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Currently, there is no mature method for calculating the probability of human failure that occurs in multi-unit. In this study, the single-unit HRA is expanded and improved, and we have compiled a method flow suitable for human reliability analysis in multi-unit. This method considers the communication of commands between different organizations and analyzes the equipment shared by multiple units. This research demonstrates the feasibility of the THERP+HCR method to calculate the human-caused failure probability of multiple units. In this paper, the human failure probability of the fifth emergency diesel engine is investigated during a station blackout at a multi-unit site. The calculated failure probability of personnel deploying a fifth diesel-engine between two units is 0.1061, which is higher than the failure probability of a single unit, and the consequences of failure of a dual-unit invocation would be more severe. Due to the uncertainty of some conditions and parameters, the variation of the failure probability after sensitivity analysis ranges from–0.0846–0.2083. Involvement of more organizations during the accident increases the risk of the plant site. Among the most influential factors on the probability of failure are the presence of inspection clauses in the operating procedures and the level of tension of personnel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Franchising is a widely adopted business format in both product-based and service-based industries. Particularly, the concept of multi-unit franchising has become increasingly prominent as a favored expansion strategy for both franchisors and franchisees. To sustain a competitive advantage, it is crucial for franchisees to establish a network of local outlets. This study delves into the strategies employed by multi-unit franchisees in the Taiwanese estate agency sector, using the theory of sustainable competitive advantage as a framework. The research design for this study is qualitative, employing in-depth interviews as the primary method of data collection, with grounded theory used for analysis. The findings reveal that ownership patterns play a crucial role in determining sustainable competitive advantage. Furthermore, the existence of both explorative and exploitative capabilities was identified as the foundation for establishing local leadership and ensuring a sustainable advantage. Importantly, sustainable competitive advantage is achieved through the local leader determinant. As a result, four propositions have been developed, which hold essential practical implications for top managers. Especially in the digital era, information asymmetry is diminishing, and cooperation becomes the key to creating synergies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between relational governance mechanisms and multi-unit franchising, where a single franchisee owns and operates multiple units, has received limited attention in the existing literature. Previous studies primarily focus on the role of trust in such arrangements. Consequently, this study aims to develop and test a theoretical model that explores the association between a higher allocation of units to this type of franchisee and key attributes of relational governance, such as participation and communication. Adopting the franchisors’ perspective, our sample consists of 170 networks affiliated with the Brazilian Franchising Association (Associação Brasileira de Franchising [ABF]), and data were collected from various sources, including a self-administered questionnaire (based on data from 2018). The results provide support for our general hypothesis, indicating a positive association between relational aspects of the franchisor-franchisee partnership and a higher proportion of units owned by multi-unit franchisees. Additionally, we find that the operational sector (retail/service) and specific local investments diminish the explanatory power of the model’s variables related to relational governance, suggesting a secondary influence on the decision-making process concerning the contractual mix.

This study examines the consequences of status inconsistency for the performance of multi-unit organizations. Status inconsistency refers to the extent to which social actors occupy status positions accorded different amounts of social esteem and prestige in different social systems. Status inconsistency affects the performance of multi-unit organizations by weakening the well-established positive effects of status on performance because it creates status ambiguity that makes external evaluations of the organization and its individual units more difficult. Distinguishing between high-status and low-status multi-unit organizations, we argue further that status inconsistency is particularly problematic for high-status multi-unit organizations, whereas low-status multi-unit organizations may actually benefit from status inconsistency. We test our arguments using a longitudinal sample comprised of 109 international business schools and their finance, accounting, marketing, management, and operations departments from 2002 to 2013. Our study concludes with a discussion of the contributions our research makes to status theory and research, and the managerial relevance of our findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the importance of experience, the question of whether and how a franchisee's operating experience affects performance remains undertheorized. Taking a multi-unit franchisee owner's perspective, we unravel the performance effect of an owner's operating experience. We theorize on the differential effects of three facets of this experience: local experience, intensity of distant experience, and heterogeneity of distant experience. Bringing customers into franchising research, we propose customer satisfaction as a key intervening mechanism and customer diversity as a key contextual condition for the performance effect of an owner's operating experience. An analysis of 14,069 stores in the McDonald's chain over three years and of more than six million customer reviews shows that an owner's greater local experience and higher heterogeneity of distant experience improve, whereas higher intensity of distant experience impairs, store survival and sales growth through customer satisfaction. Those performance effects are moderated by the extent of customer diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on form and structure of franchise agreements that currently are used in commercial franchising and compares those with the contractual relationships being forged by social franchises operating in the U.S. It mentions how franchise agreements might be tailored to help both social franchisors and franchisees flourish while scaling both profits and purpose. It also mentions scaling social enterprises through franchise models.

Purpose: The relational nature of franchising flowing from the contract between franchisor and franchisee which enshrines a close, continuing relationship raises the issue of good faith. While there are academic papers analyzing good faith, these do not capture the practical understanding and expression of the concept and the manner and application in which it operates in the real world of franchising. The purpose of this paper is to assess how good faith is defined and understood by franchise practitioners – franchisees, franchisors and their legal advisors. Design/methodology/approach: The authors have adopted a qualitative approach by conducting and analyzing a series of 18 in-depth interviews with franchisees, franchisors and lawyers specializing in franchising. Findings: The findings show that good faith is particularly important in franchising because of the disparity in the knowledge and power of the parties. They suggest that good faith is not only a legal notion but also a notion that is linked to the personal relationship between the franchisor and its franchisees. It then plays an important role in terms of management of this relationship and of the system as a whole. Moreover, they demonstrate that there is not one single shared understanding of good faith amongst franchising practitioners. Indeed, franchisees, franchisors and specialist franchise lawyers suggested that good faith can refer to transparency, trust, loyalty, fairness and equity amongst the franchisees, fair play, frankness, respect, ethics, kindness, "best efforts" and personalities. Originality/value: The originality of the research lies in the fact that good faith is examined through the voice of franchising practitioners who explain how they define and understand good faith rather than through a detached academic lens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to explore and understand the motivations and challenges of franchising in an African economy. While interest in franchising is increasing in African markets, there is a paucity of research on franchising from the perspective of local African firms participating in these international relationships. The motivations and challenges of franchising from the perspective of African businesses have not been largely investigated so far. Using in‐depth interviews, we allow motivations and challenges at play to emerge. Convenient and snowball sampling techniques were used for choosing the unit of analysis, which resulted in four respondent firms. A thematic approach was adopted for analyzing the data from the field. Support services, brand name, and franchisor's experience are identified to be the motivations for franchising. Financial assistance from the franchisor, demand, and competition also play a key role in an African firm's decision to franchise. Legal constraints and infrastructure constraints were the key challenges faced by franchisees in Ghana. The findings of this study may hold for franchisees in other African markets. However, contextual differences may be considered in the application of these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous research on multi-unit franchising (MUF) has primarily focused on agency and transaction cost perspectives. The present study develops and tests an organizational capability (OC) model of the franchisor’s choice of MUF. According to the OC view, the franchisor gains a competitive advantage by exploration and exploitation of firm-specific resources and capabilities. We hypothesize that, if the franchisor expects to obtain a competitive advantage resulting from higher exploration and exploitation capabilities when using MUF as opposed to single-unit franchising, the franchisor will more likely choose MUF as a governance mode of the franchise system. Based on empirical data from the German and Swiss franchise sectors, the results of the regression analysis support these hypotheses. Our main contribution to the franchise literature is the development of an OC model of the franchisor’s choice of MUF that complements the existing organizational economics explanation of MUF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The franchisor-franchisee relationship is governed by contracts and trust. This paper analyzes how formal (contracts) and relational (trust) governance mechanisms affected franchisor performance in a service sector franchise for the period 2008-2015. Using the SOM method in the empirical analysis, the results revealed that trust-based governance was more prominent than contract-based governance in the multi-unit franchise network and the cross-franchising network, negatively affecting franchisor performance in the multi-unit franchise network and positively affecting franchisor performance in the cross-franchising network. In contrast, contracts were more prominent than trust in single-unit franchising, negatively affecting franchisor performance. The primary practical implication is that the franchisor should prevent franchisees in the MUF network from opening new outlets in the same city and competing for the existing outlet's customers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose Reviews the latest management developments across the globe and pinpoints practical implications from cutting-edge research and case studies.Design/methodology/approach This briefing is prepared by an independent writer who adds their own impartial comments and places the articles in context.Findings There are a number of paradoxes in business that often take some explaining – and can really get under the skin of those who fail to have the same success despite seemingly doing everything right. For example, how do you explain the fact that in a 2018 ranking, the two most valuable sporting franchises were the Dallas Cowboys and Manchester United, two teams which have singularly failed to win anything of note in several years? Why should teams be worth more than anyone else when other teams - such as the New England Patriots or Real Madrid – have had sustained success in recent years?Originality/value The briefing saves busy executives and researchers hours of reading time by selecting only the very best, most pertinent information and presenting it in a condensed and easy-to-digest format. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on the non-equity entry mode choices of service firms is relatively limited. We use transaction cost economics and organizational capability perspectives to examine the determinants of choosing between franchising and management contracts in the hotel industry. In our analysis of four international hotel organizations operating in New Zealand, we found that both asset specificity and imperfect imitability helped in explaining the choice between franchising and management contracts. Behavioral uncertainty and host country management capabilities explained the entry mode choice of some hotel organizations but were not applicable for others that entered New Zealand via international strategic alliances or used strata titles. Finally, environmental uncertainty and the development of New Zealand’s business environment had a limited effect on choosing between franchising and management contracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The economic and social contribution of franchising is widely reported. Although, most studies have examined franchising from the single-unit typology, multiple-unit franchising is found to be a popular and pervasive retailing strategy throughout the world. Despite this, there is a paucity of prior research examining the factors influencing the achievement of the four franchising imperatives. This represents an important gapin the organizational choice literature. Therefore, this study empirically examines the impact of the four franchising imperatives (i.e. unit growth, system uniformity, local responsiveness and system wide adaptation) (Bradach 1995) upon franchise system operational performance across the four key governance structures (i.e. master franchising, area development franchising, area representative franchising and incremental franchising). Based on a sample of 347 Australian franchisors, the findings indicate that there are significant differences in the way in which three of the four imperatives (i.e. unit growth, system uniformity and system-wide adaptation) impact on performance across different governance structures. Practical and managerial implications and future research direction are discussed.

This study investigates how franchising chains use advertising to enhance coordination and improve their control over prices set at franchised outlets. We argue that chains use price advertising to inform customers about their desired prices, thereby influencing franchisees to adopt the advertised prices although they are not contractually required to do so. We test our hypotheses using rich outlet-level price data collected before and after a U.S. nationwide advertising campaign by McDonald's. Our findings indicate that advertising is an effective mechanism that franchising chains use to improve their control over franchisees, enhance uniformity, and reduce franchisee free-riding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What is the fate of the unit franchises once the master franchise expires or terminates? This article explores the consequences of expiration or termination of a master franchise agreement, under both common law and civil law, in various jurisdictions across Europe, Asia and Latin America. The analysis focuses on the relevant issues for each particular region, such as termination of unit franchises, reversion of the master franchise, assignment of the unit franchise agreements, ancillary agreements such as subleases, ongoing support, brand names, re branding, local law, and others, that are important to the fate of the unit franchises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the author's insights on the role of nonsignatories involving franchise relationship in the prospective views of franchisee and franchisors in the U.S. The article explores an overview on the threshold issues surrounding the nonsignatories against franchisors and addresses implications of franchise investor for franchisors. It also notes that franchisors must take clearly discern on potential parties in franchise agreements.

While business format franchising is the industry standard for developed countries, it remains an aspiration for many developing countries. Despite the attraction for developing countries of systems, training, and support and despite the economic and regulatory infrastructure being in place for the development of business format franchising, a range of commercial and socio-cultural factors may conspire to prevent its full expression. This paper addresses franchising development in Vietnam, a developing country. It considers strategies to bridge the gap between Vietnamese franchise practice and franchising best practice. It proposes that in Vietnam's current state of development, the product and trade name model may be the appropriate starting point with a move to the business format model only when, and in places where, the socio-cultural, commercial, and economic factors and the legal environment can accommodate more sophisticated business format franchise arrangements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores how the ownership structure of professional health care franchises contributes to the achievement of positive results with franchising for the franchisor, the franchisee, professional service provider, and clients. We conducted a comparative embedded case study with three health care franchises in the Netherlands using data from 101 interviews, observations, and document analyses. We show that different ownership structures at the system-level (i.e., plural form, pure franchise, cooperative franchise) and the unit-level (i.e., stand-alone versus fractional, active versus passive, single versus multi-unit) have different effects as perceived by franchisors, franchisees, and professionals. Moreover, we reveal how this variation in experienced effects can be explained by differences in dynamics in regard to management, decision making, control, steering, support, interests, learning, and adaptation. Based on these analyses, we develop new typologies of ownership structures and show how combinations of system-level and unit-level structures can have mutually weakening or strengthening effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to examine the present state of international franchising research. We consider the origins and evolution of franchising as an enterprise form and summarize relevant research in this area. We advance and substantiate the premise that franchising research in the global arena has largely followed the geographic expansion trajectory of the franchise industry. And, based on these themes, we conclude by identifying a series of significant research topics in the international franchising domain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to theoretically and empirically demonstrate the channel relationship between franchisors and franchisees. It examines four essential constructs that may lead to successful long-term franchising relationships: the competitive advantage of franchisors, operational assistance, trust, and intention to continue. Moreover, this study attempts to investigate the multi-unit initiation of franchisees and their subsequent propensity to franchise moderated by entrepreneurial opportunity recognition and cooperation flexibility of franchisors. Design/methodology/approach – The survey results of 234 franchisees’ responses were analyzed to test the proposed hypotheses and research model using partial least squares modeling. Data were collected in Taiwan. Findings – It was found that operational assistance of franchisors significantly develops the trust of franchisees and their intention to continue; and cooperation flexibility of franchisors has the positive influence of trust on the entrepreneurial propensity decision of multi-unit franchisees. Practical implications – Franchisors have the responsibility to develop a consistently aligned set of cues, guidelines, and processes that can define the flexibility-oriented supply culture, and then systematically monitor the achievement of the support mission. Franchisees collaborate with capable franchisors with trust, where both parties are willing to maintain flexibility in their relationship. They will require frequent changes of products and services to meet the unexpected local environment. Originality/value – This study combines entrepreneurial perspective into traditional franchising relationship research for better understanding the multi-unit initiation and subsequent propensity of franchisees toward the franchise system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There have been important contributions to the literature on franchising in recent years, but many interesting questions have received less attention than they deserve. In this paper, I briefly highlight four of these: (i) the existence of master franchising and multi-unit ownership, (ii) the differences in the intensity of franchising across sectors, (iii) international franchising, and (iv) the problems surrounding the adoption of new technologies and adaptation in franchised chains. While not exhaustive, this set of topics illustrates the variety of potential franchise-related research topics. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

We advance franchising research by explaining the important role, so far overlooked, of different franchising forms in developing low-cost competitive advantage. We analyze the most meaningful cost drivers for franchising systems: economies of scale, reduced transaction costs, economies of learning, reduced monitoring costs, standardization, and relative bargaining power. Our analysis suggests that asymmetrical cost effects are likely for franchisors and franchisees. For franchisors, relative to single-unit franchising (SUF), multi-unit franchising (MUF) should yield lower costs from scale economies and monitoring, higher costs from bargaining power, and similar costs from learning economies and standardization. For franchisees, lower costs for MUF are indicated from scale economies and standardization but not for monitoring. Within MUF, comparisons between area development franchising (ADF) and incremental franchising suggest that ADF yields lower costs from scale economies and learning economies for the entire system, but monitoring and standardization only reduce costs for their franchisees. Implications for practice and research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Purpose – This study aims to explore how managers of multi-unit retail chains balance unit customer satisfaction and profitability through the manager's customer, sales, and production operating orientations. Design/methodology/approach – This research links survey data (gathered from unit managers and customers) to customer satisfaction and unit financial performance. Findings – The study found that the store managers' customer and sales operating orientations are strongly related to financial performance; further, these effects are negatively moderated by a production operating orientation. Results also indicate that the store manager's customer and sales operating orientations are related to customer satisfaction only when moderated by his/her production operating orientation. Research limitations/implications – Using a sample drawn from within a single firm, this research examines profitability and customer satisfaction at the unit level and identifies the manager of the unit as occupying a key strategic role in the multi-unit enterprise. Practical implications – The findings highlight the critical role the unit manager of a multi-unit enterprise plays in driving customer satisfaction and unit profitability. Further, the results point to the challenge of managing the production-related responsibilities of the retail enterprise while striving to be sales and/or customer oriented. Implications for management are particularly salient when considering the combined effect of production-sales and production-customer orientations. Originality/value – This study merges services operations and services marketing theory to explore how conflicting strategic initiatives are implemented at the store level, and how these, in turn, influence unit financial performance and customer satisfaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study develops a property rights explanation of the multi-unit (MU) ownership strategy of the franchise firm. According to the property rights theory, the allocation of residual rights of control (decision and ownership rights) in franchise firms depends on the contractibility of system-specific and local market assets (LMA). We develop and test the following hypotheses: Multi-unit franchising (MUF) is positively related to the franchisor's intangible system-specific assets and negatively to the franchisee's intangible LMA. In addition, we argue that impact of financial assets on the tendency toward MUF depends on the contractibility of LMA. Empirical results from the German franchise sector provide partial support of the hypotheses. Compared to the agency theory, which focuses on (complete) incentive contracts that specify residual income rights between the franchisor and franchisee, property rights theory focuses on incomplete contracts that allocate residual control rights between the franchisor and network partners. Furthermore, compared to the resource scarcity theory, property rights theory explains the impact of contractibility of resources/assets on the ownership strategy of the franchise firm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Galliano D. and Soulié N. Organizational and spatial determinants of the multi-unit firm: evidence from French industry, Regional Studies. This article aims to analyse the factors (internal characteristics, spatial and industrial environments) that determine the existence of multi-unit firms and the intensity of their organizational fragmentation at a national scale. The empirical models are based on individual data on all French industrial firms collected by the French National Institute of Statistics. The results show the importance of internal characteristics (scale economies, specific assets as research and development and advertising, skill level, etc.) in organizational choice. They also highlight the major role played by multi-location and by the spatial profile of the firms on the intensity of their fragmentation. Galliano D. and Soulié N. 多部门公司的组织与空间决定要素：来自法国产业的相关证据，区域研究。本文旨在分析影响、决定多部门公司存在及其在国家尺度上组织分化强度的相关要素（内部特征、空间以及产业环境）。经验模型的数据来自法国国家统计机构所收集整理的所有法国产业公司的个体数据。结果表明了内部特征在组织选择中的重要性（尺度经济，作为研究、发展以及宣传的特定的设置，机能等级等等）。结果同样强调了多区位以及公司空间状况在影响组织分化强度中所起到的重要作用。 多部门公司 公司空间组织 法国产业 Galliano D. et Soulié N. Les déterminants organisationnels et spatiaux de la firme multi-établissements: une étude des firmes industrielles françaises, Regional Studies. Cet article a pour objectif d'analyser les facteurs (caractéristiques internes, environnements spatial et industriel) qui déterminent l'existence des firmes multi-établissements et l'intensité de leur fragmentation organisationnelle à l'échelle nationale. Les modélisations empiriques sont basées sur l'exploitation de données individuelles fournies par l'Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques (INSEE). Les résultats montrent l'importance des caractéristiques internes (économies d'échelle, actifs incorporels tels la R&D ou la publicité, qualification des salariés, etc.) dans les choix organisationnels. Ils soulignent également le rôle majeur joué par la multi-localisation et le profil spatial des firmes sur l'intensité de leur fragmentation. Firme multi-établissements Organisation spatiale de la firme Industrie française Galliano D. und Soulié N. Organisationelle und räumliche Determinanten von Firmen mit mehreren Einheiten: Belege aus der französischen Industrie, Regional Studies. In diesem Beitrag werden die Faktoren (interne Merkmale, räumliche und industrielle Umgebungen) untersucht, die die Existenz von Firmen mit mehreren Einheiten und die Intensität ihrer organisationellen Fragmentierung auf nationaler Ebene bestimmen. Die empirischen Modelle basieren auf den individuellen Daten sämtlicher französischer Industriefirmen, die vom nationalen französischen Statistikinstitut erfasst wurden. Die Ergebnisse verdeutlichen die Bedeutung von internen Merkmalen (Kostendegression, spezifisches Kapital wie Forschung und Entwicklung sowie Werbung, Qualifikationen usw.) in der organisationellen Auswahl. Ebenso wird die wichtige Rolle von mehreren Standorten und des räumlichen Profils der Firmen für die Intensität ihrer Fragmentierung deutlich. Firmen mit mehreren Einheiten Räumliche Organisation der Firma Französische Industrie Galliano D. y Soulié N. Determinantes organizativos y espaciales de empresas con varias unidades: evidencia de la industria francesa, Regional Studies. El objetivo de este artículo es analizar los factores (características internas, entornos espaciales e industriales) que determinan la existencia de empresas con diversas unidades y la intensidad de su fragmentación organizativa a escala nacional. Los modelos empíricos se basan en datos individuales de todas las empresas industriales recabados por el Instituto Nacional Francés de Estadísticas. Los resultados destacan la importancia de las características internas (las economías a escala, activos específicos como investigación y desarrollo así como publicidad, el nivel de competencias, etc.) en la opción organizativa. También ponen de relieve el papel principal desempeñado por la localización múltiple y por el perfil espacial de las empresas en lo que respecta a la intensidad de su fragmentación. Empresa con varias unidades Organización espacial de la empresa Industria francesa [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we examine the evolution of multi-unit franchising (MUF) research and develop an integrative model for the franchisor's choice of ownership strategy between single-unit and multi-unit franchising. Although several empirical studies were published on MUF in the last two decades, the research deficit primarily results from the lack of theoretical foundation of this ownership strategy. We extend the literature in the following way: First, based on the transaction cost view of governance mechanism, we examine the influence of environmental uncertainty on the choice of ownership strategy. Second, we develop hypotheses based on the resource-based and organizational capabilities view. Third, we investigate the influence of contractibility of resources and organizational capabilities on the choice of ownership strategy. Finally, we apply the screening theory and argue that specific investments of MUF have an ex-post bonding function, based on transaction cost reasoning, and an ex ante screening function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Franchised businesses operate on the basis of granting individual franchisees trading rights to serve territories or market areas on either an exclusive or a non-exclusive basis. The design of these territories is generally undertaken during the roll-out phase of the franchise. However, these territories and market areas may become sub-optimal over time, necessitating restructuring. However, if the franchisor has granted exclusive rights to a territory then this is likely to involve a breach in the franchise contract. In cases where existing franchisees do not have exclusive territories they may nevertheless make a legal challenge to the creation of additional franchises on the grounds of encroachment. This paper - which is based on a study of 40 franchisors in the UK - examines how franchisors go about network restructuring in constrained and non-constrained situations. Franchisors typically did not act on their legal rights, echoing findings of earlier franchising studies which reveal a divergence between contractual rights and operational behaviour. This focus on network restructuring also provides new perspectives on the reasons for ownership reversion and the growth of multi-unit franchisees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on the success of real estate company Tall Poppy which was launched by its director David Graves in the Kapiti Coast District, New Zealand in 2012. It explores the growth of the business from being a virtually one-man operation to the increase in its number of franchisees. It also mentions the presence of the brand in Auckland and Northland and the logic behind its one office business model.

Complex systems in a work cell often consist of multiple units to process the manufacturing functions effectively for achieving the desired objectives. All manufacturing work cells are familiar with many unforeseeable events, for instance machine down time and scheduled maintenance. In fact, every configuration naturally exhibits some level of redundancy during those unpredictable events that may fail a small portion of units. In this work, using the remaining units and by raising the workloads on these units, up to the level of their capacities, we tried to fulfil the requirement of products. To procure the requirement, dynamic workload adjustment strategy has been suggested on two important configurations such as parallel and hybrid, by actively controlling its degradation path and failure times. During its operation, at each decision-making point, termed as decision epoch, the examination of the real-time condition monitoring data has been carried out for upgrading the posterior distribution. Using this updated distribution as the root of all operations, the residual life distribution of every concerned unit is calculated, for a particular workload. Subsequently, the establishment of an optimization scheme, i.e., an optimization framework, has been carried out with the help of the predicted residual life to eliminate the unit failures, for individual units, coinciding with each other. Eventually, with various scenarios, simulation has been carried out on the proposed methodology to assess the rate of degradation of various units. The validation of the approach's effectiveness has been shown by the simulation results on two different configurations having different scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]