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The aim of this study was to explore female student athletes’ participation in initiation activities, specifically to examine whether activities in the United Kingdom followed trends similar to those reported elsewhere. A sample of 8 female athletes representing both traditional and nontraditional team and individual sports (M age = 20 yr 3 mo, SD = 1 yr 3 mo) who met inclusion criteria of having taken part in an initiation ceremony consented to participate in a semistructured interview. Thematic content analysis resulted in the emergence of 6 higher order themes represented by 2 general dimensions: the initiation event and initiation outcomes. Findings indicated that female student athletes’ initiation activities encompassed discrete stages as they moved from team newcomers to accepted team members. Of particular concern is the direct and indirect role of alcohol in these events and the health and behavioral risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies have associated initiation practices, also known as hazing, with conformity, fear, apprehension, anxiety, submission, coercion, desire for group integration, and acceptance. Therefore, students undergo several types of influences or pressures. We argue that the social environment surrounding the hazing in Portuguese universities has all the conditions to raise a spiral of silence. We tested and confirmed Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann's Spiral of Silence theory. Our empirical analysis is based on questionnaires to a sample of 350 students from two Portuguese institutions. We addressed several additional relevant variables, namely ones derived from the Theory of Planned Behaviour, and Communication Apprehension. Our results show that students who are against hazing and perceive a majority opinion in favour are less likely to express their opinions. We were also able to identify some identifying features of the avant-gardes: the minority that challenges the status quo. These are students who show a willingness to communicate, pay attention to the media, and come from families with higher educational backgrounds. We argue that top-down public policies about hazing are likely to fail. It will be better, in a bottom-up approach, to identify and support the avant-gardes [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines early field teaching requirements in undergraduate physical education programs. Student teaching has traditionally served as a preservice initiation for teachers making a transition into the professional world. However, the author reveals that many teacher educators are praising the merits of giving teachers in training earlier field experience.

This study assessed students' attitudes towards fraternity and sorority intake processes at a regional Mid-Atlantic University (MU) to gain an understanding of overall attitudes and discern whether students distinguish differences between hazing and initiation procedures. Study results indicated that students understand the general purpose of initiation and the dangers of hazing; however, a general understanding may not translate to an understanding of the specifics activities involved in new member initiation processes. Study results specified differences in understanding initiation and hazing are greatest by gender and fraternity/sorority council. Implications for higher education research and student affairs practice are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the most striking images produced in north-east Arnhem Land today are the paintings given to young boys during their first initiation ceremony (dhapi). Skilfully applied on their chest over several hours, while singing and dancing proceeds on the ceremonial grounds nearby, these body paintings act as relational matrixes which locate the initiands within a socio-cosmic web of connections. At the other end of the male ritual life-cycle, the bodies of the deceased undergo a similar process of transfiguration, as they are made to resemble the groups’ most sacred objects, seen to instantiate the powers of specific ancestral beings. In the context of these rituals, the links between clans, places, and ancestral beings are expressed by being made visible on and around the body. Pragmatically composed and displayed for all to see, I suggest that Yolŋu ritual images appear as ‘matter(s) of relations’ par excellence, materialising various sets of social relationships. This paper examines the material logics behind this transfiguration process which, by turning people into ancestors, transform the relations between individuals and groups, between humans and non-human beings, and between the living and the spirits of the dead. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This essay focuses on how certain social relations among the Bedamini in Papua New Guinea are given their form through ritual at selected moments of the life cycle when relational transformations occur. Ritualised moments in Bedamini male initiation and symbolic bride capture are described as a dynamic agency that changes the existential conditions of persons in non-ritual reality. At those important ritual moments, the direct presence of the agents is required, while relations between them are mediated by acts, objects and moods. The effect intended is the formation, or reformation, of a relational field. Male initiation and marriage are consecutive parts of a sequence of transformations beyond its constituent moments, as initiation functions as a prerequisite to marriage. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In Australian Aboriginal society, personal identity is an evolving process whose successive mutations derive from a person’s capacity to enter into new relationships. Both initiation rites and funerary practices act to mediate such relational transformations. Drawing on Spencer and Gillen’s material on the Arrernte, this paper establishes a parallel between the procedures put into effect to render a son autonomous from his mother in the course of male initiation, and those undertaken to emancipate a widow from her deceased husband. Both ritual operations introduce a relational distancing within a totality. This totality is composed of two individuals whose antecedent close physical intimacy could thwart these persons’ ability to become an autonomous agent. The rituals make the person capable of entering a new intimate relationship: marriage in the case of a son and remarriage in the case of a widow. Both procedures entail the intervention of ritual objects closely connected to an individual’s personal identity: on the one hand, the churinga, a man is joined with at the end of his initiation and which allows him to exercise responsibilities in fertility rites, and on the other hand, the decaying, contaminating corpse a husband leaves behind upon his death. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper introduces this special issue and analyses Papua New Guinea and Australian initiation and death rituals as moments of relational transformations. Although the general argument is not completely new, it has often remained an undemonstrated statement. The paper hence focuses on the specific ways people make these changes effective and express them in their rituals. It is suggested that an invariantmodus operandiis in play in which, for a relation to be transformed, its previous state must first be ritually enacted. Towards the end of the ritual, the new state of the relationship is itself publicly enacted through a manifestation of the form the relation takes after the ritual. The paper suggests that a relationship cannot be transformed in the absence of the persons concerned. The relational components need to be either directly present, such as in initiations, or mediated through objects, such as in death rituals. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

We examine whether analysts tip investors during investor conferences. We find that conference-day abnormal returns of a presenting company are about 0.6% higher when the conference is hosted by an analyst who will initiate coverage with a Buy recommendation than when the conference is hosted by non-initiating analysts. Furthermore, conference-day abnormal returns of the presenting company amount to half of the price run-up during the 20 trading days prior to the Buy initiation. Finally, there is a statistically and economically significant price run-up prior to a Sell initiation (by about -0.7%) when the analyst who will initiate coverage with a Sell recommendation hosts a conference but does not invite the company to present. Our findings collectively suggest that analysts, rather than companies, tip select investors about upcoming initiations during conferences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study used longitudinal survey and social network data covering sixth through ninth grades to test whether internalizing symptoms make early adolescents more prone to (1) exposure to and (2) influence by substance-using peers. Random effects regressions revealed that increases in symptoms were significantly associated with increases in the proportion of friends who used cigarettes, alcohol, and marijuana; some associations weakened across grades. Event history models revealed that the effect of friends' smoking on smoking initiation decreased as internalizing symptoms increased; symptoms did not moderate the effects of friends' alcohol and marijuana use on alcohol and marijuana use initiation. These findings counter the influence hypothesis of the co-occurrence of internalizing symptoms with substance use and partly support the exposure hypothesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

'Lights Out!' is a contemporary legend that had a very intense spread throughout the United States in 1993. Twelve years later the same legend caused a similarly powerful rumor panic in Mexico, spreading mostly through emails and the media. This article compares these two cycles of transmission from an interdisciplinary perspective. The thesis of this article is that the atmosphere of uncertainty and public danger in Mexico, aided by technology in the dissemination of the warning and distrust in authorities, acted as a hotbed that accounts for the intensity of the legend circulation in Mexico. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers news briefs about Peoples' Friendship University of Russia in Moscow, Russia. It discusses the Student Initiation Ceremony for Economics and the Institute of World Economics and Business. The article also talks about RUDN University International Scholarship program, EAIE Conference and Exhibition 2018 in Switzerland, and Peoples' Friendship University Subway Station to be Opened in Moscow.

This paper analyzes the relation between the prosodic form and interactional function of va ‘what’ in Helsinki Swedish interactions. The method adopted was sequential and phonetic analysis. The results show that prosodic features can display whether a va is used to initiate normal repair or affective repair. Normal repair indicates a trouble in hearing or understanding, while affective repair simultaneously initiates repair and displays an affective stance. The relevant prosodic features are the pitch span and range, as well as the temporal placement of turns. Contrary to claims by previous studies, pitch contour does not distinguish between trouble types in Helsinki Swedish. Furthermore, when participants ascribe functions to va -tokens, the other significant factors are sequential context, ongoing activity, and situation. As the results demonstrate that one form can be used for several functions and several forms can have one function, this study suggests that there is a one-to-many and many-to-one relationship between the prosodic form and interactional function of the va -turns in Helsinki Swedish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The objective of this study was to describe the physical, social, and psychological initiation practices of street connected children and youths, in Eldoret, western Kenya. Methods: This qualitative study was conducted from August 2013 to February 2014. A total of 65 SCCY aged 11-24 years were purposively sampled from the three referral points: 1) A dedicated study clinic for vulnerable children and youth atMoi Teaching and Referral Hospital (MTRH); 2) Primary locations in which street children reside "bases/ barracks"; 3) Street youth community-based organizations. In-depth interviews and focus group discussions were used to collect data. All data were audio recorded, transcribed, translated to English, and a content analysis performed. Results: The overall median age was 18 years (IQR 14-20.5 years) and 69.2 % of participants were male. None had gone beyond primary level of education. The majority (81.5 %) reported to be sexually active. The street community had well-defined structures and rules that were protective of members and ensured survival on the streets. To be fully accepted children had to go through an initiation ritual that had important gender differences. Common rituals between males and females included interrogation, smearing of black soot, and payment of tax. Ritual practices unique to boys were physical abuse, theft of personal possessions, volatile substance use, being forced to eat garbage, and sodomy among the physically weak. Rituals unique to girls were being forced to 'become a wife or sexual partner', rape, and gang rape. Physical and psychological abuse during initiation was normalized and there were no clear mechanisms of dealing with these forms of abuse. Conclusion: There were important gender differences in the initiation practices of SCCY. Normalization of physical and psychological abuse during initiation contributes to the high health risks faced by these SCCY. Appropriate interventions need to be developed in collaboration with SCCY. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses hazing, an act of activity involving harassment, abuse or humiliation for initiating a person into a group, as a criminal legal issue. Topics discussed include need of anti-hazing legislation in the U.S., introduction of the U.S. Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) for the well-being of students away from the institutions and universities, and decision of the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals in case 'McKenzie v. State' concerning Maryland anti-hazing statute.

In this paper, the maritime industry’s commitment to green supply chain has been analyzed. The objective of this study is to show that the reuse of empty containers not only adds value to a firm, but leads to waste reduction in the supply chain. The novelties of this article include (i) empty and laden containers are treated in accordance with a shipping company’s green effort; (ii) both the volume and weight of containers are introduced to indicate a potential constraint on green effort; (iii) empty container storage costs are included as a value-added component which stem from green effort. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ‘initiation rituals’ of new students in Portuguese Higher Education are viewed as a lever for group cohesion. Using the group dynamics perspective as a theoretical view, this paper reflects on hazing as an initiation ritual that supports and maintains groups by encouraging cognitive, behavioural and emotional processes of social dependency. For the empirical data analysis, a qualitative methodology was chosen, using the students’ spontaneous discourses about their academic integration. The results point to the diversity of freshmen perspectives on and experiences of hazing: either rejecting or subscribing, no student seems indifferent to it. Hazing can work as a positive catalyst to the construction of statutory identity. Furthermore, the relationship of submission which underlies these transition rituals is experienced by freshmen as a ‘price to pay’ for their entrance in the university world. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Undergoing an admission process (an initiation) can induce exaggerated feelings about a group, but there is little research about the role of rewards. This study replicated Aronson and Mills’ (1959) experiment. Seventy participants underwent either a severe initiation or a mild initiation. After the initiation, about half the sample received an extrinsic reward for merely completing the task. The remaining half did not receive an extrinsic reward. This was to vary the amount of dissonance. Initiation severity and reward condition had significant, noncrossing interactions. A reward led to higher group identity than no reward, supporting Levine and Moreland's (1994) group socialization model. A severe initiation did not lead to more group identity than a mild initiation; therefore, Aronson and Mills’ findings were not replicated. Interestingly, a mild initiation followed by a reward led to more group identity than a severe initiation followed by a reward. Another unexpected finding was that the extrinsic reward made no difference to group identity if the initiation was severe. Effects on ratings of the discussion were nonsignificant. Future research needs to establish how new group members ponder the severity of the admission process during the cost–benefit calculation preceding their identification with a group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers the author's insights on the organization of talk in school interaction which explores the two basic dimensions that manifest the orientation of participants to the institutional character of the setting. The author says that the organization of sequences in classroom discourse has emanated from the discourse analysis tradition. He mentions the three interconnected parts which comprise elicitation sequences such as an initiation and evaluation act.

The article focuses on the uses and representations of nostalgia among trade organizations such as the compagnons du Tour de France, an active French organization of craftsmen and artisans. According to the article, the Tour de France is an initiation period during which apprentices learn their trade in various areas of France except their own region. Two aspects of the Tour de France are considered including the one which provokes the sentiment of loosing one's regional origins and the nostalgia felt after the end of the Tour.

The history of the International Pharmaceutical Federation, founded in 1912, is traced from its origins in the series of International Pharmaceutical Congresses starting in 1865. The initiating event took place in the 6th Congress held in 1885 in Brussels, followed by the foundation after the 10th Congress, held in 1910, once again in Brussels. [Figure not available: see fulltext.] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this essay, I will describe the traditional social organisation of the Amis peoples of Taiwan which previous ethnographers have portrayed as consisting of a matrilineal clan-based system conjoined with a residential-based male age-set/grade system. Following David Schneider's critique of 'kinship' cross-culturally and the 'new kinship studies' which his work inspired, I will attempt a reinterpretation of overall Amis social organisation as instead a total kinship-based system comprised of a paternal/fraternal system which integrates and encompasses the multiplicity of maternal-focused houses constitutive of village communities. Rather than being a system composed of kinship and non-kinship parts, I argue that Amis social organisation is comprehensively kinship-based. Moreover, I shall describe how through paternal/fraternal relations generated by rites of male initiation and rebirth this overall integration of diverse matrifocal units is achieved. In the first section, I will describe the structure of the paternal/fraternal initiatory system. In the following section, I will draw upon the major anthropological theories of initiation including rites of passage and the literature on sacrifice to describe numerous aspects of initiation activities, showing how the classificatory father-son and elder-younger-brother relations between and within the initiation sets are explicitly represented by the concepts and practices of the Amis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anthropologists working on native title cases in Australia are commonly asked to identify the Aboriginal 'society' that holds the body of laws and customs that confer land ownership rights on certain groups of people. In this paper I investigate how the early documentation of bora initiation ceremonies is relevant to understanding contemporary Aboriginal societies and the normative laws and customs that give rise to rights and interests in land. The vast ethnographic oeuvre of R.H. Mathews (1841-1918) includes detailed documentation of bora gatherings, which allows the reconstruction of the wider social reaches of people's networks in the lower Darling Downs of eastern Australia, and can in turn be understood as the 'society' so often sought in current native title case law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prior research indicates that, in some circumstances, reminders may facilitate prospective remembering. However, it remains unclear whether this effect is dependent on the initiation source (self vs. external), whether it is moderated by task type (event vs. time based), or whether the provision of standardized reminders particularly benefits older adults. In the current study, young (n = 48) and older adults (n = 47) were tested on a laboratory-based prospective memory task in which they encountered three counterbalanced reminder conditions: no reminders, self-initiated reminders, and experimenter-initiated reminders. The results indicated that while the provision of reminders enhanced prospective memory performance, no difference was seen between self-initiated and experimenter-initiated reminder conditions, nor was there any interaction with age or prospective memory type (event vs. time based). These data support the role of both self- and externally generated external reminders as an aid to prospective remembering. However, the absence of any interaction with age is not consistent with theoretical models of ageing that consider the provision of such reminders to reduce strategic demands (or increase automatic processing). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In his 12th year Jung had a fantasy about God shitting upon Basel cathedral. With this initiatory image of unrelenting disenchantment, the boy Jung emerged not only into personal adulthood but also into the particular form of adulthood corresponding to post-enlightenment modernity, i.e. disenchantment. However, Jung attempted first to halt the inevitable progress of the fantasy and then to neurotically disown it by a petitio principii, thus effectively invalidating the full effect of the initiatory experience. This paper explores the way in which Jung's soul fixated at the point of disenchantment, so that this ‘disenchantment complex’ became the ground of his whole psychological project, instituting a split that was to become literalized in his two homes: ‘Küsnacht’ and ‘Bollingen’. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the pervasive practice of student initiation ceremonies into university sports teams has become widely reported in the British media. Such initiations have been likened to the practice known as hazing, which is prevalent in universities across the USA. Although there is some research that has considered how and why hazing occurs in American universities, less attention has been paid to the initiation ceremonies that regularly occur in British institutions. This article provides an overview of some of the literature that has examined the practice of hazing in the USA in order to set the scene for much needed research in the UK. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The year after the great debate over cultural nationalism (I 932), there was a greater impetus producing a group of novels about the Mexican Revolution in which, a perceptible structure is linked to the universal theme of initiation and the process of formation of the hero. In this essay, from a selection of novels of the Revolution produced over nearly two decades, parallels and associations are drawn between these and what has usually been called a novel of formation or Bildungsroman. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Female sex workers (FSWs) are the group at greatest risk for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in India. Women and girls trafficked (ie, forced or coerced) into sex work are thought to be at even greater risk because of high exposure to violence and unprotected sex, particularly during the early months of sex work, that is, at initiation. Surveys were completed with HIV-infected FSWs (n = 211) recruited from an HIV-related service organization in Mumbai, India. Approximately 2 in 5 participants (41.7%) reported being forced or coerced into sex work. During the first month in sex work, such FSWs had higher odds of sexual violence (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 3.1; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.6-6.1), ≤7 clients per day (AOR, 3.3; 1.8-6.1), no use of condoms (AOR, 3.8, 2.1-7.1), and frequent alcohol use (AOR, 1.9; 1.0-3.4) than HIV-infected FSWs not entering involuntarily. Those trafficked into sex work were also at higher odds for alcohol use at first sex work episode (AOR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.2-4.0). These results suggest that having been trafficked into sex work is prevalent among this population and that such FSWs may face high levels of sexual violence, alcohol use, and exposure to HIV infection in the first month of sex work. Findings call into question harm reduction approaches to HIV prevention that rely primarily on FSW autonomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information about several statutes enforced in several states to address the problem in hazing in universities in the U.S. It states that enactment of anti-hazing statutes adhere to the human rights of the people to be safe and away from harmful activities nor any abusive acts. Thus, lawmakers pass legislation that would strictly prohibit such acts and its corresponding penalty for the commission and for the recovery of victims in any hazing-related injuries.

This article describes map outreach initiatives at the Brooklyn Historical Society (BHS), a non-profit museum, library and archives, and education center located in Brooklyn, New York. In particular, it explores how BHS staff prioritized outreach under budget constraints, created successful workflows, and employed tools to help patrons discover the map collection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this essay, I argue that colleges and universities should permit hazing. I argue that if hazing is wrong, then it wrongs someone and if it wrongs someone then it violates someone's right. Hazing does not violate someone's right when the person who is hazed gives informed consent. I then argue that because hazing is permissible, colleges should permit it. I consider and respond to objections that hazing is wrong for reasons that are not right-based. Here I consider objections relating to deception, coercion, unnecessary harm, degradation, and exploitation. I also consider two more objections. First, hazing is wrong because it violates the colleges' rights. Second, colleges need not permit hazing because they own the rights to the groups or the materials that the groups use and hence they may exercise their property rights in such a way as to make hazing wrong. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Framed within the psychosocial context of the sport ethic and social-approval goal orientation, this study qualitatively investigated athletes' perceptions of their coaches' involvement in hazing, as well as the role coaches should assume if hazing occurs. Twenty-one athletes volunteered from a number of classes associated with a Midwestern university's health, physical education, and leisure services division. The athletes participated in interviews regarding their involvement in hazing. Data analysis identified a variety of perceptions by participants associated with the coaches' role and actual involvement in team hazing experiences, including taking a proactive stance against hazing and accepting hazing. Implications of these findings to future research relate to the sport ethic, team building, social cohesion, and leadership in the athletic setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article, originally written in 1985, was added by a new preface and a post face. It presents a research on the hazing in Brazilian Navy's College that had a social drama (in Victor Turner's terms) as a key-event: the expulsion of several veterans after being denounced by a freshman. The empirical data come from a set of interviews with five former students of the same class. The main hypothesis is that the hazing is a rite of passage that focus on the learning of the importance of hierarchy for military life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the recognition of the importance of organizational knowledge management (KM), researchers have paid increasing attention to knowledge management systems (KMS). However, since most prior studies were conducted in the context of Western societies, we know little about KMS diffusion in other regional contexts. Moreover, even with the increasing recognition of the influence of social factors in KM practices, there is a dearth of studies that examine how unique social cultural factors affect KMS diffusion in specific countries. To fill in this gap, this study develops an integrated framework, with special consideration on the influence of social cultures, to understand KMS diffusion in Chinese enterprises, in our framework, we examine how specific technological, organizational, and social cultural factors can influence the three-stage KMS diffusion process, that is, initiation, adoption, and routinization. This study provides a holistic view of the KMS diffusion in Chinese enterprises with practical guidance for successful KMS implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article offers a new perspective regarding the initiation of traditional healers through an analysis of the initiation narratives of ten Muslim Palestinian traditional women healers in Israel. The analysis points to three shared themes within these narratives: they begin with a description of the initiation's source (inheritance or revelation); they focus primarily on a later stage of the woman healer's life; and they include an in-depth description of the suffering and hardships that she has endured. These findings describe the initiation of Palestinian traditional women healers in Israel as a process rather than an event; as a derivative of the woman healer's life rather than its driving force. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The initiation of relationships is a relatively neglected topic of investigation within the interdisciplinary field of personal relationships. One aim of this research was to examine the degree to which heterosexual romantic relationships were perceived to be initiated more by one partner versus by both partners mutually. A second aim was to examine dispositional (sex and attachment style) and relational factors (relative interest early in the relationship and Current satisfaction) associated with doing the work of relationship initiation. Study I, which combined several samples of young adults who had been asked about the initiation stage of their relationship, indicated that relationship initiation was generally imbalanced; one partner was perceived as doing more of the work than the other. Further analyses indicated that women were more likely to report that the partner rather than the self was the initiator, but no such difference was found for men. Those with a preoccupied attachment style reported greater degrees of self-initiation. Consistent with Waller's principle of least interest (e.g., Waller and Hill 1951), greater interest (relative to the partner) was also associated with doing the work of relationship initiation. Participants with balanced relationship initiation reported greater current satisfaction and commitment. In a follow-up study, based on data from both members of 75 couples, moderate agreement between partners was found about who initiated the relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]