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Large-scale multiplication of quality planting material is needed to meet the huge demand of planting material in fruit crops. Little information is available on the effect of fertigation on rootstock growth, budding success, and buddling growth in containerized citrus nursery. The present studies were undertaken to study the effect of eight fertigation treatments viz. control (N0P0), N60, N80, N100, N0P100, N60P100, N80P100, and N100P100 on the growth of rough lemon rootstock and subsequently budded three citrus varieties. Among the treatments, N60P100 significantly improved seedling height, diameter, leaf number, root growth, leaf area in rough lemon, Blood Red orange, Kinnow mandarin, and Daisy mandarin over the control. The stomatal conductance was higher with treatments N60, N80, N60P100, and N80P100. While higher photosynthetic rates were observed with N60P100 and N80P100, N60P100 also improved the budding success in Blood Red, Kinnow, and Daisy. Fertigation treatments increased the nutrient concentration in leaves of all the varieties. The principal component analysis revealed that plant height and diameter were positively correlated with root length, root diameter, root number, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and chlorophyll content in rough lemon. In all the varieties, the sprout length and diameter showed a positive correlation with leaf area, leaf number, root length, root diameter, fibrous root number, photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, and chlorophyll content. Among different treatments, N60P100 was the best treatment in improving the shoot growth, root growth, and physiological parameters of rough lemon rootstock. Besides, it also improved budding success and buddling growth in all three citrus varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to formulate Citrus limon fruit rind's essential oil (EO) and to analyze its impact on breast cancer cells. Materials and Methods: Initially, the cytotoxicity of EO (0.09-9 µg/ml) and doxorubicin (0.5-5 µM) on MCF-7, SK-BR-3, and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells was assessed using the MTT assay following 24-72 hr treatment. The cells were then treated with niosomes containing 4.5 µg/ml EO and 0.5 µM doxorubicin for 48 hr. Flow cytometry, migration assay, and RT-qPCR were used to study the cell behavior. Results: MTT results indicated that both EO and doxorubicin alone exhibited severe cytotoxicity (viability ≤ 30%) towards all three cells after 48 hr . When treated with encapsulated EO, the apoptotic death rate in MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, and SK-BR-3 cells was substantially diminished to 14%, 28%, and 9%, respectively. Similarly, encapsulated doxorubicin induced mild apoptotic death in these cells. Encapsulated EO and doxorubicin significantly prevented the migration of all cells. Following treatment with the encapsulated EO, a notable reduction in the expression of VIM, SLUG, SNAIL, and JUN, which are promoters of cancer cell invasion, was seen. Conversely, the expression of the FAS receptor, an active participant in the extrinsic apoptosis pathway, increased (p<0.01). Conclusion: Lemon EO has apoptotic and anti-migratory effects on breast cancer cells, comparable to that of doxorubicin. Utilizing niosome as an efficient delivery modality effectively mitigates the adverse effects of EO and can be used for in vivo delivery of it to cancer cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adsorption is a highly effective method for wastewater quality adjustment, offering advantages such as low cost and availability of adsorbents. This study investigates the efficient removal of Anionic Actas Pink dye (AAPD), a major contributor to environmental pollution. Green adsorbents including lead oxide (PbO), zinc oxide (ZnO), cadmium oxide (CdO), and copper oxide (CuO) were synthesized via eco-friendly routes for AAPD removal. Maximum adsorption capacities (qe) were observed at pH 7 (PbO, ZnO, CdO) and pH 2 (CuO and native) with values of 83.83 mg/g at 100 ppm, 75.65 mg/g at 100 ppm, 70.50 mg/g 75 ppm, 61.21 mg/g at 150 ppm, and 52.69 mg/g at 150 ppm, respectively, using an adsorbent dose of 0.05 g/50 mL at temperature of 37°C, and 90 min contact time. Adsorption followed Langmuir isotherm for all adsorbents except native, with PbO also fitting Freundlich and Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherms. Kinetics adsorption data supported pseudo-second-order, while thermodynamic analysis indicated spontaneous and exothermic nature. Effects of electrolytes, surfactants, and desorption were also evaluated. Characterization through FTIR, SEM, and XRD confirmed the morphology and functional groups of these nano-quantum dots. Citrus limon peel-based biosynthesis offers sustainable, eco-friendly, and cost-effective alternatives, highlighting their potential for dye adsorption. Highlights: Explore cost-effective and efficient adsorption methods for wastewater treatment Discover effective adsorbents capable of efficiently removing Anionic Actas Pink Sustainable synthesis of green quantum dot was made using agricultural waste Gain insights into adsorption mechanisms through robust modeling techniques [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sodium humate (SH) is the sodium salt of humic acid. Our previous research has demonstrated that SH has the ability to enhance the levels of total flavonoids in various parts of lemons, including the leaves, peels, pulps, and seeds, thereby improving the quality of lemons. In the current study, the regulation effect of SH on the biosynthesis and content of lemon flavonoid compounds was examined using transcriptome sequencing technology and flavonoid metabolomic analysis. Following SH treatment, the transcriptome sequencing analysis revealed 320 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between samples treated with SH and control (CK) samples, some of which were associated with the phenylalanine pathway by KEGG annotation analysis. The levels of seven flavonoid compounds identified in lemon peels were observed to increase, and eriocitrin and isoorientin were identified as differential metabolites (DMs, VIP > 1) using OPLS-DA analysis. The integrated analysis of transcriptomics and flavonoid metabolomics indicates that SH treatment induces alterations in gene expression and metabolite levels related to flavonoid synthesis. Specifically, SH influences flavonoid biosynthesis by modulating the activity of key enzymes in the phenylalanine pathway, including HCT (O-hydroxycinnamoyltransferase) and F5H (ferulate-5-hydroxylase). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Termites cause structural damage to residential and commercial buildings. Chemical repellents are commonly used to address this issue, but concerns have been raised regarding their long-term effects on health and the environment. Customers have complained with the repellents' odor and the discoloration on wood surfaces. Alternative solutions may have been explored in previous studies, limited research has been done on a combination of garlic, lemon, and cucumber extracts (GaLeCumb). To address this, the study explored the effectiveness and acceptability of GaLeCumb as an alternative organic repellent in terms of repelling termites, duration, odor, and discoloration, compared to the commercial product. The gathering of numerical data through a quantitative method began after steam distillation and formulation of three repellents were done. Following this was a 14-day observation where 4 single-choice tests were performed to evaluate termite repellency. It was revealed that Formulation 2 had the best formulation. Fifteen woodworking experts were purposely sampled as respondents of the study. In the analysis of results, it was revealed that the developed repellent was effective in repelling a high percentage of termites all throughout 24 hours. In addition, data showed that there is a significant difference between the commercially done product (SD = 3.28) and the GaLeCumb Termite Repellent (SD = 1.22). Mean scores showed that GaLeCumb Termite Repellent was "very much acceptable" in terms of both odor (M = 3.98) and discoloration (M = 3.7). These findings contribute valuable insights for future researchers, addressing gaps and limitations in the field of termite repellent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antioxidant capacity is one of the most important biological activities in fruits and vegetables and is closely related to human health. In this study, 'Eureka' lemons were used as experimental materials and stored at 7–8 °C MT (melatonin, 200 μmol, soaked for 15 min) and CA (controlled atmosphere, 2–3% O2 + 15–16% CO2) individually or in combination for 30 d. The changes in lemon fruits' basic physicochemical properties, enzyme activities, and antioxidant capacities were studied. Comparing the combined treatment to the control, the outcomes demonstrated a significant reduction in weight loss, firmness, stomatal opening, and inhibition of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD) activities. Additionally, the combined treatment maintained high levels of titratable acidity (TA), vitamin C (VC), total phenolic content (TPC), and antioxidant capacity and preserved the lemon aroma. Meanwhile, the correlation between fruit color, aroma compounds, and antioxidant capacity was revealed, providing valuable insights into the postharvest preservation of lemons. In conclusion, the combined treatment (MT + CA) was effective in maintaining the quality and antioxidant capacity of lemons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Citrus fruits are widely consumed worldwide; however, one of their primary uses is juice production, resulting in over 40 million tons of agro-industrial waste. Citrus peel is the main agro-industrial by-product in citrus production. In recent years, secondary metabolites of interest, mainly polyphenols such as hesperidin, have been identified in citrus peels. Currently, green alternatives like natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) based on choline chloride and glucose (Glu), combined with ultrasound-assisted extraction, are studied to obtain polyphenol-rich extracts with potential health applications. This study aims to evaluate the effect of: (1) molar ratios (MR) of 1:0.5, 1:1 or 1:2 mol/mol of choline chloride (ChCl):glucose (Glu); (2) the percentage of added water (WA: 50, 60 or 70%) to NADES; and (3) different citrus peels of Citrus aurantium (bitter orange), Citrus sinensis (sweet orange), and Citrus limon (lemon) used for extraction, on polyphenol profiles, total polyphenol content (TPC), and antioxidant capacity (Ax) of the extracts. The extracts were analyzed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) and evaluated using the Folin–Ciocalteu method for TPC and DPPH assay for quantifying AC. A factorial experimental design 33 was implemented. The extract obtained with an MR of 1:1 (ChCl:Glu) from Citrus aurantium peel exhibited the highest concentration of hesperidin (2003.37 ± 10.91 mg/100 g dry mass), whereas an MR of 1:2 (ChCl:Glu) exhibited the highest concentration of neohesperidin (1045.94 ± 1.27 mg/100 g dry mass), both using 60% WA. This extract also showed the highest antioxidant capacity, achieving 100% inhibition. On the other hand, the highest concentration of total phenolic content (TPC) (96.23 ± 0.83 mg GAE/100 g dry mass) was obtained using C. aurantium peel with an MR of 1:0.5 (ChCl:Glu) and 60% WA. The extracts also presented high concentrations of rutin and catechin. These findings highlight the potential of revalorizing citrus peels, particularly Citrus aurantium, and their extracts obtained with NADES for possible health applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Microalgae such as Spirulina platensis and essential oils derived from Citrus limon have potential growth-promoting, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and immunostimulant effects for several fish species. This manuscript spotlights Spirulina platensis and Citrus limon essential oil and their roles in improving the performance and health of Nile tilapia. Our results indicate that Spirulina platensis and/or lemon essential oil can be used as natural feed additives during aquafeed formulation to improve fish welfare through nutritional management. The dietary presence of feed additives is crucial for boosting fish growth and immunity. Accordingly, this feeding trial aimed to investigate the effects of the separate and concurrent dietary supplementation of Spirulina platensis (SP) and bitter lemon (Citrus limon) peel essential oil (LEO) on the growth, immunity, antioxidant capacity, and intestinal health of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Four groups of male Nile tilapia were employed. The first group (control) was given the basal diet, while the second and third groups received the basal diet supplemented with LEO extract (1%) and SP (1 g/kg diet), respectively. The fourth group received the basal diet supplemented with a mix of LEO (1%) and SP at 1 g/kg. After two months of feeding, using LEO or/and SP improved the overall growth and immunological parameters, with their combination yielding the best outcomes. The supplementation of LEO or/and SP improved the Nile tilapia's growth metrics and transcriptomic levels of growth-regulating genes such as (oligo-peptide transporter 1 (Pep1), growth hormone receptors 1 (GHR1), and insulin-like growth factor (IGF1). The improved growth performance was linked to significant increases in the expression levels of mucin and fat metabolism-related genes. Moreover, fish supplemented with LEO, SP, or their combination showed enhanced non-specific immunological measures, including phagocytic and lysozyme activities and the mRNA copies of its regulating genes. Additionally, remarkable increases in the antioxidant enzyme activities and the mRNA levels of their related genes were detected. The complement (C3) gene's transcriptomic level was also significantly increased. Furthermore, the dietary supplementation of LEO, SP, or their combination improved the histological structures of the spleen, hepatopancreas, and intestine. The enhanced effects of LEO, SP, or their combination on fish immunity and growth are suggested to be due to their contents of bioactive compounds with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties. Thus, using the LOE and SP blends as feed additives is recommended for better growth and immunity of Nile tilapia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the antioxidant and anti-glycemic properties of black lemon Chenpi (BLC) (Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f. cv. Eureka), processed using three thermal browning models—hot-air drying (HAL), high temperature and humidity, and steam-drying cycle (SCL)—and compared them to fresh lemon peel and commercial Chenpi. The moisture-assisted aging technology (MAAT) is an environmentally friendly process for inducing browning reactions in the lemon peel, enhancing its functional properties. Our results demonstrated significant increases in sucrose, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant capacities (2,2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl: 12.86 Trolox/g dry weight; ferric reducing antioxidant power: 14.92 mg Trolox/g dry weight) with the MAAT-HAL model. The MAAT-SCL model significantly improved the browning degree, fructose, total polyphenol content, narirutin, and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural synthesis (p < 0.05). Additionally, aged lemon peel exhibited potential α-glucosidase inhibitory activity (28.28%), suggesting its role in blood sugar regulation after meals. The multivariate analysis (principal component and heatmap analyses) indicated that BLC processed using the MAAT-SCL model exhibited similarities to commercial Chenpi, indicating its potential for functional food development. Our results indicate that MAAT-SCL can enhance the economic value of lemon by-products, offering a sustainable and functional alternative to traditional Chenpi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synthesis of bismuth oxide nanoparticles through sono-cavitation using citrus lemon extract as a simple, eco-friendly and cost-efficient method was evaluated. The aqueous extract of citrus lemon acted as a bio-reducing and capping/stabilizing agent in the single-step biosynthesis of bismuth oxide nanoparticles. Different instrumental techniques have been used to characterize the biosynthesized bismuth oxide nanoparticles, including UV–vis spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). UV–vis spectroscopy revealed the formation of stable bismuth oxide nanoparticles at λmax of 400 nm with a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) band. TEM revealed that the biosynthesized bismuth oxide nanoparticles were rod shaped with a particle size of 26 nm. A potential mechanism for the formation of bismuth oxide nanoparticles with the influence of sono-cavitation has been suggested based on the observed findings. These catalytic capabilities of the bio-synthesized bismuth oxide nanoparticles were then evaluated by degradation of toxic azo dyes under different laboratory conditions. The azo dye Congo red (CR) was effectively degraded to 86% within 30 min under optimum experimental conditions using 0.12 g/mL catalyst. Thus, the phytochemical citrus lemon offers a cheap and eco-friendly solution for the synthesis of catalytic nanoparticles to degrade highly toxic organic compounds such as azo dyes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work, phytoconstituents from Citrus limon are computationally tested against SARS‐CoV‐2 target protein such as Mpro ‐ (5R82.pdb), Spike ‐ (6YZ5.pdb) &RdRp ‐ (7BTF.pdb) for COVID‐19. Docking was done by glide model, QikProp was performed by in silico ADMET screening & Prime MM‐GB/SA modules were used to define binding energy. When compared with approved COVID‐19 drugs such as Remdesivir, Ritonavir, Lopinavir, and Hydroxychloroquine, plant‐based constituents such as Quercetin, Rutoside, Naringin, Eriocitrin, and Hesperidin. bind with significant G‐scores to the active SARS‐CoV‐2 place. The constituents Rutoside and Eriocitrin were studied in each MD simulation in 100 ns against 3 proteins 5R82.pdb, 6YZ5.pdb and 7BTF.pdb.We performed an assay with significant natural compounds from contacts and in silico results (Rutin, Eriocitrin, Naringin, Hesperidin) using 3CL protease assay kit (B.11529 Omicron variant). This kit contained 3CL inhibitor GC376 as Control. The IC50 value of the test compound was found to be Rutin −17.50 μM, Eriocitrin−37.91 μM, Naringin−39.58 μM, Hesperidine−140.20 μM, the standard inhibitory concentration of GC376 was 38.64 μM. The phytoconstituents showed important interactions with SARS‐CoV‐2 targets, and potential modifications could be beneficial for future development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck is considered as one of the most significant horticultural as well as essential oil crop. However, the significance of the fruit peels left after the utilization of the sour fruit find limited importance and these leftover peels are rich in essential oil. Lemon peel essential oil (LPEO) finds used in the fragrance, food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. In this study lemon peel were used for isolation of essential oil by hydro-distillation, analyzed by GC-FID and GC-MS and was further subjected to in vitro anti-oxidant (DPPH, ABTS), anti-inflammatory, anti-tyrosinase, genotoxicity and anti-diabetic assays. The essential oil analysis has revealed limonene as major compound (38.08%) along with other minor compounds namely, α-citral (12.02%), decanal (8.14%) and neral (7.36%). The total amount of citral (α-citral and neral) was found to be 19.38%, comparatively higher compared to previous reports. LPEO was found to exhibit very strong tyrosinase inhibition activity along with good alpha-amylase inhibition. The results from this study further strengthen the immense potential of LPEO as an anti-diabetic and skin whitening agent. The results framed from this study will further strengthen the position of earlier works on biological activities of C. limon besides providing a descriptive work on the potential of Assam LPEO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, I defend the claim that we can perceptually experience what objects afford when we engage with objects belonging to natural or artificial categorical high-level kinds. Experiencing affordances perceptually positions us to act in specific ways. The main aim of this study was to argue that this view has explanatory advantages over alternative views. An increasingly popular view within the philosophy of perception, most famously defended by Susanna Siegel, claims that we sometimes visually experience natural and artificial objects as belonging to categorical high-level kinds. When visually experiencing a lemon, one does not only experience its low-level properties such as shape and color, sometimes one also experiences the object as a lemon. A challenge arises when attempting to explain what happens when one experiences an object that is experientially indistinguishable from another object, yet these objects belong to different high-level categorical kinds. For instance, if someone perceptually experiences a lemon as a lemon, her experience can be considered as accurately representing or presenting a lemon. However, if the subject perceptually experiences a lemon-shaped soap bar, which cannot be discriminated from a real lemon by sight alone, the experience is deemed inaccurate because there is no real lemon present. The problem is that such a judgment seems counterintuitive; unlike with hallucinations and illusions, there seems to be nothing wrong with how the object appears. Therefore, it is difficult to understand how the mistake could be a perceptual mistake. I will first present arguments supporting the claim that when we visually encounter objects such as lemons, we sometimes also perceive the affordances of these objects--what they provide or offer us. I will further argue that this perspective on affordances offers a more compelling explanation than other alternative accounts when it comes to our perception of visually indistinguishable objects that nonetheless belong to categorically distinct high-level kinds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: 18KHT01 is a novel synergistic composition of Quercus acutissima, Camellia sinensis, Geranium thunbergii, and a small portion of Citrus limon. Our previous report demonstrated that the 18KHT01 exhibits potent antiobesity effects, with synergistic antioxidant, antiadipogenic, and antiobesity activities in diet‐induced obese mice. This study explores the toxicity profile and quality control parameters of the 18KHT01 formulation. Methods: Broad‐spectrum acute and subacute oral toxicity studies were performed using male and female ICR mice. In order to simultaneous analysis of the 18KHT01 formulation, an ultraperformance liquid chromatography coupled with a diode array detector (UPLC‐DAD) method was developed and validated using six marker compounds. Results: Acute oral toxicity evaluation of 18KHT01, administered at single high doses of 2, 2.5, 3, and 5 g/kg, identified 2 g/kg as the no‐observed adverse effect level (NOAEL). The LD50 (50% lethal dose) and LD100 (100% lethal dose) of 18KHT01 for male ICR mice were 3.99 and 7.77 g/kg, and those for the female mice were 2.94 and 4.70 g/kg, respectively. In addition, a 30‐day repeated dose oral subacute toxicity evaluation indicated that 18KHT01 is safe below 500 mg/kg/day for long‐term administration in ICR mice of either sex. UPLC‐DAD method validation revealed that each calibration curve for the marker compounds showed good linearity, as well as the validation parameters such as precision, specificity, and accuracy met the acceptance criteria. Conclusion: The present study evidenced the toxicological profile of 18KHT01 polyherbal formulation in mice as well as developed a simple, rapid, and accurate chromatographic method for quality control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lemon fruit (Citrus limon (L.) Burm.) is highly appreciated by consumers due to its antioxidant properties and health benefits. However, its shelf life can be limited by various factors, reducing the economy, and thereafter, new strategies to maintain the quality of lemons are necessary. Melatonin is a derivative of tryptamine, which is ubiquitously found in plants and has a wide range of functions regulating numerous physiological processes in plants. During two consecutive harvests, we evaluated the effect of preharvest treatments with melatonin on crop yield and on quality and functional properties of fruit of lemon cv. Verna at harvest and weekly after storage up to 28 days at 2 and 10 °C plus 2 days at 20 °C. Melatonin was applied as foliar spray treatments at dosages of 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5 mM and at three different stages of fruit development. The results showed that melatonin treatment had a positive impact on crop yield as well as in fruit quality parameters, such as firmness, content of bioactive compounds, and antioxidant activity, especially for a 0.5 mM dose. Taking all these effects into account, the application of melatonin along the growth cycle of fruit development could be considered a non-contaminant and eco-friendly tool for improving crop yield and quality of 'Verna' lemons at harvest and during postharvest storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study used lemon peel and Fe3O4 nanocomposite (LE-Fe3O4) to remove Congo red (CR) from the aqueous solution in batch adsorption techniques. The main factors influencing the adsorption process studied were pH, dose, contact time, and initial concentration. The results have shown the optimum conditions for making LE-Fe3O4 a suitable adsorbent were pH 6, 25 mg/50 mL dose, 90 ppm initial CR concentration, and 30-min contact time. The experimental data best fit with the Langmuir isotherm model with 16.28 mg/g max adsorption capacity and pseudo-second-order kinetic model, which indicates the monolayer chemisorption adsorption process. The properties of the nanocomposite adsorbent were established through X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), and Barrett-Joyner-Halenda (BJH). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Limonoids are important constituents of citrus that have a significant impact on promoting human health. Therefore, the primary focus of this research was to assess the overall limonoid content and isolate limonoids from Adalia lemon (Citrus limon L.) peels for their potential use as antioxidants and anti-diabetic agents. The levels of limonoid aglycones in the C. limon peel extract were quantified through a colorimetric assay, revealing a concentration of 16.53 ± 0.93 mg/L limonin equivalent. Furthermore, the total concentration of limonoid glucosides was determined to be 54.38 ± 1.02 mg/L. The study successfully identified five isolated limonoids, namely limonin, deacetylnomilin, nomilin, obacunone 17-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, and limonin 17-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, along with their respective yields. The efficacy of the limonoids-rich extract and the five isolated compounds was evaluated at three different concentrations (50, 100, and 200 µg/mL). It was found that both obacunone 17-O-β-D-glucopyranoside and limonin 17-O-β-D-glucopyranoside possessed the highest antioxidant, free radical scavenging, and anti-diabetic activities, followed by deacetylnomilin, and then the limonoids-rich extract. The molecular dynamic simulations were conducted to predict the behavior of the isolated compounds upon binding to the protein's active site, as well as their interaction and stability. The results revealed that limonin 17-O-β-D-glucopyranoside bound to the protein complex system exhibited a relatively more stable conformation than the Apo system. The analysis of Solvent Accessible Surface Area (SASA), in conjunction with the data obtained from Root-Mean-Square Deviation (RMSD), Root-Mean-Square Fluctuation (RMSF), and Radius of Gyration (ROG) computations, provided further evidence that the limonin 17-O-β-D-glucopyranoside complex system remained stable within the catalytic domain binding site of the human pancreatic alpha-amylase (HPA)-receptor. The research findings suggest that the limonoids found in Adalia lemon peels have the potential to be used as effective natural substances in creating innovative therapeutic treatments for conditions related to oxidative stress and disorders in carbohydrate metabolism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rising concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere is approaching critical levels, posing a significant threat to life on Earth. Porous carbons derived from biobased materials, particularly waste byproducts, offer a viable solution for selective CO2 adsorption from large-scale industrial sources, potentially mitigating atmospheric CO2 emissions. In this study, we developed highly porous carbons from lemon peel waste through a two-step process, consisting of temperature pretreatment (500 °C) followed by chemical activation by KOH at 850 °C. The largest specific surface area (2821 m2/g), total pore volume (1.39 cm3/g), and micropore volume (0.70 cm3/g) were obtained at the highest KOH-to-carbon ratio of 4. In contrast, the sample activated with a KOH-to-carbon ratio of 2 demonstrated the greatest micropore distribution. This activated biocarbon exhibited superior CO2 adsorption capacity, reaching 5.69 mmol/g at 0 °C and 100 kPa. The remarkable adsorption performance can be attributed to the significant volume of micropores with diameters smaller than 0.859 nm. The Radke–Prausnitz equation, traditionally employed to model the adsorption equilibrium of organic compounds from liquid solutions, has been shown to be equally applicable for describing the gas–solid adsorption equilibrium. Furthermore, equations describing the temperature dependence of the Radke–Prausnitz equation's parameters have been developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY: ERFs (ethylene‐responsive factors) are known to play a key role in orchestrating cold stress signal transduction. However, the regulatory mechanisms and target genes of most ERFs are far from being well deciphered. In this study, we identified a cold‐induced ERF, designated as PtrERF110, from trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata L. Raf., also known as Citrus trifoliata L.), an elite cold‐hardy plant. PtrERF110 is a nuclear protein with transcriptional activation activity. Overexpression of PtrERF110 remarkably enhanced cold tolerance in lemon (Citrus limon) and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), whereas VIGS (virus‐induced gene silencing)‐mediated knockdown of PtrERF110 drastically impaired the cold tolerance. RNA sequence analysis revealed that PtrERF110 overexpression resulted in global transcriptional reprogramming of a range of stress‐responsive genes. Three of the genes, including PtrERD6L16 (early responsive dehydration 6‐like transporters), PtrSPS4 (sucrose phosphate synthase 4), and PtrUGT80B1 (UDP‐glucose: sterol glycosyltransferases 80B1), were confirmed as direct targets of PtrERF110. Consistently, PtrERF110‐overexpressing plants exhibited higher levels of sugars and sterols compared to their wild type counterparts, whereas the VIGS plants had an opposite trend. Exogenous supply of sucrose restored the cold tolerance of PtrERF110‐silencing plants. In addition, knockdown of PtrSPS4, PtrERD6L16, and PtrUGT80B1 substantially impaired the cold tolerance of P. trifoliata. Taken together, our findings indicate that PtrERF110 positively modulates cold tolerance by directly regulating sugar and sterol synthesis through transcriptionally activating PtrERD6L16, PtrSPS4, and PtrUGT80B1. The regulatory modules (ERF110‐ERD6L16/SPS4/UGT80B1) unraveled in this study advance our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying sugar and sterol accumulation in plants subjected to cold stress. Significance Statement: The transcription factor ERF110 of Poncirus trifoliata L. Raf. functions positively in cold tolerance due to modulation of sugar and sterol biosynthesis by regulating SPS4, ERD6L16, and UGT80B1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mal secco disease of citrus is caused by the mitosporic ascomycete fungus Plenodomus tracheiphilus (formerly Phoma tracheiphila [Petri]). Mal secco is a highly destructive vascular disease of lemon and other citrus which is presently confined to the Mediterranean basin and has a marked economic impact on the citrus industry. The fungal pathogen infects the host tree by penetrating through wounds in the roots or canopy. Infection spreads quickly into the main branches and trunk and tree mortality usually ensues. The most typical symptoms are veinal chlorosis, leaf wilt, red discoloration of the xylem and dieback of twigs and branches. Current accepted control of the disease is mainly by sanitation of infected wood, and copper application during the winter to prevent germinating spores from infecting the plant. No effective chemical control for this disease has been reported. We present a drip-irrigation protocol to protect trees and control the disease in which we apply 250 g/ha of the triazole fungicide flutriafol five times a year. Progression of disease symptoms in the treated trees was inhibited by up to 81% compared to the untreated control, thereby significantly shortening the sanitation process and making it less costly than in untreated trees. Moreover, disease symptoms became less severe as the duration of treatment increased. We have treated orchards for 3 years, and present an effective commercial protocol for the growers which will help them control Mal secco disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Past scholarship on Philemon has reiterated the cultural and institutional power of slavery with particular attention to the acceptance and use of slavery as an important instrument of control and domination. Working within this scholarship, the present work acknowledges the centrality of the preceding thesis, but engages the letter to Philemon from the perspective of the inherent cosmology which accepted the master/slave hierarchical structure within a religious framework in explaining human/divine encounters, and encounters among human beings. Since African cosmology exhibits interesting points of continuity with this projected cosmology, this paper charts a new direction for studies in Philemon by reiterating the critical importance of this hierarchy of power relations in the master/slave model at the heart of the letter. It is this accepted worldview that prevented Paul from advocating for the freedom of Onesimus, and called for the double imprisonments of Onesimus. Consequently, the study interrogates the cosmology of Philemon in connection to African divine/human encounters by problematizing the description of God as Master, and the devotees as the helpless slaves of the deity. This cultural mindset naturally accepts slavery and normalizes human/divine encounters within the rhetoric of this dehumanizing enterprise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Viruses and viroids pose a significant challenge in citriculture, and their control is crucial for plant health. This study evaluated the effectiveness of in vitro thermotherapy combined with a meristem tip culture for eliminating citrus exocortis viroid (CEVd) and hop stunt viroid (HSVd) from a new limonime hybrid (Citrus x limon var. limon x Citrus latifolia var. latifolia). The elimination success was confirmed by RT-PCR assays. The in vitro elimination rate for CEVd during the shoot proliferation stage (43%) was higher than for HSVd (21%). Accordingly, in the subsequent rooting stage, the in vitro elimination rate for CEVd (50%) was higher than for HSVd (33%). Successful CEVd and HSVd eradication at a 100% rate was confirmed in the ex vitro acclimatized plants in the greenhouse. The study also established an efficient micropropagation protocol. The optimal treatment for in vitro shoot induction was 0.5–2 mg L−1 benzyladenine (BA) + 0.5 mg L−1 gibberellic acid (GA3) + 0.25 mg L−1 naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), while for shoot elongation, it was 0.5 mg L−1 BA + 0.5 mg L−1 kinetin (KIN) + 0.5 mg L−1 GA3 + 0.25 mg L−1 NAA. Rooting was best promoted by 1 mg L−1 NAA. This study provides valuable insights for the mass production of viroid-free propagation material in this new lemon x lime hybrid, contributing to the conservation of genetic resources in citrus breeding programs through the combined application of in vitro thermotherapy and an in vitro meristem tip culture, a novel and highlighted achievement reported for the first time in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This research investigates the effects of using edible gel coatings and bio-based packaging materials on extending the shelf life of cherry tomatoes. Two edible gel coatings (guar gum and guar gum +5% of a lemon (Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck pomace extract obtained in the research laboratory) were applied on cherry tomatoes, then they were packaged in bio-based materials (cellulose tray + PLA lid). Guar gum, glycerol, sorbitol, extra virgin olive oil, and tween 20 were used in coating formulation. Uncoated tomatoes packed in bio-based materials and conventional plastic (PET trays + lid) were tested as a control. Samples were stored for 45 days at 20 °C and their quality parameters were evaluated. Coated tomatoes maintained firmness and weight, and the enriched coated samples showed a significant increase in phenol content, derived from the antioxidant extract. Samples packed in PET showed a sensory unacceptability (<4.5) after 45 days correlated with a greater decline in firmness (from 10.51 to 5.96 N) and weight loss (from 7.06 to 11.02%). Therefore, edible gel coating and bio-based packaging proved to be effective in maintaining the overall quality of cherry tomatoes for 45 days, offering a promising approach to reduce plastic polymer use and food waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent global trend aims to limit the use of chemicals in all aspects of our lives, necessitating research into the use of plant extracts and ultraviolet light as eco-friendly treatments to improve mango fruit storage. The literature did not introduce studies on plant extracts as coating materials for mango fruit storage. Although ginger, lemon, and green tea were utilized individually as edible coatings for some fruits, their combination in a single solution is not evaluated on mango fruits. To preserve the quality of Keitt mango fruit against decay during storage, fruits were treated with plant extracts (a mixture of ginger, lemon, and green tea), 50 g L−1 for each of them, and ultraviolet (UV) light, 250 nm for 5 min, either alone or in combination then stored at 22 °C or 13 °C. Data showed that the mixture of plant extracts treatment followed by the combination of plant extracts and UV treatment then UV treatments resulted in a decrease in weight loss and soluble solid contents (SSCs) compared to the control while reducing the decrease in firmness, acidity, vitamin C (Vit C), and phenols compared to the control. Mangoes stored at 22 °C reached 4 weeks with good quality while achieving 8 weeks at 13 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lemon is a globally cultivated citrus fruit crop that has gained a significant market share in recent years. Lemon tends to taste bitter on prolonged storage periods, leading to undesirable changes in juice quality. Therefore, the study aimed to enhance lemon juice quality by reducing bitterness through combined probe ultrasonication and ß-cyclodextrin treatment. Ultrasonic treatment of 20 kHz, an incubation period ranging from 20 to 80 minutes, was applied to the juice and its effect on pH, total titratable acidity (TA), total soluble solids (TSS), ascorbic acid, total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity was evaluated. Batch debittering of limonin was carried out by adding ß-cyclodextrin at concentrations ranging from 0.25% to 2.50% for 20, 60 and 80 minutes of sonication treatment. The study also examined the influence of sonication treatments on microbial load, revealing significant reductions corresponding to 60 minutes of sonication. The sound waves generated at 20KHz from ultrasonication, including ß-cyclodextrin, could help to break down the cyclodextrin molecules and improve the encapsulation efficiency of the target compound. Moreover, increased water-soluble polyphenolic compounds due to cyclodextrin addition can enhance the lemon juice processability at an industrial scale. The present study emphasized the development of cost-effective ß-cyclodextrin debittered lemon juice in combination with ultrasonic treatment that improved juice quality at room temperature (25 °C±1 °C). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The citrus yellow vein clearing virus (CYVCV) is an emerging threat to the U.S. citrus industry. Reports from China shows it cause significant reductions in fruit yield and growth, particularly in lemon trees. In 2022, CYVCV was detected in a wide range of citrus cultivars in localized urban properties in Tulare, California. In 2024, a CYVCV-infected lemon tree was detected in Hacienda Heights in Los Angeles County, California, geographically separated from the Tulare foci. Through long-read sequencing technology, the whole-genome sequence of a CYVCV isolate from Hacienda Heights (designated as CYVCV-CA-HH1, Accession number PP840891.1) was obtained. Sequence alignments and neighbornet analysis strongly suggested that the CYVCV-CA-HH1 isolate has a different origin than the Tulare CYVCV (CYVCV CA-TL) isolates. The CYVCV CA-TL isolates were grouped with those from South Asia (India and Pakistan) and the Middle East (Türkiye), while the CYVCV-CA-HH1 isolate was grouped with isolates from East Asia (China and South Korea). Maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis further supports this finding, showing that the CYVCV-CA-HH1 isolate shares the most recent common ancestor with a South Korean lineage, which derives from Chinese isolates. Together, our data suggest a diverse geological origin of CYVCV isolates in California. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Myzus persicae and Aphis gossypii (Hemiptera: Aphididae) are two of the most significant aphid species acting as vectors for plant viruses in vegetable crops worldwide. This work provides new knowledge relating the persistence (including population growth and survival) and impact on aphid probing and feeding behaviour of plant essential oil-derived products. Modifications in M. persicae behaviour (EPG results) were noted in plants treated with 0.2% nanoemulsions of distilled lemon oil: (1) the non-probing activity lasted longer, (2) both non-phloematic probing and phloem ingestion activities of aphids were shorter, and (3) xylem ingestion activity and the time taken to achieve sustained phloem ingestion appear to be longer. Finally, a slight increase was also observed in the mean duration of the non-probing activity of M. persicae on plants treated with 0.2% nanoemulsions of farnesol. When pepper plants were sprayed with a 0.2% nanoemulsion of farnesol with Tween 80® (1:2), the population growth of M. persicae colonies on treated plants was slower (40 aphids/plant) than on controls (60 aphids/plant) up to the day seven. The slope of the aphid population growth line corresponding to the formulated mixture of bioactive volatiles was lower (2.26 b) and statistically significant in comparison with the control (7.09 a), probably due to a controlled-release effect up to day 14. No systemic effects were obtained for the bioactive volatiles tested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Citrus species are widely cultivated across the globe and frequently encounter drought stress during their growth and development phases. Previous research has indicated that citrus species synthesize flavonoids as a response mechanism to drought stress. This study aimed to comprehensively quantify and analyze the presence of 85 distinct flavonoids in the leaf and root tissues of lemon (drought susceptible) and sour orange (drought tolerant). In drought-stressed sour orange roots, flavonoids, such as isosakuranin, mangiferin, trilobatin, liquiritigenin, avicularin, silibinin, and glabridin, were more elevated than control sour orange roots and drought-stressed lemon roots. Additionally, hydroxysafflor yellow A, cynaroside, tiliroside, and apigenin 7-glucoside were increased in drought-stressed sour orange leaves compared to drought-stressed lemon leaves. Under drought stress, flavonoids such as (-)-epigallocatechin, silibinin, benzylideneacetophenone, trilobatin, isorhamnetin, 3,7,4′-trihydroxyflavone, and liquiritigenin were significantly increased, by 3.01-, 3.01-, 2.59-, 2.43-, 2.07-, 2.05-, and 2.01-fold, in sour orange roots compared to control sour orange roots. Moreover, the total flavonoid content and antioxidant capacity were significantly increased in drought-stressed sour orange leaves and root tissues compared to drought-stressed lemon leaves and root tissues. The expression levels of genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis were highly expressed in sour orange leaves and roots, compared to lemon leaves and root tissues, post-drought stress. These findings indicate that lemons fail to synthesize protective flavonoids under drought conditions, whereas sour orange leaves and root tissues enhance flavonoid synthesis, with higher antioxidant activities to mitigate the adverse effects of reactive oxygen species generated during drought stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the effect of the antioxidant extract from lemon by-products (Citrus × Limon L.) integrated into an edible alginate-based coating was evaluated to preserve the storage quality of ready-to-eat Clementine (Citrus × Clementina) fruits. The effects of different coatings (1.5% of alginate and 1.5% of alginate + 2–4% of lemon by-product extract) were assessed by the physical, chemical, microbiological, sensorial, and structural analyses of ready-to-eat Clementine fruits stored for 21 d at 4 °C. Ready-to-eat Clementine fruits coated with alginate and extract from lemon by-products showed greater levels of polyphenols, flavonoids, antioxidant activity, and organic acids. A microbiological analysis revealed the dose-dependent effect of the extract to contrast the growth of mesophilic bacteria, yeast, and molds during storage. A sensory analysis confirmed that the enriched coating improved the visual, structural, and olfactory parameters until the end of storage. The evidence in this study proves that an antioxidant extract from lemon by-products is a great sustainable treatment to preserve ready-to-eat fruits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perovskites can absorb solar energy and are extensively used in various catalytic and photocatalytic reactions. However, noble metal particles may enhance the catalytic, photocatalytic, and antibacterial activities. This study demonstrates the cost-effective green synthesis of the photocatalyst perovskite LaMnO3 and its modification with noble metal Ag nanoparticles. The green synthesis of nanocomposite was achieved through a hydrothermal method employing aqueous extract derived from Citrus limon (L.) Burm peels. The properties of fabricated perovskites LaMnO3 and LaMnO3-Ag nanocomposites were evaluated and characterized by Ultraviolet-Visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy (DRS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy-Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area techniques. The particle size distribution % of LaMnO3 and LaMnO3-Ag was observed to be 20 to 60 nm after using TEM images. The maximum percentage size distribution was 37 nm for LaMnO3 and 43 nm for LaMnO3-Ag. In addition, LaMnO3-Ag nanocomposite was utilized as a photocatalyst for the degradation of Rose Bengal (RB) dye and its antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli). The surface area and band gap for perovskite LaMnO3 nanoparticles were calculated as 12.642 m2/g and 3.44 eV, respectively. The presence of noble metal and hydrothermal-bio reduction significantly impacted the crystallinity. The BET surface area was found to be 16.209 m2/g, and band gap energy was calculated at 2.94 eV. The LaMnO3 nanocomposite with noble metal shows enhanced photocatalytic effectiveness against RB dye (20 PPM) degradation (92%, R2 = 0.995) with pseudo-first-order chemical kinetics (rate constant, k = 0.05057 min−1) within 50 min due to the ultimate combination of the hydrothermal and bio-reduction technique. The photocatalytic activity of the LaMnO3-Ag nanocomposite was optimized at different reaction times, photocatalyst doses (0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8 g/L), and various RB dye concentrations (20, 30, 40, and 50 ppm). The antibacterial activities of green synthesized LaMnO3 and LaMnO3-Ag nanoparticles were explored based on colony-forming unit (cfu) reduction and TEM images of bacterial and nanoparticle interactions for S. aureus and E. coli. An amount of 50 µg/mL LaMnO3-Ag nanocomposite was sufficient to work as the highest antibacterial activity for both bacteria. The perovskite LaMnO3-Ag nanocomposite synthesis process is economically and environmentally friendly. Additionally, it has a wide range of effective and exclusive applications for remediating pollutants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although open tools for manual text annotation and the creation of lexical resources have been available for some years, there is currently no integrated tool that allows, within the same environment, annotating a text corpus, building a computational lexicon, and linking linguistic annotations to lexical elements. For this reason, we have developed Maia, an open and collaborative web tool based on semantic web and linked open data technologies for text annotation, e-lexicography, and lexical linking, primarily designed and developed for use by digital humanists. This article presents the first version of Maia, describing its functionality, and outlining its software architecture and development prospects.

Abstract Limonoids are important constituents of citrus that have a significant impact on promoting human health. Therefore, the primary focus of this research was to assess the overall limonoid content and isolate limonoids from Adalia lemon (Citrus limon L.) peels for their potential use as antioxidants and anti-diabetic agents. The levels of limonoid aglycones in the C. limon peel extract were quantified through a colorimetric assay, revealing a concentration of 16.53 ± 0.93 mg/L limonin equivalent. Furthermore, the total concentration of limonoid glucosides was determined to be 54.38 ± 1.02 mg/L. The study successfully identified five isolated limonoids, namely limonin, deacetylnomilin, nomilin, obacunone 17-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, and limonin 17-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, along with their respective yields. The efficacy of the limonoids-rich extract and the five isolated compounds was evaluated at three different concentrations (50, 100, and 200 µg/mL). It was found that both obacunone 17-O-β-D-glucopyranoside and limonin 17-O-β-D-glucopyranoside possessed the highest antioxidant, free radical scavenging, and anti-diabetic activities, followed by deacetylnomilin, and then the limonoids-rich extract. The molecular dynamic simulations were conducted to predict the behavior of the isolated compounds upon binding to the protein's active site, as well as their interaction and stability. The results revealed that limonin 17-O-β-D-glucopyranoside bound to the protein complex system exhibited a relatively more stable conformation than the Apo system. The analysis of Solvent Accessible Surface Area (SASA), in conjunction with the data obtained from Root-Mean-Square Deviation (RMSD), Root-Mean-Square Fluctuation (RMSF), and Radius of Gyration (ROG) computations, provided further evidence that the limonin 17-O-β-D-glucopyranoside complex system remained stable within the catalytic domain binding site of the human pancreatic alpha-amylase (HPA)-receptor. The research findings suggest that the limonoids found in Adalia lemon peels have the potential to be used as effective natural substances in creating innovative therapeutic treatments for conditions related to oxidative stress and disorders in carbohydrate metabolism.

Did Paul intend for Philemon to manumit Onesimus? This article aims to present evidence in support of a manumissive view of Paul's communicative intent to Philemon. Through a cognitive functional approach to discourse analysis, the sentence comprising vv. 15–16 is proposed to represent the peak of the epistle. Coincidingly, this central statement of the letter is precisely where Paul discusses the enslavement of Onesimus. There, through his linguistic choices, Paul construes emphatic discontinuity in Onesimus's status, resulting in the most salient change in Philemon's mental representation: Onesimus is no longer a slave, but beyond a slave, a beloved brother. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The arrival and spread of Christianity along with the Dutch colonialism in Indonesia. This has an impact on the notion that Christianity is a colonial religion for “pribumi” Muslims in Indonesia. This article aims to offers the topic of Onesimus as Philemon’s brother in Paul’s letter to Philemon as a solution to conflict the religiousness between Christianity and Islam. The approach of this article is a postcolonial perspective, where building change from society tends to be positioned on the “two poles” or binary into a society that integrates with each other and rubs off between communities that are local, communal, and global simultaneously.

Purpose: Lemon (Citrus limon) is a highly important citrus species worldwide. However, its semi-tropical nature makes it susceptible to chilling, extensive research on postharvest treatments to preserve its quality under low temperatures. Research Method: The treatments included 500 μM melatonin (M), 50 μM methyl jasmonate (J), and 5 mM gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Lemons stored at 3 ± 1°C and a relative humidity of 85-95% for 100 days plus 5-day shelf life. Findings: The results revealed that most of the experimental treatments, except for the combination of GABA + J and GABA + J + M, significantly reduced fruit weight loss. Notably, the melatonin treatment showed a 22.7% lower weight loss compared to the control fruits. Furthermore, the melatonin treatment exhibited the highest fruit firmness (49 N), while the control treatment had the lowest (36.3 N). Regarding the quality parameters, individual treatments, and the GABA + M treatment resulted in significantly higher total soluble solids (TSS) and a lower TSS/TA compared to the control at the end of the storage period. Except for the M + GABA and M + J treatments, all other treatments showed higher ascorbic acid content compared to the control. Additionally, the melatonin treatment showed significant differences in various color indices compared to the control. Research limitations: There was no limitation. Originality/Value: Overall, fruits treated with M, J, GABA, and GABA + M demonstrated higher marketability compared to the control and other treatments. Consequently, it is recommended to utilize these treatments individually rather than in combination to maintain the quality of lemon fruits.

Supervised field trials were conducted to study dissipation of combination product of beta-cyfluthrin and imidacloprid (Solomon) in various samples of lemon and onion. The pesticides were extracted and analysed using QuEChERS (with some modifications) based methods after validation of the method. Linearity, accuracy and precision data showed that the results were in the acceptable range as per SANTE 2019. The results of dissipation revealed that the initial accumulation of beta-cyfluthrin was 0.6 and 1.1 mg kg−1 in lemon and 0.24 and 0.97 mg kg−1 in onion samples at standard and double dose respectively. The residues of imidacloprid were 2.61 and 4 mg kg−1 in lemon and 0.36 and 0.53 in onion at two doses. The residues of beta-cyfluthrin followed first order dissipation in both the crops at standard dose and showed biphasic dissipation in double dose in both lemon and onion samples. Imidacloprid followed first-order dissipation in lemon in both the doses. Half-life of beta-cyfluthrin ranged from 3.6 to 23.2 days in lemon samples and that of imidacloprid was 15.1 and 21.5 days in two different doses. In onion the half-life ranged from 2.1 to 4.0 for beta-cyfluthrin and 2.8 to 5.2 days for imidacloprid in different doses. Theoretical maximum residue concentration (TMRC) was always less than maximum permissible intake (MPI) in all the samples suggesting that the use of combination product is safe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heracleum is a large genus of plants belonging to Apiaceae family that includes about 90 species of biennial or perennial herbs. Several species of this genus are extensively used in various traditional medicines and, despite their content in toxic furanocoumarins, also as food. In the present study the chemical composition of the essential oil (EO) from flowering aerial parts of Heracleum sphondylium L. subsp. sphondylium, a plant distributed in Europe and North-West Africa, collected in the Isle of Skye (Scotland), was analyzed by GC and GC-MS. No one report has been previously published on any British accession. The result showed the presence of large quantity of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons and aliphatic esters, with bicyclogermacrene (31.6%) and octyl acetate (29.5%), by far, as the most abundant components. Considerations with respect all the other EOs of H. sphondylium taxa, studied so far, were carried out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lemongrass (Lg) and lemon (Lm) essential oils (EOs) mainly contain citral and limonene, respectively, which are not limited to flavor for food but can also provide antibacterial activity. The information on the enrichment of these combined EOs in chewy candy products has never been documented yet. This study aimed to evaluate the physical-chemical properties and volatile compound of nanoemulsion formulations of Lg/Lm blend EOs as well as the physical-chemical properties, total plate count (TPC), and sensory acceptability of chewy candy formulated with nanoemulsions. Antibacterial evaluations against Streptococcus mutans and Porphyromonas gingivalis were performed for both nanoemulsion and chewy candy. Blending Lg and Lm EOs at ratios of Lg1.85 : Lm2.25 and Lg3.65 : Lm0.45 showed a broadly different constituent of the volatile compound than the ratio with the least amount of Lg (Lg0.05 : Lm4.05) but all the formulations possessed eugenol, β-Bisabolene, and caryophyllene oxide. The combination of Lg1.85 : Lm2.25 produced the nanoemulsion with the lowest particle size but lower zeta potential and emulsion stability. At this ratio, the significant inhibitory activity of the nanoemulsion was found to be 92.40% and 84.14% for S. mutans and P. gingivalis, respectively (p < 0.05). Its application in chewy candy formulation also resulted in the highest inhibitory activity against S. mutans (85%) and P. gingivalis (77.20%). Chewy candy formulated with Lg1.85 : Lm2.25 nanoemulsion was also found to have the lowest TPC of 3.72 log CFU/g. The overall acceptability of the chewy candy was around neutral (3.77) by panelists for its higher color score (4.73) and aroma (4.37) in average to the other samples. This study discovered the potential of Lg/Lm blend EOs nanoemulsion for enhancing the antibacterial effect and improving the texture and color of chewy candy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies have indicated that there may be differences among the varieties of lemon flavonoids, but the details have not yet been made clear, which limits the comprehensive use of different cultivated lemon varieties. In this study, ultra-performance liquid chromatography–quadrupole–time-of-flight–mass spectrometry (UPLC–Q–TOF–MS) and ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis) were used to investigate the types and contents of flavonoids in the flesh of the main cultivated variety (Eureka) and five common lemon varieties, as well as their in vitro antioxidant activity. A total of 21 compounds were identified, five of which were common compounds. Among them, Verna, Lisbon, and Bearss each have characteristic components that can serve as potential criteria for variety identification. Each of the six varieties of lemon has strong antioxidant activity. The antioxidant activity of different lemon varieties is related to flavonoids. Therefore, Eureka and the other five varieties of lemon are good natural antioxidants, and the cultivation and industrial production of lemons should consider the needs and selection of suitable varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research was conducted in Suntenjaya Village, Lembang, and West Bandung Regency, focusing on lemon agro-industrial development. Research was conducted using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) approach, area mapping, and water management to determine a sustainable factory location. The main objective is the selection of factory sites by integrating lemon production, considering sustainable agriculture aspects, product aspects, and water conservation programs. The results of this study provide a strong foundation for sustainable agro-industrial development that will support sustainable agriculture, local economy, and environmental protection. The research also combined qualitative and quantitative elements with a mixed approach that included Focus Group Discussion (FGD) and AHP, and the results showed that integrated drainage management was the top priority, followed by sanitation, clean water, reforestation, and sustainable agriculture. Mapping of areas based on geographical characteristics, such as rainfall, slope, and soil type, provided a map of water infiltration rates, which became a key guide in planning water conservation programs. The ultimate location for the lemon agroindustry is half of Desa Suntenjaya, mostly from the center to the northern area, which needs to consider proximity to markets in Bandung Regency and City, easy access to sources of raw materials for lemons, water availability, adequate transportation infrastructure, access to energy sources, suitable climate for lemon growth, and the availability of adequate labor in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lemon, as an important cash crop with rich nutritional value, holds significant cultivation importance and market demand worldwide. However, lemon diseases seriously impact the quality and yield of lemons, necessitating their early detection for effective control. This paper addresses this need by collecting a dataset of lemon diseases, consisting of 726 images captured under varying light levels, growth stages, shooting distances and disease conditions. Through cropping high-resolution images, the dataset is expanded to 2022 images, comprising 4441 healthy lemons and 718 diseased lemons, with approximately 1–6 targets per image. Then, we propose a novel model lemon surface disease YOLO (LSD-YOLO), which integrates Switchable Atrous Convolution (SAConv) and Convolutional Block Attention Module (CBAM), along with the design of C2f-SAC and the addition of a small-target detection layer to enhance the extraction of key features and the fusion of features at different scales. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed LSD-YOLO achieves an accuracy of 90.62% on the collected datasets, with mAP@50–95 reaching 80.84%. Compared with the original YOLOv8n model, both mAP@50 and mAP@50–95 metrics are enhanced. Therefore, the LSD-YOLO model proposed in this study provides a more accurate recognition of healthy and diseased lemons, contributing effectively to solving the lemon disease detection problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article evaluates the antimicrobial activity of natural plant extracts, including neem, giloy, amaltas, arjun and lemon, against various pathogenic microbes for healthcare hygiene and eco-friendly textile applications. The study assesses the antimicrobial efficacy of the plant extracts in mitigating microbial contamination, odour formation and product deterioration caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida and Aspergillus Awamori.

Ohmic heating-assisted extraction has emerged as an effective method preferred in recent years. This extraction method is affected by experimental factors such as temperature, process time, and voltage gradient. The present study aimed to optimize the pectin extraction process from lemon peel powder samples by the ohmic heating-assisted extraction method. In this study, the effects of 3 different voltage gradients (7, 9, and 11 V/cm), 3 different solid to liquid ratios (1:20 g/mL, 1:40 g/mL, and 1:60 g/mL), and 3 different holding times (0, 60, and 120 min) and their interactions were investigated to determine the optimum extraction condition at constant temperature (80 °C) and pH = 1 sulfuric acid solution. The factors examined in the optimization procedure were pectin yield, power consumption, and energy efficiency. The optimum conditions were found to be 11 V/cm voltage gradient, 1:60 g/mL solid to liquid ratio, and 120-min holding time with a desirability value of 0.778. The results of this study could give important information about the design of industrial scale ohmic heating units, especially from different food wastes in industrial pectin production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Citrus are propagated on a commercial scale by budding on different rootstocks species; nevertheless, one of the main problems nurserymen encounter is the slow growth of these rootstocks in the early phases of their growth, which drives up production costs. Therefore, the process of softwood grafting is one of the promising methods for quick propagating species of citrus. Methods: The present study on softwood grafting in clementine mandarin was conducted under lath house conditions during 2022-2023, to illustrate the impact of dipping the scion shoots in Thidiazuron at a concentration of 0, 10 and 20 mg L-1 and types of rootstocks (Sour orange, Rough lemon, Rangpur lime and Swingle citrumelo) on the percentage of grafting success and some vegetative characteristics of resultant saplings. A factorial experiment was executed out utilizing a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Result: The two factors of study, particularly the treatment with 20 mg L-1 of Thidiazuron and Rough lemon rootstock, showed significant superiority in all traits, such as earliness in the initiation and completion of sprouting, graft success per cent, graft survival per cent, plant height, scion and rootstock diameter, as well as the number of branches and leaves plant-1. On the other hand, the un-treated with growth regulator and Swingle citrumelo rootstock recorded the lowest values for these traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Agricultural Chemistry & Biotechnology is the property of Egyptian National Agricultural Library (ENAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Spain is the world's leading producer and exporter of fresh lemons, with production concentrated in the southeast. The significance of this region in lemon production and the impact of agriculture on the economy and environment make optimizing lemon cultivation crucial. The main production models of lemon in Southeastern Spain (conventional Fino and Verna) are established and evaluated economically and environmentally through life cycle costing (LCC) and life cycle assessment (LCA). Both models have a similar cost structure, with variable costs (94% of the total) being the most significant, particularly labor and irrigation, followed by fertilizers and pest control. The key difference is in productivity; Verna has a higher unit cost due to lower productivity. As in LCC, in LCA the contributions of the components to the impacts of the models are very similar due to the similarities in the production models. However, Fino shows lower absolute values due to higher productivity. Fertilizers are the component with the highest contributions to the impacts, specifically their manufacture. For global warming, low values were obtained: 0.063 and 0.081 kg CO2-eq·kg−1 for Fino and Verna, respectively, which may result from diverse factors: high productivity, low pesticide and machinery use, and low nitrous oxide emissions because of aridity. Additionally, a sensitivity analysis was performed on the origin of water sources and calculation methods of pesticide emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ferulago nodosa (L.) Boiss. (Apiaceae) is a species occurring in the Balkan-Tyrrhenian area being present in Crete, Greece, Albania, and probably in Macedonia. Although the western disjointed population of Sicily has been classified as an endemic sub-species, F. nodosa subsp. geniculata (Guss.) Troia & Raimondo, its official acceptance is quite controversial. In order to verify the existence of two different sub-species, we investigated the chemical composition of the essential oil of F. nodosa, collected in Crete (Greece), not previously reported, and we compared it with the previously oil compositions reported in literature. Main constituents of the Cretan accessions of F. nodosa were trimethyl benzaldehyde derivatives (29.5%) and monoterpene hydrocarbons (56.14%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]