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Dominican-born children of Haitian descent are frequently excluded from the public education system in the Dominican Republic. Barriers to participation include poverty, discriminatory government policies, and structural barriers within school settings. Females of Haitian descent face additional barriers due to gender discrimination. The current study used modified grounded theory to analyze qualitative interviews from 32 Dominican females of Haitian descent to explore factors that promote and impede educational resilience. Barriers to school participation included: the economics of school integration and persistence, poor cultural and learning climate within school, and limited structural supports for female students who want to pursue education while pregnant, or raising children. Factors described as promoting educational resilience included: successfully balancing work and study from an early age, having supportive social networks, and holding strong beliefs about the future value of education. Findings challenge and inform dominant discourses about factors that impede and support educational resilience.

This paper explores the experiences of practicing bilingual (English/Spanish, English/Portuguese, and English/Haitian Creole) and English as a Second Language teachers after completing a Bilingual Bicultural Education Certification program. It highlights how teachers defined success when working with their emergent bilingual students and names the barriers that teachers identified as preventing them from success. Using a Systems Theory for Career Development framework, analysis indicated that, from teachers' perspectives, elements that contributed to success were often framed as the result of interpersonal and social factors while major barriers to success were often described as resulting from environmental and, to a lesser degree, social factors. Implications for teacher education and professional development are provided.

Narratives drawn from a Fulbright study of immigrant women in Chile communicating with their families at-a-distance through information and communication technologies show that they utilized digital visual literacy practices. Digital visual literacy is a combination of digital literacy and visual literacy and even goes beyond these conceptualizations. By manipulating their levels of visibility through platforms on smartphone devices, immigrant women strove to create a sense of co-presence with their families abroad. This paper demonstrates the complexity and relevance of combining visuality with multi-literacies, voice, and gendered narratives of digital communication for immigrants inside and outside of adult literacy classrooms.

Doctoral education is often lauded as a site of academic socialization and research training for nascent scholars. However, discussions of socialization seldom problematize the dangers of intellectual imperialism and methodological nationalism inherent in doctoral researcher socialization. As such, the traditional socialization practices for doctoral students in the United States (U.S.) must be interrogated and expanded to move towards equitable practices for research, especially for students conducting international research. Using social and spatial positioning as our conceptual framing, we problematize and question current approaches and practices to doctoral researcher training in the U.S. We use the academic hood, which is granted upon successful completion of doctoral studies, as a metaphor to reconsider how to reflect upon and navigate power dynamics and knowledge production within the U.S. academy.

Using perspectives drawn from recent work in the anthropology of learning as socially situated practice, alongside attention to multimodality as a lens for exploring learning, this article analyzes patterns of meaning-making among children engaged in small group learning during an after-school Creole literacy program in Haiti. Ethnographic analysis of an extensive corpus of video data reveals a powerful role for embodiment, wide attention, and distributed participation in children's learning, processes that in turn channel wider systems of meaning in Haitian society and culture. The article suggests that attention to the multiple affordances and cultural resources children use during engagement in socially situated learning offers a resource for thinking more deeply about education as social practice, especially in contexts where schools and society are shaped by social inequalities.

This article focuses on the extraordinary literacies of four Haitian and Haitian American Girls enrolled in a middle grades out-of-school literacy program in Miami, Florida. I examine how the girls narrated Black transnational girlhood through autobiographical writings, classroom discussions, and media analyses. I define the girls' intellectual contributions to the classroom as the superpower of dyasporic dreaming. The concept calls on scholars to affirm the global negotiations of Black transnational girls as literacies. Further, I argue that the superpower of dyasporic dreaming manifested through learning dynamics grounded in Haitian empyreal logics of Vodou and the Diasporic Lakou. Lastly, I make a case for an increased focus on the transnational nature of Black Girls' Literacies, and curriculum specifically oriented towards the Black Global South.

This exploratory case study adds to the growing literature on leaders and leadership development in communities experiencing poverty in the global south. It explores how leadership is conceptualized among community-identified leaders in Muñoz, Dominican Republic. Drawn from semistructured interviews, the eight participant narratives provide insight into potential approaches for developing local leadership capacity that may help combat generational poverty. The recommendations from this study highlight the need to support the development of human capital using an anticolonial framework. The recommendations are especially relevant for leadership groups preparing to work or currently working in the nonprofit sector. By knowing how to better support the development of localized leadership within communities of poverty, external nonprofit agencies--particularly those from the global north--can better support communities and mitigate the risk of perpetuating colonial dynamics and power structures.

In this article, we argue that picturebooks about food production, consumption, and distribution can provide rich opportunities for early childhood educators to facilitate critical conversations about culture, power, social action, and justice with their students.

In this theoretical article, the authors elaborate a revisited theory of Third Space from a BlackCrit/Afropessimist stance, exploring Black youth ethnic and racial identity formation searching for place and belonging in the context of a raced world. To illustrate their theoretical contributions, the authors draw on empirical research conducted with Haiti-born and U.S.-born Haitian immigrant high school students and their teachers. They argue that, as Third Space, Haitian ethnic clubs were sites of sanctuary where students felt free to challenge, play with, and question complex ideas about racial identity, sites of resistance to test and exercise resistance against demoralizing forces, sites of fluidity for Black adolescent development, and sites for regulating and protecting Blackness. Thus, Third Space Theory from a BlackCrit perspective can offer an anti-racist approach to capturing how Black youth become aware of contradictions and ambivalence in the worlds they inhabit and their acceptance of situations where ambivalence helps in their learning and also their survivance.

The aim of this article is to develop a better understanding of the educational pathways experienced by Haitian youth in Montreal when it comes to their post-secondary studies. The qualitative analysis of their life stories within the educational and learning pathways framework (Doray, 2011) reveals an assortment of pathways. Many are characterized by various sources of constraint (financial, institutional, social) and negative experiences with guidance counsellors during the transition to post-secondary studies. Perceived discrimination and racism also emerge as significant themes in the students' discourses. In conclusion, future research and intervention strategies are suggested.

This article undertakes a textual analysis of an autobiographically informed novel, "American Street," to analyze the process of identity formation of a Black Haitian immigrant youth in the United States. Black immigrant youth remain an understudied demographic in literacy research compared with their Latinx and Asian immigrant counterparts. The goal of this analysis is to provide insights into the role of languages and literacies for Black immigrant youth in (re)constructing their identities in nations like the United States. Analysis revealed the significance of one youth's resistance to raciolinguistic ideologies, reliance on her Haitian faith literacies, and deployment of multiliteracy practices in (re)constructing her identity. We call for increased research that illuminates the complexity of the language and literacy processes involved in Black immigrant youth's negotiations with identity in new homelands, and offer textual analysis as an underutilized but promising inquiry method for generating such knowledge. The article also offers pedagogical implications.

World history curriculum continues to be plagued by Eurocentric narratives and perspectives eliminating local and community agency in Caribbean history. Textbooks and curriculum standards exclude much of Caribbean history and marginalize the influence and contributions of the African Diaspora. Oftentimes, Caribbean achievements are attributed to European influence and not the local community as seen with the Haitian Revolution and diffusion of the European Enlightenment. African culture and syncretic Haitian religion however, heavily contributed to the inspiration of revolution by African slaves in Haiti. This article explores ways educators can infuse the African Diaspora into Caribbean history through anthropology. Using an ethnographic lens to examine the Haitian Revolution, Haitian Voudou, and Toussaint L'Ouverture presents a new way educators can teach about this pivotal event and society in World History.

This qualitative case study explores an adolescent English learner's (EL's) expression of self and identity through multiliteracy practices on paper from an ecological perspective. The study follows Anni, a fourteen-year-old adolescent EL in an "Advancement via Individual Determination" elective class in a high school in the southeastern United States. Analysis of interviews, observations, researcher's e-journals, and artifacts shows various aspects of the EL's self that she chose to share with others, transformations related to the stage of adolescence and her status as an EL, and the role of a multiliteracy assignment in her expression of self and identity. The study makes suggestions for further research and describes implications for practice.

Background: Immigrant young people face many challenges in reconciling sociocultural differences that exist in their day-to-day experiences (e.g., school, home, peers), which raises important questions for how school settings can support these students' navigation of these experiences. Much is yet to be learned about the manifestation processes for these young people. This is especially true for Haitian immigrant young people as they encounter racio-cultural dynamics in the U.S. (e.g., through racism and classism) as they work to construct their Haitianness and straddle the different cultural domains they live out. Context: This article focuses on understanding the lived experiences of three Haitian immigrant young people. The young people included two siblings (ages 22 and 16) and a third child (age 8). Interview methodology was used in order to capture stories from the viewpoint of the young people. The mothers of these young people were also interviewed in order to corroborate the young peoples' experiences and understand greater contexts of their families. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the experiences (e.g., tensions, cultural flexibility) of the three focal young people of how they fashioned various identifications of Haitianness. Two siblings were selected in order to analyze how their experiences of growing up in the same family might yield (dis)similar experiences, and the third child, who was the youngest interviewee, was selected to understand how various identity decision-makings were beginning to be formulated at a younger age. The student interviews specifically focused on background information (i.e., age, school attended), stories told to them by family members or those outside the home about Haiti, how they self-identify and why, perceptions of them in school, what people knew about them in school and what they didn't know about them and why, literacy practices at home and at school, and their lived experiences with friends and family members. In addition, the parent interviews helped us to delve into the parents' expectations and their successes and difficulties in raising children with a Haitian background in the U.S. Findings: The findings unveiled very different experiences for each of the three focal young people that showed tensive and unproblematic decisions they made as they navigated what it meant to be a Haitian immigrant. While some of the individuals' choices preserved more Haitian heritage than others, their decisions revealed how they each occupied plural consciousnesses as they postured varying racial and linguistic selves at school and home. Examples of student choices included acclimating to dominant ("white") views of what it meant to excel in school settings, setting one's self academically apart from peers in order to be beyond reproach, creating private networks of friends who provided cultural validation, viewing one's self as race-less, ascribing to Haitian work values, tying particular language abilities to cultural identities, and masking ethnic heritage at school. Conclusion: Overall, each young person created a different pathway (nan lonbraj la) in formulating one's Haitianness. In fact, their decision-making processes were often quite different from one another. Even so, we found each young person's family played a definitive role in shaping one's opinions on language and cultural identity. This did not always mean, however, the young people were readily accepting of the family's viewpoints. In fact, there were many instances where a young person worked to change their parents' language use and cultural affiliations (e.g., food, literacy), causing tension at home about what it means to operate in U.S. society as Haitian. However, all three young people still had at least one family member who positioned themselves as strong advocates for the young people to exhibit their Haitianness in a specific fashion. We also found that all three young people acknowledged race but did not define themselves solely in this way nor designate themselves as one particular race. Racial identification was an evolving marker for each person. Lastly, none of the students' schools adopted priorities to honor the students' immigrant histories or support their diverse ways of existing as young immigrants in these education spaces. Each student, though, did articulate some examples of sharing their Haitian heritage in school, but these instances were rare and not a primary significance. The students simultaneously expressed they did not have a pressing desire, though, for schools to build in more opportunities for them to deepen their heritage culture. Recommendation: Although immigrant young people operate in very diverse ways in their approaches to cultural formation, these processes are rife with challenges steeped in systems of oppression. For this reason, teachers must work to explore how learning spaces can support students' movement across their multiple language and cultural borders. In doing so, we argue, teachers should develop an awareness of the dominant-based systems that influence students' decision-making on how they view or can enact themselves so that teachers can simultaneously build on the students' linguistic and cultural flexibilities. Therefore, we call for further research to examine how these types of pedagogical affordances can exist and to further explore the multidimensional nature of immigrant young people's enculturation processes.

While the Global North's academic culture is romanced by generalizability, testimonio offers an enticing way to incorporate diverse knowledge sources into the curricular cannon. Testimonio offers a radical, critical, spiritual humanizing pedagogy for ethnic-racial socialization (Menchú, 1983). In this paper, I conduct a semi-structured interview with tía, my aunt, a Haitian native, who raised me and has worked for 30 years in special education and English language instruction in New York City and Maryland. She also served as a Sunday school teacher in our Haitian church. Her experience as a secular and spiritual educator makes her a unique voice to speak to how her experiences and identity informed her polyrhythmic pedagogies.

In November of 2016, Laurent Dubois discussed the importance of Haiti in writing the history of slavery, freedom, and human rights in the Atlantic World during the Age of Revolutions for Aeon. He explained that histories of modern political thought and culture underestimated the Haitian Revolution due to the lack of written sources by the enslaved actors. Consequently, European histories--based upon written records--provide the dominant perspective, and historians have likewise used European epistemologies and approaches to write about the Haitian Revolution. Yet the enslaved population brought with it rich political traditions from a wide range of African societies, accessible through unwritten sources and varied methodologies. Moving beyond the Atlantic, the author found herself wondering what bearing Dubois's perspective has on how the Haitian Revolution is written about in world history. While historians such as John K. Thornton have emphasized how the African origins of enslaved peoples influenced the Haitian Revolution in scholarly articles and monographs, college textbooks for world history largely ignore contributions of non-whites in discussions of the Haitian Revolution. As a professor at a public liberal arts university, the author also began to think about how the Haitian Revolution is taught in world history classes, particularly surveys. In order to broaden the understanding of the Haitian Revolution in the scholarship, it must also be asked what else is missing from how this event is taught. While Dubois called on scholars to write better histories of the Haitian Revolution and incorporate the event into broader historiographies, the author argues that how the event is taught in world history courses should be repositioned. This means including all the ways the world influenced the Haitian Revolution, as well as recognizing how the Haitian Revolution shaped world history.

This article reports on a 3-year ethnographic study in a Boston Public school of the performance of Haitian students on the Massachusetts Comprehensive Assessment System (MCAS) and its lasting and likely impact upon them. MCAS is a mandated exam required for students to graduate from high school. Although there are certain provisions for students with limited English proficiency (LEP) to participate under the mandate, LEP students face the test with an enormous disadvantage compared with other students. The issue of second language acquisition appears to have been completely dismissed in the mandated policy. In light of the challenges faced by students with LEP, the article focuses on the core issues at hand in the Massachusetts standardized exam. It analyzes the complexities of language use and acquisition with respect to students with LEP, the pitfalls of the mandated exam, and the effects and impacts created by MCAS on students and their communities. It suggests that an educational system should take into consideration the complexity of acquiring a second language in a particular social context and develop new testing policies and requirements for students whose first language is not English.

"New Orleans voodoo," also called "créole voodoo," is an amalgamation of an honoring of the spirits of the dead, a respect for the elderly and the spiritual life, African knowledge of herbs and charms, and European elements of Catholicism. It is a religion of ancestor worship that is unknown to us, and that we are not necessarily exposed to or included in. As such, it is something foreign to our own belief system. Being ignorant about what the religion entails, people in general stigmatize it as something not worthy to discuss, nor to practice. Unfortunately, popular novels like "Voodoo Season" (2006) and "Voodoo Dreams" (1995) by Jowell Parker Rhodes, and especially Hollywood's production of horror movies such as "White Zombie" (1932), "I Walked with a Zombie" (1943), "The Serpent and the Rainbow" (1987), "Voodoo Dawn" (1998) or "Hoodoo for Voodoo" (2006), do not provide the public with a truthful background of the African, Haitian, or New Orleanean voodoo tradition. All too often these fictional sources fuel the already existing misrepresentations of the religion and represent it as something shadowy, highly secretive, and fearful. This differentiated introduction to New Orleans voodoo via Iain Softley's film "The Skeleton Key" (2004) exposes students to the major characteristics of the religion, makes them aware of popular culture's falsified voodoo construct, and teaches them how to deconstruct it. This interactive approach is student centered, appeals to their individual intelligences and learning styles, promotes critical thinking, and trains analytical skills.

This study provides preliminary data on the phonological development of Haitian Creole-Speaking children. The purpose of this study is to determine phonological acquisition in the speech of normally developing monolingual Haitian Creole-Speaking preschoolers, ages 2 to 4. Speech samples were collected cross-sectionally from 12 Haitian children divided into three age groups. Participants' utterances were recorded from spontaneous and/or imitative productions of target words. Data were analyzed through a relational analysis to determine phonemic inventories occurring in each age group's speech. A gradual increase in speech sound inventories was observed from 2 to 4 years of age. Results indicate that phonological development in Haitian Creole-Speaking children was influenced by both language-universal patterns and language-specific patterns. In conclusion, data obtained on the phonological development of monolingual Haitian Creole preschoolers can provide insight to speech language pathologists during the clinical assessment and intervention process of this population.

I present an action research study that enacts an Asianist somatic movement education approach to teaching Afro-Haitian dance at Arizona State University as a response to my Chinese American body's experience of hegemony in postsecondary dance curriculum. My pedagogical framework uses an intercultural teaching approach that applies a somatic teaching method integrating Chinese, Asian Indian, and Japanese somatic traditions. I offer instructions for teaching two Afro-Haitian dances and I push students beyond a tourist conception of Afro-Haitian dance. I apply a combined learning method that interlocks content learning of Afro-Haitian culture with their movement learning. I engage students' cultural and research perspectives as evidenced by qualitative findings in the form of student work samples. I triangulate these data with my teacher observations and my review of video documentation. I conclude with a recapitulation and the implications of this action research study.

As the racial and ethnic make-up of the United States (U.S.) further diversifies, the need for open dialogue around stereotypes and discrimination intensifies. Schools can provide students with the opportunity to begin to unravel the complexities of race and ethnicity. Students in bilingual classrooms inevitably bring up the issues surrounding intra-and inter-group conflicts. This study looks at how bilingual teachers from four ethnolinguistic groups address these unplanned micro-interactions. A bibliography is included.