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Copyright of Lilloa is the property of Fundacion Miguel Lillo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Deadwood decomposition is relevant in nature and wood inhabiting fungi (WIF) are its main decomposers. However, climate influence on WIF community and their interactions with bacteria are poorly understood. Therefore, we set up an in-field mesocosm experiment in the Italian Alps and monitored the effect of slope exposure (north- vs. south-facing slope) on the decomposition of Picea abies wood blocks and their microbiome over two years. Unlike fungal richness and diversity, we observed compositional and functional differences in the WIF communities as a function of exposure. Wood-degrading operational taxonomic units (OTUs) such as Mycena, and mycorrhizal and endophytic OTUs were characteristic of the south-facing slope. On the north-facing one, Mucoromycota, primarily Mucor, were abundant and mixotrophic basidiomycetes with limited lignin-degrading capacities had a higher prevalence compared to the southern slope. The colder, more humid conditions and prolonged snow-coverage at north exposure likely influenced the development of the wood-degrading microbial communities. Networks between WIF and N2-fixing bacteria were composed of higher numbers of interacting microbial units and showed denser connections at the south-facing slope. The association of WIF to N2-fixing Burkholderiales and Rhizobiales could have provided additional competitive advantages, especially for early wood colonization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In this work we compare the antifungal capacity of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) synthesized by a chemical route and a ZnO-based nanobiohybrid obtained by green synthesis in an extract of garlic (Allium sativum). To find out the characteristics of the materials synthesized, X-ray diffraction (XRD), IR spectroscopy and absorption in UV–Vis were used, as well as both scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM) electron microscopy. The results showed that the samples obtained were of nanometric size (<100 nm), with a predominance of the wurtzite crystal phase of ZnO and little crystallization of the nanobiohybrids. Their antifungal capacity on two pathogenic fungi of coffee, Mycena citricolor (Berk and Curt) and Colletotrichum sp. was also evaluated. Both nanomaterials showed an efficient antifungal capacity, particularly the nanobiohybrids, with ~97% inhibition in growth of M. citricolor , and ~93% for Colletotrichum sp. The microstructural study with high resolution optical (HROM) and ultra-structural microscopy (using TEM) carried out on the fungi treated with the synthesized nanomaterials showed a strong nanofungicidal effect on the vegetative and reproductive structures and fungal cell wall, respectively. The inhibition of the growth of the fungi and micro and ultra-structural affectations were explained considering that the size of the nanomaterials allows them to pass easily through the cell membranes. This indicates that they can be absorbed easily by the fungi tested here, causing cellular dysfunction. Nanofungicide effects are also attributable to the unique properties of nanomaterials, such as the high surface-to-bulk ratio of atoms and their surface physicochemical characteristics that could directly or indirectly produce reactive oxygen species (ROS), which affect the proteins of the cell wall. Graphical abstract Unlabelled Image Highlights • ZnO-based nanomaterials were synthesized and characterized. • Nanomaterial antifungal activities over fungi that affect coffee were evaluated. • Micro and ultra-structural effects from ZnO-nanofungicides on the fungi were analyzed. • The treatment antifungal with Zn nano-biohybrids were most effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seven species of bioluminescent fungi are recorded from the cloud forests in Mexico. Six represent new species belonging to the genus Mycena, whereas Mycena globulispora is a new distribution record for the country. Descriptions, illustrations, photographs, and an identification key to bioluminescent fungi species from Mexico are provided. Sequences of nuc rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 = ITS) region were generated for barcoding purposes and comparisons with similar species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract A small blue stipitate-pileate mushroom with porioid hymenophore was found on dead Calamus sp. (Arecaceae) in Taiwan. Microscopic characteristics indicated a placement within the Mycenaceae. ITS as well as partial LSU ribosomal RNA gene sequences analyses showed a close relationship with Mycena illuminans within the Mycenaceae. A new species with completely blue basidiomata, Mycena indigotica , is proposed based on morphological and molecular evidence. Highlights • A blue stipitate-porioid Mycena species is described. • It represents a new lineage with porioid hymenophore in Mycenaceae. • It was found on dead stems of Calamus sp. (Arecaceae) in Taiwan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Four so far unknown pyrroloquinoline alkaloids, yellow mycenaflavins A, B, and C, and the purple mycenaflavin D, have been isolated from the fruiting bodies of Mycena haematopus. The structures of these new alkaloids were elucidated by NMR spectroscopy and HRMS (ESI+). The mycenaflavins are structurally related to mycenarubins and haematopodins, which have been previously identified in M. haematopus. However, compared with other known fungal pyrroloquinoline alkaloids, the mycenaflavins contain an additional double bond within the pyrroloquinoline moiety that accounts for the yellow colour of the monomeric mycenaflavins A, B, and C. The purple mycenaflavin D is the first known dimeric pyrroloquinoline alkaloid with a C−C bridge between the two pyrroloquinoline units. Although the minor pyrroloquinoline alkaloid constituent mycenaflavin A exhibits only moderate bioactivity against the soil bacterium Azoarcus tolulyticus, the major pyrroloquinoline alkaloid constituent haematopodin B is similarly active as the antibiotic gentamicin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mycena chlorophos, a tropical or subtropical species of the genus Mycena, reported from Galicia (NW continental Spain) is described, representing its first European record. Besides, it is compared with Mycena margarita, another tropical bioluminescent taxon previously recorded from Asturias. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ulleung Island is a biodiversity hotspot in South Korea. During a survey of indigenous fungal species from Ulleung Island conducted from 2015 to 2016, we discovered 10 unrecorded macrofungi in Korea. These macrofungi were identified to the species level using morphological features and phylogenetic analysis based on the internal transcribed spacer region: Deconica phyllogena, Mycena zephirus, Phaeomarasmius proximans, Phlebia radiata, Pluteus semibulbosus, Postia alni, Resinicium pinicola, Scytinostroma portentosum, Tricholomopsis flammula, and Tyromyces kmetii. We also provide detailed morphological descriptions for these 10 species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Gastrodia elata is a well-known medicinal orchid. In nature, the germination rate of G. elata is extremely poor, because there is no endosperm within the mature seed. It is crucial for G. elata to obtain nutrition from mycorrhizal fungi ( Mycena) at the early-stage of germination. After germination, the seed gives rise to a protocorm. However, there are no 'omic' studies on understanding the interaction between Gastrodia and Mycena. Here, we used transcriptomic approaches to explore changes in seed germination of G. elata. Results: Based on RNA-Seq, a total of ~221 million clean reads were assembled denovo into 139,756 unigenes, including 42,140 unigenes that were annotated in public databases. Meanwhile, 1750 unigenes were identified as differentially expressed genes. Most of these differentially expressed genes were putatively involved in energy metabolism, plant defense, molecular signaling, and secondary metabolism. Additionally, numerous genes involved in clathrin-mediated endocytosis were identified from our data. Most of these genes (e.g., clathrin, adaptor protein, dynamin, HSC70) were basally expressed in seeds and highly expressed in protocorms. Conclusions: Our data suggested that clathrin-mediated endocytosis could play important roles in symbiotic seed germination of G. elata with Mycena infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The living gills of the fungus Mycena chlorophos spontaneously emit green light. It was previously reported that trans -4-hydroxycinnamic acid and trans -3,4-dihydroxycinnnamic acid are essential for the bright light production in the living gills. However, the chemical mechanisms underlying their bioluminescence are unknown. In the present study, trans -4-aminocinnamic acid was found to inhibit light production in the living gills. The concentrations of trans -4-aminocinnamic acid that inhibited the bioluminescence intensity by 50% of initial values for immature and mature gills were 0.07 μM and 4 μM, respectively. Approximately 20% of the bioluminescence intensity of the immature and mature gills was not inhibited by a further increase in the concentration of trans -4-aminocinnamic acid. Moreover, the bioluminescence that was activated by trans -4-hydroxycinnamic acid or trans -3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid (0.01 mM) was completely inhibited by trans -4-aminocinnamic acid. Therefore, trans -4-hydroxycinnamic acid and trans -3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid functioned for the bioluminescence that was inhibited by trans -4-aminocinnamic acid. trans -4-Aminocinnamic acid strongly bound to the bioluminescence system(s) and withstood rinsing of the gills with 10 mM phosphate buffer (pH = 7), and high concentrations of trans -4-hydroxycinnamic acid (1 mM) and trans -3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid (0.1 mM) functioned to displace trans -4-aminocinnamic acid from the bioluminescence system(s) and reactivate bioluminescence. Benzenamine, trans -cinnamic acid, trans -2-aminocinnamic acid, and trans -3-aminocinnamic acid did not inhibit bioluminescence. Therefore, the structure-specific inhibition by trans -4-aminocinnamic acid suggested that the 4-hydroxy group in trans -4-hydroxycinnamic acid and trans -3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid molecules plays a functional role in the bioluminescence reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Small agarics are poorly documented in Taiwan, with previously reported species either rudimentarily described or lacking a description or diagnosis in most cases. A survey on small agarics in a lowland forest of Taiwan revealed two species previously unrecorded. Results: One agaric, which is characterized mainly by white hairs overlying the pileus, a conspicuous cup-shaped basal disc surrounding the stipe, and inamyloid basidiospores, fits the genus Mycena and appears undescribed. It readily produced abundant basidiomata in culture in three weeks. The other agaric is Gloiocephala epiphylla, being characterized by its reduced hymenium and conspicuous pileogloeocystidia. ITS sequences from the two agarics further corroborated the identifications. Their macroscopic and microscopic features and culture morphology are described. A dichotomous key is provided to the species of Mycena reported in Taiwan. Conclusion: The Mycena species is newly described as M. albopilosa herein. Gloiocephala epiphylla is new to Taiwan, being the only species of the genus known on the island. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Gastrodia elata Blume (Orchidaceae) is an important Chinese medicine with several functional components. In the life cycle of G. elata, the orchid develops a symbiotic relationship with two compatible mycorrhizal fungi Mycena spp. and Armillaria mellea during seed germination to form vegetative propagation corm and vegetative growth to develop tubers, respectively. Gastrodin (p-hydroxymethylphenol-beta-D-glucoside) is the most important functional component in G. elata, and gastrodin significantly increases from vegetative propagation corms to tubers. To address the gene regulation mechanism in gastrodin biosynthesis in G. elata, a comparative analysis of de novo transcriptome sequencing among the vegetative propagation corms and tubers of G. elata and A. mellea was conducted using deep sequencing. Results: Transcriptome comparison between the vegetative propagation corms and juvenile tubers of G. elata revealed 703 differentially expressed unigenes, of which 298 and 405 unigenes were, respectively up-regulated (fold-change ≥ 2, q-value < 0.05, the trimmed mean of M-values (TMM)-normalized fragments per kilobase of transcript per Million mapped reads (FPKM) > 10) and down-regulated (fold-change ≤ 0.5, q-value <0.05, TMM-normalized FPKM > 10) in juvenile tubers. After Gene Ontology (GO) annotation and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis, 112 up-regulated unigenes with KEGG Ortholog identifiers (KOids) or enzyme commission (EC) numbers were assigned to 159 isogroups involved in seventy-eight different pathways, and 132 down-regulated unigenes with KOids or EC numbers were assigned to 168 isogroups, involved in eighty different pathways. The analysis of the isogroup genes from all pathways revealed that the two unigenes TRINITY_DN54282_c0_g1 (putative monooxygenases) and TRINITY_DN50323_c0_g1 (putative glycosyltransferases) might participate in hydroxylation and glucosylation in the gastrodin biosynthetic pathway. Conclusions: The gene expression of the two unique unigenes encoding monooxygenase and glycosyltransferase significantly increases from vegetative propagation corms to tubers, and the molecular basis of gastrodin biosynthesis in the tubers of G. elata is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mechanisms underlying the light emission of the luminous fungus Mycena chlorophos are unknown. A component, which activated the bioluminescence of the living gills of M. chlorophos , was isolated from the mature M. chlorophos pilei and chemically characterized. The bioluminescence-activating component was found to be trans - p -hydroxycinnamic acid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the study on pollination ecology of Gastrodia pubilabiata, an achlorophyllous orchid that is dependent on saprotrophic fungi with no apparent reciprocal benefit. It highlights its pollinator attraction from fungus including Mycena decaying mushrooms. The experimental design and research findings are included.

Aims Dendrobium officinale is an important traditional Chinese medicinal herb. Its seedlings generally show low survival and growth when transferred from in vitro tissue culture to a greenhouse or field environment. In this study, the effect of Mycena dendrobii on the survival and growth of D. officinale tissue culture seedlings and the mechanisms involved was explored. Methods and Results Mycena dendrobii were applied underneath the roots of D. officinale tissue culture seedlings. The seedling survival and growth were analysed. The root proteins induced by M. dendrobii were identified using two-dimensional (2-D) electrophoresis and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight MS ( MALDI- TOF- MS). Mycena dendrobii treatment significantly enhanced survival and growth of D. officinale seedlings. Forty-one proteins induced by M. dendrobii were identified. Among them, 10 were involved in defence and stress response, two were involved in the formation of root or mycorrhizae, and three were related to the biosynthesis of bioactive constituents. Conclusions These results suggest that enhancing stress tolerance and promoting new root formation induced by M. dendrobii may improve the survival and growth of D. officinale tissue culture seedlings. Significance and Impact of the Study This study provides a foundation for future use of M. dendrobii in the large-scale cultivation of Dendrobiums. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Mycoheterotrophic orchids are achlorophyllous plants that obtain carbon and nutrients from their mycorrhizal fungi. They often show strong preferential association with certain fungi and may obtain nutrients from surrounding photosynthetic plants through ectomycorrhizal fungi. Gastrodia is a large genus of mycoheterotrophic orchids in Asia, but Gastrodia species' association with fungi has not been well studied. We asked two questions: (1) whether certain fungi were preferentially associated with G. flavilabella, which is an orchid in Taiwan and (2) whether fungal associations of G. flavilabella were affected by the composition of fungi in the environment. Results: Using next-generation sequencing, we studied the fungal communities in the tubers of Gastrodia flavilabella and the surrounding soil. We found (1) highly diversified fungi in the G. flavilabella tubers, (2) that Mycena species were the predominant fungi in the tubers but minor in the surrounding soil, and (3) the fungal communities in the G. flavilabella tubers were clearly distinct from those in the surrounding soil. We also found that the fungal composition in soil can change quickly with distance. Conclusions: G. flavilabella was associated with many more fungi than previously thought. Among the fungi in the tuber of G. flavilabella, Mycena species were predominant, different from the previous finding that adult G. elata depends on Armillaria species for nutritional supply. Moreover, the preferential fungus association of G. flavilabella was not significantly influenced by the composition of fungi in the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The diversity, vegetative and reproductive characteristics, and phenology of litter decomposing macrofungi (LDM) were compared between humus forms and climatic regions. Fruiting bodies of LDM were examined for the forest floor of subtropical (ST), cool temperate (CT), and subalpine (SA) forests in Japan. Field surveys during one growing season yielded 35, 32, and 18 species in ST, CT, and SA, respectively. Species richness was generally higher in mull than in moder humus and in a warmer than in a cooler climate. A total of ten fungal families were observed, and species in the Mycenaceae dominated in the LDM assemblages at all study sites. A larger number of species fruited on deeper F layers of the forest floor in SA than in ST, where 74 % of species fruited directly on leaf litter. This observation was consistent with the analysis of radiocarbon content in fruiting bodies, implying that LDM tended to utilize older carbon accumulated at deeper layers of the forest floor in cooler climates. Seasonal changes in the fruiting frequency over a growing season exhibited similar two-peak patterns for all the study sites, coinciding with the periods of rainfall and increasing and decreasing air temperatures in early summer and autumn, respectively, but the fruiting period extended longer in a warmer than in a cooler climate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three new species and one new variety of bioluminescent Mycena collected from Peninsular Malaysia are described herein. All new species belong to Mycena sect. Calodontes in what is known as the Mycena pura complex. Comprehensive descriptions, photographs, illustrations and comparisons with phenetically similar species are provided. Molecular sequences data from the nuclear internal transcribed spacers (ITS-1 and ITS-2, including the 5.8S rRNA) were used to infer relationships within sect. Calodontes. Axenic cultures were obtained to provide data on culture morphology. This is the first published photographic documentation of bioluminescent basidiomes of members of Mycena sect. Calodontes. Also, this addition brings the total known bioluminescent fungi to 77 species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mycenadiols A-D ( 1- 4, resp.), phenylglycols possessing an ethynyl or vinyl (ethenyl) group were isolated from cultures of the basidiomycete Mycena pruinosoviscida BCC 22723. The structures were elucidated on the basis of NMR-spectroscopic and mass spectrometric data. The absolute configurations of 1 and 2 were determined by synthesis. Compounds 1- 4 are synthetically known, but, they have not been previously isolated from natural sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Phylogenetic analyses of Mycena sect. Calodontes using ITS previously suggested ten cryptic monophyletic ITS lineages within the Mycena pura morphospecies. Here, we compare ITS data (645 bp incl. gaps) from 46 different fruit bodies that represent the previously described ITS diversity with partial tEF-1-α (423 bp) and RNA polymerase II (RPB1) (492 bp) sequence data to test the genealogical concordance. While neither of the markers were in complete topological agreement, the branches differing between the tEF and RPB1 trees had a low bootstrap (<50) support, and the partition homogeneity incongruence length difference (ILD) tests were not significant. ILD tests revealed significant discordances between ITS and the tEF and RPB1 markers in several lineages. And our analyses suggested recombination between ITS1 and ITS2, most pronounced in one phylospecies that was identical in tEF and RPB1. Based on the agreement between tEF and RPB1, we defined 11 mutually concordant terminal clades as phylospecies inside the M. pura morphospecies; most of them cryptic. While neither of the markers showed an unequivocal barcoding gap between inter- and intraspecific diversity, the overlap was most pronounced for ITS (intraspecific diversity 0–3.5 %, interspecific diversity 0.4 %–8.8 %). A clustering analysis on tEF separated at a 1.5 % level returned all phylogenetic species as Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs), while ITS at both a 1.5 % level and at a 3 % threshold level not only underestimated diversity as found by the tEF and RPB1, but also identified an OTU which was not a phylogenetic species. Thus, our investigation does not support the universal suitability of ITS for species recognition in particular, and emphasises the general limitation of single gene analyses combined with single percentage separation values. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The genetic diversity of two agaricoid saprotroph genera, Galerina and Mycena, and their distribution across bryophyte host species, and within bryophytes'' photosynthetic and senescent tissues, was assessed using data from two pyrosequencing biodiversity inventories of bryophilous fungi. A total of 9 498 Galerina and 5 731 Mycena reads were mapped to branches broadly distributed throughout backbone trees, reflecting no obvious evolutionary specialization of particular fungal lineages to moss hosts/substrata. Although a few OTUs occurred with equal frequency across the hosts, most exhibited some degree of specialization to one or more bryophytes, indicating that the quality of different mosses as substratum varies between species. With one exception, all Galerina and Mycena OTUs were more frequent and abundant in senescent than photosynthetic tissues, likely reflecting saprotrophic nutritional modes in the fungi. A single Mycena OTU showed considerable colonization of both tissues, which may reflect an opportunistic parasitic or endophytic lifestyle. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Symbiotic germination was analyzed in the myco-heterotrophic orchid Gastrodia elata. Seeds were placed on water agar medium containing a leaf-disc of Quercus accutissima that had been previously inoculated with one of six different Mycena species. Among the six fungi, KFRI1212 (HQ662845) and KFRI2121 (HQ662846) germinated 60.1 and 47.0 % seeds, respectively, while others germinated less than 3.5 %. Although KFRI1212 induced a significantly higher germination rate than KFRI2121, initiation of protocorm development was induced much faster by KFRI2121 than by KFRI1212. Molecular identification and phylogenetic analysis showed that the two fungi belonged to one clade that includes Mycena chlorophos, M. amicta and M. tenerrima, suggesting that seed germination of G. elata depends on a narrow taxonomic range of fungi. In conclusion, this study not only showed fungal preference of G. elata for seed germination but also confirmed molecular identities of mycorrhizal fungi for the first time, which will allow us to better understand the process of symbiotic events at the germination stage of G. elata. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is the first record of Mycena holoporphyra for the Argentinean mycobiota. We describe and illustrate this especies, and discuss differences with its closest taxa. A key to the species of Mycena sect. Calodontes subsect. Purae from Argentina is also included. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Five new species of white-spored agarics are described from native montane wet forests in the Hawaiian Islands as follows: Callistosporium vinosobrunneum, Marasmiellus hapuuarum, Marasmius koae, Mycena marasmielloides, Pleurocybella ohiae. Comprehensive descriptions, illustrations and comparisons with phenetically similar species are provided. An itemization of the 24 known putatively endemic agarics described from this unique habitat is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ekologija is the property of Lithuanian Academy of Sciences Publishers and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Five corticolous Mycena species are discussed and a key to European corticolous Mycena species with ± globose spores is given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seven species of Mycena are reported as luminescent, representing specimens collected in Belize, Brazil, Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Japan (Bonin Islands), Malaysia (Borneo) and Puerto Rico. Four of them represent new species (Mycena luxaeterna, M. luxarboricola, M. luxperpetua, M. silvaelucens) and three represent new reports of luminescence in previously described species (M. aff. abieticola, M. aspratilis, M. margarita). Mycena subefripterygia is synonymized with M. margarita, and M. chlorinosma is proposed as a possible synonym. Comprehensive descriptions, illustrations, photographs and comparisons with phenetically similar species are provided. A redescription of M. chlorophos, based on analyses of type specimens and recently collected topotypical material, is provided. The addition of these seven new or newly reported luminescent species of Mycena brings the total to 71 known bioluminescent species of fungi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mycena pilosella and his varieties is introduced: var. bisporica var. nov., var. candida var. nov., var. heterocystidiosa and var. longispora var. nov. The descriptions of the varieties contains also the respective images, the photos of the hand microscopic characters and the reproductions of some of these characters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cryptogamie Mycologie is the property of Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We investigated the physiological ecology of the Asian non-photosynthetic orchid Gastrodia confusa. We revealed its mycorrhizal partners by using molecular identification and identified its ultimate nutritional source by analysing carbon and nitrogen natural stable isotope abundances. Molecular identification using internal transcribed spacer and large subunit nrDNA sequences showed that G. confusa associates with several species of litter- and wood-decomposer Mycena fungi. The carbon and nitrogen isotope signatures of G. confusa were analysed together with photosynthetic plant reference samples and samples of the ectomycorrhizal epiparasite Monotropa uniflora. We found that G. confusa was highly enriched in 13C but not greatly in 15N, while M. uniflora was highly enriched in both 13C and 15N. The 13C and 15N signatures of G. confusa were the closest to those of the fruit bodies of saprotrophic fungi. Our results demonstrate for the first time using molecular and mass-spectrometric approaches that myco-heterotrophic plants gain carbon through parasitism of wood or litter decaying fungi. Furthermore, we demonstrate that, several otherwise free-living non-mycorrhizal, Mycena can be mycorrhizal partners of orchids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We monitored the development of American leaf spot of coffee, a disease caused by the gemmiferous fungus Mycena citricolor, in 57 plots in Costa Rica for 1 or 2 years in order to gain a clearer understanding of conditions conducive to the disease and improve its control. During the investigation, characteristics of the coffee trees, crop management, and the environment were recorded. For the analyses, we used partial least-squares regression via the spline functions (PLSS), which is a nonlinear extension to partial least-squares regression (PLS). The fungus developed well in areas located between ≈1100 and 1,550 m above sea level. Slopes were conducive to its development, but eastern-facing slopes were less affected than the others, probably because they were more exposed to sunlight, especially in the rainy season. The distance between planting rows, the shade percentage, coffee tree height, the type of shade, and the pruning system explained disease intensity due to their effects on coffee tree shading and, possibly, on the humidity conditions in the plot. Forest trees and fruit trees intercropped with coffee provided particularly propitious conditions. Apparently, fertilization was unfavorable for the disease, probably due to dilution phenomena associated with faster coffee tree growth. Finally, series of wet spells interspersed with dry spells, which were frequent in the middle of the rainy season, were critical for the disease, probably because they affected the production and release of gemmae and their viability. These results could be used to draw up a map of epidemic risks taking topographical factors into account. To reduce those risks and improve chemical control, our results suggested that farmers should space planting rows further apart, maintain light shading in the plantation, and prune their coffee trees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eight new species of the genus Mycena (Agaricales) found on dead leaves or twigs in warm temperate lowland forests are described and illustrated from central Honshu, Japan: (1) Mycena fonticola sp. nov. (section Fragilipedes); (2) Mycena intersecta sp. nov. (section Fragilipedes); (3) Mycena lanuginosa sp. nov. (section Fragilipedes); (4) Mycena mustea sp. nov. (section Fragilipedes); (5) Mycena multiplicata sp. nov. (section Mycena); (6) Mycena nidificata sp. nov. (section Hiemales); (7) Mycena fuscoaurantiaca sp. nov. (section Fragilipedes); and (8) Mycena clariviolacea sp. nov. (section Fragilipedes). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An extensive taxonomic study based on the type collection of Mycena phaeophylla revealed its conspecificity with M. clavata. Redescription of Kühner's original collections of M. phaeophylla is provided as well as a detailed description of M. clavata based on European material. A lectotype for M. phaeophylla is designated. Additional study on collections of M. speirea confirmed that this closely related species can be separated easily from M. clavata. New key to subsection Omphaliariae of section Hiemales is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mycena lacrimans(Agaricales, Mycenaceae) is redescribed from material collected recently near the type locality and is for the first time reported as bioluminescent. A comprehensive description, illustrations, photographs, comparison with phenetically similar species, and discussion of phylogenetic relationships are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Six species of bioluminescent agarics are described and illustrated from a single site in primary Atlantic Forest habitat in the Parque Estadual Turístico do Alto Ribeira, São Paulo State, Brazil. These include two new taxa of Mycena, viz. M. asterina and M. lucentipes. Luminescence in Mycena fera, M. singeri and M. discobasis is reported for the first time. In addition an undeterminable luminescent Mycena species is described and additional specimens of Gerronema viridilucens are documented. An accounting of known bioluminescent species of Mycena and a discussion of why they luminesce are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract??The mycelia of two wood decay basidiomycete fungi were grown opposing each other across a 1-?m pore membrane supported on the surface of malt broth, contained within a sealable reaction vessel. Production of volatiles during the time course of interaction was followed by collecting head space samples by solid phase microextraction (100??m polydimethylsiloxane fiber) on five occasions over 25?d following coinoculation of the fungi: 1, 3 (i.e., immediately prior to mycelial contact), 9 (1?2?d after initiation of pigment production byResinicium bicolor), 17, and 25?d. Ten volatiles were produced during interactions that were not detected in single species controls. In general, most (18) fungal volatiles were sesquiterpenes eluted between 12.5 and 21?min, with a further two eluted at 29.1 and 33.9?min; a benzoic acid methyl ester, a benzyl alcohol, and a quinolinium type compound with a distinctive fragmentation pattern atm/z203, 204, 206, and 207 were also identified; three volatiles withm/zmaxima of 163, 159, and 206?208, respectively, remained unidentified. The results are discussed in relation to possible ecological roles of volatiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To examine the effect of the spatial distribution of litter and intergeneric interaction on the spatial distribution of agaric fruiting bodies, we surveyed spatial distribution of fruiting bodies of Agaricales in a mixed forest dominated by Pinus densiflora (Sieb et Zucc.) from July 1999 to July 2002. Three 10 × 10-m plots with different vegetation and positions on a slope were established: Top-Mixed, Top- Pinus, and Bottom- Pinus. Litter thickness in the Top-Mixed plot was the thinnest among the three plots. During the study, we counted 3563 fruiting bodies in 27 genera from 13 families. The dominant genera were Collybia, Marasmius, Mycena, Rhodophyllus, and Lactarius, and showed an intrageneric aggregated distribution at a quadrat size of 1 m2. Collybia and Lactarius formed fruiting bodies in arcs. The spatial distribution of Collybia, Marasmius, and Lactarius fruiting bodies tended to overlap in two consecutive years. In the Top-Mixed plot, the number of Marasmius fruiting bodies increased with increasing litter thickness, while that of Lactarius decreased with litter thickness. Values of C′ δ indicating degree of overlap were calculated for particular pairs of dominant fungal genera and the values differed between plots and years: for example, fruiting bodies of Marasmius and Mycena in the Bottom- Pinus plot were distributed aggregately in 1999 and 2000, but randomly in 2001, while they were distributed segregatedly in the Top- Pinus plot every year. Our study suggests that the spatial distribution of fungal fruiting bodies is affected by the distribution of litter in and between plots and that fungal flora is affected by vegetation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During field work in Colorado an unusual form of Mycenastrum corium with a deep rusty red to reddish orange gleba was found. The species exists worldwide and lacks a previous description of the gleba at maturity other than olive brown, brown to purple brown. A subspecies is proposed for this unusual population found in an area where normal populations with the typical glebal color are found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new species of Phacidiopycnis associated with pome fruits is described. The fungus causes fruit rot on apples during storage and is associated with a twig dieback and canker disease of crabapple trees and dead twigs of pear trees. To characterize the biology of the fungus and compare it with Ph. piri, the type species of the genus, effects of nine media and light on mycelial growth and pycnidial production, mycelial growth in response to temperature and mode of conidial germination in response to nutrient were determined. Apple-juice agar, pear-juice agar, prune-juice agar, potato-dextrose agar (PDA) and malt-extract agar, Czapek-Dox agar and oatmeal agar (OMA) favored mycelial growth. Cornmeal agar (CMA) did not favor mycelial growth. Light effect on pycnidial formation was medium dependent. Abundant pycnidia with mature conidia formed in 14 d old PDA and OMA cultures at 20 C, regardless of light, whereas none or very few pycnidia formed on other media in the dark. Fluorescent light stimulated formation of pycnidia except on CMA. The fungus grew at -3-25 C, with optimum growth at 15-20 C. Conidia germinated either by forming germ tubes or less often by budding. Budding of conidia occurred in 1 and 10% pear-juice solutions but not in 100% pear-juice solution. Six isolates of Ph. washingtonensis from different species of pome fruits had identical ITS sequences. The sizes of the ITS region were the same for both Ph. washingtonensis and Ph. piri, and four polymorphic nucleotide sites were found in the ITS region between Ph. washingtonensis and Ph. piri. The similarity in ITS sequences between these two taxa is confirmatory evidence for the erection of the new species of Phacidiopycnis associated with pome fruits we describe here. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mycena cupulicola sp. nov. and M. adscendens var. carpophila, new to Japan, are described and illustrated. The former is characterized by having lageniform caulocystidia with a slightly thick-walled broadened base and no cheilocystidia. The latter is characterized by having a white pileus up to 1 mm in diameter and narrowly conical caulocystidia. Mycena cryptomeriicola was confirmed to have inamyloid basoidiospores. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ectomycorrhizal and endophytic fungi of Betula platyphylla Sukatchev var. japonica Hara seedlings were investigated by bioassay using soils from sites where the surface layer had been removed by destructive disturbances. Soil samples were taken from sites A, B, C and D, where 1, 2–3, 4–5, and 7–8 years, respectively had passed since disturbance. Naturally regenerated B. platyphylla var. japonica seedlings grew at sites C and D, but not at sites A or B. The percentages of ectomycorrhizal formation in seedlings were significantly lower in the soils from site A (4%) and site B (13%), compared to those in the soils from site C (53%) and site D (37%). The numbers of ectomycorrhizal morphologic types in sites A, B, C, and D were eight, five, one, and seven, respectively. The same dominant type of ectomycorrhiza was found in sites C and D, and this type was different from those in sites A and B. The frequencies of colonization of seedling roots by endophytic fungi, especially Mycelium radicis atrovirens Melin (MRA) in soils from sites A and B were 31 and 33%, respectively; these frequencies were significantly higher than those for site C (0%) and site D (2%). During the initial stage of establishment of vegetation following disturbance, the quantities and types of ectomycorrhizal fungi in the field that have the potential to associate with B. platyphylla var. japonica might rapidly change after invasion of the host plant. Ectomycorrhizal fungi seemed to compete with endophytic MRA fungi for colonization of the roots of B. platyphylla var. japonica seedlings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Respiration of four decomposer fungi (Mycena galopus (Pers.) Kummer, Aureobasidium pullulans (de Bary) Arnaud, Phoma exigua Desm. and Cladosporium cladosporioides (Fres.) de Vries) growing on four species of leaf litter (Pinus sylvestris L., Picea sitchensis (Bongard) Carriere, Fraxinus excelsior L. and Corylus avellana L.) was inhibited by dry-deposited SO2 in a laboratory experiment. Mycelial extension of the four fungi growing on four different agar media was inhibited by SO2 fumigation (40 nl 1-1) in the laboratory, and media containing carbohydrates decreased the inhibitory effect of SO2 fumigation. Fumigation caused a statistically significant reduction in the mycelial extension of all species tested on tap-water agar. These experiments demonstrate that decomposition of leaf litter is inhibited by environmentally realistic concentrations of SO2 and that the effect is exerted via inhibition of saprotrophic fungi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relative sensitivities of Mycena galopus (Pers.) Kummer, Phoma exigua (Desm.), Cladosporium cladosporioides (Fres.) de Vries and Aureobasidium pullulans (de Bary) Arnaud to low concentrations (12.5 100.0 μM) of sulphite (SO32- when growing on decomposing needles of Picea sitchensis (Bongard) Carriere (Sitka spruce) and Pinus sylvestris L. (Scots pine) were assessed. Carbon dioxide evolution from the decomposing needles was strongly inhibited by SO32- at pH 3.0-4.5. P. Eixgua was the most sensitive of the species tested in the mycelial state and C.cladosporioides was the most sensitive spices tested as spores. Mycelium was consistently less sensitive then spores. The inhibitory effect of SO32- on CO2 evolution was increased by increasing the SO32- concentration or decreasing the pH. The concentrations shown to exert toxicity were similar to those which have been measured in rainfall in the UK, and the results provide evidence that SO32 can be toxic to litter fungi at environmentally realistic concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Describes Mycena Section Lactipedes found in Australia. Characteristics of the species Mycena thunderboltensis; Key to the individual species.

isolation, structure elucidation, and absolute configuration of mycenadiols A-D [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the two mushrooms, Mycena Luxaeterna and Psathyrella Aquatica, that included in the Top 10 New Species named by the International Institute for Species Exploration in Tempe, Arizona. Dubbed the Eternal light mushroom, Mycena Luxaeterna has a yellowish green luminescence and occurs on sticks in the primary Atlantic forest. It relates that the iospores of the Psathyrella Aquatica are released as wedge-shaped rafts into gas pockets below the caps.