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Background: Instructional videos constitute a pivotal component in flipped learning. Despite their significance, there is a dearth of research specifically dedicated to instructional videos within the context of flipped classrooms. This paucity has led to an empirical void in verifying the efficacy of instructional videos in flipped learning environments. Objectives: The present study endeavours to contribute to the extant literature on flipped pedagogical practices by providing empirical evidence regarding the effectiveness of instructional videos in flipped learning environments. Methods: This study employs a convergent mixed-methods design. Forty-five instructional videos in three subtypes were administered in two classes over a 15-week semester. Data, both quantitative (log data from the learning management system) and qualitative (from focus group discussions at two time points), were concurrently collected from a flipped class (n = 25) and a blended class (n = 28) with the aim of gauging student engagement and learning outcomes in the flipped class and understanding video-viewing features typical of the flipped class. Results: Both datasets corroborated that participants in the flipped class outperformed their counterparts in the blended class in terms of video-watching, peer interaction, knowledge retention, and transfer skills. Conclusions: The instructional videos within the flipped classroom setting serve to enhance student engagement in the learning process and improve learning outcomes. The efficacy of these instructional videos in flipped learning can be further augmented through strategic approaches in both their design and implementation.

In recent years, many schools have started implementing remote teaching due to the impact of the COVID-19. Flipped classroom has been proven to be a student-centered teaching method that can effectively improve learning effectiveness. Nonetheless, if students fail to watch the instructional videos prior to class or encounter difficulties during the learning process, it can result in unfavorable learning outcomes. Therefore, this study proposes the use of the flipped classroom combined with the WPACQ learning model for programming courses. During the pre-class phase, students engage in online collaboration with their classmates, working together to accomplish the tasks outlined in the flipped classroom learning sheet. They actively share essential summaries with peers, engage in collective problem-solving of concepts and processes, all with the ultimate goal of enhancing the effectiveness of their learning experience. This study will develop a learning system that combines the flipped classroom with the WPACQ learning model, guiding learners to adopt the WPACQ learning strategy. In this system, the experimental group learners go through stages including watching instructional videos (Watch), guided outline-style note-taking with peers (Peer-Summary), unit test (Assessment), error correction (Correction), and final questioning (Question). Through viewing peer-summary key notes and engaging in error correction activities with peers, learners cultivate the ability to summarize key points and deepen their understanding of the learning content. They reflect on their own learning process to identify areas for improvement. The research results demonstrate that learners who adopt the flipped classroom combined with the WPACQ learning model exhibit better learning effectiveness compared to those using the conventional flipped classroom learning model. Furthermore, this approach effectively helps learners enhance their learning motivation, self-efficacy, reflective abilities, programming learning attitudes, and reduce cognitive load.

This study aims to examine the unique educational films prepared by science teacher candidates about biotechnology applications and getting their perceptions on the process/the educational films they have prepared. The phenomenology method was used. The study group consists of 30 sophomore teacher candidates. Teacher candidates prepared educational films. Then, the perceptions of the teacher candidates about this process were taken. According to the results of the study educational movies were prepared by teacher candidates by way of their writings about stem cells, genetically modified organisms, nanotechnology and cloning. The educational films focused on the positive and negative aspects of these biotechnology subjects, on the basis of daily life scenarios. Even though the short movies contained both negative and positive references, they mostly had a positive note.

The aim of this research is to investigate the effects of educational film-supported augmented reality applications in the teaching of the Solar System and Eclipses Unit of the 6th grade Science course on the academic success of the students and their motivation levels for learning science. The study group of the research consisted of 42 students attending the 6th grade in Kahramanmaras in the fall semester of the 2021-2022 academic year. In this research, quasi-experimental design was used. The participants from whom the data were collected were determined by convenient sampling method. The experimental group (N=22) of the study consisted of the learning group with educational film supported augmented reality applications, and the control group (N=20) was the group that studied with the learning method specified in the current science curriculum. The results obtained from the study revealed that there was no significant difference between the achievement test and motivation scale pre-test scores of the experimental and control groups. Another result obtained from the study is that there is a significant difference in favor of the experimental group between the achievement test and motivation scale posttest mean scores of the groups as a result of the application process.

The insistence on knowledge accumulation in modern educational discourses has led to the formation of exclusive dichotomies in various forms, most tangibly observable in the division of people into 'knowledgeable' and 'unknowledgeable'. What underlies this dichotomy is a conception of rationality based on which knowledge is seen as an 'instrument' which must necessarily result in a usable, "profitable" product. From a Levinasian perspective, the latter situation inevitably, if not purposefully, leads to the formation of the Other being located at the side of irrationality, hence an unnecessary entity within the knowledge economy. Analysing Werner Herzog's film, "The Enigma of Kasper Hauser's" (1974), this paper aims to show how irrationality, contrary to the belief of dominant educational/pedagogical discourses, can act as a source for creative thinking. The paper argues that by accepting the Other as the unknowable, we allow them to resort to their singularity as a source for imaginative thinking.

An increasing number of MOOCs use learning videos featuring an instructor and slides, but there are few specific guidelines for the design of instructor images for these videos. A pedagogical agent (PA) is a kind of virtual instructor image in a learning video, and its image design is mostly guided by anthropomorphism. Our research attempts to introduce zoomorphism, which is the opposite of traditional anthropomorphism, into the image design of PA. This study tested the effects of two different types of PA images (i.e. anthropomorphic and zoomorphic) as well as a control condition of no PA image on learning from a learning video in a sample of 94 s-grade children. The children were randomly assigned to watch one of three learning videos on pandas. The ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis tests showed that children who watched the zoomorphic PA image video obtained significantly higher retention, transfer, learning interest, and experience than children who watched the other two types of videos. Children self-reported more enjoyment in the zoomorphic PA image condition than in the no PA condition. Furthermore, the results of multiple regression analysis showed that children's learning interest and experience positively predicted retention and transfer scores; boredom negatively predicted transfer scores. These findings highlight the positive effect of zoomorphism on PA image design, suggesting that zoomorphism holds great prospects in PA image development.

Peronism deployed, especially since the 1950s, a set of devices for the attention and care of children in Argentina, not only through schools but also through other institutions, such as development societies, cooperatives, the Eva Perón Foundation, sports clubs, among others. The new social order was central to the rhetoric of the government, and it gave children a preeminent role, as is visible in the phrase "in the New Argentina the only privileged are the children". This paper focuses on "Vacaciones útiles," a film made in 1948 that shows how educational cinema reflects a view of childhood and also how public policies aimed at it. This short film was part of a larger project called Cine Escuela Argentino, a Commission of the National Council of Education for the production of film material to be shown in schools and other public institutions. What particular view did Peronism have on childhood in it? To what extent can this film be thought of as an educational cinema or as a school cinema? In which ways do films like Vacaciones útiles or public policies like Cine Escuela Argentino show the figure of the State as author?

Despite the much-touted 'sexual revolution', during the 1960s-70s, at the time most Western education systems avoided sex education. This article identifies contradictory discourses about sex as manifested in two distinct cultural expressions that co-occurred in those years in the UK. The first represented mainstream social conservatism - in the form of short sex education films produced for schools and colleges. The second, more radical alternative was the British-Australian underground magazine "Oz," which expressed the sexual freedom of the counterculture. Both are discussed from the perspective of visual cultural history as competing agents of sex education - one reproducing the conservative paradigm, and the other aiming to dismantle it. While the films took a biomedical and preventive attitude to sex and embodied a patriarchal heteronormative approach , Oz supported sexual freedom and shattered taboos about such issues as abortion and sexual diversity, as well as celebrated women's sexuality. Nevertheless, male-dominant culture was also reflected on its pages, particularly in gratuitous images of female nudity. Despite this visual sexism, the article highlights the magazine as a countercultural entertainment medium educating for sexual pleasure and offering a creative, nonconformist perspective on sex that was way ahead of its time, and also of our own.

The Explainer Video Project was developed to familiarize management students with evaluating explainer videos for credibility and quality. In addition, it provides students with unique options for creating video content. Today's workplace needs college graduates with entrepreneurial skills applicable to the gig economy enabled by online platforms. The demand for the perpetual creation of new video content generates a need for creators to develop explainer videos. Accordingly, consumers of such content require the necessary skills to evaluate them for credibility and quality. Through the phases of this project, students learn to evaluate explainer videos for quality and credibility and create credible, high-quality explainer videos using a visual communication platform.

Background: Learning-by-teaching is a generative learning strategy in which students are told they will have to teach what they are learning to others. Although learning-by-teaching has been shown to be effective in some cases, few studies have established guidelines for how to optimize the benefits of learning-by-teaching as a generative learning strategy from a social presence perspective. Objectives: This study seeks to clarify the learning-by-teaching hypothesis and to pinpoint the optimal level of social presence during learning-by-teaching that is most conducive to learning. Methods: In Experiment 1, college students received a lesson with instructions that afterwards they would explain the material to others by making a video, explain the material aloud to themselves, or restudy the material. In Experiment 2, college students viewed a multimedia lesson with instructions that afterwards they would explain the materials by making a video, explain to an onscreen student, or explain to a student in person. Results and Conclusions: Teaching by making a video was better than restudying, self-explaining, and teaching face-to-face or online. Teaching quality was better in video teaching than self-explaining and face-to-face or online teaching. Teaching by making a video is ideal because it primes generative processing while minimizing extraneous processing. Implications: This study is the first to manipulate different levels of social presence of oral teaching to determine the optimal form of learning-by-teaching, which preliminarily clarifies generative learning and social presence theory and has implications for both empirical and theoretical research.

Background: Zoomorphism, an obverse of conventional anthropomorphism, has been shown in many cases to be a powerful tool with respect to the metaphorical use of animals. Objectives: This study introduced zoomorphism into the instructional video design of pedagogical agents (PAs). Method: We first developed three image sets, each of which corresponded to a type of zoomorphic PA image construct (full panda, a human face with a panda body, and a human body with panda head imagery). Then, we conducted an image-screening experiment in which 177 second-grade students from a primary school were asked to select their favourite PA image for each image construct set. We used a realistic human PA as the baseline. Next, 114 second-grade students from another school were randomly assigned to learn instructional videos on the topic of pandas using a PA with one of four imageries. Results and Conclusions: ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis tests indicated that students presented with PAs with full-panda imagery achieved significantly higher learning performance, learning experience, social presence, and learning interest than those presented with other imageries of PAs. The regression results showed that the effect of zoomorphic PAs with full-panda imagery on learning performance was exerted in a direct way and that its effect on learning experience was mediated by social presence and learning interest. Implications: Our findings suggest that zoomorphic appearance is an essential quality for video learning that merits further investigation for the efficient imagery construction of PAs.

Students started to continue their education from online platforms when they could not receive face-to-face education due to COVID-19. So, various instructional videos have been shared on the YouTube platform by the teachers and education researchers. The study aimed to analyze the videos shared in the field of science education on the YouTube platform during the COVID-19 period. For this purpose, the keywords ("science lesson" and "secondary school science lesson") were searched in the YouTube search engine and the videos taken by the teachers and shared during the pandemic period were examined. Thematic content analysis method was used in the research. The videos were analyzed according to the parameters of the shared date, the location of the teacher who shot the video, the grade level, the subject area, the method of the video, their suitability for the learning outcome and the compatibility of the content information with scientific knowledge. The following issues were revealed in the findings: Between 23 March and 15 May 2020, when distance education continued, there was a large number of video sharing. The number of videos in which no information was given that the teachers who shot videos worked in any institution was higher than the others. There were many videos shot for 8th graders. It was concluded that the videos were generally shot on living things and the subject area of life, the question-solving method was mostly used in the videos, and the experiment/activity was rarely included in the videos. It has been concluded that there are a large number of videos that are suitable for the relevant acquisition and that the content information is suitable for scientific knowledge. Necessary suggestions were expressed in line with the results obtained.

YouTube is one of the most popular video sharing platform in the world. According to the statistics provided by YouTube in 2020, 1 billion hours of video content is watched daily on YouTube and 2 billion registered users visit YouTube per month. In education and lifelong learning, it has been seen in some studies that YouTube as a video learning tool has benefits and potential benefits with its popularity and easy access. This research is generally to evaluate the educational use of the platform with the views of those who followers educational videos on YouTube. In this context, the research has been designed as a qualitative. The sample of the study is 47 people from the 2020- 2021 active followers of the "kablosuz kedi" YouTube channel, which shares educational content on the software field. The data were collected with a semi-structured interview form and analyzed with content analysis. According to the results of the research, the average daily time spent on YouTube to watch educational videos is less than 3 hours. The most used platform other than YouTube is Udemy. The most frequently listed reasons for dropping an educational YouTube video were boring lecture, expertise, tone and diction of the instructor, content and education quality. The problems faced on YouTube are the excessive amount of advertisements, premium suggestions, bullying and inferiority in the comments, while the non-boring, sad and understandable speaking-lecturing, the dominance of the subject of the education, the sound and video quality, the continuing education have been the prominent expectations about the educational video. Finally, they made different suggestions for an ideal educational video duration for the participants.

The aim of this research and development is to create a video on the creation techniques of three-dimensional origami that is proper and effective as learning media for the handicrafts course for students of Teacher Education for Early Education at the State University of Malang. The study utilized the Research and Development (R&D) method (Gall, Borg, and Gall, 2003). The stages of the research involved analysis of needs through instructional analysis, scenario development, video script development, footage recording, editing, and validation. The research results indicated that the developed video was declared valid and proper for usage as learning media based on evaluations from a media expert, material experts, and candidate users. Therefore, the developed media can be utilized to support the improvement of skills of candidate teachers for early education in the development of three-dimensional origami media products.

The introduction of the computer into the educational process is a fact. The educational use of new technologies creates a new, more appealing and enjoyable learning environment. The introduction of new technologies into school differentiates the role of the professor by giving him/her a guiding character in a process of experiential approach to knowledge. In the present paper a proposal for the teaching of the chemistry module "Simple Colloids" is presented, with the contribution of video recorded educational experiments. Complete experiments on the subject of "Simple Colloids" and their properties are presented, aiming at familiarizing students with this theory

This study investigated the ways in which college algebra students watch mathematics instructional videos about completing the square with the goal of identifying student responsibilities within a particular video and across different videos. Guided by the theory of didactic situations that has defined implicit teacher and student responsibilities within the context of the face-to-face mathematics classroom, participants watched three different videos about completing the square and answered interview questions. Using categories previously identified by the didactic contract for the face-to-face classroom, this study expanded the types of student responsibilities identified specifically for video watching and found that participants, regardless of overall prior knowledge but who had prior knowledge of completing the square, held a responsibility to use the specific set of steps they were taught by their teacher to solve problems. Findings may be useful to both mathematics teachers and video creators.

This article analyses recent developments in Danish film and television education through a case study of a new training initiative for creating content for children and young audiences. Following an outline of traditional training and career trajectories in the Danish screen industries in general, and for working with children's film and television specifically, the case study investigates the guiding ideas behind Manuskriptskolen for børnefiktion ('The Cross-Media School of Children's Fiction'), which was established in 2020. The school marks a new approach to Danish film education in several ways. First, by creating a training ground focusing on a specific audience, rather than on screenwriting or film-making more generally. Second, by thinking of content for this audience as fundamentally multiplatform and teaching students storytelling across different media from the outset. Third, by insisting that creating content for this audience calls for having knowledge about the current lives of young people and their media use, and encouraging strategies for engaging or even co-creating content with them. The article builds on qualitative interviews, document analysis and observations at industry events as part of the research project Reaching Young Audiences: Serial Fiction and Cross-Media Storyworlds for Children and Young Audiences.

With the increasing popularity of open educational resources in the past few decades, more and more users watch online videos to gain knowledge. However, most educational videos only provide monotonous navigation tools and lack elaborating annotations. This makes the task of locating interesting contents time consuming. To address this limitation, in this article, we propose a slide-based video navigation tool that is able to extract the hierarchical structure and semantic relationship of visual entities in videos, by integrating multichannel information. Features of visual entities are first extracted from the presentation slides by a novel deep learning framework. Then, we propose a clustering approach to extract hierarchical relationships between visual entities (e.g., formulas, texts, or graphs appearing in educational slides). We use this information to associate visual entities with their corresponding audio speech text, by evaluating their semantic relationship. We present two cases where we use the structured data produced by this tool to generate a multilevel table of contents and notes to provide additional navigation materials for learning. The evaluation experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed solutions for visual entity extraction, hierarchical relationship extraction, as well as corresponding speech text matching. The user study also shows promising improvement in the autogenerated table of contents and notes for facilitating learning.

Black girls experiences are often ignored and not discussed within social work classrooms. We urge social work educators to center the heterogenous experiences of Black girls within their curriculums. This teaching note presents intersectionality as a framework for teaching social work students about working effectively with Black girls by focusing on their unique social location. We provide strategies that engage social work students through case studies using qualitative research, student reflections, educational videos, and guest speakers. By using an intersectionality lens, social work curriculums can provide an important foundation for students to understand the nuanced ways that Black girls develop and experience the world.

Geographic context is important for Earth Science education but different places have different geological complexities and effectively establishing geoscientific context can be difficult. Well-designed videos can help geoscience educators introduce geologically significant places to undergraduate geoscience students. However, there is no established framework to guide geoscientists who want to create instructional videos for place-based geoscience education. In this commentary, we share a framework including writing a narrative and generating visual materials as well as considering key psychological principles and universal design elements to improve geoscience video effectiveness. The design framework was created based on the place-based education framework, salient elements of cognitive theory of multimedia learning, and the framework of motivational design. More design recommendations were given by summarizing our experience of making and assessing a 6-minute geosicence video about the Permian Basin of W. Texas and SE New Mexico and other best practice of making the same type of videos in peer reviewed articles. We find that well-designed geoscience videos can improve geoscience majors' knowledge about local geology and understanding of connections between place and people. The generalized video-making workflow and design recommendations can help geoscientists make their own geoscientific videos for undergraduates.

Background: Instructional videos are increasingly employed in a physical education domain in order to enhance motor learning and self-motivational beliefs. However, evidence showed that videos are generally ineffective because they often create extraneous loads due to the information transience and passive processing of information. Purpose: The current study investigates the effects of controlling the display of video on learning outcomes -- expressed in terms of recall and transfer scores -- and situational interest in physical education settings. Method: 60 tenth-grade students (M[subscript age] = 15.90 years, SD[subscript age] = 1.32 months; 30 boys and 30 girls) were instructed to study using either a continuous video (presented without pauses), a system-controlled video using predefined segments or a self-controlled video where the learner uses 'stop' and 'play' keys. Then, they were asked to perform the learning tests (i.e. game comprehension test and game performance test) and evaluate the situational interest of the learning materials (i.e. attention demand, challenge, exploration intention, instant enjoyment, novelty). Findings: The results from one-way ANOVAs revealed that students performed significantly better on both recall and transfer post-tests when the video was either system-controlled or self-controlled, which suggested that studying a controlled video could decrease irrelevant cognitive load and so yield better learning performances. Concerning the situational interest variable, students in the self-controlled condition scored significantly higher on almost all dimensions of situational interest. Conclusion: This study indicates that self-controlled video, as applied in this study, can be integrated in a physical education context to foster learning and enhance situational interest. The discussion advances several options for enhancing the effectiveness of instructional videos during physical education lessons.

There is Individual variation in how people interact with videos presented in online distance education. Educational videos can be embedded with interactive content to increase engagement and make cognition more efficient. Accordingly, we predicted that embedding questions during videos (rather than after) would enhance the performance of question-answering and be preferred by students. We also hypothesised that the benefits of presenting questions during videos might increase with age. Using a counter-balanced within-subject design, each participant watched short videos with questions embedded either during the video or presented after the video, and we then surveyed their experiences. Although there were no differences in correct responses, participants answered questions posed during videos more efficiently than questions presented after. Females enjoyed questions during videos more than males. Younger individuals (e.g. 25-34) seemed to benefit more from questions during videos than slightly older students (35-44). Interestingly, with increasing age (from 25 to 74), there was a shift in preference towards answering questions after, rather than during, videos. Overall, embedding questions was an effective and well-liked method for enhancing the interactivity of module-related videos. The age of students should be considered when embedding questions.

Regardless of whether video is used for an online course, or serves as supplemental material in another course format, the videos must be watched by students in support of their learning. If professors give video production their best effort and still end up with undesirable outcomes, how can institutions better support the production of high-quality learning media? It is at the intersection of quality, production method variety, and education outcomes that the work of the authors in the Office of Curriculum and Instructional Support (CIS) at Central Michigan University (CMU) becomes highly relevant. The authors describe how three state-of-the-art digital content recording studios ("Maker Spaces") at CMU improved the quality of educational media that could be created on campus. These user-centered studios were designed to remove barriers to high-quality media production, so faculty could create professional videos while keeping their focus on instruction and engagement and not on operating technology. Thanks to the success of these Maker Spaces, CMU was able to more efficiently pivot to online instruction and ensure faculty had a way to create high-quality teaching materials for their virtual classes during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The goal of most researchers is to establish competence in one's profession; however, the degree to which this is measured in a research course is undetermined. The assessment of research competency usually involves the distinct measures of statistical ability, writing ability, and other skills that are quantifiable. Soft skills in research, on the other hand, are less distinguishable. It was the intent of this study to review eight years of data collection in undergraduate and graduate research classes to determine if a set of specific assignments was successful in developing the soft skills of research competence. Through a qualitative assessment, evaluation of visual materials, and assessment of a research instructional video, it was found that, to some extent, isolated and specific whole-part-whole, in-class and in-field assignments for the individual student or students within small groups, might allow students to develop the hard and soft skills necessary to become competent as researchers or their chosen profession.

This study aims to review, analyse and synthesize the literature, which refers to the use of educational film in education in Romania and which deepens aspects related to the use of animated film in primary education. The aim was to review the literature on: classification of animated films in the category of educational means; the functions of animated films; types and sources of animated films; teacher preparation for the use of film for educational purposes; integrating the film into the lesson; how to use animated films in primary education and the results of their use. Existing information in papers in the field of education sciences from the last three decades was analysed. Regarding the use of animation films in primary education, five studies were analysed in depth.

This study aims to improve student learning outcomes through the implementation of direct learning models that are supported by learning videos. Class action research refers to Kemmis and McTaggart's designs, which are carried out over two cycles. The subjects of the study were students of class X LVE 7 at VHS Dharma Bahari Surabaya. Data were collected using test and observation instruments. Test and observation data were analyzed descriptively based on standardized study completeness criteria. The results of this study found that student learning outcomes consistently increased from the pre-test scores, the value of the first cycle, to the value of the second cycle. Based on the pre-test score data, it is known that there are 16 or 53% of 30 students who reach the complete category. Learning outcomes are then improved in the first cycle, where there are 19 or 63% who reach the complete category. Meanwhile, in cycle II there were 23 or 77% of students who reached the complete category. This increase occurred consistently so that it was concluded that the use of direct learning models supported by learning videos was very effective for the learning of class X LVE 7 students at VHS Dharma Bahari Surabaya.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of educational movies that are used in teaching the chapter of Mystery of Earth Crust / Earth and Universe on the environment-related knowledge levels and attitudes of students. Another purpose of the study is to find out about the views of students in the experiment. As a result of the study, the knowledge test mean scores of the students after the implementation significantly differed between the groups in favor of the experiment group. Another finding in this study, no significant difference was found between the groups in terms of their mean post-test attitude scores before the implementation. For the first question, the students stated that the Mystery of Earth Crust / Earth and Universe chapter was distinct from other chapters because of some differences. For the second question, the students stated that they learned the definition, reasons, effects and types of environmental pollution, gained awareness and responsibility about the environment, learned about behaviors towards preventing environmental pollution and developed an attitude towards environmental pollution. Additionally, with the third question the students' emphasized educational movies had significant benefits for both individual outcomes and the instruction process.

This study aimed to develop Mathematics learning media in the form of learning videos in order to enhance the reasoning abilities of students of Mathematics Education Study Program.. This study used the development model to construct products in the form of learning videos on topics like Surface Area of Cuboid, Cube, Prism and Pyramid. To achieve this purpose, the ADDIE, Analyse, Design, Development, Implementation and Evaluation, development model was used, In this study; the steps conducted only reached the Development stage. Based on the validation of media experts, the percentage of the feasibility of learning media obtained was 95.15%. After being converted into a scale conversion table the percentage of the achievement level of 95.15% was in very good criteria. This proved that the learning video on the material surface area of the Cuboid, Cube, Prism and Pyramid were feasible to be applied in learning. Then, it was validated by material experts and based on expert validation, in terms of media aspects, material substance aspects, and learning design aspects which was scored at 90.86%. After being converted to a percentage scale conversion table the level of achievement of 90.86% was again in very good criteria. This led to conclude that the learning videos of the material surface area of Cuboid, Cube, Prism and Pyramid were feasible to be applied in research by making improvements in the order of material delivery.

One of the primary skills required by mathematics teachers is the ability to provide effective explanations to their students. Using Kay's (2014) theory-based framework for creating instructional videos, this study explored the quality and growth of explanations embedded in mathematical instructional videos created by 37 pre-service teachers (female = 26, male = 11). The Instructional Video Evaluation Scale (IVES), comprised of four constructs (establishing context, explanation heuristics, minimizing cognitive load, engagement), was used to assess the quality of two videos (pre-feedback and post-feedback). The initial video created by pre-service teachers (pre-feedback) revealed a number of problem areas, including providing a clear problem label, using visual supports, noting potential errors that might occur, writing legibly, highlighting key areas, listing key terms and formulas, being concise, and using a clear, conversational voice. After receiving detailed feedback based on the IVES, the ratings of the second video (post-feedback) for each of the initial problem areas increased significantly. The IVES scale, grounded on Kay's (2014) framework, helped identify and improve the effectiveness of pre-service teachers' explanations of mathematics concepts.

This case study describes a small-scale Lightboard pilot and a full-scale Lightboard build with accompanying studio at a small, private liberal arts college in the southern United States. This article will provide an overview of the Lightboard landscape in higher education, offer considerations for the construction of a Lightboard, and share the authors' experiences and outcomes. In writing this article, the authors' goal is to present an attainable use case for the construction of a Lightboard by introducing a simplistic pilot design that was well received by faculty and administrators.

This study assesses the effect of the use of educational videos on the participation of 24 students at the Applied Science University in Bahrain The findings revealed that educational videos which were selected either by the researcher or by the students have a direct and positive effect on increasing the students' participation in the classroom. It was found that the educational videos that were selected by the students have a greater effect in this respect than these videos selected by the researcher.

Purpose of the study: The object of this paper is to explore the literature in order to discover on what conditions a video-mediated form of instruction can be a learning instrument, the one that enhances teaching, increases the potential of improving learners' performance and leads to a change in students' knowledge and behaviours. Methodology: This exploration is literature based and involves a critical discussion of articles on video-based instruction and video pedagogies. Main findings: Video-based forms of teaching and learning are steadily gaining popularity in the classroom and beyond and are supported by a growing body of academic and professional literature. However, while the pedagogical use of video within a lesson has been explored, what is missing is a focus on the pedagogy within the video -- the pedagogical style or design of the video that leads to learning -- the transformation of information. Applications of this study: Research involving university students suggests that students conceive of video as an important element of their learning process and they will often choose to use videos for support and clarification rather than any other form of digital instruction. The conducted analysis of the research subject will eliminate concerns of instructional designers over the video design and help employ video more consciously and efficiently. Novelty/Originality of this study: In the last decade, the majority of the literature focusing on creating video for learning purposes adopt a transmission of knowledge approach. Thus, the authors focus on a list of characteristics that will facilitate the transmission of content. Few of the articles focus on learning per se. This paper discusses the results of our review of the literature that support the transmission styles of learning, the "hygiene" principles and then it explores the literature to identify the elements that enable a more transformative learning pedagogy for video.

Learner control of video presentations by using pause buttons or timeline scrollbars was suggested as helpful for learning from sources of transient information such as dynamic visualizations and spoken words. However, effective learner control could be difficult to attain without sufficient instructional support. This study developed strategies for facilitating processing and integration of transient information based on cognitive load theory by providing learners with explicit guidance in when and how to use pausing and timeline scrollbars while watching instructional videos. A single-factor between-subjects experiment was conducted to examine the effects of the proposed strategies. Ninety undergraduates were randomly assigned to one of three groups - strategy guidance group (learners were provided with guidance in strategies), learner control group (learners were allowed to control the video but without any guidance in strategies), and continuous presentation group (without any learner control mechanism). The results revealed that compared to the learner control group, the strategy guidance group had a greater number of pauses and scrollbacks on the timeline, demonstrated significantly better performance in the immediate comprehension test and higher performance efficiency in the immediate recall and comprehension tests. Compared to the continuous presentation group, the strategy guidance group demonstrated significantly better performance in the immediate recall and comprehension tests and higher performance efficiency in both these tests, as well as better performance in the delayed recall test and higher performance efficiency in the delayed recall test.

This study reports a field experiment investigating how instructional videos with and without background music contribute to the learning of examination techniques within a formal curriculum of medical teaching. Following a classroom teaching unit on the techniques for examining the knee and the shoulder joint, our participants (N = 175) rehearsed the studied techniques for either the knee or the shoulder joint with an instructional video with or without background music. As dependent measures, we collected a general questionnaire, a prediction of test performance, as well as performance on an exam-like knowledge test covering both joints. For both videos, the participants who had watched the particular video during rehearsal were more accurate in answering the corresponding questions than the participants who had seen the other video, signaling that instructional videos provide a useful tool for rehearsal (i.e., both groups reciprocally served as control groups). For the knee video (less difficult), we observed a detrimental effect of the background music, whereas we observed no such effect for the shoulder video (more difficult). Further explorations revealed that background music might be detrimental for learning, as it reduces the perceived demand characteristics. Because the impact of the demand characteristics might be more pronounced in less difficult instructional videos, we discuss video difficulty as a potential moderating factor. Overall, our study provides evidence that instructional videos could be usefully implemented in formal teaching curricula and that such instructional videos probably should be designed without background music.

Instructional videos have been widely used in online learning environments. Effective video learning requires self-regulation by learners, which can be facilitated by deliberate instructional design, such as through prompting. Grounded in the interactive, constructive, active, and passive (ICAP) framework, this study compared the effects of explanation prompts and explored how they affected the retention and transfer of learning. In an online experiment, 103 participants were randomly assigned to focused self-explanation, scaffolded self-explanation, and instructional explanation prompting conditions. The results indicated better retention performance from the scaffolded prompt than from the focused prompt. No differences were found in transfer performance across various forms of prompts. Regression analysis suggested that prior knowledge and cognitive load may have interacted with the effect of self-explanation prompts. Prior knowledge positively predicted transfer performance, and cognitive load negatively predicted transfer performance when focused or scaffolded prompts were implemented. Potential explanations concerning how self-explanation prompts affect learning were discussed.

Social presence in higher education online learning can be complex and challenging. To examine whether video instruction had an influence on course success, a between-subjects design was chosen to compare two groups of students enrolled in introductory psychology courses at a Christian College in the Southwest United States. The convenience sample (N = 281) was divided into two groups, including those that received video instruction (N = 144) and those that did not (N = 137). The results demonstrated that while there were higher numerical final course grades for the classes that received video instruction, there was not a statistically significant difference in overall course success between the two groups (U = 8947, p = 0.159). Implications and limitations are discussed.

The purpose of this study was to fill a gap in the literature on student learning and use participant feedback to improve the pedagogical effectiveness in mathematics and literacy classrooms. To this end, an anonymous, semi-structured Qualtrics survey was developed and administered to 1,212 recent high school graduates asking about the best way to learn mathematics. Respondents said they preferred printed textbooks, although 30% rarely read them. They found instructional videos helpful and that guided notes kept them engaged. Students wanted practice problems and examples, in an environment where they were unafraid to ask questions. Their learning benefited from both collaboration and independent work. They knew that participation in math clubs improved their learning, but they admitted not participating. Although no survey items focused on teachers, half of those providing open-ended feedback made clear, the necessity of a "good," "patient," "experienced," teacher, "excited to teach math," with whom students could work "face-to-face."

A research methods and statistics course is a crucial component of any health care professions program. Statistics is a difficult subject for students to learn, but studies have shown implementing short video lectures in the online platform can enhance student learning and improve course success rates. The purpose of this paper is to detail the implementation of weekly instructional videos in HLT-540, a course with high withdrawal and fail rates, and discuss the impact this had on course success. Short instructional videos were developed and implemented in weeks 2-8 of the 8-week course to provide students with a live demonstration of best strategies for completing assignments, conducting data analysis, and interpreting results. Following the implementation of the instructional videos, 90.5% of students who completed the course between January and March of 2019, passed. In addition, in end-of-course surveys, students commented on the value of the instructional videos. The 90.5% course success rate and EOCS feedback supports the continuation of the use of instructional videos in HLT-540 to support student mastery of course objectives. It is important to continue to explore why course success rates increased, so the information can be shared amongst faculty.

This study examines the effectiveness of pre-laboratory presentations in an undergraduate general chemistry laboratory using two different modes of delivery: a traditional lecture versus an in-class video presentation. It was anticipated that implementation of videos could result in improved laboratory efficiency, safety, and necessary technical skills for the students. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine this hypothesis by comparing laboratory quiz scores and completion times of students who received their pre-laboratory instruction in a traditional lecture versus in-class video format. The results of this study provide new insight into the benefits of using technology for delivery of prelaboratory instruction and offer suggestions for considerations when implementing technological tools (such as videos) into laboratory instruction.

The purpose of this study was to enhance grade 11 students' conceptual understanding of fundamental acid-base models using Predict-Observe-Explain based animated movies (POE-AM). Twelve grade 11 students participated in the study. To collect data, the students' responses to the POE-AM tasks and interview protocols were used. The findings indicated that the POE-AM tasks positively improved the students' conceptual understanding of fundamental acid-base models and remedied any deficiency identified in pre-interviews and/or the 'predict' stage of the POE strategy. The results also showed that before implementation the students stated the main parts of acids and bases as H+ and OH-ions, respectively. After the implementation, they indicated that the Arrhenius model had the least adequate explanation to imply features/behaviors of acids and bases whilst the Lewis model did the most adequate acid-base definition to address their features/behaviors. Moreover, the study revealed that most of the students had alternative understanding or only partial understanding at the 'predict', but showed somewhat a sound understanding of these concepts at the 'observe' and 'explain' stages. The current study suggests that chemistry teachers should integrate the POE-AM into their classes to effectively promote student learning.

A course on the economics of sports provides a unique opportunity to the economics department but confronts the instructor with unique challenges. Students in such a class are likely to be more heterogeneous and more likely to enter the class with inappropriate expectations than is the case for a typical upper-level economics elective. The author of this article discusses the problems an instructor in an economics of sports course will encounter and how s/he might overcome them. Particular emphasis is placed on the use of technology in the classroom and on how an economics of sports class might enable the instructor to raise issues of inclusion/exclusion in a nonthreatening manner. A course on the economics of sports provides a unique opportunity to economics departments. Because of the outsized interest of the American public in sports, an undergraduate course in the economics of sports can be a magnet that attracts students who otherwise might shy away from an upper-level economics course. It is far more likely to attract non-majors than our traditional offerings in labor economics or monetary theory.

Given the rapid rise of open educational resources (OER) for informal learning pursuits impacting countless millions of people each day around the world, this study investigated the impact of the initiative that spearheaded this movement; namely, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) open courseware (OCW). More specifically, it explored self-directed learners' perceptions of the impact of the MIT OCW, their social presences and cognitive presences while learning through MIT OCW online instructional videos. The data source of this study was learner comments regarding 23 instructional videos found in YouTube. Thematic analysis and computer-mediated discourse analysis (CMDA) were used for data analysis. The results indicated that the impact of the MIT OCW served as the first step for career development and important educational decisions of myriad learners that served to benefit MIT programmes with future applicants. In addition, YouTube comments of the self-directed learners reflected a relatively lower social presence and higher cognitive presence compared to general social media. Meanwhile, self-directed learners encountered challenges such as technology issues, non-engaging teaching methods, and social learning needs. Perhaps the future OER and OCW development will, in fact, be designed for a more interactive and engaging experience for the self-directed learners of this world.

This study investigated the effects of instructor presence in instructional videos on learning and learners' emotional engagement. Sixty-six learners of English as a foreign language (EFL) at a Turkish university watched an English instructional video with either high-level instructor presence (whiteboard), low-level instructor presence (picture-in-picture) or instructor absence (voice-over). Learning from the video was assessed via a transfer test and learners' affective responses to the post-intervention questionnaire were analyzed in terms of emotional engagement. The quantitative findings suggested that learning occurred in all video conditions, yet the levels of learning did not differ across video styles. The qualitative findings revealed that learners were more positively engaged with whiteboard and picture-in-picture videos. The findings also revealed six main factors underlying learners' emotional engagement: social cues, lifelike learning experience, familiarity, perceived seriousness, clarity of content, and affordances of technology. This study also offered a list of video styles in terms of instructor presence.

Pandemic-related lockdowns and school closures took education into the virtual sphere. Hence, educators of all grades had to adapt to the challenges of remote learning by including digital tools in their teaching strategies. The global pandemic added a mandatory digital layer to the task of motivating students. Education technologies (edtech) and digital tools have immense potential to make learning activities more interactive and fun. When learning is fun, students' engagement, interest, and motivation can only go up. After dealing with so much disruption and uncertainty in their education, students deserve inspiring learning experiences. Finding ways to put the fun back into learning can boost student engagement and motivation by helping them rediscover their joy for learning in this still-challenging period. This article has a few ideas about how to achieve that goal.

In this eye-tracking experiment, we compared instructional videos with static signals, dynamic signals and no signaling in a within-subject design. We tracked eye movements from 28 undergraduate chemistry students while they were watching instructional videos about reaction mechanisms in the different signaling conditions. Further, we assessed students' cognitive load, as well as retention performance. We employed a Latin square design to control for sequencing and content effects of the instructional videos. Our data showed that dynamic signals helped students to better focus their attention to the relevant features of the representations virtually across the entire time of the video presentation. Furthermore, dynamic signals increased retention performance while they decreased extraneous cognitive load. Overall, our findings show the crucial role of pairing the signaling principle with the temporal contiguity principle in instructional videos to help students navigate through complex symbolic representations and improve their learning success.

Even though instructional videos are often used in many areas covering a wide range of studies and applications, the lack of a common approach for the definition and classification of instructional videos results in the use of several different models for these purposes. In order to develop such a common approach, there remains the need to build a structure, through which these videos may be defined and classified. The purpose of this study is to design a scheme for the definition and classification of instructional videos based on the namings and qualifications used in the literature and to examine the usability of this scheme. For this purpose, in the first part of this study; the naming and qualifications used in the literature were determined and gathered in a common framework using the content analysis method. Articles published in the Web of Science between 2008 and 2018 with keywords or titles that contained the phrase "instructional video" were accessed. After that, relevant articles were identified using the document analysis method. The results of the analysis indicated that most articles pertained to videos with features structured around the dimensions of interaction, screen design, sequence, included components (picture, voice, text, etc.), subject/content and connection. In the second stage, verification studies were performed to examine the usability of this framework, a classification scheme was developed based on the aforementioned main dimensions and tested for verification. The created scheme allows for classifying video types based on eight main dimensions of interaction, connection, screen design, sequence, component, image format, instant and subject/content, which were identified in the light of the findings obtained from the study. It is believed that this scheme will make it easier for researchers to identify which videos to use. Despite the potential that disruptive technologies offer for facilitating smart pedagogy, the confusion relating to different definitions and classifications in pedagogical understandings is seen as an obstacle for smart teaching systems. The classification model proposed in this study will provide guidance to smart pedagogy studies in terms of data definition and orientation.

Making the work of security organizations known to school children is a means of mitigating feelings of insecurity provoked by the diffusion of information on terrorist attacks in communications media and through social media. Whilst there is a longer tradition of projects to educate school children on the police and the armed forces, no comparable projects have been found on the intelligence services. With the objective of filling this gap, the authors designed and produced two animated educational videos for Spanish school children on the Spanish intelligence service: The National Intelligence Center (CNI). In this paper, the impact of the videos is measured in relation to the knowledge, the stereotypes, and the attitudes of school children towards the CNI. To do so, two questionnaires were administered to 1,092 school children aged 8 and 12, before and after viewing the videos. The results of the questionnaire prior to screening the videos showed that the school children held no knowledge of the intelligence services, and expressed highly developed stereotypes, and moderately negative attitudes towards them. Student-t tests for related samples were used to confirm the responses, on the basis of which it was found that the videos modified both knowledge and stereotyping, as well as attitudes towards the CNI. Specifically, following the screenings the knowledge of the school children improved, stereotyping diminished, and positive attitudes increased.

Asynchronous video-based educational resources allow for increased course material engagement. In today's climate, educators are encouraged to create videos for online instruction but are typically given limited production guidance. Few formal resources exist to guide educators for high-quality video production in a non-studio setting. This article is a how-to guide for producing videos using widely available primary resources through three steps: preproduction, production, and postproduction. During preproduction, educators consider style and project scope, including the "what, how, and why" of the content. For production, we have provided information on the set, light, sounds, and video equipment needed for optimizing video production in a non-studio setting. Finally, during postproduction, the educator considers how to combine and edit the video as well as organize content. Overall, this article is an approachable guide to help educators begin their low-budget video-production journeys.