomposition analysis of the rural–urban gap (25 pp) revealed that the variables included in the anlaysis explained about 70% of the gap. The difference in the household wealth between rural and urban areas contributed about 69% of the explained gap. Other significant contributors to the explained gap were 'transportation to health facility' (5.6%), 'mass-media exposure' (4.9%), and 'level of education (4.4%). The findings underscore the necessity for state-specific interventions aimed at vulnerable groups, particularly individuals from economically disadvantaged backgrounds, those with lower levels of education, and limited exposure to mass media, in order to reduce the existing rural–urban disparity in hygienic material use among adolescent women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review article explores the use of menstruation cups to manage period hygiene and promoting environmental sustainability. The primary goal of this paper is to review different types of commonly used menstrual products such as tampons, sanitary pads, reusable cloth pads, menstrual cups, and period underwear, including their affordability, environmental impact, and health effects. Menstrual cups are found out to be a better alternative for managing menstruation because it is reusable, affordable, and does not cause harm to environment and human health. The paper also looks at how menstruation cups empower women and help to eradicate period taboos. Menstrual cups not only offer a sustainable menstrual hygiene solution but also support larger social and cultural changes by giving people the knowledge and ability to make conversant decisions. In this review article, few case studies are discussed which highlights the transforming potential of menstruation cups. The article serves as motivating examples for governments, non-government organizations and businesses to encourage the usage of menstrual cups in female and thereby help in developing a more inclusive and sustainable future. This study also aims towards eliminating period poverty and help in achieving the sustainable development goals (SDGs) i.e., SDG 3 (Well-being and Good Health), SDG 6 (Clean Water and Hygiene), SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities) and SDG 15 (Life on Land). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Menstrual hygiene remains clouded by misconceptions, posing challenges for adolescent girls. This study aims to identify myths surrounding menstrual hygiene among young girls in Islamabad and recognize the challenges they face in maintaining proper menstrual hygiene. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in three government schools in Islamabad, involving adolescent girls aged 13-18 years in grades 8-12 over a six-month period. Simple random sampling was used to enroll 600 participants, and data were collected using a self-structured, pre-tested questionnaire. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 25. Results: Of the 600 participants, 47% were in the age group of 13-15 years, and 53% were in the age group of 16-18 years. Mothers were the primary source of information for 85.8% of the girls. Common myths included 69% of girls avoiding baths based on advice from elders and 58.2% avoiding washing their groin during menstruation. Challenges reported by adolescent girls included 38.8% finding menstrual products unaffordable, 56.6% lacking sanitary pads at school, and 54.8% feeling embarrassed about asking for menstrual products. Additionally, 56.5% of girls were hesitant to discuss genital issues due to social taboos. Conclusion: This study highlights prevalent myths and challenges undermining menstrual hygiene practices among adolescent girls. Debunking these myths and providing necessary facilities are essential to enhance menstrual health and overall quality of life for adolescent girls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Allergic contact dermatitis from (meth)acrylic monomers (ACDMA) in manicure products is increasing. Objective: To evaluate the prognosis, work performance impairment and sequelae of a cohort of beauticians and manicure consumers with ACDMA sensitized from the exposure to manicure products. Methods: We conducted a telephone survey with patients diagnosed with ACDMA. Results: One hundred and six patients were evaluated, including 75 (70.8%) beauticians and 31 (29.2%) consumers. All were women with a mean age of 39 (19–62). Thirty‐seven of 75 beauticians (49.3%) continued to work. Twenty‐seven of 106 (25.5%) patients continued to use manicure products with (meth)acrylates regularly. Seventeen of 51 (33.3%) patients who discontinued the exposure described ongoing nail/periungual changes. Nine of 58 (15.5%) patients who required dental restoration, orthodontic or occlusal splint materials recalled reactions from them; and, 25 of 96 (26%) who used sanitary napkins recalled intolerance to them starting after the diagnosis of ACDMA. Fifteen of 25 (60%) discontinued the use of sanitary napkins. Conclusion: 49.3% beauticians continued to work; most patients stopped wearing acrylic manicure materials; reactions from dental materials were not uncommon, however, removal of dental materials was never required; and, reactions to sanitary napkins developing after the diagnosis of ACDMA were common most leading to discontinuation of use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]