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The article presents a comparative study of the sound and image imitative words incorporated in the Yakut and Khakass languages. The study is based on the analysis of the following epic texts: the Yakut olonkho Kyys Debiliye by N.P. Burnashev and the Khakass alyptyh nymaha Ai-Huuchin by P.V. Kurbizekov. These epic texts were selected specifically due to their similarities in plot composition and Yakut and Khakass languages close genealogical relativeness; both languages almost equally contain an abundance of imitative words. The main objective of the present research is to decipher the lexical and semantic features of imitative words contained in the epic text as well as to define the traditional cultural features and universal features, distinctive for both languages under study. In order to achieve the objective, we have set and fulfilled the following goals: lexical material selection form the epic texts; classification of the imitative words by grouping them into thematic categories and subcategories; distinction of the phonetic and semantic correspondences as well as the singling out of universal tendencies, common for both languages, in terms of their use of imitative words. In order to fulfill the main objective of the research, i.e., to study the two closely-related languages based on the olonkho and alyptyh nymah, the following research methods were applied: the method of lexical and semantic analysis, comparative historical research method; when applied, both of these methods allow defining the general Turkic universals and the specific features of the lexical group in question in the two languages, i.e., Yakut and Khakass. In the course of the study, we discovered that the Yakut language imitative words units prevail in quantity. Moreover, the Khakass imitative words possess universal semantic meanings. The author of the present article points out the similarity in the sound and semantic features of imitative words, thus, confirming that both, the Yakut and Khakass people perceive and produce sounds in a similar manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This article deals with the results of the study of diatom algae of Lake Shira. The list of found algae contains 95 species (126, including infraspecific taxa). A brief ecological and geographical analysis of the algal flora is made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The results of the study of the qualitative composition and relative content of highly volatile compounds from the needles in two natural pine populations located in the forest-steppe zone in the south of Central Siberia are presented. Altogether, 89 components were isolated. Analysis of intra- and interpopulation variability of 31 terpenoids (mono- and sesquiterpene fractions) was conducted. The spatial structure of the variance of features was analyzed. Significant interpopulation differences in the content of most compounds were registered. It was determined that, as growing conditions deteriorate, the mass fraction of lighter monoterpene compounds (especially α-pinene) is increased within populations, and qualitative diversity of the components of essential oils is decreased. The groups of terpenoids, the relative content of which is to a different degree associated with interpopulation differences and variety of the growing conditions of trees within populations, were isolated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The structure of Khakass gene pool has been investigated: Y-chromosome haplogroup compositions and frequencies were described in seven population samples of two basic subethnic groups, Sagai and Kachins, from three geographically separated regions of the Khakass Republic. Eight haplogroups were detected in the Khakass gene pool: C3, E, N*, N1b, N1c, R1a1a, and R1b1b1. The haplogroup spectra and the genetic diversity by haplogroups and YSTR haplotypes differed significantly between Sagai and Kachins. Kachins had a low level of gene diversity, whereas the diversity of Sagai was similar to that of other South-Siberian ethnic groups. Sagai samples from the Askizskii district were very similar to each other, and so were two Kachin samples from the Shirinskii district, while Sagai samples from the Tashtypskii district differed considerably from each other. The contribution of intergroup differences among ethnic groups was high, indicating significant genetic differentiation among native populations in Khakassia. The Khakass gene pool was strongly differentiated both by haplogroup frequencies and by YSTR haplotypes within the N1b haplogroup. The frequencies of YSTR haplotypes within the chromosome Y haplogroups N1b, N1c, and R1a1 were determined and their molecular phylogeny was investigated. Factor and cluster analysis, as well as AMOVA, suggest that the Khakass gene pool is structured by territory and subethnic groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on the administration in Khakassia in Russia from the 19th to the 20th centuries. It mentions that Khongorai, the historical name of Khakassia, was divided into uyezds with four steppe Dumas including Kachin, Kaibal and Sagai in 1822. It notes the election of Supreme Council Deputies which occurred in December 1996 resulting to the selection of Vladimir Shtygashev as the Chairman of the Supreme Council and Alexey Lebed as the Chairman of the Government.

The article offers information on Khakassians in the 20th century. It notes that the descendants of Yenesei Kyghyz population are the Khakass people. It cites the increase of the population of the Khakas ethnos and the decline in the Khakasses children. It also mentions the Khakassians who live in the districts of Uzhur and Sharypove of Krasnoyarsky krai and their settlement areas.

The article discusses the material culture of Khakassians, particularly on their costumes and meals. Khakassian costumes are confirmed by historical evidence and folklore in the area of Khakassia. Mongolian culture influences their costume and the clothing elements of Russian peasants are added to their clothes after they joined Russia. Moreover, the Central Asian model affects the way Khakassians organize their meals, in which meat dishes, agriculture and hunting are based on its cuisine.

The article discusses the shamanism in Khakassia, a religion capable of changing and evolving in given historical situation. It notes that shamans fall into a changed condition of consciousness for building sacral relationship between a person and society with supernatural reality in solving different problems. I. S. Gurvich states that shamans use hypnotism as a trick in the dark. For scientists, shamans use personal shamanistic ritual as a way of suppression of ailment and self-affirmation.

The article discusses the traditional embroidery of Khakass. It cites several basic complexes and ornamental complexes in Khakas ornaments that offer historical-cultural bonds with other nations and trace the different periods in their ethnic history. It notes the methods and principles of Khakass embroidery's ornamental motiffs. It also mentions the National Khakas embroidery that represents the continous development of traditional culture, religious and aesthetic ideas of Khakas ornament.

The article discusses the traditions and culture of Khakas people. It mentions that Khakas are the Turkic people of Southern Siberia and lives in the left bank of the Yenisei river of Khakassk-Minusinsk basin. It also mentions that khakas people are engaged in semi-nomadic cattle breeding and hunting. Moreover it notes that Khakas costume is composed of various clothes worn in accordance with the season and occasion.

The article presents a study that discusses the riding tradition and the usage of carriages by the Khakassians in Minusinsk basin in Russia. It mentions that wheeled transport emerged on the territory of Khakas-Minunsinsk area in the Early Bronze epoch. Moreover it notes that the formation of riding tradition started during the Late Bronze epoch.

The article offers information on the people and language of Republic of Khakassia. The language of people in Republic of Khakassia territory is Khakas language. Meanwhile, the ethic name "Khakas" is recognized in USSR as the name of people in several Turkic-language tribes. It also notes the success of Khakas estate in developing its economic, state and cultural organization. Moreover, Khakas people improved their own culture and language by adopting some culture of Russians and vice versa.

The article discusses the geography and ecology of Khakassia. It notes that Khakassia is an intracontinental Asian country with an area of 61,900 square kilometers. It is located in the crests of high mountains and the Yenissei river, wherein the Kemerovo Region is found on the west and the districts of Krasnoyarsk territory on the east. The history of the development of the territory of Khakassia is also explored, particularly during the Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and the Cenozoic period.

The article presents scientific expeditions to trace the historical and cultural heritage of Khakass. It mentions the importance of archeological relics of Khakassia which facilitates researchers and archeologists of the 18th century to trace the settlement and development of the society. With this, it cites the archeological relics of different periods that have been the center of scientific expeditions including relics from Stone Age to Middle Age in the expedition conducted by M. P. Grjaznov.

The article focuses on the origin and development of statehood movement of Khakass people. It mentions that archeologists and researchers described the early statehood of Khakass in the 4th to 3rd centuries BC as Tagar culture which is characterized by significant differentiation of the population which were shaped by majestic earthen pyramidal barrows. Moreover, it also discusses the development of the society under the political leadership of Kyrgyz family in 6th century AD.

For political and economic reasons, oral storytelling has lagged behind other art forms in the Siberian cultural revival. The deep spiritual philosophy found in ancient tales can clarify and unite viable approaches to today's political, artistic and ecological concerns. Since most Siberian indigenous languages are considered to be threatened, if not almost extinct, and since languages are basic to stories, perhaps revival of storytelling can facilitate initiatives to preserve language. This article looks briefly at storytelling and language during the Soviet period and the first decade after, and describes two tri-lingual folktale book projects undertaken in collaboration with Udeghe and Khakassian folklorists and cultural activists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We evaluated parameters of apoptosis in the mucosa of the gastric antrum and body of indigenous and non-indigenous residents of Khakassia with duodenal ulcer disease associated with Helicobacter pylori infection. In the gastric antrum, apoptotic index was significantly increased in patients with ulcer disease in comparison with healthy individuals in both populations. The ratio of proliferation index to apoptotic index was lower in patients with ulcer disease in comparison with healthy individuals in both populations. Similar, but less pronounced processes were recorded in the body of the stomach. Significant changes in the parameters of proliferation and apoptosis were noted in the gastric antrum and body of the stomach in both populations, but they were more pronounced in Caucasians in comparison with Khakasses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article features the Republic of Khakassia of the Russian Federation. It notes that Khakassia covers 61,900 square kilometers of the eastern part of Siberia and is located in the valleys of Abakan River and Yenisie River. Khakassia is known as the archeological Mecca for it has rich historical and cultural heritage, and archeological sites. An overview of its history is also offered which includes the cultures of Finno-Ugric, Iranian, and ancient Turkic people.