Search

Hypnotherapy combined with cognitive therapy is an effective way to intervene anxiety problems, which also responds to the call that using hypnotherapy to treat somatic disorders should become a trend in the future. This paper constructs an evaluation index of the intervention effect of cognitive hypnotherapy on anxiety patients, and then uses neural network to evaluate its effect. At last, we have completed the following work: 1) This paper constructs the theoretical basis related to this topic after searching and sorting out the related literature on anxiety disorders and hypnotherapy at home and abroad. 2) This paper constructs the evaluation index system of the intervention effect of cognitive hypnotherapy on anxiety patients, and then introduces the basic principle and structure of DBN model. 3) Experiments are used to determine the best values for the DBN model's parameters. To accomplish this, you will need to input the experimental data into the trained model and compare the evaluation results from experts with the model's predictions. The experimental findings of this study demonstrate the great accuracy of the DBN model presented in this work for assessing the effectiveness of cognitive combination hypnotherapy for anxiety disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a complex disorder of gut–brain interaction (DGBI) that is thought to affect a significant proportion of the population. As a result of the nature of IBS, it is hard to predict treatment efficacy as all individuals respond differently, and thus multidisciplinary treatment has become increasingly of interest as it targets multiple aspects of IBS at the same time. Here, we aim to review the literature of both multidisciplinary and single‐discipline therapy for IBS. Ovid MEDLINE was utilised with a systematic search to find relevant randomised controlled trials. The population included adults with a Rome diagnosis of IBS and an intervention that was either multidisciplinary care, diet, psychotherapy, gut‐directed hypnotherapy (GDH) or physiotherapy. Multidisciplinary care studies found an overall significant improvement, while dietary treatment was varied. A low fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides and polyols diet was the only one to improve symptoms, while gluten‐free and fibre diets had mixed evidence for their efficacy. Novel diets, including a tritordeum‐based diet and low tryptophan diet, significantly improved symptoms. Cognitive behavioural therapy was found to be efficacious when compared to controls, as was psychoeducation. GDH was also found to be efficacious, but 83.3% of studies examined a refractory IBS population. There is a lack of literature looking at how multidisciplinary care and different combinations of disciplines work to treat those with IBS in secondary care. Further studies are required for a greater understanding of how multidisciplinary care may be utilised to better manage IBS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hypnotherapy has a potential role in modulating attention bias to treat social anxiety disorder (SAD). This study aimed to verify whether hypnotherapy can reduce social anxiety by changing attentional bias. The primary objective of our study is to explore the influence of hypnosis on various aspects of attention processes, specifically focusing on how it affects attention bias and social anxiety. Methods: This study included 69 participants with SAD who were assigned to three groups based on their scores on the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS). The experimental group (n = 23) received a hypnosis treatment once a week, for a total of six sessions, while the control group (n = 23) and the baseline group (n = 23) did not receive any treatment. To evaluate whether hypnosis could alleviate SAD and attention bias towards threatening stimuli, we employed questionnaires and an odd-one-out task accompanied by electroencephalography (EEG) recordings. Results: Under the attention sensitivity conditions, the experimental group exhibited a reduced N170 and LPP at the posttest stage, and a similar N170 and LPP reduction under the attention disengagement conditions. Notably, the symptom improvements were positively correlated with the reduction in N170 and LPP amplitude across conditions. Conclusion: Hypnosis treatment modulates the early face processing and late emotional evaluation of threat-related stimuli in SAD patients. These findings suggest that N170 and LPP are important biomarkers for the treatment of SAD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Surveys conducted in the past two decades in Iran indicate an increase in suicide and attempted suicide rates. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of cognitive hypnotherapy on subjective pain and guilt in individuals with a history of suicide attempts. Methods and Materials: This quasi-experimental study employed a pre-test, post-test, and follow-up design with a control group. The statistical population comprised all individuals with a history of suicide attempts who visited the Nikandish psychiatric clinic in Sari during 2020-2021. A total of 30 patients were selected through convenience sampling and randomly assigned to either the experimental or control group. Data collection instruments included the Beck Depression Inventory (Beck, Steer, & Brown, 2001), Psychological Pain Assessment Questionnaire (Holden, Mehta, Cunningham, & McLeod, 2001), and Eysenck Guilt Questionnaire (Eysenck & Wilson, 1975). The experimental group underwent cognitive hypnotherapy in eight 90-minute sessions. Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA via SPSS-21 software. Findings: The findings revealed that cognitive hypnotherapy significantly reduced subjective pain (F=19.65, p<.001) and guilt (F=10.80, p<.001) in individuals with a history of suicide attempts. Conclusion: Cognitive hypnotherapy is effective in alleviating mental pain and guilt among individuals with a history of suicide attempts. This therapeutic approach may be utilized to mitigate psychological issues in this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hypnotherapy is a form of psychological treatment that utilizes hypnosis to assist in addressing specific mental and physical ailments. It can also be employed for altering habits. Hypnotherapy operates by inducing a hypnotic state in the subject, lowering brain waves to alpha-theta levels for relaxation and enhanced acceptance of suggestions in the subconscious. The aim is to improve psychological issues, emotions, and conduct. The study was carried out on two patients at the Lee Chen Thung Primary Clinic in Jakarta, Indonesia. Sampling was conducted by adhering to specific criteria for selection and administering the GERD-Q questionnaire. The patients included in the study had to have GERD-Q scores higher than 7 and frequently use PPIs for their stomach issues. Management of GERD can be done with drug therapy or pharmacology and non-pharmacology therapy. One of the non-pharmacology therapies that can be given is hypnotherapy. Patients who satisfied the criteria were provided with hypnotherapy in order to alleviate their heartburn symptoms. The process of hypnotherapy can help the body to stimulate the release of endorphins. Endorphins act as the body's innate pain relievers. Following hypnotherapy, patients underwent evaluation for 1 week using numeric rating scale. Both patients experienced a decrease in pain levels following hypnotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hypnotherapy is a therapeutic modality used to address psychological and behavioral issues by providing positive suggestions to the subconscious mind. This case report discusses a patient presenting with chronic dysphonia and sinusitis. Dysphonia can have multiple causes, including sinusitis, emotional disorders such as trauma, anxiety, and depression, as well as occupational and lifestyle factors. A thorough diagnosis of dysphonia requires comprehensive physical and supportive examinations. Once diagnosed, a holistic treatment approach is essential, combining symptom management, medication, psychotherapy, and speech therapy. In this case, hypnotherapy was used as part of the psychotherapy treatment, leading to significant improvement in the patient's condition. This case highlights the potential benefits of incorporating hypnotherapy in the management of dysphonia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of International Journal of Clinical & Experimental Hypnosis is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This review aims to systematically examine the relationship between sleep quality and its impact on physical and mental health, and to assess the effectiveness of psychotherapeutic interventions for the treatment of sleep disorders. A comprehensive literature search was conducted using major databases including PubMed, MEDLINE, and Google Scholar, focusing on articles published between 2001 and 2023. The review synthesized information from 52 studies using methods of analysis, synthesis, comparison, and generalization to assess indicators of sleep quality, their impact on health, and the effectiveness of different psychotherapeutic treatments. The review found that optimal sleep quality, characterized by adequate duration, continuity, and depth, is crucial for maintaining both physical and mental health. Poor sleep quality was found to contribute significantly to the development and exacerbation of many health problems, including metabolic disorders, cardiovascular disease, depression, and anxiety. Cognitive behavioral therapy was identified as an effective psychotherapeutic approach for improving sleep quality and managing sleep disorders, while hypnotherapy is not recommended. The findings highlight the critical role of sleep in maintaining health and the potential of targeted psychotherapeutic interventions to improve sleep quality. Given the reciprocal relationship between sleep and health, healthcare providers should prioritize the assessment and treatment of sleep disorders. Further research should focus on long-term clinical trials to establish causal relationships and the sustainability of treatment effects, promoting wider application of these findings in clinical practice.

Objective: This study aimed to explore the effect of comprehensive noise reduction management on the postoperative recovery of burn patients. Methods: Data of 156 patients admitted to Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University from October 2022 to July 2023 were retrospectively analysed. The patients were divided into two groups according to the management method: group A (n = 76, standard care of burns) and group B (n = 80, standard care of burns+comprehensive noise reduction management). The stress response level, anxiety and depression level, sleep quality and satisfaction of the two groups were compared before and after the management. Results: Before the management, no statistically significant differences in cortisol (Cor), anxiety and depression scores and sleep quality were found between the two groups (P > 0.05). After the management, significant differences in Cor, anxiety scores, sleep quality and patient satisfaction were observed between the two groups (P < 0.001). Conclusions: Comprehensive noise reduction management can reduce postoperative stress hormone levels, alleviate negative emotions, such as anxiety, and improve sleep quality and patient satisfaction.

Abstract Background The aim of this study was to investigate whether and to what extent perioperative hypnosis and relaxation techniques are used in German anaesthesia departments, what they are, where any difficulties in their application lie and how great the interest in this type of therapy is. Another research question was to find out whether there are specialist areas in which these methods are used more frequently than in other specialist areas. Methods A descriptive survey was conducted by means of a questionnaire in all hospitals with anaesthesia departments in Germany. 1124 questionnaires were sent out by post. The survey period was five months from 27/02/2023 to 31/07/2023. The clinic directors of all anaesthesiology departments in German hospitals were surveyed. Results 476 departments (42%) responded by pre-paid envelope. Of these, only 39 (8%) use hypnosis and relaxation techniques perioperatively. These are mostly progressive muscle relaxation, hypnotic trance according to Erickson, calming words and suggestions or the use of virtual reality (e.g. using VR-glasses). Conclusions Hypnosis techniques have been shown in many studies to be effective in increasing patient comfort (less anxiety and stress) and reducing both the need for medication and perioperative pain. The therapy is rarely used in Germany, although once established it can be easily integrated into perioperative procedures. Many departments have shown great interest in the topic. In the interests of patients, a structural change should be considered to promote the use of hypnotic procedures.

Background: The aim of this study was to investigate whether and to what extent perioperative hypnosis and relaxation techniques are used in German anaesthesia departments, what they are, where any difficulties in their application lie and how great the interest in this type of therapy is. Another research question was to find out whether there are specialist areas in which these methods are used more frequently than in other specialist areas. Methods: A descriptive survey was conducted by means of a questionnaire in all hospitals with anaesthesia departments in Germany. 1124 questionnaires were sent out by post. The survey period was five months from 27/02/2023 to 31/07/2023. The clinic directors of all anaesthesiology departments in German hospitals were surveyed. Results: 476 departments (42%) responded by pre-paid envelope. Of these, only 39 (8%) use hypnosis and relaxation techniques perioperatively. These are mostly progressive muscle relaxation, hypnotic trance according to Erickson, calming words and suggestions or the use of virtual reality (e.g. using VR-glasses). Conclusions: Hypnosis techniques have been shown in many studies to be effective in increasing patient comfort (less anxiety and stress) and reducing both the need for medication and perioperative pain. The therapy is rarely used in Germany, although once established it can be easily integrated into perioperative procedures. Many departments have shown great interest in the topic. In the interests of patients, a structural change should be considered to promote the use of hypnotic procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In the XIX century, Jean-Martin Charcot laid the clinical foundations to study the hysteria, where hypnosis had a preponderant role. It can be stated that works carried out from a psychoanalytical perspective consolidated the use of the term hysteria in contemporary clinic. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of hypnotherapy in patients with conversion disorder. Methods: An experimental study was carried out on 36 patients, from both sexes, with conversion disorders, treated in the Therapeutic Hypnosis Clinic from the University of Medical Sciences and the Southern Children Hospital in Santiago de Cuba, from July to September, 2017. To such an effect, two groups were formed with 18 members each one (selected at random): control group (received drug treatment and individual psychotherapy) and study group (therapy with hypnosis). Seven therapeutic sessions were designed to compare the symptomatic clinical course as a response to the recommended treatment. Results: There was a decrease of the symptomatic pattern in both groups, because there was a high percentage of patients recovered from the conversion disorder, with 88.8% in the study group and 55.5% in control group. Conclusions: Hypnotherapy was effective in patients with conversion disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Bronchial asthma is a prevalent chronic respiratory disease associated with significant morbidity and healthcare costs. Complementary and alternative therapies, including hypnosis, have gained interest as potential adjunct treatments for asthma. However, rigorous scientific investigations exploring the specific effects of hypnosis on asthma management are very limited. Objective: The study's objective was to evaluate the effects of hypnosis on asthma-related symptoms and psychological well-being in patients with moderate persistent asthma. Methods: The study was enrolled 25 participants aged 18 to 65 with moderate persistent asthma. Patients received 12 hypnosis sessions in addition to their regular pharmacological treatment. The intervention included relaxation techniques, diaphragmatic breathing exercises, and self-esteem reinforcement. Outcome measures were assessed using the Medical Cornell Index for psychological symptoms and clinical evaluations for respiratory status. Statistical analyses included the McNemar test and chi-square test. Results: Before the intervention, patients reported various psychological symptoms, with nervousness and anxiety being the most prevalent (44 %). After 12 weeks of hypnosis, a notable improvement in psychological symptoms and somatic manifestations of asthma was observed. Notably, 60 % of patients experienced complete resolution of acute weekly asthma attacks, and respiratory distress symptoms significantly decreased (p<0.0001). Additionally, vesicular breath sounds and pulmonary hyperresonance improved (p=0.1435, p=0.0035). Conclusion: This clinical trial provides valuable insights into the potential benefits of hypnosis as an adjunctive treatment for bronchial asthma. The results suggest that hypnosis may improve both psychological and somatic symptoms associated with asthma, leading to better disease control and reduced asthma attacks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Knee injuries are common in sports that involve explosive movements, and inadequate treatment can result in long-term functional impairments. Purpose: This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of Spodetrig massage, physical exercise, and hypnotherapy in the rehabilitation of knee injuries. Methods: A quasiexperimental design with a pretest-posttest control group was used. Participants were selected through purposive sampling based on specific criteria and provided informed consent to participate in all phases of the study. A total of 44 male participants were enrolled and divided into two groups: an intervention group (TG) and a control group (CG), with 22 participants in each. The CG did not receive any treatment, while the TG underwent a regimen of Spodetrig massage, physical exercise, and hypnotherapy. A descriptive analysis was performed to characterize the participants. The mean ± SD for age in the CG was 29.13±7.47 years, and in the TG was 30.95±9.70 years. For height, the CG averaged 170.09±6.99 cm, while the TG was slightly taller with 173.04±6.70 cm. The CG's weight was 72.18±4.26 kg, and the TG was 69.68±6.96 kg. The BMI of the CG was 25.03±2.12 kg/m², and the TG was 23.26±9.70 kg/m². The program lasted eight weeks, with two sessions per week. Psychological intervention (hypnotherapy) was given once a week. Data were collected before and after the treatment for the TG, while the CG underwent only initial and final testing. Various tools were used to measure pain levels, such as Range of Motion (ROM), Static Postural and Balance Control (SPBC), and knee function, Victorian Institute of Sport Assessment-Patella (VISA-P). Results: The results indicated that massage, exercise, and hypnotherapy treatment significantly reduced pain levels (0.00, p < 0.05; pain level in TG 2.45 ± 0.912; pain level in CG 4.73 ± 0.827), improved ROM (0.00, p < 0.05; ROM in TG 134.14 ± 5.130; ROM in CG 126.91 ± 5.715), enhanced SPCB (0.00, p < 0.05; SPCB in CG 49.05; SPCB in TG 36.64), and increased VISAP scores (0.00, p < 0.05; VISA-P score in TG 74.68; VISA-P score in CG 55.27). The differences between the CG and TG were all statistically significant (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Spodetrig massage, exercise, and hypnotherapy effectively heal knee injuries, enabling individuals to return to their preferred sports activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sleep disturbance is frequently reported by women during the menopausal transition due to various physiological changes and environmental factors. Insomnia is a critical treatment target for its deleterious effects on daytime functioning and quality of life and increased risk of developing a depressive disorder. Due to medication side effects and patient preferences, there is increased interest in the use of psychological treatments that address the myriad of menopausal symptoms, including cognitive-behavioural therapy, clinical hypnosis and mindfulness-based therapies. The objective of this article is to review the effects of psychological treatments for menopausal symptoms on sleep disturbance in peri-/postmenopausal women. We conducted a systematic review of the literature using PubMed and reference lists from inception until May 2023, including 12 studies that evaluated sleep as a secondary outcome. Most studies found that group and self-help (guided and unguided) cognitive-behavioural therapies and clinical hypnosis for menopausal symptoms have positive effects on sleep among women with significant vasomotor symptoms. There was preliminary support for mindfulness-based stress reduction. Future research including more diverse samples and women with sleep disorders is needed. Evaluating the implementation of psychological therapies in clinics where menopausal women seek care is an important next step. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the effectiveness of Integrated Neuro-Linguistic Programming (NLP) as a supplementary intervention for individuals with depressive symptoms in the Philippines. The study employed an A-B Single Case - Multiple-subject Comparative Design with three female participants diagnosed with depression. The intervention, administered by an Internationally Certified Master Practitioner of NLP, utilized various NLP techniques, including the Meta Model, reframing, anchoring, Timeline Therapy®, and hypnotherapy, over four weekly sessions. The Hopkins Symptom Checklist (HSCL) and the Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire (ATQ-30) were used to assess changes in depressive symptoms before and after the intervention. The results showed significant reductions in depressive symptoms across all participants, particularly in areas related to negative self-concept, negative expectations, and low self-esteem. The study highlights the potential of Integrated-NLP as a supplementary intervention for individuals with depression, emphasizing the importance of personalized approaches and further research in this field. The findings contribute to the limited literature on NLP's clinical application in the Philippines and offer valuable insights for mental health practitioners seeking alternative or complementary interventions for depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Les patients atteints de maladies chroniques, a fortiori de maladies auto-immunes et/ou systémiques rares associées à une incertitude diagnostique importante, ont une représentation de leur maladie et un vécu de leur hospitalisation parfois prolongé(e) qui peuvent être traumatiques et anxiogènes. Cette étude avait pour objectif d'évaluer l'impact d'une intervention non médicamenteuse d'hypnose médicale dans la réduction de l'état de stress et l'amélioration du vécu des patients hospitalisés dans un Service de médecine interne. Nous avons mené une étude prospective sur 24 patients hospitalisés dans le Service de médecine interne du CHU de Lille en 2023. Douze patients ont bénéficié d'une intervention non médicamenteuse d'hypnose médicale dite du « lieu de sécurité » (groupe cas) et ont été comparés à 12 patients n'en ayant pas bénéficié (groupe témoin). Le stress était évalué par le questionnaire STAI et le vécu de l'hospitalisation par un questionnaire de satisfaction. Les 24 patients dont 13 femmes avaient un âge moyen de 55 ± 17 ans à l'inclusion. À l'entrée en hospitalisation, la médiane de l'état de stress (STAI-ETAT) entre les deux groupes était de 43,5 (38,0 ; 56,6) dans le groupe cas versus 42,0 (37,0 ; 48,5) dans le groupe témoin (p = 0,45). Dans le groupe cas, le questionnaire STAI-ETAT réalisé immédiatement après la séance d'hypnose était significativement plus bas en médiane par rapport à celui du début d'hospitalisation (30,0 [25,5 ; 36,5] vs 43,5 [38,0 ; 56,5] p = 0,003) témoignant d'une réduction significative du stress. À la fin de l'hospitalisation, on observait également une persistance significative de la réduction significative en médiane entre les cas et les témoins (29,5 [26,5 ; 35,0] pour les cas vs 41,5 [33,5 ; 45,5] pour les témoins p = 0,002). Le vécu de l'hospitalisation était meilleur dans le groupe cas (médiane 5,0 [4,5 ; 5,0] vs 4,0 [4,0 ; 4,5], p = 0,016). Cette étude suggère que l'hypnose médicale est une intervention non médicamenteuse d'accompagnement prometteuse dans la réduction du stress ressenti et dans l'amélioration du vécu de cette dernière chez des patients hospitalisés dans un Service de médecine interne. Patients with chronic illnesses, especially rare autoimmune and/or systemic diseases associated with significant diagnostic uncertainty, have a representation of their illness and a sometimes prolonged hospitalization experience that can be traumatic and anxiety-provoking. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of a non-medicinal medical hypnosis intervention in reducing the stress state and improving the experience of patients hospitalized in an internal medicine department. We conducted a prospective study of 24 patients hospitalized in the Internal Medicine Department of Lille University Hospital in 2023. Twelve patients received a non-drug medical hypnosis intervention known as the "place of safety" (case group) and were compared with 12 patients who did not (control group). Stress was assessed by the STAI questionnaire and hospitalization experience by a satisfaction questionnaire. The 24 patients, 13 of whom were women, had a mean age of 55 ± 17 years at inclusion. On admission to hospital, the median STAI-ETAT between the two groups was 43.5 (38.0; 56.6) in the case group versus 42.0 (37.0; 48.5) in the control group (P = 0.45). In the case group, the median STAI-ETAT questionnaire taken immediately after the hypnosis session was significantly lower than at the start of hospitalization (30.0 [25.5; 36.5] vs. 43.5 [38.0; 56.5] P = 0.003), indicating a significant reduction in stress. At the end of hospitalization, there was also a significant persistence of the median significant reduction between cases and controls (29.5 [26.5; 35.0] for cases vs. 41.5 [33.5; 45.5] for controls P = 0.002). Experience of hospitalization was better in the case group (median 5.0 [4.5; 5.0] vs. 4.0 [4.0; 4.5], P = 0.016). This study suggests that medical hypnosis is a promising non-medicinal supportive intervention for reducing perceived stress and improving the experience of stress in patients hospitalized on an internal medicine ward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anxiety is the most common form of mental health disorder, affecting millions of people worldwide. Psychosocial interventions such as mindfulness and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) have been suggested as an effective treatment in the management of general anxiety and anxiety disorders, with emerging evidence also suggesting the effectiveness of hypnosis. Moreover, anxiety has shown to be linked to the onset and development of several cardiovascular diseases (CVD), which are the leading cause of global death. In this paper, we review the current literature to examine the role that anxiety has on the onset and development of CVD and summarize the current knowledge on the role that hypnosis and hypnotherapy have in reducing anxiety, also explaining how this can impact the cardiovascular system and the prevention of CVD. Review of the evidence suggests that hypnosis and hypnotherapy are effective in treating anxiety and may positively affect the heart and the cardiovascular system, reducing sympathetic activation and increasing parasympathetic tone, potentially preventing the onset of CVD related to increased sympathetic activation. However, further studies are required to further understand how hypnosis and hypnotherapy affect the cardiovascular system through investigation of the neurophysiological components of the hypnotic state and of the mind-body relationship. Healthcare systems should embed mental health screening in patients at risk of developing CVD as part of the clinical pathway and consider the role that hypnosis and hypnotherapy may play in the management of CVD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hypnosis has been applied in healing procedures since the earliest of recorded history and today it is implemented in a wholesome concept Hypnotherapy (HT1). On a neurophysiological level, hypnosis has been associated with parts of the Default Mode Network (DMN2), but its effects on this network when induced in a treatment setting of a widespread disorder, namely depression, have never been investigated. Depression is associated with abnormal functional connectivity (FC3) of the DMN. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT4) has proven itself to be an effective treatment for depression; effects of CBT on DMN-related regions are heterogeneous. In the past years, HT was found to be a promising alternative or helpful adjunction. Yet, its underlying mechanisms remain to be unclear. In this original study 75 depressed patients receiving either CBT or HT were included and measured during resting-state before and after therapy with functional near-infrared-spectroscopy (fNIRS5). On symptom level, results show a significant reduction in both groups. On a neurophysiological level, first exploratory analyses hint toward treatment effects in two components of the DMN. However, these effects do not withstand correction for multiple testing. Still, our study is a first stepstone in the investigation of neural mechanisms of HT and offers first ideas about possible implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Abdominal cocoon is a very uncommon yet dangerous cause of intestinal obstruction. Case presentation: We present a case of a 62-year-old Asian male patient with a history of depression who exhibited an idiopathic abdominal cocoon complicated by necrosis. Upon laparotomy investigation, nearly the entire small intestine was enveloped in a thick membrane resembling a cocoon, and it was discovered that he lacked a greater omentum. The patient recovered well and was discharged on an oral diet on the 20th day following surgery. During the 3-month follow-up, the patient was asymptomatic, even gaining 10 kg in weight, and noted that his depression had improved. Conclusions: Small bowel obstruction presents with nonspecific symptoms, posing challenges in differential diagnosis. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography is recommended since it facilitates precise preoperative assessment, optimizing surgical planning and reducing postoperative complications. Remarkably, cessation of antidepressant medication post-surgery hints at a potential correlation between omental deficit, gut microbiota alterations, and depressive symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to explore the effect of comprehensive noise reduction management on the postoperative recovery of burn patients. Methods: Data of 156 patients admitted to Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University from October 2022 to July 2023 were retrospectively analysed. The patients were divided into two groups according to the management method: group A (n = 76, standard care of burns) and group B (n = 80, standard care of burns+comprehensive noise reduction management). The stress response level, anxiety and depression level, sleep quality and satisfaction of the two groups were compared before and after the management. Results: Before the management, no statistically significant differences in cortisol (Cor), anxiety and depression scores and sleep quality were found between the two groups (P > 0.05). After the management, significant differences in Cor, anxiety scores, sleep quality and patient satisfaction were observed between the two groups (P < 0.001). Conclusions: Comprehensive noise reduction management can reduce postoperative stress hormone levels, alleviate negative emotions, such as anxiety, and improve sleep quality and patient satisfaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of International Journal of Clinical & Experimental Hypnosis is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Dental anxiety and phobia are prevalent issues worldwide, significantly impacting individuals' oral health and contributing to reduced dental care. The present review examines the assessment, prevalence, and treatment of dental anxiety, focusing on recent developments in cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), mindfulness techniques, and pharmacological interventions. Research indicates that psychological approaches such as CBT and mindfulness are effective in reducing anxiety, while pharmacological methods continue to be explored for their efficacy in clinical settings. Additionally, the review highlights the emerging technologies, like internet-based therapy and hypnosis, as promising adjuncts to traditional treatments. Understanding the multifactorial causes of dental anxiety can guide individualized care plans and improve patient outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Psychiatrie Pro Praxi is the property of SOLEN sro and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a frequent health condition which can be associated with functional disability and reduced health-related quality of life. IBS is classified as a disorder of the brain-gut axis. IBS is a very heterogenous condition with regards to the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms, the clinical picture and the amount of functional impairment. Within a biopsychosocial model of IBS psychosocial factors can play a role in the in the predisposition, triggering and development of chronicity. Somatic or psychosocial or a mixture of both factors might predominate in an individual patient. Gut-directed hypnosis is a special type of medical hypnosis combining standardised gut-directed suggestions (hypnosis) with suggestions tailored to the psychological characteristics of the patient (hypnotherapy). Of brain-gut behavioral therapies, cognitive bahvioral-based interventions and gut-directed hypnosis have the largest evidence for both short-term and long-term efficacy in controlled trials for IBS and are recommended by current European and North American gastroenterology guidelines as second line treatment options. Standardised gut-directed hypnosis is available by audiotapes and can be part of a multicomponent self-management approach by digital health applications. It can be used – based on the patient‘s preferences—as first line therapy for mild forms of IBS. Severe forms of IBS require face-to-face interdisciplinary management. Standardised gut-directed hypnosis and hypnotherapy tailored to the individual patient can be part of this approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A set of interventions that can produce altered states of consciousness (ASC) have shown utility in the treatment of substance misuse. In this review, we examine addiction-related outcomes associated with three common interventions that produce ASCs: psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy (PP), Transcendental Meditation (TM) and hypnotherapy (HT). While procedurally distinct, all three interventions are associated with some common phenomenological, psychological, and neurobiological features, indicating some possible convergent mechanisms of action. Along with addiction and mental health outcomes, these common features are reviewed, and their impact on substance misuse is discussed. While our review highlights some mixed findings and methodological issues, results indicate that PP and TM are associated with significant improvements in substance misuse, alongside improvements in emotional, cognitive and social functioning, behavior-change motivation, sense of self-identity, and meaning. In contrast, and despite its broader acceptance, HT has been associated with mixed and minimal results with respect to substance misuse treatment. Authors identify key research gaps in the role of ASC interventions in addiction and outline a set of promising future research directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Psychotherapie Forum is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A relaxed state is essential for effective hypnotherapy, a crucial component of mental health treatments. During hypnotherapy sessions, neurologists rely on the patient's relaxed state to introduce positive suggestions. While EEG is a widely recognized method for detecting human emotions, analyzing EEG data presents challenges due to its multi-channel, multi-band nature, leading to high-dimensional data. Furthermore, determining the onset of relaxation remains challenging for neurologists. This paper presents the Effective Relax Acquisition (ERA) method designed to identify the beginning of a relaxed state. ERA employs sub-band sampling within the Alpha band for the frequency domain and segments the data into four-period groups for the time domain analysis. Data enhancement strategies include using Window Length (WL) and Overlapping Shifting Windows (OSW) scenarios. Dimensionality reduction is achieved through Principal Component Analysis (PCA) by prioritizing the most significant eigenvector values. Our experimental results indicate that the relaxed state is predominantly observable in the high Alpha sub-band, particularly within the fourth period group. The ERA demonstrates high accuracy with a WL of 3 s and OSW of 0.25 s using the KNN classifier (90.63%). These findings validate the effectiveness of ERA in accurately identifying relaxed states while managing the complexity of EEG data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There is evidence that patients' positive outcome expectations prior to study interventions are associated with better treatment outcomes. Nevertheless, to date, only few studies have investigated whether individual outcome expectations affect treatment outcomes in hypnosis. Objective: To examine whether outcome expectations to hypnosis prior to starting treatment were able to predict perceived stress, as measured on a visual analog scale (VAS), after 5 weeks. Methods: We performed a secondary data analysis of a multicenter randomized controlled trial of intervention group participants only. Study participants with stress symptoms were randomized to 5 weekly sessions of a group hypnosis program for stress reduction and improved stress coping, plus 5 hypnosis audio recordings for further individual practice at home, as well as an educational booklet on coping with stress. Perceived stress for the following week was measured at baseline and after 5 weeks using a visual analog scale (0-100 mm; VAS). Hypnosis outcome expectations were assessed at baseline only with the Expectations for Treatment Scale (ETS). Unadjusted and adjusted linear regressions were performed to examine the association between baseline expectations and perceived stress at 5 weeks. Results: Data from 47 participants (M = 45.02, SD = 13.40 years; 85.1% female) were analyzed. Unadjusted (B = 0.326, t = 0.239, p = 0.812, R² = 0.001) and adjusted (B = 0.639, t = 0.470, p = 0.641, R² = 0.168) linear regressions found that outcome expectations to hypnosis were not associated with a change in perceived stress between baseline and after 5 weeks in the intervention group. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that the beneficial effect of group hypnosis in distressed participants were not associated with outcome expectations. Other mechanisms of action may be more important for the effect of hypnosis, which should be explored in future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aspects of hypnosis and its application in psychotherapy, psychosomatics and medicine are examined and contextualized in the 250-year history of hypnosis. Imagination as an essential element of hypnotic treatments appeared as early as 1784 as an argument rejecting the theory of animal magnetism of Franz Anton Mesmer. In somnambulism of German romanticism, another proto-form of hypnosis after 1800, concepts of the mind–body problem were dealt with, which still characterize the understanding of unconscious mental processes today. Hypnosis was at the beginning of psychoanalysis, but was not pursued further by Sigmund Freud from 1900 onwards. Nevertheless, there were some hypnoanalytical approaches in the 20th century, as well as attempts to integrate hypnosis into behavior therapy. Techniques of imagination and relaxation combine both; in particular findings from cognitive psychology explain processes of both hypnosis and cognitive behavioral therapy. The influence of social psychology brought a new perspective to the debate about the nature of hypnosis, which continues to this day: is hypnosis to be understood as a special state of consciousness or is it a completely normal, mundane interaction? The experiments that were carried out to support one side or the other were also dependent on the hypnotizability of the subjects involved, as the more difficult hypnotic phenomena such as paralysis, hallucinations or identity delusions can only be demonstrated by highly hypnotizable subjects. The fact that these are not mere compliance reactions has now been proven by many studies using imaging techniques. But even those who are moderately hypnotizable benefit from hypnosis rituals. Variables postulated by socio-cognitive hypnosis researchers, such as motivation and expectation, are relevant, as is a good “hypnotic rapport.” Practical application of hypnotherapy today is characterized by the innovative techniques and strategies developed by Milton H. Erickson. Research into the effectiveness of hypnosis in the field of psychotherapy and psychosomatics still leaves much to be done. The situation is different in the field of medical hypnosis, where there are considerably more studies with a satisfactory design and verifiable effects. However, the impact in practical application in everyday medical practice is still low. Newer developments such as virtual reality and artificial intelligence are being looked at with critical interest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spontaneous, unwilled subjective imagery and symbols (including dreams) often emerge in psychotherapy that can appear baffling and confound interpretation. Early psychoanalytic theories seemed to diverge as often as they agreed on the meaning of such content. Nevertheless, after reviewing key findings in the empirical science of spontaneous thought as well as insights gleaned from neuroscience and especially embodied cognition, it is now possible to construct a more coherent theory of interpretation that is clinically useful. Given that thought is so thoroughly embodied, it is possible to demonstrate that universalities in human physiology yield universalities in thought. Such universalities can then be demonstrated to form a kind of biologically directed universal "code" for understanding spontaneous symbolic expressions that emerge in psychotherapy. An example is given that illustrates how this can be applied to clinical encounters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Burns in children represent a significant challenge in the global health domain. The research aims to analyze the profile of children in Romania affected by burns, focusing on demographic characteristics, severity of burns, applied treatment, and impact on parents. Through this analysis, we aim to better understand the factors involved in these cases and provide relevant information for improving the management and care of children with burns. This study aims to explore various aspects related to the healing of burn injuries in pediatric patients in Romania, analyzing data collected through a questionnaire administered to 107 parents. The profile of children in Romania affected by burns is primarily composed of relatively young children, with an average age of 8.7 years and an even distribution between genders. Most come from rural areas, and the degree of burns ranges from first to fourth degree, reflecting a wide range of severity of injuries. Treatment is diverse, with a tendency towards conservative approaches and a significant proportion of cases without complications. Parental satisfaction is not significantly influenced by the type of treatment, indicating a similar perception regardless of the mode of medical intervention. Improving the management and care of children with burns is achieved through adopting a multidisciplinary and integrative perspective. This involves the use of non-pharmacological therapies such as hypnosis and regional anesthesia for pain and anxiety control. Additionally, the inclusion of adjunctive therapies, such as the use of mesenchymal stromal cells and tilapia skin xenograft, contributes to improving the healing process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Journal of Clinical & Experimental Hypnosis is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Journal of Clinical & Experimental Hypnosis is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

BACKGROUND: Since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, university students have been exposed to a heightened vulnerability towards developing psychological issues, such as psychological distress and shyness. Internet-based interventions offer a convenient avenue for scalability, thus prompting the development of a smartphone-based hypnotic intervention aimed at addressing shyness among university students. OBJECTIVE: We devised an innovative smartphone-based hypnotic intervention called mHypnosis to examine its impact on shyness among undergraduate students. Furthermore, we aimed to investigate whether the apprehension of negative evaluations before treatment could serve as a predictor for the effectiveness of the intervention on shyness. METHODS: Eighty students with high shyness scores were randomly assigned to the experimental group and the control group. Another 40 participants with low shyness score were selected as the baseline group. The Shyness Scale (SS), Fear of Negative evaluation scale (FNE), Self-Acceptance Questionnaire (SAQ), and Self-Esteem Scale (SES) were used to evaluate the effect of hypnotic intervention. RESULTS: Before the intervention, the scores of the experimental and control groups on the SS, FNE, SAQ, and SES were higher than those in the baseline group (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in scores between the experimental and control group (p > 0.05). After the intervention, the scores of the SS, FNE, SAQ, and SES were significantly lower in the experimental group than those in the control group (p < 0.05). The pretest score of FNE could predict the shyness score after hypnotic intervention (B = 0.35, p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Smartphone-based hypnotic intervention had a significant effect on ameliorating shyness during the COVID-19 pandemic; fear of negative evaluation can be a target for treating shyness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anxiety is the most common form of mental health disorder, affecting millions of people worldwide. Psychosocial interventions such as mindfulness and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) have been suggested as an effective treatment in the management of general anxiety and anxiety disorders, with emerging evidence also suggesting the effectiveness of hypnosis. Moreover, anxiety has shown to be linked to the onset and development of several cardiovascular diseases (CVD), which are the leading cause of global death. In this paper, we review the current literature to examine the role that anxiety has on the onset and development of CVD and summarize the current knowledge on the role that hypnosis and hypnotherapy have in reducing anxiety, also explaining how this can impact the cardiovascular system and the prevention of CVD. Review of the evidence suggests that hypnosis and hypnotherapy are effective in treating anxiety and may positively affect the heart and the cardiovascular system, reducing sympathetic activation and increasing parasympathetic tone, potentially preventing the onset of CVD related to increased sympathetic activation. However, further studies are required to further understand how hypnosis and hypnotherapy affect the cardiovascular system through investigation of the neurophysiological components of the hypnotic state and of the mind-body relationship. Healthcare systems should embed mental health screening in patients at risk of developing CVD as part of the clinical pathway and consider the role that hypnosis and hypnotherapy may play in the management of CVD.

A set of interventions that can produce altered states of consciousness (ASC) have shown utility in the treatment of substance misuse. In this review, we examine addiction-related outcomes associated with three common interventions that produce ASCs: psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy (PP), Transcendental Meditation (TM) and hypnotherapy (HT). While procedurally distinct, all three interventions are associated with some common phenomenological, psychological, and neurobiological features, indicating some possible convergent mechanisms of action. Along with addiction and mental health outcomes, these common features are reviewed, and their impact on substance misuse is discussed. While our review highlights some mixed findings and methodological issues, results indicate that PP and TM are associated with significant improvements in substance misuse, alongside improvements in emotional, cognitive and social functioning, behavior-change motivation, sense of self-identity, and meaning. In contrast, and despite its broader acceptance, HT has been associated with mixed and minimal results with respect to substance misuse treatment. Authors identify key research gaps in the role of ASC interventions in addiction and outline a set of promising future research directions.

Aim and Background: Pervasive anxiety is one of the common disorders and psychological treatments such as cognitive analytical hypnotherapy have been effective on similar disorders. The aim of the present study was to determine the effectiveness of cognitive analytical hypnotherapy on emotional regulation and self-efficacy in people with symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder. Methods and Materials: The research method was semi-experimental with experimental and control groups. The statistical population of this research included all people with symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder who referred to the house of counseling centers of Tehran in 2022. Sampling was available and 30 people who got the highest score in anxiety questionnaire (1990) were selected as a sample and then randomly assigned 15 people to the experimental group and 15 people to the control group. and were allocated by lottery method. The experimental group underwent cognitive analytical hypnotherapy for 8 sessions twice a week for 60 minutes. The control group did not receive any intervention. In order to collect data, anxiety (1990), self-efficacy (1961) and emotion regulation (2003) questionnaires were used. In order to analyze the data, descriptive tests (mean and standard deviation) and covariance analysis were used with SPSS version 25 software. Findings: The results showed that cognitive analytical hypnotherapy has an effect on emotional regulation and self-efficacy in people with symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder (p

The purpose of this research was to assess the efficacy of hypnotherapy on perceived tension and wound healing in patients who had undergone abdominal surgery. The research methodology was implemented in both intent and data collection approach: a quasi-experimental pre-test-post-test design with a control group follow-up. The statistical population comprised all patients admitted to Golestan Hospital of Tehran in 2020 who were candidates for abdominal surgery. Fifty of these patients, consisting of 24 males and 26 females, were selected at random and divided into two study groups using a readily available sampling method. The initial cohort underwent an eight-session hypnotherapy intervention, while the subsequent cohort served as the control group. The data were gathered at three time points prior to, during, and subsequent to the intervention and follow-up period using the Bates-Jensen Wound Assessment Tool (BWAT) and the Perceived Stress scale (PSS). Analysis of the data was conducted using repeated measures analysis of variance. It was conducted using SPSS software version 23. In the post-test and follow-up phases, hypnotherapy was found to influence the wound recovery and perceived stress levels of patients who had undergone abdominal surgery (P>0.05). On the basis of these results, it is possible to conclude that hypnotherapy can be utilized as an adjunctive therapy to reduce perceived stress and enhance wound healing in patients recovering from abdominal surgery.

In recent times, research has been conducted on the use of hypnosis during childbirth preparation and its effects on pain, fear, and overall childbirth experience. The main objective of this study was to analyze the published scientific literature on the use of hypnotherapy during childbirth preparation and the outcomes achieved during labor. A systematic literature review was conducted following the PRISMA 2020 protocol, with a search performed on the PubMed, Cinahl, Scopus, and WOS databases. Studies meeting inclusion criteria, including randomized controlled trials (RCTs), were evaluated for methodological quality using the PEDro scale. The searches yielded a total of 84 results, from which 7 RCTs of high scientific quality were selected. Each article examined the impact of a hypnosis intervention during pregnancy and the results obtained during labor. The analysis covered the use of epidural anesthesia, pharmacological analgesia during labor, self-reported pain, labor duration, type of delivery, fear of childbirth, and childbirth experience. The results demonstrated benefits in reducing fear and pain during labor, along with an enhancement in the overall childbirth experience. Hypnotherapy can be a valuable resource for reducing fear and pain during labor and improving the lived childbirth experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Worldwide, more than eight million people die each year as a result of tobacco use. A large proportion of smokers who want to quit are interested in alternative smoking cessation methods, of which hypnotherapy is the most popular. However, the efficacy of hypnotherapy as a tobacco cessation intervention cannot be considered sufficiently proven due to significant methodological limitations in the studies available to date. The aim of the present study was to compare the efficacy of a hypnotherapeutic group program for smoking cessation with that of an established cognitive-behavioral group program in a randomized controlled trial. A total of 360 smokers who were willing to quit were randomly assigned to either hypnotherapy (HT) or cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) at two study sites, without regard to treatment preference. They each underwent a 6 weeks smoking cessation course (one 90 min group session per week) and were followed up at regular intervals over a 12 months period. The primary outcome variable was defined as continuous abstinence from smoking according to the Russell standard, verified by a carbon monoxide measurement at three measurement time points. Secondary outcome variables were 7 days point prevalence abstinence during the 12 months follow up and the number of cigarettes the non-quitters smoked per smoking day (smoking intensity). Generalized estimating equations were used to test treatment condition, hypnotic suggestibility, and treatment expectancy as predictors of abstinence. The two interventions did not differ significantly in the proportion of participants who remained continuously abstinent throughout the follow-up period (CBT: 15.6%, HT: 15.0%) and also regarding the 7 days abstinence rates during the 12 months follow-up (CBT: 21.2%, HT: 16.7%). However, when controlling for hypnotic suggestibility, CBT showed significantly higher 7 days abstinence rates. In terms of the continuous abstinence rates, it can be concluded that the efficacy of hypnotherapeutic methods for smoking cessation seem to be comparable to established programs such as CBT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heart surgery patients are at high risk for psychological trauma and comorbid psychological disorders. Depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorders in this patient group are predictors of outcomes after cardiac surgery. Medical hypnosis is effective for non-pharmacologic prevention and treatment of psychological disorders and has been associated with improved health-related quality of life and better cardiovascular outcomes. This contribution makes note of evidence of the effectiveness of medical hypnosis in a discussion of the clinical experience with specific hypnotherapeutic tools and interventions from the perspective of the mental health team in one large cardiac center in Germany. Based on our experience, we encourage heart centers to educate their heart surgery care teams about the core concepts of medical hypnosis and to make hypnotherapeutic techniques available as an adjunctive therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Opinion Statement: As a palliative care specialist and a hypnotherapist, I use therapeutic communication and conversational hypnosis daily in my patient – doctor relationship. Formal hypnotherapy sessions are integrated in my practice whenever patients are open or wish for such an approach in relation to a specific symptom, for better overall management of their disease burden and/or enhanced well-being. Although hypnosis has been used for centuries in medical practice and for thousands of years in healing practices in ancient cultures all over the world, the evidence remains scarce. Nevertheless, in the last 10 years several randomised controlled trials have been conducted, building up an evidence base. In contrast to most oncological treatments, hypnotherapy is far from being considered evidence-based "standard care". It is however, if practiced by a trained health care professional, almost free of side effects and therefore potentially has a very favourable benefit-to-harm ratio. The question arises whether hypnotherapy will ever become a standard of care intervention? This seems unlikely since its efficacy may be influenced by the patient's belief in hypnosis and compliance to therapy. Furthermore, a fundamental necessity is a personalised approach that moves hypnotherapy more into the category of individual-centred care rather than standard care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]