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You had estimated the chemical composition of heart of Palm type kedraaweey, Phoenix dactylifera L. and humidity were 84.79 and protein 3.062% and carbs 8.26% fat ratio 0.8 2% and ash 0.960 and fibers 5.20. Phenols also estimated flavonoid, broanthosianidin ratio was 87.7%, 92% and 7.5%, respectively. And extract Glycoside, phenolic, flavonoid, alkaloids and tannins in the heart of palm. The results showed the quantitative content of isolated compounds With a concentration of 45.97, 0.053 and 16.41 mg/g for phenolic compounds, flavonoids and tannins, respectively, in the palm of the plant. These isolated compounds were diagnosed by qualitative and quantitative estimation and by the FT-IR infrared technique. The heart of palm was used as a stabilizer in the production and in concentrations (0.25, 0.5 and 0.75%). The CMC was used for control treatment by 0.5% and no mixture was added to the mixture. Strange flavors or colors may occur when adding the palm heart under study.The results of the sensory evaluation indicated that the treatment using the heart palm dryer (0.5%) was very close to the control treatment. The use of the heart palm dryer under study (0.5%) improved the characteristics of the ice cream product compared to the treatment Control with concentrations (0.1, 0.25, 0.75%) was less effective in these traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hypoglycemic effect of orally administered boiling aqueous extract of a heart of palm (HP) against alloxan-induced diabetes rabbits was investigated in this study. Rabbits were treated daily with 0.5 g/kg HP boiling aqueous extract alone, or 10 U/Kg body weight insulin alone, or a combination of 0.5 g/kg HP boiling aqueous extract and 10 U/Kg body weight of insulin, each started one week after alloxan injection and continued for five weeks period for inverting the change in glucose level in diabetic rabbits. In addition, diabetic rabbits were randomly selected and received a combination of different doses of insulin with heart of palmaqueous extract to evaluate the extent of boiling aqueous extract of HP in reducing insulin dose compared with diabetic rabbit treated with insulin alone (10 U./Kg). Blood samples were collected in each week of the experiment from theheart of rabbits for the investigate of the blood glucose level. Analysis of data obtained from the first experiment showed that, 0.5 g/kg body weight of boiling aqueous extract of the HP given alone or in combination with insulin caused an improvement of blood glucose level in the diabetic rabbits compared to diabetic non-administrated group. The results from the second experiment showed that, there were no significant differences between 6 U/kg insulin and 0.5gm/kg of an HP boiling aqueous extract group compared to 10 U/kg insulin, thus there were a reduction ininsulin dose to almost 40% produced by an HP boiling aqueous extract. In conclusion, the HP boiling aqueous extract help to decreasing glucose level and may have an additional effect to improve insulin sensitivity and its receptors, and could be used as a supplement alone / or with insulin in order to improve its effect and reduces the insulin doses can hence reduces its suspected side effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We describe and discuss palm heart production from wild Euterpe oleracea in Colombia and analyse the social, ecological and trade aspects determining its sustainability. Palm heart is harvested on communal lands by Afro-descendants, who receive US$0.1 per stem. To obtain an income corresponding to a minimum wage, a harvester would have to fell 167 stems per day, i.e. one palm stem every 3 min non-stop over 8 h of work. The pressure of this system leads to over-exploitation of the palm stands, causing local exhaustion of the resource, thus depriving communities of the palm fruit, a vital component of their diet. We evaluated in two harvest scenarios on non-harvested palm populations (annual harvest of either 75 or 50% of the stems), the availability of palm hearts, the number of harvesters per hectare and their net income. We also considered the possibility of doubling or tripling the income of primary producers without affecting the palm stands or increasing the harvesters' effort. The low market retail price of the final product precludes an improvement in the pay of harvesters or their work conditions. Today many consumers would pay a higher price if it were clear that the product they buy is being produced in a way that is environmentally friendly and socially fair. This information should be provided on the product label and it should be part of communication and education strategies. An alliance of supermarket chains and non-governmental organizations could positively influence attitudes toward the value of this product and help to make consumers aware of their responsibility regarding the fate of the palm and the fairness of its harvest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Micromorphology of pejibaye leaflets Bactris gasipaes (Arecaceae) var. diamonds-10. Bactris gasipaes is widely cultivated for the consumption of palm hearts and fruits. The present work describes the micro morphological characteristics of leaflets from adult plants of B. gasipaes, thornless variety Diamantes-10, collected in the Diamantes Experimental Station in Guápiles, Costa Rica. We collected 25 leaflets and analyses were performed with a combination of microscopy techniques: light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy to study their structure. Our results showed that leaflets have abundant epicuticular wax on adaxial and abaxial surfaces. Analyses from the epidermis indicated that it is composed of isodiametric cells, and it is also evident that hypodermis cells have rectangular shape and are larger than the other epidermal cells. We observed stomata on both surfaces, but they were more abundant in the abaxial surface. On the other hand, the epidermis showed the presence of trichomes with three different morphologies. In the parenchyma, cells are large and not well defined, and we observed the presence of astroesclereids, and compact groups of fiber bundles between parenchyma cells. The central vein has several vascular bundles, arranged in a continuous manner, and they are surrounded by sclerotic tissue; some of these fibers presented live protoplasts. All minor veins showed the same anatomy as the central vein. In these veins, the vessel elements of protoxylem and metaxylem showed scalariform ornaments on their walls. Phloem is located towards the adaxial surface of the vein and we observed sieve and companion cells surrounded by fibers and parenchyma cells. The companion cells presented branched plasmodesmata attached to a sieve element, and in these elements we found protein bodies called P-protein. The main anatomical difference in the leaflets of the var. Diamantes-10, compared to the other varieties of B. gasipaes K, is the lack of thorns; the other morphological features seem to be conserved. Rev. Biol. Trop. 64 (3): 1273-1285. Epub 2016 September 01. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Palm heart from juçara palm (Euterpe edulis) has been one of the most important non-timber forest products (NTFPs) from the Brazilian Atlantic forest since 1960s, but overharvesting, among other factors, drove the species near to extinction. However, the recent conversion from extraction of hearts of palm to berries harvesting for pulp production, a nondestructive use, had a remarkable effect on species conservation and its potential for cash provision and forest landscape restoration. Pulp production fromE. edulisin the Atlantic Forest is strongly benefiting from the traditional and expanding market of açaí pulp produced fromEuterpe oleraceaein the Amazon Basin. In this article, we assess the current status of this new NTFP fromE. edulisin the State of Santa Catarina, tracing a parallel with the açaí production chain in the Amazon. In addition to a literature review, we surveyed the production chain and interviewed key stakeholders. Production of juçara pulp soared from 5 tons in 2010 to 97.76 tons in 2011, but production is clearly far from fulfilling the fast growing demand. With 115 fruit collectors, management in backyard agroforestry represents 80% of production, with the secondary forests providing the remainder. Two types of producers in Santa Catarina—industrial and family farmers—are distinguished by their form of processing, production scale and sales. Familiarity of farmers with juçara palm as well as the better infrastructure of the region compared to the Amazon gives juçara pulp good condition for the development of the production chain. Nonetheless, it is clearly important to define strategies under public and private policies for research, development, and dissemination of sustainable production models, based on the ecology of the species, landscape structure, and sociocultural values. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Currently, there is a growing demand of the adequacy of modern consumer society to a life with less impact on the environment. Therefore, the search for materials coming from renewable and biodegradable resources is continuously growing. However, to the transition from an unrestricted consumption to a conscious one to occur, it is necessary to change not only the materials that are being produced but also the production logistics and manufacturing processes used. With this regard, in this work agglomerated panels using residues from the sustainable production of heart of palm obtained from pejibaye (Bactris gasipaes) palms were developed and their flexural mechanical properties were characterized. The results show that although the panels were produced using manufacturing processes with low technological complexities, and with low implementation costs and reduced environmental impact, they have suitable mechanical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phoenix sylvestris (wild date palm) plays an important role in the diet of the inhabitants of tribal area of southern Rajasthan. There is a lacuna in the study of its nutritional value and its potential as an alternative source of food. In the present study the quantitative determination of proximate composition of carbohydrate, protein, lipid, minerals and vitamins present in the palm heart of Phoenix sylvestris has been done by standard analytical techniques. The palm heart of Phoenix sylvestris showed highest amount of carbohydrate (11.63%), crude protein (10.93%), crude fiber (3.24%), reducing sugar (2.68%), crude lipid (2%) and small amount of ash (1.2%). The palm heart of Phoenix sylvestris also has a high energy value (108.24 kcal/100 g). It is rich in Vitamin B3 (1.34 mg/100 g) and Vitamin C (5.52 mg/100 g). This study concluded that the palm heart of Phoenix sylvestris contained highest amount of carbohydrate, protein and lowest amount of minerals as compared to palm heart of Euterpe spp. The results revealed that palm heart of Phoenix sylvestris is a good nutrient supplement and is opulent in carbohydrate, crude protein, vitamin B complex, vitamin C and vitamin K. It can be used as good alternative source of cabbage or vegetable and to alleviate hunger and malnutrition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] We studied the effect of palm heart extraction from the palm Euterpe oleracea. [•] We constructed population matrix models and simulated different harvest scenarios. [•] Current harvest regimes result in dramatic demographic changes. [•] Current harvesting reducing by more than 90% supply of palm, beyond recovery. [•] Sustainable scenarios involve annual harvests between 50% and 75% of all stems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to determine the effects of low-temperature storage with and without vacuum packaging and osmotic treatments on palm heart ( Elaies guineensis). Palm heart samples were packed with and without vacuum and were kept at 5 and 10C. Another group of samples were treated with solutions of sugar, salt and sugar-salt mixture (20%, w/w), potassium sorbate, sodium benzoate and potassium sorbate-sodium benzoate mixture (100 mg/kg each) prior to storage at 5C. Vacuum packaging significantly prolonged the shelf life but temperatures of 5 and 10C did not have significant effect on color and texture. Vacuum packed samples stored at 5C showed minimum changes in color and texture, exceeding 22 days of storage. All osmotic treatments have significant effect on the color development. The whiteness index reduced gradually as storage period progressed. Sugar and salt solutions were better than preservatives in preserving the color and texture of palm heart samples. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Preservation of fresh palm hearts ( Elaies guineensis) can be achieved by vacuum packaging and osmotic treatment using sugar, salt and sugar-salt mixture. These preservation methods are simple and practical, making them feasible for commercial purposes. Segregation or sorting of palm hearts ( E. guineensis) is necessary to achieve homogeneity and consistency in the product shelf life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Euterpe edulis is an endangered species due to palm heart overharvesting, the most important non-timber forest product of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, and fruit exploitation has been introduced as a low impacting alternative. However, E. edulis is a keystone species for frugivores birds, and even the impact of fruit exploitation needs to be better investigated. Since this species occurs over contrasting habitats, the establishment of site-specific standards and limits for exploitation may also be essential to achieve truly sustainable management. In this context, we sought to investigate how soil chemical composition would potentially affect E. edulis (Arecaceae) palm heart and fruit exploitation considering current standards of management. We studied natural populations found in Restinga Forest and Atlantic Rainforest remnants established within Natural Reserves of São Paulo State, SE Brazil, where 10.24ha permanent plots, composed of a grid of 256 subplots (20m×20m), were located. In each of these subplots, we evaluated soil chemical composition and diameter at breast height of E. edulis individuals. Additionally, we evaluated fruit yield in 2008 and 2009 in 20 individuals per year. The Atlantic Rainforest population had a much higher proportion of larger diameter individuals than the population from the Restinga Forest, as a result of habitat-mediated effects, especially those related to soil. Sodium and potassium concentration in Restinga Forest soils, which have strong negative and positive effect on palm growth, respectively, played a key role in determining those differences. Overall, the number of fruits that could be exploited in the Atlantic Rainforest was four times higher than in Restinga Forest. If current rules for palm heart and fruit harvesting were followed without any restriction to different habitats, Restinga Forest populations are under severe threat, as this study shows that they are not suitable for sustainable management of both fruits and palm heart. Hence, a habitat-specific approach of sustainable management is needed for this species in order to respect the demographic and ecological dynamics of each population to be managed. These findings suggest that any effort to create general management standards of low impacting harvesting may be unsuccessful if the species of interest occur over a wide range of ecosystems. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

More than 200 scientific publications and Internet sources dealing with trade in palm products in north-western South America are reviewed. We focus on value chains, trade volumes, prices, and recent developments for some of the most important raw materials derived from native palms. Trade in palm products takes place at local, regional, national, and international levels. For local communities and individual households palm products may play a key role as the most important or only source of cash income. Most of these palm products are inadequately or not at all captured in trade statistics at the local and regional economic levels. Only products such as vegetable ivory and palm heart are monitored statistically, mainly because they are exported. Most raw materials derived from palms are extracted from the wild, and mainly by destructive harvesting. Reduced availability and rising prices on local and regional markets reflect incipient resource depletion. Only in vegetable ivory more or less sustainable wild harvesting methods prevail. Palm heart is increasingly being harvested from orchards and non-sustainable exploitation of wild populations is loosing ground. The international market for native palm oils and pulp (esp. Euterpe oleracea or açaí) is currently served almost exclusively from Brazil. Due to low oil contents and high production costs palm oils are currently used mainly for cosmetics. Based on their content of protein, starch, tocols, and carotenoids palm fruits have high nutritional value and represent a considerable potential for the development of functional foods, food supplements and animal fodder. Palms could undoubtedly play a more important role in the socio-economic development of north-western South America. Sustainability and marketing potential of palm products are negatively affected by the low income obtained by primary producers which often represents no more than 0.01-3% of the retail value. Poor governance, insecurity of land tenure and unequal sharing of profits endanger a sustainable long-term development of these valuable resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Heart of palm (palmito) is the edible part of the apical meristem of palms and is considered a gourmet vegetable. Palmitos from the palms Euterpe edulis (Juçara) and Euterpe oleracea (Açaí) oxidise after harvesting, whereas almost no oxidation is observed in palmitos from Bactris gasipaes (Pupunha). Previous investigations showed that oxidation in Juçara and Açaí was mainly attributable to polyphenol oxidase (PPO; EC 1.14.18.1) activity. In this study, we partially purified PPOs from these three palmitos and analysed them for SDS activation, substrate specificity, inhibition by specific inhibitors, thermal stability, optimum pH and temperature conditions, Km and Ki. In addition, the total phenolic content and chlorogenic acid content were determined. Two partial cDNA sequences were isolated and sequenced from Açaí (EoPPO1) and Juçara (EePPO1). Semi-quantitative RT-PCR expression assays showed that Açaí and Juçara PPOs were strongly expressed in palmitos and weakly expressed in leaves. No amplification was observed for Pupunha samples. The lack of oxidation in the palmito Pupunha might be explained by the low PPO expression, low enzyme activity or the phenolic profile, particularly the low content of chlorogenic acid. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In Brazil many kinds of native palms can provide hearth palm of good quality and among them stands out the guarirobeira (Syagrus oleracea (Mart.) J. Becc.), which has different flavor and great acceptance in the Cerrado region. The objective of this research was to determine the characteristics of guariroba palm heart, with relationship to the moisture, ash, total lipids, proteins, reducer and no-reducer sugars, acidity, ascorbic acid, total phenol, pH, total fiber and iron, phosphorus, calcium, sodium and potassium minerals. It was also verified the effect of processing (blanching, acidification and freezing) in the frozen product. Significant differences (P<0.05) was noted among average values found in frozen and raw samples, with contents (g 100g-1) respectively, for moisture, of 87.68 and 90.56; ash, 0.96 and 0.73; and lipids, 0.44 and 0.24; besides the occurrence of decreasing energy value from 11.64 to 9.97kcal 100g-1 in the integral sample. The citric acid use in the processing of guariroba palm heart decreased the pH of 5.8 to 4.5, and was efficient for avoid browning. The guariroba palm heart still be a good source of e fiber and total phenol after freezing, in addition to offer high contents of vitamin C and iron mineral. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of fertilization, packing type, and temperature on palm heart quality. The work, carried out in January, 2005, evaluated the post harvest quality of peach palm heart in response to two fertilization procedures: chemical and organic fertilizer; two packing procedures: a thermosealed low-density polyethylene bag and a tray of expanded polystyrene, covered with a film of polyvinyl chloride): and three temperatures: 5, 10 and 20 °C. The palm heart fertilized organically showed better appearance and acidity than the inorganic product (pH 6,45 vs 6,24, respectively) during the first six days in storage (dis). However, it showed a decline in appearance, including yellowing, acidification, and undesirable odors after 12 dis. The palm heart packed in plastic bags at 5 °C was properly preserved until the end of the storage period. The tray of expanded polystyrene was not appropriate for the preservation of peach palm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Illegal extraction of non-timber forest products in the tropics is widespread, and many protected areas face the challenge of balancing conservation needs with cultural practices related to the use and extraction of animals and plants. We studied the illegal wild palm heart extraction of Geonoma edulis, locally known as súrtuba, in Volcán Poás and Braulio Carrillo National Parks in Costa Rica. Through 96 questionnaires administered in three communities bordering these national parks, and by semistructured interviews with poachers and park managers, this study examined extraction and consumption motives, patterns, and frequencies. This palm is sought out by the communities for use during Holy Week to satisfy cultural traditions, for its associated nutritive value, and because of its unique bitter flavor, not comparable to domesticated palm heart. Whereas the majority of the respondents consume it during Holy Week (55.2%), a substantial number (27.1%) consume G. edulis palm heart at least once a month. The majority extract once a year (58%); however, a minority (2.1%) rely on C. edulis for economic subsistence. This accounts for 72.6% of the reported extraction (over 4,500 palms per year) and is supplying a year-round market for nontraditional use. Our results show that what most likely began as a cultural tradition has become an uncontrolled, nontraditional source of income. Additional efforts should determine the feasibility of limited extraction outside protected areas to satisfy traditional use. Such an effort entails the decentralization of biodiversity policies and innovative methods to implement protective measures, as well as incentives for community involvement in the management of this palm heart species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research was carried out to establish how the infection by palm heart bacteriosis occurs in the field, during the years 2004 and 2005 at Los Diamantes experimental station in Guápiles, Costa Rica, with the aim to establish how the infection takes place in this disease in the field. The literature indicates that the bacteria Pantoea stewartii in association with the fungus Fusarium sp. are the pathogenic agents of the disease known as "bacteriosis of the pejibaye palm heart". Three inoculation experiments were carried out on 4-mo old plants of two varieties and the behavior of the disease observed in the field. Inoculation consisted of sprays on the foliage and injection into the leaf sheets, with and without wounds. For inoculation, extracts of macerations of diseased leaves, soil from diseased plantations, and suspensions of bacteria and fungus cultivated in the laboratory were used. Both varieties, inoculated artificially, were equally susceptible. Under field conditions, Diamantes-10 was far less susceptible to the disease because is less attractive to the vector (Metamasius hemipterus). The inoculation with leaf macerate sprayed over the foliage was the most effective (up to 100%); injection into the leaf sheet was also effective (up to 56.2%). Plants infected, transplanted to full sun and well drained soil, with Metamasius hemipterus absent, recovered completely from the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The field trial was carried out at the Experimental Station "Los Diamantes" (Guápiles, Costa Rica) from October 2003 to November 2005. The objective was to evaluate the effect of different plant densities (3.333, 5.000 and 6.666 plants/ha), diverse methods of fertilization (chemical, organic and chemical-organic) and two spatial disposition of plants in the field (rectangular and triangular), on the growth of the peach palm for palm heart production. The variables considered were stem diameter and height as well as leaf and sprout numbers, as plant production indicators. The evaluation period covered only the first 25 months of growth after planting in the open field. The number of leaves, plant height and stem diameter did not show relevant differences of response to the treatments. After 15 months, only the number of sprouts diminished as the population density increased. The effect of the fertilization became evident after the first harvest, 20 months after fields planting, due to the increased competition among more developed older plants. At this time chemical fertilizers caused an increased number and vigour of the sprouts. But the agronomical practices, evaluated 25 months after planting, did not produce any influence on the number of palm hearts harvested or on the physical characteristics of the foliar and caulinar sections of the heart of palm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article demonstrates an economic and ecological profile of açaí palm heart production in the Amazon estuary, particularly those on the island of Marajó. It also examined the economic costs and returns of palm heart extraction, palm heart canning, as well as palm heart distribution. Several factors are shown that lead players in each sector to carry out nonsustainability practices. An analysis reveals how the frequency of palm heart harvest affects açaí population structure and palm heart productivity. Then, an assessment is considered concerning the economic potential of forest management approaches which are designed to provide a constant supply of palm hearts.