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Article 24 of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, along with General Comment 4, explicitly outlines the right of every person to an inclusive education at every level. And yet, even amongst supporters of inclusive education, it is not uncommon for some students to be considered 'too disabled' to be included. In this research I draw on the views and lived experiences of 10 parents, living in Australia, who identify their children as having been labelled with 'severe and multiple' or 'profound' impairments. I ask what inclusion means to these parents and their families, and whether inclusion and inclusive education is important to them. Drawing on these parent perspectives, is the notion of inclusive education for everyone realistic and desirable, or only idealistic? Should inclusion be inclusive or is it ultimately conditional? The perspectives of the research participants hold implications for the realisation of the right to inclusive education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Mediterranea - Ricerche Storiche is the property of Mediterranea-Ricerche Storiche and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study explores a phenomenon that has been shown to adversely affect managers' decisions--competitive irrationality. Managers are irrationally competitive in their decisions when they focus on damaging the profits of competitors, rather than improving their own profit performance. Studies by Armstrong and Collopy (1996) and Griffith and Rust (1997) suggest that the phenomenon is common but not universal. We examine the question of why some individuals exhibit competitive irrationality when making decisions, while others do not by focusing on four aspects of moral philosophy--deontological orientation, cognitive moral development, idealism, and relativism. Results suggest that individuals high in deontological orientation, high in cognitive moral development, high in idealism, and low in relativism will be less competitively irrational than those who are not. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Values are often phrased as ideals that people seek to approach, but they can also be conceptualized as counter-ideals that people seek to avoid. We aimed to test whether individuals endorse more strongly values that are framed in line with their predominant self-regulatory motivation, using individual difference scales in promotion/prevention (Higgins, 1997) and in behavioral approach/inhibition (Carver & White, 1994). To address this systematically, we developed approach- and avoidance-framed versions of the Portrait Value Questionnaire-RR (PVQ-RR; Schwartz et al., 2012).Method: Participants completed approach- and avoidance-framed PVQ-RR versions in two studies measuring regulatory focus or motivational orientation (together 414 U.S. adults, 48% female, ages 18-69) and one study manipulating motivational orientation (39 UK high school students, 79% female, ages 16-19).Results: Value framing consistently interacted with both self-regulation variables. However, a fit between self-regulation and value framing resulted in greater value endorsement only for promotion-focused and approach-oriented (not prevention-focused and avoidance-oriented) participants. This may be because values are more naturally understood as ideal states that people seek to approach.Conclusions: Our findings provide first insights into the psychological process of person-value framing fit affecting value endorsement. We discuss implications for cross-cultural value research and research on value-congruent behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the perceptions of familiar advertising controversies that are obtained from a diverse sample of 292 consumers. Topics from two broad categories of advertising practices are investigated: targeting practices and message strategies. For each topic, consumer perceptions are analyzed as a function of the participants' moral ideologies of idealism and relativism, dimensions obtained from the Ethics Position Questionnaire. Results show that consumers believe advertising often violates broad ethical norms. In addition, the degree to which consumers judge advertising as ethical or unethical varies as a function of their relativism and idealism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ways in which group members experience and interact with one another has been explored in philosophy from Greek antiquity to the present. In modern European philosophy, beginning with the Enlightenment, the problem of ‘the Other’ has been taken up by empirical, idealist, phenomenological and existential philosophers. Based on such philosophical discourse, this article presents a fourfold schema of ‘modalities’ through which people acquire knowledge of one another in groups. The four modalities are as follows: (1) ‘Mind’, the use of reason, cognition and sense data to form a model of the other person’s mental processes; (2) ‘Body’, the intuitive, empathic, embodied perception of others; (3) ‘Gaze’, the establishment of power and authority by scrutiny of each other’s presentation of self; and (4) ‘Face’, the ethical imperative presented by the Other. The ideas of (1) Descartes, Locke and Kant; (2) Merleau-Ponty; (3) Sartre and Foucault; and (4) Levinas are discussed to elucidate each modality. The relationships between the modalities, group analytic theory and neuroscience are explored to build bridges between philosophy, group theory and practice, and the neuroscience of the social brain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I provide a phenomenological response to Quentin Meillassoux's "realist" criticism of phenomenology and I explore the resources and limits of phenomenology in its own attempt to grapple with the paradox Meillassoux believes sinks it: subjectivity has priority over the physical reality it constitutes despite the anteriority and posteriority of that physical reality to subjectivity. I first offer a corrective to Meillassoux's interpretation of Husserl. Then, I turn to Merleau-Ponty's lectures on the philosophy of nature, where he addresses the paradox by interpreting Husserl in the light of Schelling. I argue throughout that the correct understanding of Husserl's concept of constitution, and particularly, passive constitution, defangs this realist criticism of phenomenology and suggests phenomenology to be capable of a Naturphilosophie intimating pre-reflective being. The prime instance of this pre-reflective being is subjectivity's entanglement with a reality that encompasses it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In A Realist Theory of Science, Roy Bhaskar provides several transcendental arguments for critical realism - a position Bhaskar himself characterized as transcendental realism. Bhaskar provides an argument from perception and from the intelligibility of scientific experimentation, maintaining that transcendental realism is necessary for both. I argue that neither argument succeeds, and that transcendental idealism can better vindicate scientific practice than Bhaskar's realism. Bhaskar's arguments against the Kantian view fail, for they misrepresent the transcendental idealist position. I conclude that, if they wish to retain their theoretical commitments, critical realists ought to be transcendental idealists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Church architecture is commonly a tactile expression of theology, revealing to us who we are, what we believe and how we practise Christianity. While the content of the Gospel message is significantly more important than church architecture, we nevertheless ought to work towards an architecture that creatively and meaningfully expresses Biblical Christianity, its faith, theology and praxis. In this paper I argue that most contemporary mega church architecture is unfortunately an expression of consumer-capitalist ideology, and fails to contrast itself as 'other', by aligning itself with secular architectural typologies. These generally govern the form, space and aesthetics of the contemporary mega church. It is argued that contrary to good architectural design theory, the mega church building all too often is a form that does not follow function, but is rather a manifestation of consumerism and capitalism. And while this manifestation of ideology is arguably noble, because of its apparent evangelistic objective, I demonstrate that this is problematic on several accounts, ultimately offering an inversion of authentic Christian community. The paper then endeavours to offer countercultural ideologies from Scripture that are often in contrast to the ideologies of the mega church and its Christianity. Some of these Biblical ideologies and other ideas are then developed into features that might inform any church architecture. It is hoped that further reflection on this topic would encourage a Biblical theology and spirituality that leads to world-class church design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the concept of idealism which help avoid the mind-body problem. It examines the relationship between the mind and the body and the mind and the brain wherein the idealists have as much reason to engage as anyone else. It also cites the mental states of the idealist with no realm of the extramental removes of the concerns.

Honoré de Balzac’s 1836 novellaL'Interdictionis the story of a wife's attempt to have her husband declared legally incompetent by reason of insanity, and of an idealisticjuge d'instruction's investigation of her request. In a procedurally detailed recounting of the investigation, Balzac reflects on the law's role alongside other discourses of authority in defining and adjudicating normal and abnormal behaviour. The eventual discovery that the husband is sane and that the wife's motives in claiming the contrary are grossly self-interested leads the narrator to familiar Balzacian conclusions about the marginalization of virtue – its depiction, indeed, as a form of madness – in a corrupt modern society. Yet the text's constant evocation of questions of plausibility, verisimilitude and realism draws these legal considerations into a self-reflexive dispute about narrative aesthetics, a mise-en-abyme of contemporaneous debates between the literary approach known as ‘idealism’, and Balzac's own nascent conception of the novelist's art, which would one day be known as ‘realism’. Despite its superficial moralizing, the text leads inexorably to the conclusion that idealism – the judge's, the husband's, Balzac's contemporary novelists' – is, simply, impossible, and must always yield to the demands of reality. The novella thus reveals how literature not only engages with legal issues and arguments, but appropriates them for the purposes of intra-literary aesthetic debates about how best to represent the world. Indeed,L'Interdictiongives a sense of how legal and representational disputes can in fact be two aspects of the same fundamental quarrel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the dilemma faced by utopian narratives, as they struggle to convey their idealistic messages effectively through storytelling. Topics include the distinction between utopian abstractions and concrete narratives, the typical narrative structure of utopian literature, and how this structure undermines the portrayal of ultimate happiness by depicting homogeneous and uneventful societies.

The article discusses several maneuvers related to philosophical concept, representational scepticism and talks about several metaphysical arguments. Topics include scepticism's thought that humans cannot form genuine thoughts, and judgements, ways to avoid the scepticism's including a realist and the idealist point of view, and several arguments related to representational skeptics. Other topics include the interpretation theory to understand the human psychology.

In the article, the author presents some practical jobs for utopian or idealistic artists, particularly in the U.S., to make sure that the politicized art communities are fully employed and contribute to society as of December 2016. Among the recommended jobs are adopting an elder, redesigning the country's hospitals, and humanizing the country's prisons and detention centers.

Copyright of Studia Universitatis Babes-Bolyai, Philologia is the property of Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Following on theoretical work and studies that assert a relationship between unethical activities and diminished well-being, and a common belief that those more ethically inclined experience greater well-being, the present study examined whether individual differences in ethical orientation may be associated with the experience of well-being. This paper reports the findings of two separate studies showing that individual differences in moral attentiveness, moral identity, idealism, relativism, and integrity were associated with differences in a wide range of well-being measures. Of particular significance is not all ethical orientations were found to contribute to well-being. In fact, some negatively impacted individual levels of well-being. Implications for integrating these new findings into existing ethical theory and considerations for future research are explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines whether business ethics education has a positive effect on student ethical behavior. It uses a matched-pairs design to see the responses before and after students have taken a semester-long unit in business ethics. It used ethical scenarios and analyzed both the beginning position and changes in responses for the total student group, and by gender and citizenship.

The Fulbright program attracts applicants passionate about service and research abroad. Applicants apply to one country. To aid their decisions, competition statistics giving approximate probabilities of being awarded a scholarship are released for each country. This paper examines how competition statistics influence country choices. In aggregate, our results suggest that applicants are not swayed to apply to countries with low competition or deterred from countries with high competition. However, accounting for the difference in scholarship types and the macroeconomic context, there is strong evidence of opportunistic behavior by teaching applicants and for all applicants when the unemployment rate is high. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study contributes to fuller understandings of the tensions in wind energy planning and politics. Through a q-method analysis of wind energy supporter and opponent discourses in communities hosting both proposed and constructed projects it extends the literature in three main ways. First, this study responds to the need for more nuanced understandings of wind energy supporter perspectives. It identifies and contrasts an impatient supporter with an idealistic supporter discourse. These differ in content, in constituents and in time of use. Second, it identifies an absolute opposition and qualified opposition discourse. Neither of these discourses confirm an expectation from previous studies that landscape and place attachment are the primary determinants for wind energy opposition, rather concerns over health risks, wildlife habitat and a rebuttal of the climate benefits of wind energy are of key concern. Finally, the study contributes to a critical mass of q-method studies of wind energy siting disputes from which tentative general patterns are identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many lawyers face the challenge of adhering to the idealistic principles of objective client-centered lawyering. This Article examines the additional conflict of client-centered lawyering when the attorney seeks to balance not only the attorney's ethical obligations to the attorney's individual corporate client, but also the attorney's competing personal obligations to a cause and a group (such as members of a particular race). When an attorney's sense of duty to a cause or the attorney's race rises to the level where the advocacy for those groups becomes, in essence, that attorney's cause client and race client, how does the attorney balance these obligations? The attorney, at that point, has an individual corporate client, a cause client, and a race client. This Article examines how a lawyer's sense of duties to these non-legal clients impacts the attorney's implementation of the utopic ideals of client-centered lawyering. How does an attorney remain objective in counseling the individual corporate client while torn by the duties to the cause client and race client? How does an attorney prevent the pursuit of these goals from influencing the choice of entities to accept as clients? Is it possible to provide client-centered objective advice to clients when an attorney has these competing personal duties that threaten to unduly influence the attorney's actions? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The opinions that people hold about the nature of consciousness are important not only to researchers in philosophy and science, but also in many professional fields such as clinical medicine, law, and education. However, in spite of this importance and how controversial the topic is, there is remarkably little empirical data concerning what these opinions are. Here we describe the results of a multi-year survey of university students concerning their beliefs about the nature of consciousness and about what entities (other people, animals, computers, etc.) are conscious. We find that these students are split fairly evenly between dualists and materialists, and that they also include a significant number of idealists. Almost all of the participants attribute consciousness to other people, and the vast majority attributes it to at least some animal species but not to computers. These results, especially when combined with those from the few existing previous surveys that we review, do not support past statements in the consciousness studies literature that dualism is by far the dominant viewpoint in the general population (or at least for that portion of the population that goes on to a university education). The results also indicate that most people resolve the problem of other minds in a way that includes some animals as being conscious. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wallace Thurman's short-lived magazine Fire!! (1926) adapted the aesthetic manifesto of the Anglo-American avant-garde to represent the various sexual and racial subject positions in 1920s Harlem in an effort to break away from a Harlem intellectual bourgeoisie that Thurman thought relied too much on the normalizing tendencies of sociology. Aesthetically reproducing the dynamic milieu of Harlem sexual life, Thurman's Fire!! deviated from the racial uplift efforts of figures such as W.E.B. Du Bois and Charles S. Johnson and advocated a queer modernism that attacked what Thurman saw as Victorian mores in sociological studies and idealistic aesthetic representations of black city life. Instead of merely using sexuality to offend censors, Thurman "queers" the modernist manifesto, promoting an alternative aesthetic to that practiced in such periodicals as The Crisis and Opportunity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jacques Rivette's Paris nous appartient (1961) is about a literature student, Anne Goupil, who becomes involved with a group of bohemians centering around the absent figure of Spanish musician, Juan. The film incorporates the attempt by theatre director Gerard Lenz - in many ways a simulacrum of Rivette himself - to stage Pericles, even though this is a play that he himself defines as "incoherent" and "unplayable." This essay explores the significance of this incorporation, and shows how the reiterated, fragmentary rehearsals of this "unplayable" play are essential to an understanding of the (disjointed) logic of the film as well as the atmosphere of conspiracy it continually evokes. It also argues that the "Shakespeare" included in the film is an "exilic Shakespeare" that does not properly belong, a kind of spectre haunting the film characters. This construct uneasily coexists with a version of "Shakespeare" that the film simultaneously emphasizes - a "Shakespeare" that takes place "on another level" (in Anne's words), an idyllic and idealistic entity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the therapeutic process of a patient thought to be suffering from an idealistic perfectionism. After extensive research on topics of specialness, indulgence, and grandiosity, concepts such as Kernberg’s vision of narcissistic disorder and Kohut’s vision of self-disorder are used to assess the patient’s progress in treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among Kant's innovations in the understanding of logic ('general logic') were his claims that logic had no content of its own, but was the form of the thought of any possible content, and that the unit of meaning, the truth-bearer, judgement, was essentially apperceptive. Judging was implicitly the consciousness of judging. This was for Kant a logical truth. This article traces the influence of the latter claim on Fichte, and, for most of the discussion, on Hegel. The aim is to understand the relations among self-consciousness, reason and freedom in the idealist tradition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leadership theories have shifted over the last few decades from a focus on managerial functions and economic leader-follower exchanges toward greater focus on the interpersonal dynamics occurring within the leadership process. Theories such as transformational, ethical, authentic, and other 'newer genre' theories were created to address neglected topics such as leader vision and inspirational messages, transparency, emotional effects, morality, individualized attention, and intellectual stimulation. Critiques of these theories, however, have been raised. In this paper, we address five of those critiques and argue for the validity and practical effectiveness of the new genre theories. Further, we describe how newer genre leadership research should be viewed as a performative epistemology, entailing a process of co-creation involving scholars and practitioners. Finally, from this view, we provide general ideas for leader development. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transnational social movement organizations manage meaning and transmit meaning across borders. Organizations in the peace and human rights sector also often deal overtly in the construction, framing, translation, and distribution of meanings. This article describes a hybrid form of idealism that is defined herein as ‘idealist activism’. In describing idealist activism, this article identifies a form of meaning management that emphasizes engagement with humanity both in the service of and in the quest for universal truths and tenets, as opposed to the more widely acknowledged cosmopolitanism emphasis on engagement with universal truths and tenets in the service of humanity. The significance of idealist activism is explained not just in terms of the depth and breadth of its influence, but also with regard to its pertinence as an alternative to both political cosmopolitanism and religious idealism. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Goethe's 'Iphigenie auf Tauris' occupies a key position in the reception history of Euripides' play, and has itself been subjected, particularly in more recent years, to radical and even hostile reinterpretations. But it is surely still possible to take seriously the idealistic, but not wholly unrealistic, humane message which Goethe intended it to convey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Electronic Turkish Studies is the property of Electronic Turkish Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article offers the author's insights on the similarities of the book "The Sound and the Fury," by William Faulkner and the short story "The Golden Pot," by E. T. A. Hoffman. The author says that protagonists in the two literary pieces has the same personality, temperamental, and circumstances in their general life. He states that the characters in the stories are the same university students with similar idealism in life. Moreover, the author mentions that both of the writings portrays trajectories which leads to suicidal climax.

These days, the radicalization of young people is above all viewed as a security risk. Almost all research into this phenomenon has been carried out from a legal, criminological or socio-psychological perspective with a focus on detecting and containing the risks posed by radicalization. In the light of the political developments since September 11, 2001, this is entirely understandable but perhaps not altogether wise. Research and theory development from a pedagogical perspective can also make a significant contribution towards a better understanding of radicalization processes and possibly offer new points of departure for intervention strategies. On the basis of five typical cases, the authors examine the role of educators, social workers and teachers, and the problems they face when dealing with young people with extreme ideals. This article attempts to provide insight into the pedagogical conditions for the development of extreme ideals and suggests starting points for developing effective countermeasures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study sought to integrate research in the areas of computer-mediated communication (CMC) and long-distance (romantic and dating) relationships (LDRs). Specifically, predictions extracted from the hyperpersonal model of CMC and research on idealization in LDRs were tested. Five hundred ninety-two participants completed an online survey. Results indicated that the amount of time since individuals last communicated face to face moderates the relationship between media use frequency and satisfaction and commitment for long-distance friends. The findings provide support for hyperpersonal idealization mechanisms in some types of long-distance friendships. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Philosophy and practical life are two different things. Philosophy is a theoretical in nature, while practical life covering all types of human actions and is bound by space, time and matter. Philosophy emphasizes analytical thinking, idealistic, holistic, comprehensive and practical. When all of these aspects compared, it looks different and has no relation. However, the reality of life illustrates that practical life mostly depends on philosophical commentaries and conclusion on any area of life. This article will prove the close relationship between these two things and its benefits to mankind. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper gives an outline of a conception of philosophy based on some ideas of Merleau-Ponty's phenomenology. Merleau-Ponty tries to overcome the traditional thinking (namely its idealistic philosophy /realistic science pattern). He abandons the purely reflexive attitude and turns to the original realm of experience. This turn is crucial for Merleau-Ponty way of philosophizing: issues such as the relationship be-tween the subject and the world (or the Other) are no more explored from the per-spective of an impartial spectator, but rather from the perspective of a bodily engaged thinker situated in the world. Therefore, for him the role of philosophy is not reduced to searching for and describing the Truth valid for ever. He rather envisages the phi-losophy, which should be aware of its being a part of the ambiguous lived world. It also should be nourished by perception, which is a philosopher's primary sort of cogni-tion. As an example he depicts Socrates and his vivid relationship with the polis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our purpose was to perform a psychometric evaluation of a new 33-item questionnaire developed in Norway. To evaluate it we assessed its internal consistency, performed an exploratory factor analysis, and investigated aspects of construct validity. We also examined test-retest reliability. A second purpose was to investigate whether or not individual level variables such as age, gender, or service were related to different military identities. In Study 1 we collected cross-sectional data from military personnel in the Norwegian Armed Forces (N = 317). In Study 2 we collected longitudinal data from students undertaking junior officer education (N = 238). We identified a 3-factor structure, comprising professionalism, individualism, and idealism. Internal consistency for the 3 subscales was acceptable (α = .60-.83). Test-retest reliability and construct validity were supported. We found professionalism to be significantly higher in the Army as compared to in the Navy and Air Force. We did not detect gender differences in terms of military identities, but we did detect small negative correlations between age and professionalism and between age and idealism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accepting much of the internal logic of Lee's argument, I consider the wider conditions and logics in play such that education as a human right can be comprehended, debated, and ultimately defended and supported in the 21stcentury. I suggest that despite the idealist rhetoric of UN discourse that operated in Lee's conception of education as a human right, providing (Western) schooling to improve the lives of marginalized individuals in developing-world contexts should be understood as the consolation prize rather than represent an idealized/naturalized education that can innocently transcend the logic of underdevelopment and performativity shaping education's current manifestations in developing-world contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author focuses on the work of Iris Murdoch, an Irish-born British author and philosopher. She states that her novels and books were influenced by philosopher Plato and she focused on refining moral attention, which was also followed by philosopher Pierre Hadot. She also mentions that Murdoch's ethical and idealistic vision have always encouraged other authors.

Must principles of justice be practical? Some political philosophers, the “implementers,” say yes. Others, the “idealists,” say no. Despite this disagreement, the implementers and idealists agree on what “practical” means, subscribing to the “implementation-prediction” (IP) conception of practicality. They also seem to agree that principles of so-called “ideal theory” need not be (and often are not) IP-practical. The implementers take this as a reason to reject ideal theory as an approach to principles of justice, while the idealists do not. In this paper, I argue that we should reject the IP conception of practicality. The implementers make a mistake, then, by requiring principles of justice to be IP-practical. But the idealists make a mistake, too, by rejecting in general the requirement that principles of justice be practical. For there is a plausible alternative conception of practicality that political philosophers should accept: the “experimentation-learning” (EL) conception. EL-practicality makes for a more realistic and epistemically accessible standard of practicality, and thus should be welcomed by the realistically-inclined implementers. It also preserves a crucial role for ideal theory, so should be welcomed by the idealists, too. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Journalism ethics theorizing is increasingly preoccupied with identifying and articulating universal norms and standards for media systems across various cultures. This study offers an empirical contribution to this topic by examining the ethical orientations of journalists in 18 countries. Country-level, or ideological, factors, rather than individual-level variables, appear to have the greatest impact on journalists’ degrees of idealism and relativistic thinking. Findings affirm hierarchy-of-influences theories regarding news work. They also raise questions about the nature of universal standards that would constitute a cross-cultural journalism ethics theory and underscore concerns about the viability of Enlightenment assumptions to serve as universal journalism ethical norms. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article examines the peak and decline in interest in international small arms control during the trans-First World War period. It traces this process from the 1908 Brussels Conference, through the 1919 St-Germain Convention to the 1925 Geneva Convention, with the coda of the 1935 Royal Commission on the Manufacture of and Trade in Armaments. The research identifies the pivotal role of the 1917 Islington Committee. The article argues that realist and idealist small arms controllers have fundamentally different objectives: practical small arms control has tended to be a realist concern, whereas small arms campaigns are, for idealists, a lever to achieve wider goals. The history of small arms control provides a point of entry into understanding the cycles of international politics. The renaissance of interest in small arms control, the article suggests, is the mirror image of the decline in emphasis during the twentieth century. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]