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Layered silicon (L–Si) anodes are celebrated for their high theoretical capacity but face significant challenges regarding safety and material purity during preparation. This study addresses these challenges by employing NH4Cl–CaSi2 as the raw material in a gas-solid de-alloying process, which enhances both safety and purity compared to traditional methods. The L–Si anodes produced demonstrate outstanding electrochemical performance, delivering a high reversible lithium storage capacity of 1497.7 mA h g−1 at a current density of 0.5 A g−1, and exhibiting stable performance over 1200 charge–discharge cycles. In situ and ex situ characterizations reveal that electrolyte decomposition products effectively fill the voids within the electrode, while the gradual disintegration of the L–Si structure contributes to the formation of a dense, conductive network. This process enhances lithium ion transport and exploits the capacitive storage benefits of layered silicon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fruit ripening is accompanied by the development of fruit quality traits; however, this process also increases the fruit's susceptibility to various environmental stresses, including pathogen attacks and other stress factors. Therefore, modulating the fruit ripening process and defense responses is crucial for maintaining fruit quality and extending shelf life. Membrane proteins play intricate roles in mediating signal transduction, ion transport, and many other important biological processes, thus attracting extensive research interest. This review mainly focuses on the functions of membrane proteins in regulating fruit ripening and defense responses against biotic and abiotic factors, addresses their potential as targets for improving fruit quality and resistance to environmental challenges, and further highlights some open questions to be addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following the ammonia treatment, the pores created by the folds allow for electrolyte storage and facilitate ion transport. The interlayer spacing between MXene nanosheets widens due to the volume increase when water freezes. The generous ion transport paths and redox-active ammonium ions offer higher specific capacity and faster reaction kinetics. [Display omitted] Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene demonstrates excellent potential as an anode material for sodium-ion capacitors. However, the narrow interlayer spacing and self-stacking phenomenon limit its applicability. In this study, we demonstrate an easy two-step method involving freezing and crumpling of MXene nanosheets to improve their Na-ion storage via the addition of ammonium ions (referred to as FCM nanosheets). Flat MXene particles aggregate and undergo folding in an alkaline solution. Ammonium ions can penetrate the gaps between MXene nanosheets, expanding interlayer spaces and inducing the formation of folds. Compared to MXene nanosheets, FCM nanosheets exhibit improved ion transfer kinetics and additional high capacity owing to the intercalated ammonium ions. The manufactured FCM anode exhibits remarkable electrochemical properties, including a high specific capacity of 313 mAh g−1 and stability over 15,000 cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tungsten phosphide (WP) nanoparticles supported on nitrogen and phosphorus co-doped carbon nanosheets (WP@NPC) provide outstanding performance as a multifunctional separator in lithium-sulfur batteries, enabling higher sulfur utilization and exceptional rate capability. Its excellent performance is associated with the abundance of lithium polysulfide (LiPS) adsorption and catalytic conversion sites and swift ion transport within the separator. Key to these features is the sulfophilic character of W and the lithiophilicity of nitrogen and phosphorus, as well as the capability of WP to regulate the LiPS catalytic conversion, accelerating the Li-S redox kinetics. [Display omitted] Lithium-sulfur batteries (LSBs) hold great potential as future energy storage technology, but their widespread application is hampered by the slow polysulfide conversion kinetics and the sulfur loss during cycling. In this study, we detail a one-step approach to growing tungsten phosphide (WP) nanoparticles on the surface of nitrogen and phosphorus co-doped carbon nanosheets (WP@NPC). We further demonstrate that this material provides outstanding performance as a multifunctional separator in LSBs, enabling higher sulfur utilization and exceptional rate performance. These excellent properties are associated with the abundance of lithium polysulfide (LiPS) adsorption and catalytic conversion sites and rapid ion transport capabilities. Experimental data and density functional theory calculations demonstrate tungsten to have a sulfophilic character while nitrogen and phosphorus provide lithiophilic sites that prevent the loss of LiPSs. Furthermore, WP regulates the LiPS catalytic conversion, accelerating the Li-S redox kinetics. As a result, LSBs containing a polypropylene separator coated with a WP@NPC layer show capacities close to 1500 mAh/g at 0.1C and coulombic efficiencies above 99.5 % at 3C. Batteries with high sulfur loading, 4.9 mg cm−2, are further produced to validate their superior cycling stability. Overall, this work demonstrates the use of multifunctional separators as an effective strategy to promote LSB performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

All-solid-state sodium batteries, renowned for their leak-proof nature and enhanced safety profile, have become a pivotal focus of research. Their viability hinges on the development of robust solid electrolyte materials. Among these, Na 3 Zr 2 Si 2 PO 12 (NZSP) stands out as a particularly promising candidate. However, the practical utility of NZSP has been limited by its relatively modest room temperature conductivity. This paper introduces a novel modification strategy aimed at significantly enhancing room temperature conductivity of NZSP. In the series of experiments, NSZP was synthesized by traditional sintering process with Zn2+ doping and NaF additives. Through the substitution of Zr4+ ions with Zn2+ ions, this innovative approach not only raises the sodium ion concentration but also expands the bottleneck regions within the Na ion transport pathways. This augmentation ultimately translates into heightened grain conductivity. Additionally, the incorporation of NaF during the sintering process induces crystal growth in NZSP, thereby reducing grain boundary concentration and further amplifying grain conductivity's contribution to the overall ionic conductivity. Employing conventional sintering techniques, we successfully synthesized Na 3.3 Zr 1.95 Zn 0.05 Si 2.2 P 0.8 O 12 -0.25NaF (−0.25 NaF indicates that 0.25 mol NaF was added during sintering) electrolyte samples, which demonstrated an impressive high room temperature conductivity of 2.2 × 10−3 S cm−1. This value surpasses the ionic conductivity of undoped NZSP electrolytes by approximately an order of magnitude. Moreover, the Na 3.3 Zr 1.95 Zn 0.05 Si 2.2 P 0.8 O 12 -0.25NaF electrolyte exhibits a remarkable electrochemical window extending up to 4.9 V, accompanied by exceptional cycling stability. These properties render it an ideal candidate for a diverse array of cathode materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rationale: Pulmonary ionocytes are a newly discovered airway epithelial cell type proposed to be a major contributor to cystic fibrosis (CF) lung disease based on observations they express the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) anion channel at a higher level than any other cell type in the airway epithelia. Moreover, genetically manipulated experimental models that lack ionocytes develop NaCl transport abnormalities and airway surface liquid (ASL) dehydration consistent with CF. However, no direct evidence indicates ionocytes engage in NaCl transport or contribute to ASL formation, questioning the relevance of ionocytes to CF lung disease. Objectives: To determine the ion transport properties of pulmonary ionocytes and club cells in genetically intact healthy and CF airway epithelia. Methods: We measured ion transport at the single-cell level using a self-referencing ion-selective microelectrode technique in primary human bronchial epithelial cell culture. Measurements and Main Results: cAMP-stimulated non-CF ionocytes do not secrete Na+ or Cl− into the ASL, but rather modulate its pH by secreting bicarbonate via CFTR-linked Cl−/bicarbonate exchange. Non-CF club cells secrete Na+ and Cl− to the lumen side after cAMP stimulation. CF ionocytes and club cells do not transport ions in response to cAMP stimulation, but incubation with CFTR modulators elexacaftor/tezacaftor/ivacaftor restores transport properties. Conclusions: We conclude that ionocytes do not contribute to ASL formation but regulate ASL pH. Club cells secrete the bulk of airway fluid. In CF, abnormal ionocyte and club cell function results in acidic and dehydrated ASL, causing reduced antimicrobial properties and mucociliary clearance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rationale: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) results from gene–environment interactions over the lifetime. These interactions are captured by epigenetic changes, such as DNA methylation. Objectives: To systematically review the evidence form epigenome-wide association studies related to COPD and lung function. Methods: A systematic literature search performed on PubMed, Embase, and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) databases identified 1,947 articles that investigated epigenetic changes associated with COPD and/or lung function; 17 of them met our eligibility criteria, from which data were manually extracted. Differentially methylated positions (DMPs) and/or annotated genes were considered replicated if identified by two or more studies with a P < 1 × 10−4. Measurements and Main Results: Ten studies profiled DNA methylation changes in blood and seven in respiratory samples, including surgically resected lung tissue (n = 3), small airway epithelial brushings (n = 2), BAL (n = 1), and sputum (n = 1). Main results showed: 1) high variability in study design, covariates, and effect sizes, which prevented a formal meta-analysis; 2) in blood samples, 51 DMPs were replicated in relation to lung function and 12 related to COPD; 3) in respiratory samples, 42 DMPs were replicated in relation to COPD but none in relation to lung function; and 4) in COPD versus control studies, 123 genes (2.6% of total) were shared between one or more blood and one or more respiratory samples and associated with chronic inflammation, ion transport, and coagulation. Conclusions: There is high heterogeneity across published COPD and/or lung function epigenome-wide association studies. A few genes (n = 123; 2.6%) were replicated in blood and respiratory samples, suggesting that blood can recapitulate some changes in respiratory tissues. These findings have implications for future research. Systematic Review [protocol] registered with Open Science Framework (OSF). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a fatal genetic disorder caused by mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene, disrupting ion transport. This results in organ damage and reduced life expectancy. Recent therapeutic advances targeting CFTR dysfunction have transformed treatment. CFTR modulator drugs directly target molecular defects underlying CF. Ivacaftor was the first approved potentiator benefiting gating mutations. Correctors like lumacaftor/ivacaftor and newer triple therapy combinations more effectively address the prevalent F508del mutation by improving CFTR processing. Gene and mRNA therapies also show promise, with preclinical studies editing CFTR in stem cell-derived epithelia and mRNA supplementation stabilizing acute exacerbations. Short conclusion: Targeting CFTR dysfunction through small molecules, gene editing, and cell-based therapies represents a paradigm shift from symptom management to addressing genetic causes. Expanding access to innovative treatments across all patient subgroups may modify disease progression. While awaiting genetic cures, emerging strategies provide hope that CF outcomes can transition from early lethality to a chronic condition with an improved life expectancy and quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Succinic acid (SA), a dicarboxylic acid of industrial importance, can be efficiently produced by metabolically engineered Mannheimia succiniciproducens. Although the importance of magnesium (Mg2+) ion on SA production has been evident from our previous studies, the role of Mg2+ ion remains largely unexplored. In this study, we investigated the impact of Mg2+ ion on SA production and developed a hyper-SA producing strain of M. succiniciproducens by reconstructing the Mg2+ ion transport system. To achieve this, optimal alkaline neutralizer comprising Mg2+ ion was developed and the physiological effect of Mg2+ ion was analyzed. Subsequently, the Mg2+ ion transport system was reconstructed by introducing an efficient Mg2+ ion transporter from Salmonella enterica. A high-inoculum fed-batch fermentation of the final engineered strain produced 152.23 ± 0.99 g/L of SA, with a maximum productivity of 39.64 ± 0.69 g/L/h. These findings highlight the importance of Mg2+ ions and transportation system optimization in succinic acid production by M. succiniciproducens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flexible Zn2+ ion hybrid capacitors (ZHCs) will play a crucial role in developing next‐generation wearable products, which demand portability, durability, and environmental adaptability. To further meet these requirements, Ti3C2Tx MXene with exceptional conductivity and robust mechanical properties can be utilized as cathodes, except for challenges such as the dense stacking of Ti3C2Tx nanosheets. In this study, a novel MXene cathode architecture has been developed with the facilitation of an ice template, which creates longitudinally aligned Ti3C2Tx arrays with microchannels. The introduction of hydrochloric acid to the Ti3C2Tx slurry induces a crumpled morphology, increasing active sites and enhancing ion transport with expanded interlayer spacing. Interestingly, experimental results and COMSOL simulations verify that the cathode structure also has effective impacts on the Zn anode with a weakened ion concentration gradient and suppressed dendrite formation. Consequently, the ZHCs exhibit enhanced electrochemical performance with excellent rate performance and long‐term cycling stability (enduring over 50 000 cycles at 5 A g−1) and further deliver a reliable low‐temperature operation by applying an anti‐freezing electrolyte. Moreover, flexible ZHCs assembled with gel electrolytes demonstrate excellent flexibility, improved rate performance, and mechanical stability, making them well‐suited for flexible electronics that power flexible LED panels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Architecture design and optimization are essential in improving the performance of lithium–sulfur batteries. Herein, an all-in-one sequential architecture of CoSe catalysts confined in MOF-derived nanoreactors (NRs) interfacially welded on carbon cloth (CC) is constructed using an in situ strategy (abbreviated: S@CoSe-NRs/CC). NRs with built-in CoSe (CoSe-NRs) have special microenvironments and domain-limited catalysis for efficient adsorption, catalysis, and deposition. The weld interface between the CoSe-NRs and the CC forms a continuous and robust all-in-one conductive network. Both experiments and theoretical calculations demonstrate that the S@CoSe-NRs/CC offers stable interconnectivity and efficient space utilization for high sulfur loads and rapid ion transport supply, providing a high initial discharge capacity of 1320 mA h g−1 at 0.1 C with a capacity decay rate as low as 0.003% per turn after 1000 cycles. This study offers unique insights and revelations for realizing the rational design of high-performance energy storage devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the wide application of portable electronic devices, zinc–ion hybrid supercapacitors (ZIHCs) have aroused great interest. However, balancing the low‐temperature performance and high energy density of ZIHCs remains a huge challenge. Herein, a zwitterionic hydrogel electrolyte (ZHE) loaded with carboxymethylcellulose and MXene is designed for ZIHCs, which shows excellent frost resistance and high output voltage. Carboxymethylcellulose and MXene enhance the flexibility and conductivity of the zwitterionic hydrogel electrolyte. Moreover, When ZnCl2 is introduced into a gel electrolyte, it induces an increase in the rate of ion transport, which enables a broadening of the operating temperature of the hydrogel (−40 °C–25 °C). As a result, Zn//AC ZIHCs based on ZHE show a high voltage window of 2 V, a high energy density (specific capacity) of 137 Wh kg−1 (247 F g−1), and the potential for wearable devices. This study will provide an effective strategy for the design of hydrogel ZIHCs with wide voltage windows, high energy density, and high practicality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Direct ink writing 3D printing, using ink extrusion, promises to transform conventional 2D thin electrodes into 3D thick architectures for high‐performance supercapacitors. However, formulating 3D printing inks and designing 3D architectures for electrodes remain challenges. In this work, a novel MXene/graphene oxide/lignosulfonate (MGL) ink with excellent rheological properties is developed for 3D printing MGL thick electrodes with vertically aligned architectures. The MGL ink exhibited excellent shear‐thinning properties for smooth 3D printing and shape retention after printing. The 3D‐printed MGL thick electrode, with a thickness of up to 4 mm, achieved a breakthrough mass loading of 72.1 mg cm−2, resulting in an extremely high areal capacitance of 8.6 F cm−2 that is 9.6 times greater than the value observed for the bulk MGL electrode (0.9 F cm−2). Additionally, supercapacitors using the 3D MGL electrode achieved an energy density of 505.3 µWh cm−2, significantly surpassing the value for bulk MGL electrode (52.8 µWh cm−2). This enhancement is attributed to the efficient design of the electrodes, where vertically aligned pores in the 3D MGL electrode enhanced ion transfer and reaction kinetics. This study demonstrates an innovative approach for formulating inks and provides guidance for designing 3D thick electrodes with rapid ion transport and excellent electrochemical performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyolefin separators, such as polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene (PE) separators, are the commonly used separators for lithium batteries, which have good mechanical properties and chemical/electrochemical stability, but their high‐temperature dimensional stability is poor and Li+ transference number (t Li+) is low. Recently, much attention has been paid to developing separators with new substrates, but so far there is no separator to replace the polyolefin separator for large‐scale application. Therefore, the surface modification of the polyolefin separator to enhance its functionality is a simple and effective method. Among many modified layers, the porous modified layer can store the electrolyte and provide enough space for ion transport. In this work, a hollow mesoporous silica nanosphere (mSiO2) is prepared for the PP separator multifunctional coating to improve the electrochemical performance and high‐temperature safety of the PP separator. The experimental and theoretical results show that the mSiO2 coating can not only improve the electrolyte wettability and high‐temperature dimensional stability of the PP separator, but also promote the Li+ transport, so that the mSiO2/PP separator exhibits high ionic conductivity (2.35 mS cm−1) and high t Li+ (0.63). As a result, Li//LiFePO4 cells using mSiO2/PP separators exhibit excellent cycling performance, rate performance, and high‐temperature safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Overall urea–water electrolysis has the potential to be employed in the purification of urea-containing wastewater and the production of hydrogen. However, the lack of cost-effective catalysts currently presents a significant obstacle to the further development of this technology. Through a simple template-directed selenium reaction in a novel type of highly active solution, an interface engineering strategy was designed to synthesize hollow CuSe nanocubes as an efficient bifunctional catalyst. The unique hollow CuSe nanocubes exhibit significant catalytic efficiency because of their larger electrolyte contact area and faster ion transport. In 1 M KOH with a 0.5 M urea electrolyte, CuSe/NF required an overpotential of 199 mV for HER and a potential of 1.38 V for UOR to achieve a current density of 10 mA cm−2. It can work stably for 24 h without significant degradation of activity at 10 mA cm−2, showing excellent durability and excellent stability. For overall urea–water electrolysis, it exhibits a remarkable activity with a low cell voltage of 1.61 V at 10 mA cm−2. Consequently, the design strategy of this unique hollow-structured CuSe provides a new insight to improve electrocatalytic performance and stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanotube porins form transmembrane nanomaterial-derived scaffolds that mimic the geometry and functionality of biological membrane channels. We report synthesis, transport properties, and osmotic energy harvesting performance of another member of the nanotube porin family: boron nitride nanotube porins (BNNTPs). Cryo-transmission electron microscopy imaging, liposome transport assays, and DNA translocation experiments show that BNNTPs reconstitute into lipid membranes to form functional channels of ~2-nm diameter. Ion transport studies reveal ion conductance characteristics of individual BNNTPs, which show an unusual C1/4 scaling with ion concentration and pronounced pH sensitivity. Reversal potential measurements indicate that BNNTPs have strong cation selectivity at neutral pH, attributable to the high negative charge on the channel. BNNTPs also deliver very large power density up to 12 kW/m2 in the osmotic gradient transport experiments at neutral pH, surpassing that of other BNNT-based devices by two orders of magnitude under similar conditions. Our results suggest that BNNTPs are a promising platform for mass transport and osmotic power generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cation conducting channelrhodopsins (ChRs) are a popular tool used in optogenetics to control the activity of excitable cells and tissues using light. ChRs with altered ion selectivity are in high demand for use in different cell types and for other specialized applications. However, a detailed mechanism of ion permeation in ChRs is not fully resolved. Here, we use complementary experimental and computational methods to uncover the mechanisms of cation transport and valence selectivity through the channelrhodopsin chimera, C1C2, in the high- and low-conducting open states. Electrophysiology measurements identified a single-residue substitution within the central gate, N297D, that increased Ca2+ permeability vs. Na+ by nearly two-fold at peak current, but less so at stationary current. We then developed molecular models of dimeric wild-type C1C2 and N297D mutant channels in both open states and calculated the PMF profiles for Na+ and Ca2+ permeation through each protein using well-tempered/multiple-walker metadynamics. Results of these studies agree well with experimental measurements and demonstrate that the pore entrance on the extracellular side differs from original predictions and is actually located in a gap between helices I and II. Cation transport occurs via a relay mechanism where cations are passed between flexible carboxylate sidechains lining the full length of the pore by sidechain swinging, like a monkey swinging on vines. In the mutant channel, residue D297 enhances Ca2+ permeability by mediating the handoff between the central and cytosolic binding sites via direct coordination and sidechain swinging. We also found that altered cation binding affinities at both the extracellular entrance and central binding sites underly the distinct transport properties of the low-conducting open state. This work significantly advances our understanding of ion selectivity and permeation in cation channelrhodopsins and provides the insights needed for successful development of new ion-selective optogenetic tools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current application of gel electrolytes in energy storage fails to meet the demand for higher ion transport and excellent mechanical properties due to the low ionic conductivity and poor mechanical properties. Herein, a novel strategy is proposed to graft oligomer polyetheramine on the surface of MXene to achieve a transformation from solid MXene to MXene nanofluid avoiding oxidation and aggregation of MXene, and then it is introduced to gel electrolytes providing ion transport channels and mechanical properties. The synergistic effect on the core of MXene and the canopy of polyetheramine produce Lewis acid–base interactions on electrolyte ions, which not only promote electrolyte dissociation but also provides ion transport path‐way. The experiment and molecular dynamics simulations show that the ionic diffusion ability of electrolyte ions is enhanced, because the MXene and polyetheramine promote electrolyte dissociation and reduce the electrostatic interference between anions and cations. The specific capacity of the assembled supercapacitor is 114.28 F g−1 at 1 A g−1 current density, and the capacity retention rate is 91.30% after 3000 cycles. This work provides a new insight for fabricating high‐performance devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, various types of electrical facilities and the elevated demand for the wider application of electronic devices in future smart cities are calling for next‐generation batteries of higher energy density, superior rate capability, and extended cycling performance. Multi‐electron systems, based on related reactions and materials, have been considered as promising battery systems for future applications, and massive attempts have been made to achieve their practical use. Therefore, a comprehensive realization of multi‐electron reactions is imperative for the exploitation of innovative multi‐electron materials and steps forward to higher battery performances. In this review, the fundamental conception of multi‐electron reactions and their application bottlenecks are given from both theoretical principles and practice. Multi‐electron materials generally face problems from both thermodynamics and kinetics, including material dissolution, low intrinsic conductivity, low ion transport, etcetera, which seriously hinder their future application. Given all this, current prioritization schemes are summarized, thus making a better understanding of the working mechanisms of the modification methods and inspiring prospects of practical multi‐electron materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How to coordinate electron and ion transport behavior across scales and interfaces within ion battery electrodes? The exponential increase in surface area observed in nanoscale electrode materials results in an incomprehensibly vast spatial interval. Herein, to address the problems of volume expansion, dissolution of cathode material, and the charge accumulation problem existing in manganiferous materials for zinc ion batteries, metal organic framework is utilized to form the architecture of non‐interfacial blocking ~10 nm Mn2O3 nanoparticles and amorphous carbon hybrid electrode materials, demonstrating a high specific capacity of 361 mAh g−1 (0.1 A g−1), and excellent cycle stability of 105 mAh g−1 after 2000 cycles under 1 A g−1. The uniform and non‐separated disposition of Mn and C atoms constitutes an interconnected network with high electronic and ionic conductivity, minimizing issues like structural collapse and volume expansion of the electrode material during cycling. The cooperative insert mechanism of H+ and Zn2+ are analyzed via ex‐situ XRD and in‐situ Raman tests. The model battery is assembled to present practical possibilities. The results indicate that MOF‐derived carbonization provides an effective strategy for exploring Mn‐based electrode materials with high ion and electron transport capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) p7 viroporin plays crucial roles in cellular ion balance and permeabilization. The antiviral drug amantadine effectively inhibits viral replication by blocking the activity of CSFV p7 viroporin. However, little information is available for the binding mode of amantadine with CSFV p7 viroporin, due to the lack of a known polymer structure for CSFV p7. In this study, we employed AlphaFold2 to predict CSFV p7 structures. Subsequently, we conducted a docking study to investigate the binding sites of amantadine to CSFV p7. Computational analysis showed that CSFV p7 forms a pore channel in a hexameric structure. Furthermore, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and mutant analyses further suggest that CSFV p7 likely exists as a hexamer. Docking studies and MD simulations showed that amantadine interacts with the hydrophibic regions of tetramer and pentamer, as well as with the hydrophobic pore channel of the hexamer. Considering the potential hexameric assembly of CSFV p7, along with docking results, MD simulations, and the characteristics of the gated ion channels, we propose a model of CSFV p7 ion channel based on its hexameric configuration. In this model, residues E21, Y25, and R34 are suggested to selectively recruit and dehydrate ions, while residues L28 and L31 likely act as hydrophobic constrictors, thereby restricting the free movement of water. The binding of amantadine to residues I20, E21, V24 and Y25 effectively blocks ion transport. However, this proposed molecular model requires experimental validation. Our findings give a structural insight into the models of CSFV p7 as an ion channel and provide a molecular explanation for the inhibition effects of amantadine on CSFV p7-mediated ion channel conductance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Introgression has repeatedly been shown to play an important role in the adaptation of species to extreme environments, yet how introgression enables rodents with specialized subterranean lifestyle to acclimatize to high altitudes is still unclear. Myospalacinae is a group of subterranean rodents, among which the high-altitude plateau zokors (Eospalax baileyi) and the low-altitude Gansu zokors (E. cansus) are sympatrically distributed in the grassland ecosystems of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP). Together, they provide a model for the study of the role of introgression in the adaptation of low-altitude subterranean rodents to high altitudes. Results: Applying low-coverage whole-genome resequencing and population genetics analyses, we identified evidence of adaptive introgression from plateau zokors into Gansu zokors, which likely facilitated the adaptation of the latter to the high-altitude environment of the QTP. We identified positively selected genes with functions related to energy metabolism, cardiovascular system development, calcium ion transport, and response to hypoxia which likely made critical contributions to adaptation to the plateau environment in both plateau zokors and high-altitude populations of Gansu zokors. Conclusions: Introgression of genes associated with hypoxia adaptation from plateau zokors may have played a role in the adaptation of Gansu zokors to the plateau environment. Our study provides new insights into the understanding of adaptive evolution of species on the QTP and the importance of introgression in the adaptation of species to high-altitude environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aging is a physiological process that is still poorly understood, especially with respect to effects on the brain. There are open questions about aging that are difficult to answer with an experimental approach. Underlying challenges include the difficulty of recording in vivo single cell and network activity simultaneously with submillisecond resolution, and brain compensatory mechanisms triggered by genetic, pharmacologic, or behavioral manipulations. Mathematical modeling can help address some of these questions by allowing us to fix parameters that cannot be controlled experimentally and investigate neural activity under different conditions. We present a biophysical minimal model of CA1 pyramidal cells (PCs) based on general expressions for transmembrane ion transport derived from thermodynamical principles. The model allows directly varying the contribution of ion channels by changing their number. By analyzing the dynamics of the model, we find parameter ranges that reproduce the variability in electrical activity seen in PCs. In addition, increasing the L-type Ca2+ channel expression in the model reproduces age-related changes in electrical activity that are qualitatively and quantitatively similar to those observed in PCs from aged animals. We also make predictions about age-related changes in PC bursting activity that, to our knowledge, have not been reported previously. We conclude that the model's biophysical nature, flexibility, and computational simplicity make it a potentially powerful complement to experimental studies of aging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tremendous efforts are made to enhance the energy density of lithium‐ion batteries, among which designing thick electrodes is a promising approach. Traditionally, kinetic effects are considered in constructing thick electrodes, such as decreasing the tortuosity to facilitate ion transport. This work innovatively investigates the coupling effect of kinetics and thermodynamics on electrode processes and conducts a competitive analysis between them by visualizing electrode processes. The results indicate that a sloping equilibrium potential curve facilitates the uniform utilization of electrodes, but severe kinetic constraints render the thermodynamic regulation ineffective. Thus, modifying the thermodynamic properties of the electrode to strengthen the regulatory effect is a promising approach. Kinetic constraints are the inherent factors limiting the capacity release of batteries. An in‐depth analysis reveals that ensuring the hybrid control of ions and electrons can significantly alleviate kinetic reaction heterogeneity. As a proof‐of‐concept, thick electrodes with vertical channels are constructed, enabling thermodynamics to regain dominance in the electrode process, ultimately achieving outstanding capacity retention of 63% at 4C. This work provides a more comprehensive perspective and represents a significant breakthrough in guiding electrode design to achieve a higher energy density. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aqueous zinc (Zn) metal batteries are very attractive owing to the high theoretical capacity (820 mAh g−1), meritable electrode potential (−0.76 V vs SHE), low cost, and environmental friendliness of Zn metal anodes. However, the dendrite formation, corrosion, and water decomposition on Zn metal anodes should be resolved for their practical applications. Herein, conformally coated multifunctional organic/inorganic hybrid artificial layers are demonstrated for the reversible and stable Zn deposition. These hybrid layers are synthesized through polyoxometalate (POM) initiated polymerization into poly(1,3‐dioxolane) (Poly(DOL)) and directly coated onto the Zn surface. Moreover, POM acted as chemical bridge connecting Poly(DOL) with Zn metal anode to construct mechanically robust layers with a thickness of ≈40 nm. The fast and selective Zn2+ ion transport of multifunctional POM/Poly(DOL) hybrid layer (POMDOL) and their preferential growth into (002) crystalline plane are attributed to the reversible Zn deposition. Accordingly, POMDOL coated Zn (PDOLZn) anodes achieves an extended cycling period up to 2,876 hours with a cumulative capacity of 29 Ah g−1 at 20 mA cm−2 and 1 mAh cm−2. Moreover, depth of discharge (DOD) of 40% is achieved. Consequently, the PDOLZn || β‐MnO2 full cells delivered the high specific capacity of 245 mAh g−1 and long‐term stability over 1 000 cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Achieving both high redox activity and rapid ion transport is a critical and pervasive challenge in electrochemical energy storage applications. This challenge is significantly magnified when using large‐sized charge carriers, such as the sustainable ammonium ion (NH4+). A self‐assembled MXene/n‐type conjugated polyelectrolyte (CPE) superlattice‐like heterostructure that enables redox‐active, fast, and reversible ammonium storage is reported. The superlattice‐like structure persists as the CPE:MXene ratio increases, accompanied by a linear increase in the interlayer spacing of MXene flakes and a greater overlap of CPEs. Concurrently, the redox activity per unit of CPE unexpectedly intensifies, a phenomenon that can be explained by the enhanced de‐solvation of ammonium due to the increased volume of 3 Å‐sized pores, as indicated by molecular dynamic simulations. At the maximum CPE mass loading (MXene:CPE ratio = 2:1), the heterostructure demonstrates the strongest polymeric redox activity with a high ammonium storage capacity of 126.1 C g−1 and a superior rate capability at 10 A g−1. This work unveils an effective strategy for designing tunable superlattice‐like heterostructures to enhance redox activity and achieve rapid charge transfer for ions beyond lithium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To study the effect of melatonin supplementation on the gut microbes of broilers, 160 healthy 3-week-old Ross 308 broilers with similar body weights were selected and randomly divided into four groups (M0, M20, M40, and M80) supplemented with 0, 20, 40, or 80 mg/kg melatonin. The results showed that the abundance-based coverage estimator (ACE) index of cecum microorganisms was significantly lower in the M80 group. The dominant phyla of intestinal contents in the M0, M20, M40, and M80 groups were Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes. The M40 group showed an increase in the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes spp. in the intestine, while the relative abundance of Ruminococcus spp. in the intestine of the M20, M40, and M80 groups was significantly greater than that of the M0 group. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) functional analyses revealed that the supplementation of melatonin increases the expression of genes related to cellular processes (cell motility, cell growth and death, and cellular community-eukaryotes), environmental information processing (membrane transport and signal transduction), and genetic information processing (transport and transcription), and Cluster of Orthologous Groups (COG) of proteins functional analyses revealed that the supplementation of melatonin resulted in a significant increase in cellular processes and signaling (cell motility, signal transduction mechanisms, intracellular trafficking, secretion, and vesicular transport), information storage and processing (RNA processing and modification, chromatin structure and dynamics, translation, ribosomal structure, and biogenesis), metabolism (energy production and conversion, lipid transportation and metabolism, inorganic ion transport and metabolism, secondary metabolite biosynthesis, transport, and catabolism), and poorly characterized (general function prediction only). In summary, supplementation of feed with melatonin can increase the diversity of intestinal microorganisms and the relative abundance of Bacteroides and Firmicutes in the cecum, improve digestive ability and nutrient absorption ability, and positively regulate the metabolic ability of broilers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Electrostatic binding of deoxyhemoglobin (Hb) to cytoplasmic domain of band 3 anion transport protein occurs as part of the glycolytic regulation in red blood cells (RBCs). Hb oxidation intermediates not only impact RBC's oxygenation but also RBC's membrane through the interaction with band 3. It is not known however whether these critical pathways undergo changes during the storage of RBCs. Methods and Results: Oxygen parameters of fresh blood showed a sigmoidal and cooperative oxygen dissociation curve (ODC) for the first week of storage. This was followed by a large drop in oxygen affinity (P50) (from 30 to 20 mmHg) which remained nearly unchanged with a slight elevation in Bohr coefficients and a significant drop in extracellular acidification rates (ECAR) at the 42-day storage. Oxidation of Hb increased with time as well as the formation of a highly reactive ferryl Hb under oxidative stress conditions. Ferryl Hb interacted avidly with RBC's membrane's band 3, but to lesser extent with old ghost RBCs. Discussion: The observed alterations in RBC's oxygen binding may have been affected by the alterations in band 3's integrity which are largely driven by the internal iron oxidation of Hb. Restoring oxygen homeostasis in stored blood may require therapeutic interventions that target changes in Hb oxidation and membrane changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low ionic conductivity, narrow electrochemical window and poor mechanical property are the core problems that polymer solid electrolyte is difficult for practical application. Choosing suitable polymer and regulating the ion transport path through inorganic fillers is an important method to solve the above problems. Herein, a polymeric matrix composite solid electrolyte(CSE) was achieved by combining electrospun Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO) fibers and highly viscoelastic polypropylene oxide(PPO). The PPO matrix provides the CSE with good mechanical property to 56.75 MPa. While the addition of fibrous LLZO improves the ion transport channels of the CSE, which boosts the ionic conductivity, electrochemical window and ion transport number up to 4.59 × 10− 4 S cm− 1 at room temperature, 5.4 V and 0.74, respectively, when the content of LLZO fiber is 7.5 wt% of PPO polymer. The prepared PPO-LLZO fibers electrolyte can be used in high-voltage solid-state lithium battery and shows good rate and cycle performances. This composite solid electrolyte film and its simplified preparation conditions is beneficial for practical applications in solid-state batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) have emerged as significant environmental pollutants with potential detrimental effects on ecosystems and human health. Several studies indicate their interaction with enzymes; this topic represents a multifaceted research field encompassing several areas of interest from the toxicological and ecotoxicological impact of MPs and NPs on humans and wildlife to the biodegradation of plastics by microbial enzymes. This review aims to provide a critical analysis of the state-of-the-art knowledge of the interaction of MPs and NPs on the enzyme carbonic anhydrase (CA), providing recent insights, analyzing the knowledge gaps in the field, and drawing future perspectives of the research and its application. CA is a widespread and crucial enzyme in various organisms; it is critical for various physiological processes in animals, plants, and bacteria. It catalyzes the reversible hydration of CO2, which is essential for respiration, acid–base balance, pH homeostasis, ion transport, calcification, and photosynthesis. Studies demonstrate that MPs and NPs can inhibit CA activity with mechanisms including adsorption to the enzyme surface and subsequent conformational changes. In vitro and in silico studies highlight the role of electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions in these processes. In vivo studies present mixed results, which are influenced by factors like particle type, size, concentration, and organism type. Moreover, the potentiality of the esterase activity of CA for plastic degradation is discussed. The complexity of the interaction between CA and MPs/NPs underscores the need for further research to fully understand the ecological and health impacts of MPs and NPs on CA activity and expression and glimpses of the potentiality and perspectives in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a better alternative to lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), lithium–sulfur batteries (LSBs) stand out because of their multi-electron redox reactions and high theoretical specific capacity (1675 mA h g−1). However, the long-term stability of LSBs and their commercialization are significantly compromised by the inherently irreversible transition of soluble lithium polysulfides (LiPS) into solid short-chain S species (Li2S2 and Li2S) and the resulting substantial density change in S. To address these issues, we used activated carbon cloth (ACC) coated with Ni12P5 as a porous, conductive, and scalable sulfur host material for LSBs. ACC has the benefit of high electrical conductivity, high surface area, and a three-dimensional (3D) porous architecture, allowing for ion transport channels and void spaces for the volume expansion of S upon lithiation. Ni12P5 accelerates the breakdown of Li2S to increase the efficiency of active materials and trap soluble polysulfides. The highly effective Ni12P5 electrocatalyst supported on ACC drastically reduced the severity of the LiPS shuttle, affected the abundance of adsorption–diffusion–conversion interfaces, and demonstrated outstanding performance. Our cells achieved near theoretical capacity (>1611 mA h g−1) during initial cycling and superior capacity retention (87%) for >250 cycles following stabilization with a 0.05% decay rate per cycle at 0.2 C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rare-earth elements (REEs) are critical to modern industry but difficult to separate due to their subtle and monotonic changes in physicochemical properties. MoS2-based two-dimensional (2D) materials offer novel opportunities for enhancing REE separation, exhibiting a distinct volcano-shaped transport performance distribution that peaks at Sm3+. However, the specific contributions of thermodynamic and kinetic factors to ion transport within 2D confinement remain unclear. In this study, we conducted a series of non-equilibrium all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to explore the effects of interlayer spacing and external pressure on the transport of lanthanide ions in Å-scale acetate functionalized 2D MoS2 (MoS2-COOH) channels. We examined ion entry and permeation rates, water flux, dehydration, and binding modes. The simulation results reveal that the transport trends of lanthanide ions are jointly driven by the dehydration degree and the relative-binding strengths of ions to water and to the acetate within the 2D channels. Notably, the dehydration pattern of lanthanide ions during permeation is closely linked to kinetic factors. Overall, this study provides a detailed atomistic understanding of the mechanisms underlying lanthanide ion transport under confinement. These findings point to the significant potential for tuning confinement and chemical functionalization within Å-scale channels for more efficient REE separation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Euryhaline fishes acclimate to various osmotic environments by changing the direction of water and ion transport between body fluids and environmental waters. Ionocytes in the gills are one of the most important cells for the active ion transport. This study aimed to identify the molecules responsible for apical Cl− transport in rainbow trout ionocytes. Tissue distribution and time-course changes after seawater transfer were analyzed for mRNA expression of slc26a6, cftr1, and cftr2. slc26a6 was specifically expressed in the freshwater gills and decreased after seawater transfer. Both cftr genes were expressed in the gills and higher in seawater; however, the magnitude of expression increase after seawater transfer was greater in cftr1 than in cftr2. These results suggest that Cftr1 is mainly functioned in hypo-osmoregulation and that Cftr2 may also be involved in ion transport under freshwater conditions, such as acid–base regulation. Slc26a6 was localized at the apical membrane of Nkcc1-negative ionocytes only in freshwater-acclimated trout. Apical Cftr1 localization was also identified in most of ionocytes in seawater-acclimated fish. These results indicate that Slc26a6 in freshwater and Cftr1 in seawater contribute to osmoregulatory Cl− transport across the apical membrane of ionocytes in rainbow trout. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LiNbO3 is a commonly used cathode coating material in Li-ion batteries (LIBs). However, LiNbO3 has a poor ion transport capacity owing to the strong binding ability of the lattice structure to Li. In this study, a series of Li(1–x)Nb(1–x)WxO3 (x = 0–0.5) samples were synthesized by dissolving WO3 in LiNbO3, and the effects on structural changes and the ion transport capacity were studied. When x = 0.2, The lattice structure had not changed, but the activation energy was 0.5151 eV, and the ionic conductivity reached a maximum of 1.75 × 10− 6 S cm-1 at 90 ℃. When the amount of W was higher than the maximum solution amount, the LiNbWO6 tetragonal phase appeared, and the ionic conductivity decreased. This study provides a new method to improve the migration ability of Li ions in LiNbO3 and an experimental basis for subsequent studies on LiNbO3 with WO3 dissolving as a coating material for LIBs cathodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Spartina alterniflora is an exo‐recretohalophyte Poaceae species that is able to grow well in seashore, but the genomic basis underlying its adaptation to salt tolerance remains unknown. Here, we report a high‐quality, chromosome‐level genome assembly of S. alterniflora constructed through PacBio HiFi sequencing, combined with high‐throughput chromosome conformation capture (Hi‐C) technology and Illumina‐based transcriptomic analyses. The final 1.58 Gb genome assembly has a contig N50 size of 46.74 Mb. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that S. alterniflora diverged from Zoysia japonica approximately 21.72 million years ago (MYA). Moreover, whole‐genome duplication (WGD) events in S. alterniflora appear to have expanded gene families and transcription factors relevant to salt tolerance and adaptation to saline environments. Comparative genomics analyses identified numerous species‐specific genes, significantly expanded genes and positively selected genes that are enriched for 'ion transport' and 'response to salt stress'. RNA‐seq analysis identified several ion transporter genes including the high‐affinity K+ transporters (HKTs), SaHKT1;2, SaHKT1;3 and SaHKT1;8, and high copy number of Salt Overly Sensitive (SOS) up‐regulated under high salt conditions, and the overexpression of SaHKT2;4 in Arabidopsis thaliana conferred salt tolerance to the plant, suggesting specialized roles for S. alterniflora to adapt to saline environments. Integrated metabolomics and transcriptomics analyses revealed that salt stress activate glutathione metabolism, with differential expressions of several genes such as γ‐ECS, GSH‐S, GPX, GST and PCS in the glutathione metabolism. This study suggests several adaptive mechanisms that could contribute our understanding of evolutional basis of the halophyte. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we investigate the water and chloride ion (Cl−) transport properties of aeolian sand mortar (ASM) in an unsaturated state. Capillary absorption tests were conducted on ASM with varying water-to-binder ratios and different concentrations of chloride salts in clear water solutions. The Cl− content at different depths in ASM was determined using layered drilling, powder extraction, and chemical titration. The relationship between water and Cl− transport properties under capillary absorption was examined. The results indicate that moisture serves as a transport medium for Cl− in mortar, but its transport depth is significantly smaller than that of water, revealing a non-synchronization between the two transports. The transmission depth and capillary absorption ratio of water in the mortar decrease with increasing initial saturation. A linear relationship between water and Cl− transport depths is observed within the first 7 days of capillary absorption. Beyond 7 days, the water transport rate gradually slows down, while Cl− continues to be transported due to the presence of an ion concentration gradient. As the initial saturation increases, the percentage of gel pores decreases, and the percentage of transition pores and capillary pores in the matrix increases. Finally, incorporating the theory of unsaturated capillary water absorption, we introduce Boltzmann variables and develop a predictive model for the relative water content distribution under capillary water absorption in ASM. This study provides a theoretical foundation for the widespread application of ASM, and the proposed research model offers new insights into the underground environment and the durability of concrete structures affected by moisture transport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY: Mangroves grow in tropical/subtropical intertidal habitats with extremely high salt tolerance. Trehalose and trehalose‐6‐phosphate (T6P) have an alleviating function against abiotic stress. However, the roles of trehalose in the salt tolerance of salt‐secreting mangrove Avicennia marina is not documented. Here, we found that trehalose was significantly accumulated in A. marina under salt treatment. Furthermore, exogenous trehalose can enhance salt tolerance by promoting the Na+ efflux from leaf salt gland and root to reduce the Na+ content in root and leaf. Subsequently, eighteen trehalose‐6‐phosphate synthase (AmTPS) and 11 trehalose‐6‐phosphate phosphatase (AmTPP) genes were identified from A. marina genome. Abscisic acid (ABA) responsive elements were predicted in AmTPS and AmTPP promoters by cis‐acting elements analysis. We further identified AmTPS9A, as an important positive regulator, that increased the salt tolerance of AmTPS9A‐overexpressing Arabidopsis thaliana by altering the expressions of ion transport genes and mediating Na+ efflux from the roots of transgenic A. thaliana under NaCl treatments. In addition, we also found that ABA could promote the accumulation of trehalose, and the application of exogenous trehalose significantly promoted the biosynthesis of ABA in both roots and leaves of A. marina. Ultimately, we confirmed that AmABF2 directly binds to the AmTPS9A promoter in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, we speculated that there was a positive feedback loop between trehalose and ABA in regulating the salt tolerance of A. marina. These findings provide new understanding to the salt tolerance of A. marina in adapting to high saline environment at trehalose and ABA aspects. Significance Statement: We identified an important salt‐tolerant gene (AmTPS9A) in mangrove Avicennia marina and proposed a hypothesized model in which ABA and trehalose synergistically regulate salt tolerance in A. marina. Our study provides new insights into the salt tolerance of mangrove A. marina at the aspect of the trehalose pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Sub-nanopores are verified to be capable of promoting the desolvation of [Zn(H2O)6]2 + to optimize the ion storage performance of the carbon cathodes in ZHSs. • A new strategy is proposed to study the dehydration behaviors of [Zn(H2O)6]2 + in carbon cathodes. • Superior electrochemical performance especially exceptional fast charge/discharge ability is realized for carbon cathodes of ZHSs. Aqueous Zn-ion hybrid supercapacitors (ZHSs) are attracting significant attention as a promising electrochemical energy storage system. However, carbon cathodes of ZHSs exhibit unsatisfactory ion storage performance due to the large size of hydrated Zn-ions (e.g. , [Zn(H 2 O) 6 ]2+), which encumbers compact ion arrangement and rapid ion transport at the carbon-electrolyte interfaces. Herein, a porous carbon material (HMFC) with abundant sub-nanopores is synthesized to optimize the ion storage performance of the carbon cathode in ZHSs, in which the sub-nanopores effectively promote the dehydration of hydrated Zn-ions and thus optimize the ion storage performance of the carbon cathode in ZHSs. A novel strategy is proposed to study the dehydration behaviors of hydrated Zn-ions in carbon cathodes, including quantitatively determining the desolvation activation energy of hydrated Zn-ions and in-situ monitoring active water content at the carbon-electrolyte interface. The sub-nanopores-induced desolvation effect is verified, and its coupling with large specific surface area and hierarchically porous structure endows the HMFC cathode with improved electrochemical performance, including a 53 % capacity increase compared to the carbon cathode counterpart without sub-nanopores, fast charge/discharge ability that can output 46.0 Wh/kg energy within only 4.4 s, and 98.2 % capacity retention over 20,000 charge/discharge cycles. This work provides new insights into the rational design of porous carbon cathode materials toward high-performance ZHSs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

VO 2 @C core–shell structure is designed and prepared to boost the NH 4 + storage of VO 2. VO 2 @C core–shell composite delivers a specific capacity of ∼300 mAh/g at 0.1 A/g, superior to the values of VO 2 (∼238 mAh/g). [Display omitted] Aqueous nonmetallic ion batteries have garnered significant interest due to their cost-effectiveness, environmental sustainability, and inherent safety features. Specifically, ammonium ion (NH 4 +) as a charge carrier has garnered more and more attention recently. However, one of the persistent challenges is enhancing the electrochemical properties of vanadium dioxide (VO 2) with a tunnel structure, which serves as a highly efficient NH 4 + (de)intercalation host material. Herein, a novel architecture, wherein carbon-coated VO 2 nanobelts (VO 2 @C) with a core–shell structure are engineered to augment NH 4 + storage capabilities of VO 2. In detail, VO 2 @C is synthesized via the glucose reduction of vanadium pentoxide under hydrothermal conditions. Experimental results manifest that the introduction of the carbon layer on VO 2 nanobelts can enhance mass transfer, ion transport and electrochemical kinetics, thereby culminating in the improved NH 4 + storage efficiency. VO 2 @C core–shell composite exhibits a remarkable specific capacity of ∼300 mAh/g at 0.1 A/g, which is superior to that of VO 2 (∼238 mAh/g) and various other electrode materials used for NH 4 + storage. The NH 4 + storage mechanism can be elucidated by the reversible NH 4 + (de)intercalation within the tunnel of VO 2 , facilitated by the dynamic formation and dissociation of hydrogen bonds. Furthermore, when integrated into a full battery with polyaniline (PANI) cathode, the VO 2 @C//PANI full battery demonstrates robust electrochemical performances, including a specific capacity of ∼185 mAh·g−1 at 0.2 A·g−1, remarkable durability of 93 % retention after 1500 cycles, as well as high energy density of 58 Wh·kg−1 at 5354 W·kg−1. This work provides a pioneering approach to design and explore composite materials for efficient NH 4 + storage, offering significant implications for future battery technology enhancements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pb metallic nanospheres embedded within conductive carbon frameworks (Pb@C) are prepared by a facile coprecipitation and pyrolysis method using MOFs as the precursor and template. The Pb@C electrode presents a high reversible capacity of 379.1 mAh/g at 2 A/g and capacity retention of 88.2% after 6000 cycles, corresponding to a capacity loss of 0.00748% per cycle. [Display omitted] Alloying-type anode materials are considered promising candidates for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) due to their high theoretical capacities. However, their application is limited by the severe capacity decay stemming from dramatic volume changes during Na+ insertion/extraction processes. Here, Pb nanospheres encapsulated in a carbon skeleton (Pb@C) were successfully synthesized via a facile metal–organic frameworks (MOFs)-derived method and used as anodes for SIBs. The nanosized Pb particles are uniformly incorporated into the porous carbon framework, effectively mitigating volume changes and enhancing Na+ ion transport during discharging/charging. Benefiting from this unique architecture, a reversible capacity of 334.2 mAh g−1 at 2 A g−1 is achieved after 6000 cycles corresponding to an impressive 88.2 % capacity retention and a minimal capacity loss of 0.00748 % per cycle. Furthermore, a high-performance full sodium-ion battery of Pb@C//NVPF was constructed, demonstrating a high energy density of 291 Wh kg−1 and power density of 175 W kg−1. This facile MOFs-derived method offers insights into the design of high-capacity alloy-type anode materials using Pb sources, opening up new possibilities for innovative approaches to Pb recycling and pollution prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are an attractive battery system because of similar characteristics to lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and large Na element abundance. Nevertheless, exploring stable, high-capacity and high-rate anode materials for SIBs is still challenging now. Herein, diethylenetriamine (DETA) molecular template derived ultrathin N-doped carbon (NC) layer decorated CoSe2 nanobelts (CoSe2/NC) are prepared by solvothermal reaction followed by calcination process. The CoSe2/NC exhibits large potential as an anode for SIBs. Experiments and theoretical calculations reveal that the in situ formed conductive ultrathin NC layer can not only relieve the volume change of CoSe2 but also accelerate electron and ion transport. In addition, the nanobelt structure of CoSe2/NC with abundant exposed active sites can obviously accelerate the electrochemical kinetics. Under the synergistic effect of special nanobelt structure and NC layer, the rate as well as cycling performances of CoSe2/NC are obviously improved. A superior capacity retention of 94.8% is achieved at 2 A·g−1 after 2000 cycles. When using Na3V2(PO4)3 cathodes, the pouch full batteries can work steadily at 0.5 C, verifying the application ability. CoSe2/NC anodes also exhibit impressive performances in LIBs and potassium-ion batteries (PIBs). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial ion channels that enable high-efficiency ion transport have important implications in nanofluidics and biomedical applications such as drug delivery. Herein, we show a simulation-based chemical design of a biomimetic sodium channel that possesses permeation rate and selectivity potentially higher than those of the state-of-the-art natural vertebrate voltage-gated sodium channels. Importantly, our theoretical findings have undergone empirical testing, aligning well with the Arrhenius law as derived from a diverse range of experimental results. The high-efficiency ion transport is achieved by anchoring the carboxylate functional groups within the channel filter. A key chemical guiding principle underlying the ion channel design is that the freeenergy barrier for the Na+ passage across the channel should be comparable to typical thermal energy at room temperature. With the implementation of the chemical design, we found that the relatively low free-energy barrier can be attributed to the compensation effect of the carboxylate groups to the partially lost oxygen shell of the ion within the ion channel, as well as to the consonant vibration of the ions inside and outside the channel. This mechanistic understanding brings new insight, at the molecular level, into the high-efficiency ion transport across the designed membrane channels. The proof of principle achieved from the simulations will stimulate future experimental confirmation and potential applications of the high-performance artificial channels in nanofluidics and in bioinspired iontronics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The solid-electrolyte-based memristors have attracted tremendous attention for the next-generation nonvolatile memory for both logic and neuromorphic applications. However, they encounter variability performance challenges which originated from the random ionic transport and conductive filaments formation. Evidently, the electrochemical metallized mechanism associated with ion transport has been elucidated. Nonetheless, the failure mechanism caused by ion transport during cycles is rarely reported. Hereafter, the five stages of failure in the Ag/Ag10Ge15Te75/W memristor are elucidated through ex-situ current-voltage measurements combined with in-situ transmission electron microscopy characteristics. Our investigation reveals that the migration and enrichment of Ag ions result in the precipitation of Ag2Te. The formation of Ag2Te hinders the device's ability to maintain its bipolar characteristics and also decreases the resistance value of the high resistance state, thereby reducing the device's switching ratio. The promising results provide important guidance for the future design of structures and the manipulation of ion transport for high-performance memristors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transport of ions through biological ion channels is regulated not only by their structural characteristics but also by the composition of the phospholipid membrane, which serves as a carrier for nanochannels. Inspired by the modulation of ion currents by lipid membrane composition, exemplified by the activation of the K+ channel of Streptomyces A by anionic lipids, we present a biomimetic nanochannel system based on combining DNA nanotechnology with two-dimensional graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets. By designing multibranched DNA nanowires, we assemble programmable DNA scaffold networks (DSNs) on the GO surface to precisely control membrane composition. Modulating the DSN layers from one to five enhances DNA composition, yielding a maximum 12-fold enhancement in ion current, primarily due to charge effects. Incorporating DNAzymes facilitates reversible modulation of membrane composition, enabling cyclic conversion of ion current. This approach offers a pathway for creating devices with highly efficient, tunable ion transport, applicable in diverse fields like mass transport, environmental protection, biomimetic channels, and biosensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated how dietary myo‐inositol affects osmoregulation, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, immunity, and antioxidant properties in Penaeus vannamei under long‐term low‐salinity conditions. A two‐factor (2 × 3) orthogonal approach was used with three different concentrations of dietary myo‐inositol (0, 1,200, and 2,000 mg/kg) at two dietary carbohydrate levels: normal carbohydrate or high carbohydrate (HC). Six experimental diets were formulated, and a feeding trial was carried out for 42 days. The interaction of myo‐inositol with an HC diet significantly improved shrimp survival, weight gain, and specific growth rates. Dietary myo‐inositol increased the contents of Na+, K+, and Ca2+ in the serum and reduced the ion loss caused by low‐salinity stress. In addition, a lack of myo‐inositol can lead to loosening of gill filament connections and thinning or disappearance of the cuticle. However, myo‐inositol supplementation protected the structural and functional integrity of the shrimp gills and significantly enhanced the ion transport capacity (P < 0.05). Two‐factor analysis showed that myo‐inositol concentration was affected by dietary carbohydrate levels, and an HC diet enhanced myo‐inositol biosynthesis in shrimp gills (P < 0.05). The concentrations of myo‐inositol are highest in the gills and lowest in the liver and pancreas. Moreover, dietary myo‐inositol can improve the immune function and antioxidant capacity of P. vannamei. The results also indicated that under sustained low‐salinity stress, high levels of carbohydrates cannot relieve the stress caused by low‐salinity conditions and can even affect the healthy growth of P. vannamei. Under HC levels, adding dietary myo‐inositol significantly improved glycogen and lipid deposition in hepatopancreas tissue and enhanced carbohydrate utilization and osmotic adjustment ability in P. vannamei under chronic low‐salinity stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Invasive species are one of the main threats to global biodiversity and, within marine ecosystems, tunicates feature some prominent examples. Styela plicata is an ascidian species inhabiting harbours in all temperate oceans and seas, thus being considered a thriving invasive species. However, this species' adaptive mechanisms, introduction history, and population structure have never been completely elucidated. Here, by genotyping 87 S. plicata individuals from 18 localities worldwide with 2b‐RADseq, we confirm the global presence of four chromosome inversions, demonstrate population structuring on this species, detect local adaptation signals, and infer historical demographic events. We show that North Carolina individuals constitute an unrelated population, Atlanto‐Mediterranean and Pacific localities form their own genetic clusters with substructuring, being the most evident the split between northern and southern Atlantic localities. The locality of South Carolina presents an intermediate genetic position between North Carolina and the other two groups pointing to a hybrid origin with recurrent gene flow. We generate and test demographic models, providing evidence of two independent introduction events to the Atlantic and Pacific, and an admixture that originated the population of South Carolina. Finally, we identify candidate loci for adaptation, with functions involved with cell processes, metabolism, development, and ion transport, among others. Overall, this study highlights the complex historical processes of S. plicata, which have led this species to its current distribution, population structure, and local adaptation footprint in oceans worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interfacial stress caused by semi‐coherent and incoherent interfaces during zinc (Zn) plating and its effect on subsequent Zn deposition are important considerations for designing electrode/electrolyte interfaces to improve the electrochemical performance of Zn anodes. Although some studies have paid attention to this issue, the influence of lattice strain induced by Zn ion diffusion in the interface coating on Zn deposition is infrequently discussed. Herein, a tin‐doped indium oxide (ITO) interfacial is constructed, and the evolution of interfacial lattice oxygen to vacancy oxygen (OV) induced by lattice stress generated by Zn ion migration in the interface during Zn deposition is confirmed. The formed OV‐rich ITO interface exhibits strong affinity and a low Zn ion diffusion barrier, accelerating the Zn ion transport kinetics. Meanwhile, the interface layer can appropriately capture anions in the electrolyte and improve the corrosion resistance of the electrode through the electrostatic repulsion effect. As a result, the OV‐rich ITO‐decorated Zn anode achieves stable Zn plating/stripping for more than 4500 h and delivers a high average Coulombic efficiency of 99.6% after 1400 cycles at 1.0 mA cm−2. This work provides a new horizon for the rational construction of the interface layer to achieve a highly reversible dendrite‐free Zn metal anode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Designing a nanofluidic membrane with high selectivity and fast ion transport property is the key towards high‐performance osmotic energy conversion. However, most of reported membranes can produce power density less than commercial benchmark (5 W/m2), due to the imbalance between ion selectivity and permeability. Here, we report a novel nanoarchitectured design of a heterogeneous membrane with an ultrathin and dense zirconium‐based UiO‐66‐NH2 metal–organic framework (MOF) layer and a highly aligned and interconnected branched alumina nanochannel membrane. The design leads to a continuous trilayered pore structure of large geometry gradient in the sequence from angstrom‐scale to nano‐scale to sub‐microscale, which enables the enhanced directional ion transport, and the angstrom‐sized (~6.6–7 Å) UiO‐66‐NH2 windows render the membrane with high ion selectivity. Consequently, the novel heterogeneous membrane can achieve a high‐performance power of ~8 W/m2 by mixing synthetic seawater and river water. The power density can be largely upgraded to an ultrahigh ~17.1 W/m2 along with ~48.5 % conversion efficiency at a 50‐fold KCl gradient. This work not only presents a new membrane design approach but also showcases the great potential of employing the zirconium‐based MOF channels as ion‐channel‐mimetic membranes for highly efficient blue energy harvesting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synthetic structures mimicking the transport function of natural ion channel proteins have a wide range of applications, including therapeutic treatments, separation membranes, sensing, and biotechnologies. However, the development of polymer‐based artificial channels has been hampered due to the limitation on available models. In this study, we demonstrate the great potential of bottlebrush polymers as accessible and versatile molecular scaffolds for developing efficient artificial ion channels. Adopting the bottlebrush configuration enhanced ion transport activity of the channels compared to their linear analogs. Matching the structure of lipid bilayers, the bottlebrush channel with a hydrophilic‐hydrophobic‐hydrophilic triblock architecture exhibited the highest activity among the series. Functionalized with urea groups, these channels displayed high anion selectivity. Additionally, we illustrated that the transport properties could be fine‐tuned by modifying the chemistry of ion binding sites. This work not only highlights the importance of polymer topology control in channel design, but also reveals the great potential for further developing bottlebrush channels with customized features and diverse functionalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we numerically investigated the electrochemical performance of a CGR 17,600 lithium-ion battery (LIB), focusing on lithium-ion transport dynamics within the electrolyte. Using a one-dimensional Nernst-Planck model and finite difference method, we simulated ion diffusion and migration during galvanostatic charge-discharge cycles. Our model predicts concentration profiles, overpotentials, and resistances, identifying a maximum safe operating current of 0.8271 A. The analysis reveals that diffusion dominates during discharge, while migration prevails during charging. The study also characterises ohmic resistance of 0.0497 Ω and steady-state resistance of 0.1904 Ω, underscoring their importance in battery efficiency. Additionally, a transference coefficient of 0.4 highlights effective ion transport, critical for optimising LIB design and performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]