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The present investigation was convened during kharif, 2022 (July-October), rabi-summer, 2023 (January-May) and kharif, 2023 (July-October) at J.N.K.V.V., Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India to characterize 165 diverse soybean germplasm lines in pursuance of DUS (Distinctness, Uniformity, and Stability) guidelines focusing on integrating optimal morphological traits to pre-fine soybean crop improvement. The study revealed significant variation among soybean genotypes. The hypocotyl color, controlled by a monogenic trait, was found in 77 genotypes, closely associated with violet flower color, whereas non-pigmented hypocotyls present in 88 genotypes were linked to white flowers. Growth habits were categorized as determinate (59), semideterminate (103), and indeterminate (3), demonstrating that semi-determinate genotypes offer balanced resource allocation and reduced lodging. Most genotypes displayed medium flowering time (159) and medium plant height (134). Leaf shape was predominantly pointed ovate (121), with lanceolate leaves associated with higher number of seeds-1 pod. The presence of dark green leaves in 108 genotypes indicated higher chlorophyll content and enhanced photosynthetic efficiency to strengthen plant type. Semi-erect growth habit was prevalent in 152 genotypes, providing better soil coverage and moisture retention, while 13 genotypes showed erect growth. Pod pubescence was observed in 106 genotypes, offering protection against pests. These traits are found stable across the environment and may be used as an identification key for different varieties and donor germplasm lines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plants can perceive a slight upsurge in ambient temperature and respond by undergoing morphological changes, such as elongated hypocotyls and early flowering. The dynamic functioning of PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR4 (PIF4) in thermomorphogenesis is well established, although the complete regulatory pathway involved in thermosensing remains elusive. We establish that an increase in temperature from 22 to 28 °C induces upregulation and activation of MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE 4 (MPK4) in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), subsequently leading to the phosphorylation of PIF4. Phosphorylated PIF4 represses the expression of ACTIN-RELATED PROTEIN 6 (ARP6), which is required for mediating the deposition of histone variant H2A.Z at its target loci. Furthermore, we demonstrate that variations in ARP6 expression in PIF4 phosphor-null and phosphor-mimetic seedlings affect hypocotyl growth at 22 and 28 °C by modulating the regulation of ARP6-mediated H2A.Z deposition at the loci of genes involved in elongating hypocotyl cells. Interestingly, the expression of MPK4 is also controlled by H2A.Z deposition in a temperature-dependent manner. Taken together, these findings highlight the regulatory mechanism of thermosensing by which MPK4-mediated phosphorylation of PIF4 affects ARP6-mediated H2A.Z deposition at the genes involved in hypocotyl cell elongation. Regulatory mechanism of elevated temperature-mediated thermosensing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phytochrome (phy) family of sensory photoreceptors modulates developmental programs in response to ambient light. Phys also control gene expression in part by directly interacting with the bHLH class of transcription factors, PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTORS (PIFs), and inducing their rapid phosphorylation and degradation. Several kinases have been shown to phosphorylate PIFs and promote their degradation. However, the phosphatases that dephosphorylate PIFs are less understood. In this study, we describe 4 regulatory subunits of the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) protein PHOSPHATASE 2A (PP2A) family (B′α, B′β, B″α, and B″β) that interact with PIF3 in yeast 2-hybrid, in vitro and in vivo assays. The pp2ab″αβ and b″αβ/b′αβ mutants display short hypocotyls, while the overexpression of the B subunits induces longer hypocotyls compared with the wild type (WT) under red light. The light-induced degradation of PIF3 is faster in the b″αβ/b′αβ quadruple mutant compared with that in the WT. Consistently, immunoprecipitated PP2A A and B subunits directly dephosphorylate PIF3-MYC in vitro. An RNA-sequencing analysis shows that B″α and B″β alter global gene expression in response to red light. PIFs (PIF1, PIF3, PIF4, and PIF5) are epistatic to these B subunits in regulating hypocotyl elongation under red light. Collectively, these data show an essential function of PP2A in dephosphorylating PIF3 to modulate photomorphogenesis in Arabidopsis. PHOSPHATASE2A subunits delay red-light-induced PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTOR3 degradation and promote hypocotyl elongation specifically under red-light conditions in Arabidopsis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phytohormone gibberellic acid (GA) is critical for environmentally sensitive plant development including germination, skotomorphogenesis, and flowering. The Förster resonance energy transfer biosensor GIBBERELLIN PERCEPTION SENSOR1, which permits single-cell GA measurements in vivo, has been used to observe a GA gradient correlated with cell length in dark-grown, but not light-grown, hypocotyls. We sought to understand how light signaling integrates into cellular GA regulation. Here, we show how the E3 ligase CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENESIS1 (COP1) and transcription factor ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 5 (HY5) play central roles in directing cellular GA distribution in skoto- and photomorphogenic hypocotyls, respectively. We demonstrate that the expression pattern of the GA biosynthetic enzyme gene GA20ox1 is the key determinant of the GA gradient in dark-grown hypocotyls and is a target of COP1 signaling. We engineered a second generation GPS2 biosensor with improved orthogonality and reversibility. GPS2 revealed a previously undetectable cellular pattern of GA depletion during the transition to growth in the light. This GA depletion partly explains the resetting of hypocotyl growth dynamics during photomorphogenesis. Achieving cell-level resolution has revealed how GA distributions link environmental conditions with morphology and morphological plasticity. The GPS2 biosensor is an ideal tool for GA studies in many conditions, organs, and plant species. A dynamic cellular gradient of gibberellin quantified using a Förster resonance energy transfer biosensor is required but not sufficient to pattern cell growth and seedling stem morphogenesis in darkness and light. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pathogen Plasmopara halstedii, causing downy mildew (DM), is a widespread sunflower disease which can be controlled by single dominant genes. Wild Helianthus annuus have been a valuable source of vertical resistance to control P. halstedii, but such resistance may eventually be overcome by new races of the pathogen. Alternatively, quantitative, or partial resistance, is more stable and may be combined with vertical resistance to prevent DM outbreaks. We assessed the responses of six populations of wild H. annuus naturalized in Argentina to race 710 of P. halstedii. We examined: 1) the aerial phenotype (including seedling death) using two damage scales and three disease indices, 2) the growth of the pathogen along the hypocotyls, and 3) the presence of the pathogen in the root system. We found that the evaluated sunflower wild populations had lower disease levels than the susceptible cultivated controls. A histologic analysis showed that the wild H. annuus seedlings showed cellular reactions (e.g. necrosis and the deposit of materials on the walls of invaded cells) to restrict the pathogen's growth, allowing the identification of two possible types of resistance: type I, when the growth of the pathogen was limited to the base of the hypocotyls, and type II, when the pathogen managed to invade the entire length of the hypocotyls. The wild sunflower populations also showed differential responses to root infections. A quantitative or partial genetic resistance, rather than resistance based on major genes, seems to be operating in the sampled populations. The individuals found to be resistant in each population represent promising germplasm for sunflower breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Daily changes in the content of phytohormones accumulating in the hypocotyls of young sunflower seedlings that grow under a 14/10-h light-to-dark (LD) photoperiod were followed using LC–MS. The objective of the work was to investigate whether the presence of light and light transitions lead to visible changes visible in phytohormone levels on the sixth day after the onset of germination. The LC–MS technique used allowed the simultaneous detection of more than one hundred individual phytohormone derivatives, of which the daily accumulation patterns were determined for nearly fifty members. The daily changes in phytohormone levels followed specific patterns for each phytohormone. There were differences between the daytime and nighttime levels, most likely reflecting the effects of light on phytohormone metabolism. A significant difference was found between cytokinins (CKs) and all other phytohormones, so that CK group of phytohormones may be considered to have a separate role in hypocotyl elongation. Prolonged daytime (postponed dusk) resulted in a rapid disruption of rhythmic hypocotyl elongation and it triggered an acute light stress response that was evident in increased levels of a number of important phytohormones from all groups except CKs. However, this light stress, termed ARELD (Acute Response to Extended Light Duration), was not present in control plants grown under continuous light conditions. The data suggest that sunflower has means to adapt to the potentially stressful conditions of continuous light (LL). The qPCR-RT study of the isoforms of circadian clock-associated genes HaLHY, HaTOC1, HaELF3, and HaPIF3 revealed diurnal rhythms under both LD and LL conditions in which the peaks were synchronized and shifted toward the subjective dawn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although green light (GL) is located in the middle of the visible light spectrum and regulates a series of plant developmental processes, the mechanism by which it regulates seedling development is largely unknown. In this study, we demonstrated that GL promotes atypical photomorphogenesis in Arabidopsis thaliana via the dual regulations of phytochrome B (phyB) and phyA. Although the Pr‐to‐Pfr conversion rates of phyB and phyA under GL were lower than those under red light (RL) in a fluence rate‐dependent and time‐dependent manner, long‐term treatment with GL induced high Pfr/Pr ratios of phyB and phyA. Moreover, GL induced the formation of numerous small phyB photobodies in the nucleus, resulting in atypical photomorphogenesis, with smaller cotyledon opening angles and longer hypocotyls in seedlings compared to RL. The abundance of phyA significantly decreased after short‐ and long‐term GL treatments. We determined that four major PHYTOCHROME‐INTERACTING FACTORs (PIFs: PIF1, PIF3, PIF4, and PIF5) act downstream of phyB in GL‐mediated cotyledon opening. In addition, GL plays opposite roles in regulating different PIFs. For example, under continuous GL, the protein levels of all PIFs decreased, whereas the transcript levels of PIF4 and PIF5 strongly increased compared with dark treatment. Taken together, our work provides a detailed molecular framework for understanding the role of the antagonistic regulations of phyB and phyA in GL‐mediated atypical photomorphogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Light and gravity coordinately regulate the directional growth of plants. Arabidopsis Gravitropic in the Light 1 (GIL1) inhibits the negative gravitropism of hypocotyls in red and far‐red light, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain elusive. Our study found that GIL1 is a plasma membrane‐localized protein. In endodermal cells of the upper part of hypocotyls, GIL1 controls the negative gravitropism of hypocotyls. GIL1 directly interacts with PIN3 and inhibits the auxin transport activity of PIN3. Mutation of PIN3 suppresses the abnormal gravitropic response of gil1 mutant. The GIL1 protein is unstable in darkness but it is stabilized by red and far‐red light. Together, our data suggest that light‐stabilized GIL1 inhibits the negative gravitropism of hypocotyls by suppressing the activity of the auxin transporter PIN3, thereby enhancing the emergence of young seedlings from the soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mangroves are one of the world's most unique tropical coastal ecosystems. They are a rich repository of biological wealth, including specially adapted flora and fauna. The microbiome component of this ecosystem is a fascinating world that is yet to be fully explored for its functional and ecological interrelationships with its hosts. The mangrove ecosystem is a hidden treasure of microbial diversity, without which mangrove biology is incomplete. In the present study, the isolation of a cellulase-producing, endophytic Bacillus sp. from the hypocotyl region of viviparous seedlings is described. This study urges us to look into the microbial diversity of mangrove propagules, by presenting a glimpse of a member of the endospheric microbiome of viviparous hypocotyls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High temperature-induced hypocotyl elongation is a typical thermomorphogenesis trait that may significantly affect early seedling growth and subsequent crop yield. The ambient temperature and endogenous auxin are two critical factors that regulate hypocotyl growth. However, the mechanism of temperature and auxin integration in horticultural plants remains poorly understood. In this study, the roles of the basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor CsPIF4 in regulating auxin biosynthesis genes and the auxin content in the hypocotyl of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) seedlings under high temperature were investigated. qRT-PCR and in situ hybridization analysis revealed that expression of CsPIF4 was enhanced in the epidermis and vascular bundles in the hypocotyl of cucumber seedlings in response to high temperature. qRT-PCR and HPLC analysis showed that CsPIF4 positively regulated transcription of the auxin biosynthesis gene CsYUC8 and the auxin content in the hypocotyl under high temperature (35 ℃). The CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of CsPIF4 resulted in a shorter hypocotyl compared with that of the wild type, together with decreased expression of CsYUC8 and lower auxin content in response to high temperature. Furthermore, biochemical assays showed that CsPIF4 could bind directly to the G-box motif of the CsYUC8 promoter and thereby activate CsYUC8 expression. These findings provide insight into the molecular mechanism of high temperature-mediated hypocotyl elongation in cucumber. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results obtained from the analysis of physiological and biochemical parameters in the radish, species Raphanus sativus L., variety Rond Ecarlate, which was grown in three different systems (in the field, in the solarium and in the climate chamber). Several parameters necessary for the evaluation of biomass, physiological processes and nutritional values were determined. Regarding the biometric parameters, it was noticed that in the field cultivation the plants formed 11-12 leaves, in the solarium average 12-13 leaves, and in the climatic chamber the analyzed plants formed 7-9 leaves, on an average. The total biomass of the plant was recorded with the following average values: in the field 70.05 grams, in the solarium 92.3 grams and in the climate chamber 32.9 grams. Regarding the circumference of the tuberous hypocotyl axis, the values are higher in plants grown in solarium (16.9 cm), with the smallest dimensions being recorded in plants grown in the climate chamber (7.2 cm). The highest average pulp firmness value was observed in plants grown in the solarium (0.27 kg force), and the lowest values were seen in plants grown in the climate chamber (0.14 kg force). Regarding the amount of water lost through perspiration by the leaves of radish plants, the highest average values were recorded at plants grown in the solarium, and the lowest at plants grown in the climatic chamber. The average soluble dry matter content was higher (over 4%) in plants grown in the climate chamber compared to other harvesting systems. The analysis of the average carbohydrate content shows that the total soluble carbohydrates were present only in the hypocotyl axis and glucose was found both in the hypocotyl axis of the studied plants and in the leaves. Vitamin C was present in variable amounts, both in the hypocotyl axis and in the leaves. The average amino acid content (expressed in amino nitrogen) was between 0.003% and 0.006%. The anthocyanin was present with highest values (54.5 mg) in field-grown plants, and catalase activity was present both in the hypocotyl axis and in the leaves and roots. Air humidity and temperature had a high influence on the development of plant biomass, on the content of dry matter and on the loss of water through transpiration. The biometric, physiological and biochemical parameters varied depending on the cultivation system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY: Rapid hypocotyl elongation allows buried seedlings to emerge, where light triggers de‐etiolation and inhibits hypocotyl growth mainly by photoreceptors. Phosphorylation/dephosphorylation events regulate many aspects of plant development. Only recently we have begun to uncover the earliest phospho‐signaling responders to light. Here, we reported a large‐scale phosphoproteomic analysis and identified 20 proteins that changed their phosphorylation pattern following a 20 min light pulse compared to darkness. Microtubule‐associated proteins were highly overrepresented in this group. Among them, we studied CIP7 (COP1‐INTERACTING‐PROTEIN 7), which presented microtubule (MT) localization in contrast to the previous description. An isoform of CIP7 phosphorylated at Serine915 was detected in etiolated seedlings but was undetectable after a light pulse in the presence of photoreceptors, while CIP7 transcript expression decays with long light exposure. The short hypocotyl phenotype and rearrangement of MTs in etiolated cip7 mutants are complemented by CIP7‐YFP and the phospho‐mimetic CIP7S915D‐YFP, but not the phospho‐null CIP7S915A‐YFP suggesting that the phosphorylated S915CIP7 isoform promotes hypocotyl elongation through MT reorganization in darkness. Our evidence on Serine915 of CIP7 unveils phospho‐regulation of MT‐based processes during skotomorphogenic hypocotyl growth. Significance Statement: In our large‐scale phosphoproteome assay to elucidate the initial phospho‐signaling components triggered by a short light pulse, we found an enrichment of microtubule (MTs)‐associated proteins. Among these proteins, CIP7 (COP1‐INTERATING‐PROTEIN‐7) localizes to MTs and affects hypocotyl growth and MT orientation in dark hypocotyls. Serine915 of CIP7 is dephosphorylated by a brief light pulse. Phosphorylation status of Serine915 regulates this response. Our work establishes a link among skotomorphogenic development, phosphorylation dynamics and MTs‐based processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethylene plays essential roles in plant growth, development and stress responses. The ethylene signaling pathway and molecular mechanism have been studied extensively in Arabidopsis and rice but limited in peanuts. Here, we established a sand-culture method to screen pingyangmycin mutagenized peanut lines based on their specific response to ethylene (‘‘triple response‘‘). An ethylene-insensitive mutant, inhibition of peanut hypocotyl elongation 1 (iph1), was identified that showed reduced sensitivity to ethylene in both hypocotyl elongation and root growth. Through bulked segregant analysis sequencing, a major gene related to iph1, named AhIPH1, was preliminarily mapped at the chromosome Arahy.01, and further narrowed to a 450-kb genomic region through substitution mapping strategy. A total of 7014 genes were differentially expressed among the ACC treatment through RNA-seq analysis, of which only the Arahy.5BLU0Q gene in the candidate mapping interval was differentially expressed between WT and mutant iph1. Integrating sequence variations, functional annotation and transcriptome analysis revealed that a predicated gene, Arahy.5BLU0Q, encoding SNF1 protein kinase, may be the candidate gene for AhIPH1. This gene contained two single-nucleotide polymorphisms at promoter region and was more highly expressed in iph1 than WT. Our findings reveal a novel ethylene-responsive gene, which provides a theoretical foundation and new genetic resources for the mechanism of ethylene signaling in peanuts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coniferous forests represent one of the most valuable ecosystems worldwide, due to the ecological and economic services they provide. Pinus pseudostrobus Lindl., is one of the most promising species for its use in reforestation programs, so it was proposed in this work to evaluate the effect of different LED light spectra on the induction of photomorphogenic responses. To this end, the effects of different light sources (red LED, blue LED, red + blue LED, white LED, and fluorescent light) on the induction and characteristics of callus formed from transverse thin cell layers (tTLC) of hypocotyls of P. pseudostrobus in vitro plantlets were evaluated. The best results in terms of callus characteristics formed were obtained from hypocotyl segments grown on a WPM medium containing 1 mg L-1 of BAP and 3 mg L-1 of 2,4-D, under a blue LED light spectrum. Evaluating technologies to solve challenges that limit forest production such as recalcitrance of forest species is important to sustain the services provided by species as important as forest conifers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study aims of the current study is to establish cell suspension cultures of the medicinal plant, cumin Cuminum cyminum L. by the application of multiple drops and cross-section techniques. These methods were used in cultivating cell suspensions and in vitro plant regeneration. Leaf, stem, hypocotyl and root explants were cultured in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing different concentrations (0.05, 0.5 and 1.0 mg.l-1) of naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and (0.05, 0.1, 1.0 and 2.0 mg.l-1) benzyl adenine BA for callus production. The results indicated the high response of cumin, as the percentage of callus initiation was 100%.The plant regeneration percentage reached 91.6%. Moreover, a friable callus of hypocotyls was appropriate for initiation of cell suspension culture in MS medium with 0.5mg.l-1 NAA and 1.0 mg.l-1benzyl adenine (BA). The best density for primordial callus formation was 51.0 ×105 cells ml-1 in both multiple-drops and cross-sections embedding methods. Callus that had been produced from multi drops and sectors had the ability for shoot regeneration. This study clarified the efficiency of these techniques in establishing cell suspension culture and shoot regeneration, which could be promising sources for high production of active compounds in cumin plant.

The current study aims of the current study is to establish cell suspension cultures of the medicinal plant, cumin Cuminum cyminum L. by the application of multiple drops and cross-section techniques. These methods were used in cultivating cell suspensions and in vitro plant regeneration. Leaf, stem, hypocotyl and root explants were cultured in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing different concentrations (0.05, 0.5 and 1.0 mg.l-1) of naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and (0.05, 0.1, 1.0 and 2.0 mg.l-1) benzyl adenine BA for callus production. The results indicated the high response of cumin, as the percentage of callus initiation was 100%. The plant regeneration percentage reached 91.6%. Moreover, a friable callus of hypocotyls was appropriate for initiation of cell suspension culture in MS medium with 0.5mg.l-1 NAA and 1.0 mg.l-1benzyl adenine (BA). The best density for primordial callus formation was 51.0 ×105 cells ml-1 in both multiple-drops and cross-sections embedding methods. Callus that had been produced from multi drops and sectors had the ability for shoot regeneration. This study clarified the efficiency of these techniques in establishing cell suspension culture and shoot regeneration, which could be promising sources for high production of active compounds in cumin plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The difficult propagation of shrub and tree species and their extensive exposure to grazing threaten their abundance and lead to the necessity to find alternative means of propagation for these species. In vitro micropropagation techniques, viz., tissue culture, offer a promising tool for the rapid, cost-effective, and efficient propagation of different plant species. In the current study, a rapid and efficient in vitro multiplication protocol was developed for the micropropagation of Maerua crassifolia Forssk. Our results revealed that Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with 7.5 µM of 6-benzylaminopurine (BA) and 1.0 µM of 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) led to the highest shoot formation (13.9 shoots per explant in 85.7% of the cultivated hypocotyls) among all other treatments. The best in vitro root formation was obtained on half-strength MS medium with 1.0 µM of indole 3-butyric acid (IBA) as 94.1% of the cultivated shoots formed 6.8 roots per microshoot on average. Ninety percent of the rooted plantlets were successfully acclimatized and are currently growing in the botanical garden of the Botany and Microbiology Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The genetic fidelity of the micropropagated plants was authenticated via flow cytometry. The results of the current study explained a simple, cost-effective, and efficient protocol for the micropropagation of the endangered M. crassifolia trees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Oil Crop Sciences is the property of Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In vitro multiplication of okra is known to be delicate due to its recalcitrant nature. The current study was conducted to investigate the potential applications of thidiazuron (TDZ) on okra's in vitro regeneration. Cotyledonary leaves, hypocotyls and apices were taken from 15-day old in vitro grown seedlings, they were then inoculated on Gamborg (B5) medium containing different plant growth regulators. Maximum callus formation (100%) was obtained from cotyledonary leaves and hypocotyls on B5 without hormones also by adding 0.5 mgL-1 TDZ and 1 mgL-1 BAP for cotyledonary leaves followed by B5 containing 1 mgL-1 TDZ and 1 mgL-1 BAP with 95.83% of calli formed from hypocotyls. B5 supplemented with 1 mgL-1 of TDZ gave the highest rate (100%) of direct regeneration from apices followed by Gamborg medium without PGRs and B5 containing an equimolar concentration of TDZ and BAP with 66.66% of shoot formation. This regeneration system can be used to produce healthy plantlets with a low risk of genetic instability and somaclonal variants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Among the most common abiotic stresses that retard the development and growth of plants is salt stress. This study examined the impact of various salt levels (NaCl and Na2SO4) on the germination behaviour of sesame cultivars. Under various simulated salt concentrations (0.05M, 0.01M,0.15M,0.2M,0.25M,0.3M,0.35M,0.4M, and 0.5M), the degree of salinity tolerance of two sesame cultivars, viz., GT-10 and JTS-8 were assessed. The radicle, hypocotyl length, and fresh weight measurements were made separately after 96 and 144 hours. The results revealed that germination and seedling growth drastically decreased as the salt concentration increased. In comparison to GT-10, JTS-8 exhibits greater tolerance to different NaCl concentrations and greater sensitivity to varying Na2SO4 concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

NHX5 and NHX6, Arabidopsis endosomal antiporters, play a vital role in facilitating ion and pH homeostasis in endosomal compartments. Studies have found that NHX5 and NHX6 are essential for protein trafficking, auxin homeostasis, and plant growth and development. Here, we report the role of NHX5 and NHX6 in brassinosteroid (BR) signaling. We found that hypocotyl growth was enhanced in nhx5 nhx6 under epibrassinolide (eBR) treatment. nhx5 nhx6 bri1 was insensitive to eBR treatment, indicating that NHX5 and NHX6 are downstream of the BRI1 receptor in BR signaling. Moreover, confocal observation with both hypocotyls and root tips showed that BRI1-YFP localization in the plasma membrane (PM) was reduced in nhx5 nhx6. Interestingly, brefeldin A (BFA) treatment showed that formation of the BFA bodies containing BRI1 and their disassembling were disrupted in nhx5 nhx6. Further genetic analysis showed that NHX5/NHX6 and SYP22 may act coordinately in BR signaling. NHX5 and NHX6 may regulate SYP22 function by modulating cellular K+ and pH homeostasis. Importantly, NHX5 and NHX6 colocalize and interact with SYP22, but do not interact with BRI1. In summary, our findings indicate that NHX5/NHX6/SYP22 complex is essential for the regulation of BRI1 recycling and PM localization. The H+-leak facilitated by NHX5 and NHX6 offers a means of controlling BR signaling in plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paubrasilia echinata (brazilwood) is an endangered native tree from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest whose seeds tolerate maturation drying, but, unlike classic orthodox seeds, they quickly lose viability after shedding. This work analyzed the biochemical and ultrastructural changes during the maturation of brazilwood seeds, with particular attention to the cell walls and organization of the cellular components. The physiological seed maturity was accompanied by increased starch content and decreased soluble sugars. Arabinose increased considerably and was the predominant cell-wall sugar during maturation, suggesting a rise in arabinans that contribute to greater cell wall flexibility. This increase was consistent with the cell wall infolding observed in the hypocotyl axis and cotyledons during the maturation of brazilwood seeds. Ultrastructural analyses showed changes in the number and distribution of protein bodies and amyloplasts and the reorganization of lipid droplets into large drops or masses during seed desiccation. Our findings demonstrate that brazilwood seeds behave like other orthodox seeds during maturation, performing the cell wall and metabolic changes before the major decline in the seed water content. However, the high vacuolization and reorganization of lipid bodies observed at 65 DAA suggest that cell deterioration occurs to some extent at the end of the maturation period and could be responsible for reducing the longevity of the brazilwood dried seeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The difficult propagation of shrub and tree species and their extensive exposure to grazing threaten their abundance and lead to the necessity to find alternative means of propagation for these species. In vitro micropropagation techniques, viz., tissue culture, offer a promising tool for the rapid, cost-effective, and efficient propagation of different plant species. In the current study, a rapid and efficient in vitro multiplication protocol was developed for the micropropagation of Maerua crassifolia Forssk. Our results revealed that Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with 7.5 µM of 6-benzylaminopurine (BA) and 1.0 µM of 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) led to the highest shoot formation (13.9 shoots per explant in 85.7% of the cultivated hypocotyls) among all other treatments. The best in vitro root formation was obtained on half-strength MS medium with 1.0 µM of indole 3-butyric acid (IBA) as 94.1% of the cultivated shoots formed 6.8 roots per microshoot on average. Ninety percent of the rooted plantlets were successfully acclimatized and are currently growing in the botanical garden of the Botany and Microbiology Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The genetic fidelity of the micropropagated plants was authenticated via flow cytometry. The results of the current study explained a simple, cost-effective, and efficient protocol for the micropropagation of the endangered M. crassifolia trees.

In this study, we used the modified CRISPR/Cas9 system to produce targeted point mutations in cauliflower. Acetolactate synthase (ALS) and Centromere-specific histone H3 variant (CENH3) genes were selected as the base-editing targets and hypocotyls of cauliflower were used as explants. For ALS gene, a C-to-T conversion in the Pro182 codon (CCT) can alter the encoded amino acid, likely resulting in herbicide resistance, and a C-to-T mutation in the Leu133 codon (CTT) in the CENH3 gene may produce a haploid inducer. Results indicated that the transformation efficiency was 1.8%-4.5% and the mutation efficiencies for the ALS and CENH3 genes were approximately 22% and 87%, respectively. The ALS mutant cauliflower showed strong herbicide resistance, with possible immediate implications for broadleaf weed control in cauliflower fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To establish a method for studying the organic acid environmental capacity of mangrove ecosystems, high-performance liquid chromatography was used to measure the organic acid detoxification agent; Using different cultivation methods to determine the toxicity threshold of organic acids on mangrove plants; Calculate the environmental capacity of organic acids by combining the toxicity threshold of organic acids with the volume of water in the study area. The results showed the range of toxicity thresholds of organic acids to 25.29–30 mg/L would have an inhibitory effect on the development of mangrove plant hypocotyls; The organic acid environmental capacity of Dongzhai harbor Mangrove Wetland Protection Area is 7.76 × 10^4 kg/d ~ 8.73 × 10^4 kg/d, while the estimated organic acid emissions from shrimp ponds around Dongzhai harbor are 7.06 × 10^3 kg/d ~ 7.83 × 10^3 kg/d. Therefore, the organic acid emissions from shrimp ponds around Dongzhai harbor are within the carrying range of the mangrove wetland ecosystem in Dongzhai harbor. • A research method on the environmental capacity of organic acids in mangrove ecosystems was established, based on the determination of RT-HPLC methods for the simultaneous detection of a variety of organic acids, and the testing of commercially available organic acid detoxifiers to clarify the types and concentrations of organic acids used in the experiments. • Concentration ranges of organic acids discharged into mangrove wetland ecosystems obtained from laboratory experiments modelling the degradation kinetics of organic acid detoxifiers in use. • Determine the toxicity thresholds of organic acids to mangrove plants using both hydroponic and soil cultivation methods; calculate the environmental capacity of mangrove wetland reserves for organic acids by combining the toxicity thresholds of organic acids with the volume of water in the research area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) is a harmful cyanotoxin that inhibits 1 and 2A serine-threonine protein phosphatases. This study examines the influence of MC-LR on chloroplast division and the underlying mechanisms and consequences in Arabidopsis. MC-LR increased the frequency of dividing chloroplasts in hypocotyls in a time range of 1–96 h. At short-term exposures to MC-LR, small-sized chloroplasts (longitudinal diameters ≤6 μm) were more sensitive to these stimulatory effects, while both small and large chloroplasts showed stimulations at long-term exposure. After 48 h, the cyanotoxin increased the frequency of small-sized chloroplasts, indicating the stimulation of division. MC-LR inhibited protein phosphatases in whole hypocotyls and isolated chloroplasts, while it did not induce oxidative stress. We show for the first time that total cellular phosphatases play important roles in chloroplast division and that particular chloroplast phosphatases may be involved in these processes. Interestingly, MC-LR has a protective effect on cyanobacterial division during methyl-viologen (MV) treatments in Synechococcus PCC6301. MC-LR production has harmful effects on ecosystems and it may have an ancient cell division regulatory role in stressed cyanobacterial cells, the evolutionary ancestors of chloroplasts. We propose that cytoplasmic (eukaryotic) factors also contribute to the relevant effects of MC-LR in plants. [Display omitted] • Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) is a harmful cyanotoxin, an inhibitor of protein phosphatases. • MC-LR alters Arabidopsis plastid division at environmentally relevant concentration. • Environmental implications of such subcellular alterations in plants are discussed. • MC-LR also affects cyanobacterial division even during oxidative stress. • MC-LR's evolutionary function may be the regulation of cyanobacterial division. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Winter rape (Brassica napus L.) is better than other edible oil crops in China, but poor cold resistance is the key factor restricting its development. Hypocotyl length was found closely related to cold tolerance. The correlation between hypocotyl length and semi-lethal low temperature was significant, and the highest correlation between hypocotyl length and LT50 of autumn sowing was 0.9557. When the hypocotyl were treated at low temperature, the cells were seriously damaged and formed cavity structures, with cell walls seriously damaged or merged into each other. The positive regulation gene of hypocotyl length in resistant line of VHTSG 10 was identified as HY5 (transcription factor HY5-like) by qPCR, and bZIP transcription factor was found to be its conserved domain. Fused gene by GFP and HY5 from VHTSG 10 was transient transferred into Nicotiana benthamiana cells. Corresponding to the 35S:GFP widely distributed in plasma membrane of leaf epidermis, the fusion protein 35S:HY5-GFP was mainly distributed in nucleus. Thus we regarded BnHY5 gene is a key gene related to cold tolerance and hypocotyl length in B. napus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The β‐glucuronidase gene, uidA (GUS), has remained a favorite reporter gene in plants since its introduction in 1987 for its stability and versatility in a variety of fluorometric, spectrophotometric, and histochemical techniques. One of the most popular uses is as a reporter gene for visualizing endogenous promoter activities within plant tissues. Despite this popularity, specific protocols for minimizing nonrepresentative staining patterns, including false negatives, in challenging tissue types are not common. This became a large issue during our work on dark‐grown Arabidopsis hypocotyls, and we set out to develop a protocol that would ensure accurate staining in a tissue that is biologically resistant to reagent penetration. Through extensive testing using a variety of constitutive and endogenous promoter::GUS fusion lines, we have developed an optimized GUS staining protocol that combines the use of acetone as a fixative, deliberate physical damage, and proper positive and negative controls to help ensure accurate staining along the hypocotyl while minimizing false negatives. Hopefully, our recommendations will allow for improved staining that more accurately reflects the true activity of cloned endogenous promoters and thus facilitate a more accurate understanding of promoter activity in Arabidopsis hypocotyls and other hard‐to‐stain tissues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mobilisation of seed storage reserves is important for seedling establishment in Arabidopsis. In this process, sucrose is synthesised from triacylglycerol via core metabolic processes. Mutants with defects in triacylglycerol-to-sucrose conversion display short etiolated seedlings. We found that whereas sucrose content in the indole-3-butyric acid response 10 (ibr10) mutant was significantly reduced, hypocotyl elongation in the dark was unaffected, questioning the role of IBR10 in this process. To dissect the metabolic complexity behind cell elongation, a quantitative-based phenotypic analysis combined with a multi-platform metabolomics approach was applied. We revealed that triacylglycerol and diacylglycerol breakdown were disrupted in ibr10, resulting in low sugar content and poor photosynthetic ability. Importantly, batch-learning self-organised map clustering revealed that threonine level was correlated with hypocotyl length. Consistently, exogenous threonine supply stimulated hypocotyl elongation, indicating that sucrose levels are not always correlated with etiolated seedling length, suggesting the contribution of amino acids in this process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mitochondria in plant cells usually contain less than a full copy of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) genome. Here, we asked whether mitochondrial dynamics may allow individual mitochondria to 'collect' a full set of mtDNA-encoded gene products over time, by facilitating exchange between individuals akin to trade on a social network. We characterise the collective dynamics of mitochondria in Arabidopsis hypocotyl cells using a recent approach combining single-cell time-lapse microscopy, video analysis and network science. We use a quantitative model to predict the capacity for sharing genetic information and gene products through the networks of encounters between mitochondria. We find that biological encounter networks support the emergence of gene product sets over timemore readily than a range of other possible network structures. Using results from combinatorics, we identify the network statistics that determine this propensity, and discuss how features of mitochondrial dynamics observed in biology facilitate the collection of mtDNA-encoded gene products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

C8 alcohols, such as 1‐octen‐3‐ol and 3‐octanol, have been variously described as mushroom, musty or earthy and are common volatile compounds of soymilk. C8 alcohols were the major volatiles formed during soybean soaking, and about 95% of the total C8 alcohols were originated from the enzymatic hydrolysis of glycosides of alcohols in soybean hypocotyls. In addition to 1‐octen‐3‐yl β‐primeveroside, a new glycoside was purified from the methanol extracts of soybean hypocotyls and were confirmed as 3‐octanyl β‐primeverosides by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and high‐resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). The crude glycosidase extracted from soybean hypocotyls showed much higher hydrolysis activities toward C8 alcohol β‐primeverosides than that of almond β‐glycosidase. Besides, increasing nonenzymatic hydrolysis was observed when the purified β‐primeverosides were heated at pH values lower than 6. The nonenzymatic hydrolysis activation energies (Ea) were 30.41 kJ/mol and 38.08 kJ/mol for 1‐octen‐3‐yl β‐primeveroside and 3‐octanyl β‐primeveroside, respectively. In addition to C8 alcohols, nonenzymatic hydrolysis also resulted in the formation of 2,3‐octanedione, 3‐hydroxy‐2‐octanone and 3‐octanone. The nonenzymatic hydrolysis of β‐primeverosides in the soy milk was also studied under the same conditions as those in the model systems. The degree of hydrolysis was similar but the molar yields of the volatile components were lower than those obtained in the model system. Practical Application: The results indicated that a different strategy or technology is required to suppress the formation of C8 alcohols than that applied to off‐flavor compounds formed de novo during processing of soybean seeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Allelopathic effects of the donor plants are mostly regarded as harmful to target plants such as traditional crops. Traditional crops play pivotal role as staple food for rural communities and hence ensuring food security. Study of the allelopathic effects of Androstachys johnsonii Prain on the germination and growth of Zea mays L. and Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc was conducted. Different plant leachates concentrations of 0.675%, 1.25%, 2.5% and 5% were prepared through serial dilutions. Germination bioassays were arranged in a complete randomized setup of three replicates for each treatment for seven days. Germination rates were calculated, radicle and hypocotyl lengths were also measured. Germination rates of Z. mays L. and V. subterranea (L.) Verdc. ranged from 50 - 100% and 18 - 76%, respectively. Significant differences of P< 0.005 were noticed from the germination rates of V. subterranea (L.) Verdc subjected to high concentrations of different extracts used. Statistically there was no significant differences between germination rates of Z. mays L. treated with all concentrations of leaf leachates against germination rates of the seeds treated with distilled water. Outstandingly, the germination rate and early growth of Z. mays L. were promoted by less concentrated extracts of leaf, root, stem bark and soil which then suggest future use of allelochemicals from Androstachys johnsonii Prain for promotion of maize plant productions. Based on the beneficial attributes of allelochemicals from Androstachys johnsonii on the germination and growth of Z. mays L., planting of Androstachys johnsonii Prain in maize fields is highly recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Relevance. Study the selection material of cucumber on the basis of the hypocotyl length, as well as to assess the stability of this feature depending on the year of research and the timing of sowing.Material and methods. Studies were conducted on the selection samplesof the laboratory cucumber breeding and seed production of Cucurbitaceae of FSBSI Federal Scientific Vegetable Center in 2019 and 2020 in terms of seedling branches winter greenhouse type "Richelle". Cucumber seedlings were grown without artificial illumination. Measurement of the length of the subfamily knee was performed at the stages of expanded cotyledons and the formation of the first true leaf.Results. The length of the hypocotyl varied in the phase of expanded cotyledons – from 3 to 8 cm, in the phase of the first real leaf – from 6 to 18 cm. It was found that at the early stages of development, in the phase of expanded cotyledons, it is effective to reject plants with a hypocotyl length ≥5 cm. This will allow you to get rid of unwanted samples at the early stages of growing seedlings or to conduct selection within populations. The final assessment of the breeding material for lodging stability should be carried out in the phase of the first true leaf, since the most intensive growth of the hypocotyl was observed in the interphase period "expanded cotyledons – the first true leaf". During this period, it is possible to select non-lodging samples in a group that was characterized by an average hypocotyl (3.7-4.0 cm) for the expanded cotyledon phase. In breeding samples, depending on the year of research, the difference in the length of the hypocotyl in the phase of expanded cotyledons was 0.1-0.8 cm. All this indicates the stability of this feature and, accordingly, the possibility of selecting forms with the necessary parameters. A comparative study of cucumber seedlings of different sowing periods (1.5 months difference) revealed the samples most sensitive to low light. Promising samples were selected with a short hypocotyl in the phase of expanded cotyledons (< 5 cm), which are of interest for breeding for seedling resistance to lodging.

Abstract The β‐glucuronidase gene, uidA (GUS), has remained a favorite reporter gene in plants since its introduction in 1987 for its stability and versatility in a variety of fluorometric, spectrophotometric, and histochemical techniques. One of the most popular uses is as a reporter gene for visualizing endogenous promoter activities within plant tissues. Despite this popularity, specific protocols for minimizing nonrepresentative staining patterns, including false negatives, in challenging tissue types are not common. This became a large issue during our work on dark‐grown Arabidopsis hypocotyls, and we set out to develop a protocol that would ensure accurate staining in a tissue that is biologically resistant to reagent penetration. Through extensive testing using a variety of constitutive and endogenous promoter::GUS fusion lines, we have developed an optimized GUS staining protocol that combines the use of acetone as a fixative, deliberate physical damage, and proper positive and negative controls to help ensure accurate staining along the hypocotyl while minimizing false negatives. Hopefully, our recommendations will allow for improved staining that more accurately reflects the true activity of cloned endogenous promoters and thus facilitate a more accurate understanding of promoter activity in Arabidopsis hypocotyls and other hard‐to‐stain tissues.

The leading purpose of this work is the development of efficient culture conditions to induce calli from cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) under in vitro conditions. The mature seeds were surface sterilized with combinations of different concentrations of ethanol and NaOCl in different time durations and were germinated on MS basal medium. The results revealed that the best sterilization method of cabbage seeds was by using 70% ethanol for one minute, followed by 15 min in 2% (NaOCl). Seedlings were used as donor sources for hypocotyls, cotyledon leaves, true leaves, and shoot tip explants. These explants were cultured on different combinations of cytokinins (TDZ, BAP, Ad) and auxins (IAA, NAA, 2, 4-D) then implanted in Murashige and Skoog (MS) media. 4 weeks after culturing, a significant difference was found among the explants in response to plant hormones. The maximum percentage of callus induction (100%) was using the combinations of 1 BAP + 1 2, 4-D, 1 BAP + 1 NAA, and 1 BAP + 2 2,4-D mg. l-1 . In addition, explants responses varied and the hypocotyls showed a superior result (85.71 %) as compared to other explants. For callus fresh weight, the combination of 0.22 TDZ + 79.9 Ad mg. l-1 had a significant effect, causing the highest fresh weight (0.2745g), while control treatment gave the lowest mean of 0.0066 g. Data showed that cotyledon explants were significantly superior in giving highest callus fresh weight with the mean of 0.1723 g. On the other hand, hypocotyl explants gave the lowest mean, reaching 0.1542 g. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) seeds were germinated to investigate the effect of the fermentation period of oak tree sawdust on germination viability and seedling characteristics. Its germination rate, seedling weight, length, and total vigor index were assessed. The seeds were sown in oak tree sawdust fermented for 0, 30, 45, and 60 days. The germination rates of the seeds in fermented sawdust were significantly different. The seeds in the 45-day fermented sawdust produced the heaviest biomass weight (4.6 g) with the longest true leaf (1.7 cm) and hypocotyl (3.4 cm) resulting in the highest total vigor index (925.8). In contrast, seeds in 0-day fermented sawdust had the lowest total vigor index (18.3). Microbiome analysis showed that the microbial community in the sawdust changed as the fermentation progressed, indicating that the microbial community seems to affect seed germination physiology. Taken together, 45-day fermented sawdust is recommended for optimal peanut seed germination and seedling growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hypocotyls of germinating seedlings elongate in a search for light to enable autotrophic sugar production. Upon exposure to light, photoreceptors that are activated by blue and red light halt elongation by preventing the degradation of the hypocotyl-elongation inhibitor HY5 and by inhibiting the activity of the elongation-promoting transcription factors PIFs. The question of how sugar affects hypocotyl elongation and which cell types stimulate and stop that elongation remains unresolved. We found that overexpression of a sugar sensor, Arabidopsis hexokinase 1 (HXK1), in guard cells promotes hypocotyl elongation under white and blue light through PIF4. Furthermore, expression of PIF4 in guard cells is sufficient to promote hypocotyl elongation in the light, while expression of HY5 in guard cells is sufficient to inhibit the elongation of the hy5 mutant and the elongation stimulated by HXK1. HY5 exits the guard cells and inhibits hypocotyl elongation, but is degraded in the dark. We also show that the inhibition of hypocotyl elongation by guard cells' HY5 involves auto-activation of HY5 expression in other tissues. It appears that guard cells are capable of coordinating hypocotyl elongation and that sugar and HXK1 have the opposite effect of light on hypocotyl elongation, converging at PIF4. Kelly et al. show that Arabidopsis hexokinase1 (HXK1) expressed in guard-cells is sufficient to drive hypocotyl elongation through increasing the activity of PIF4 and auxin level, and competing with the effects of HY5. This study provides insights into how light and sucrose antagonistically coordinate the effort to achieve the height necessary for efficient photosynthetic, autotrophic sugar production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fusarium graminearum is the most devastating pathogen of Fusarium head blight of cereals, stalk and ear of maize, and it has recently become a potential threat for soybean as maize-soybean strip relay intercropping is widely practiced in China. To elucidate the pathogenesis mechanism of F. graminearum on intercropped soybean which causes root rot, transcriptional profiling of F. graminearum at 12, 24, and 48 h post-inoculation (hpi) on soybean hypocotyl tissues was conducted. In total, 2313 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of F. graminearum were annotated by both KEGG pathway and Gene Ontology (GO) analysis. Among them, 128 DEGs were commonly expressed at three inoculation time points while the maximum DEGs were induced at 24 hpi. In addition, DEGs were also rich in carbon metabolism, ribosome and peroxisome pathways which might contribute to carbon source utilization, sexual reproduction, virulence and survival of F. graminearum when infected on soybean. Hence, this study will provide some basis for the deep understanding the pathogenesis mechanism of F. graminearum on different hosts and its effective control in maize-soybean strip relay intercropping systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trachyspermum ammi L. Sprague, commonly known as ajwain, carom or thymol seeds, is one of the oldest medicinal plants with numerous health benefits. The classical breeding process of medicinal plants is not only time consuming but also requires much efforts. Biotechnological techniques such as in vitro regeneration which increase the capacity of production of medicinal plants rely upon a plenty of components. Here, we studied regeneration of T. ammi by indirect somatic embryogenesis by employing MS and B5 media supplemented with a diverse concentration of plant growth regulators (PGRs), including 2,4-D, kinetin, NAA, IAA, and BAP with four explants (hypocotyl, epicotyl, root and node) and 3 ecotypes (Qom, Yazd, and Rafsanjan). The highest callus induction was obtained from hypocotyl explants on MS medium supplemented with 8.917 Îm/L 2,4-D and 2.32 Îm/L KIN and epicotyl explants on B5 medium supplemented with 1.074 Îm/L NAA and 0.89 Îm/L BAP. The highest indirect regeneration (83%) was observed in hypocotyl explants on MS medium supplemented with 0.93 Îm/L kinetin. To the best of our knowledge, the present study (2017) is the first report on indirect somatic embryogenesis from hypocotyl and epicotyl of the Iranian Trachyspermum ammi ecotypes that can be beneficial for genetic transformation and other plant biotechnology techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, calli of Medicago sativa L. cv. Elçi (alfalfa Elçi) were inoculated in cell suspension culture and analyzed for aggregate assay, cell viability test, total phenolic content assay, DPPH free radical scavenging activity and formononetin assay by means of High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Hypocotyl, cotyledon and apical meristem explants were taken from 15-day-old aseptic seedlings and germinated in MS medium. 10 g calli were grown for each explant and then transferred into cell suspension culture. The highest cell viability rate, which was 75%, and the highest DPPH free radical scavenging activity with 51.36% was measured in 1000 mL cell suspension culture, while the highest total phenolic content, i.e. 40.2 mg/g, was quantified in 250 mL cell suspension culture. In accordance with the findings of the study, the production of formononetin was higher in the calli derived from cell suspension cultures than in herb samples of M. sativa. Moreover, in 1000 mL cell suspension culture, 4.99 mg/g of formononetin concentration was quantified, which scored the highest. In large-scale cell suspension cultures of M. sativa, it was possible to increase the production of formononetin production. Hence, due to its medicinal significance, a method has been tested to obtain higher amounts of this compound. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In plants, alternative splicing (AS) is markedly induced in response to environmental stresses, but it is unclear why plants generate multiple transcripts under stress conditions. In this study, RNA-seq was performed to identify AS events in cucumber seedlings grown under different light intensities. We identified a novel transcript of the gibberellin (GA)-deactivating enzyme Gibberellin 2-beta-dioxygenase 8 (CsGA2ox8). Compared with canonical CsGA2ox8.1, the CsGA2ox8.2 isoform presented intron retention between the second and third exons. Functional analysis proved that the transcript of CsGA2ox8.1 but not CsGA2ox8.2 played a role in the deactivation of bioactive GAs. Moreover, expression analysis demonstrated that both transcripts were upregulated by increased light intensity, but the expression level of CsGA2ox8.1 increased slowly when the light intensity was >400 µmol·m−2·s−1 PPFD (photosynthetic photon flux density), while the CsGA2ox8.2 transcript levels increased rapidly when the light intensity was >200 µmol·m−2·s−1 PPFD. Our findings provide evidence that plants might finely tune their GA levels by buffering against the normal transcripts of CsGA2ox8 through AS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The circadian clock coordinates an organism's growth, development and physiology with environmental factors. One illuminating example is the rhythmic growth of hypocotyls and cotyledons in Arabidopsis thaliana. Such daily oscillations in leaf position are often referred to as sleep movements or nyctinasty. Here, we report that plantlets of the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha show analogous rhythmic movements of thallus lobes, and that the circadian clock controls this rhythm, with auxin a likely output pathway affecting these movements. The mechanisms of this circadian clock are partly conserved as compared to angiosperms, with homologs to the core clock genes PRR, RVE and TOC1 forming a core transcriptional feedback loop also in M. polymorpha. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Agriculture & Nature / Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım & Doğa Dergisi is the property of Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam Universitesi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Agronomía Colombiana is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Contaminated water with hexavalent chromium Cr(VI) is a serious environmental problem. This study aimed to evaluate the Cr(VI) removal by zero valent iron nanoparticles (nZVI) reduction process and the impact of Cr(VI), nZVI and combined treatment with nZVI and Cr(VI) on tomato growth performance. To evaluate the Cr(VI) toxic effect on germination capability, seeds were exposed to increasing Cr(VI) concentrations up to 1000 mg L−1. The inhibition of seed germination and the decrease of hypocotyl and root length started from Cr(VI) 5 mg L−1. Under treatment with Cr(VI) + nZVI 5 mg L−1, seed germination, hypocotyl and root length resulted significantly higher compared to Cr(VI) 5 mg L−1 treatment. The impact of only nZVI was investigated on chlorophyll and carotenoid in leaves; iron levels in leaves, roots, fruits and soil; carotenoid, fat-soluble vitamin and nicotianamine in mature fruits. A significant increase of leaf chlorophyll and carotenoids was observed after nZVI 5 mg L−1 treatment compared to controls. No significant variations were observed in carotenoids, fat-soluble vitamins and nicotianamine levels after treatment with nZVI 5 mg L−1 in mature fruits. For their ability to reduce Cr(VI) and to stimulate tomato growth, nZVI might to be considered as alternative for remediation purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the research was to improve the genetic transformation and adaptation conditions of commercial winter rapeseed line Brassica napus L. with subsequent production of transgenic seeds. It was optimized the technique of Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation of winter rapeseed Bn1 line (Brassica napus L.) using hypocotyls of 6- day-old seedlings as explants. GUS activity histochemical analysis showed a positive reaction in calli cultures and regenerant plant leaves obtained after Agrobacterium tumefaciens GV3101 transformation, which carried pCB203 plasmid with gus and bar genes. The optimal transformation conditions were determined as follows: the bacterial suspension optical density at a 600 nm wavelength - OD = 0.5, 10 min of inoculation and 48 h of co-cultivation. Stable integration of marker genes was confirmed by both histochemical and PCR analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]