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This study addresses two areas of need in the literature. First, we recognize the impact of experiential-learning on student outcomes and fewer opportunities within the social sciences. Second, as academics in criminal justice and education, we are aware of educational needs of incarcerated persons. The current study blended together experiential-learning alongside a reading program within one state's women's correctional facility, targeting (grand)mothers. Two faculty and 40 students, spanning two academic departments, completed a research-based experiential-learning project with one community partner. This undergraduate project sought to benefit students, incarcerated (grand)mothers, and the (grand)children of incarcerated (grand)mothers through a read-aloud program. Through student observations, themed results found incarcerated (grand)mothers had negative school experiences regarding reading. Subsequently, they did not read with their (grand)children prior to incarceration but used reading as a means to escape their incarceration. Students' reflections demonstrated value to self, participants, and the community, through participation in research-based experiential-learning.

This study identified custodial grandparents' perception of sources of stress that may affect their health and better understand their needs. Findings from this qualitative study are based on thematic analysis of interviews with 10 custodial grandparents. The following themes emerged: (1) grandparents' stress from perceived lack of readiness to care for grandchildren; (2) need for effective communication between and among family members; (3) sufficiency of financial and legal resources; (4) access to community resources, and (5) raising grandchildren reenergizes and revitalizes grandparents' physical and mental health. These findings provide insight into the stressful aspects of the role of raising grandchildren. Understanding stressors affecting custodial grandparents and their grandchildren will help school nurses, social workers, teachers, school administrators and other professionals collaborate to address their challenges.

Migrant families often invite grandparents to move to Australia when babies are born. In order to provide support to their families, many of these grandparents have to retire from their own professional careers and migrate to Australia to start new lives. Some speak English as an additional language, with or without formal education, prior to arriving in Australia. Once in Australia, these senior migrants can only access limited government-funded English learning, and they are frequently left to capitalize on informal learning. This paper discusses a case study of two Chinese-heritage senior migrants and the role English plays in their lives, and grandparenting in Australia. We argue that having the English capability for everyday activity within the family is key to their overall well-being, and that drawing directly on their past experiences and learning strengths can enhance their quality of life.

This paper is a combination of a grandfather's musings over his grandson's drawings, combined with a reconsideration of hermeneutics as an early childhood educational theory.

This study explored the daily routines of caregivers and the coping behaviors of both children and caregivers during the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) global pandemic. We collected data from ten caregivers and their children through caregiver and child interviews, and a caregiver survey in the Summer of 2020. We used descriptive statistics, and open, axial, and selective coding processes to analyze research data. Findings indicated that caregivers experienced difficulties in balancing home, work, and personal responsibilities. Both caregivers and children experienced social and emotional challenges, and their technology and digital media use differed. To cope with challenges, caregivers and children used various coping strategies. Our study deepened our understanding of the daily routines and coping behaviors of caregivers and children during the global pandemic.

This is a report from the field, where an immigrant mother journaled about her Yemeni American daughters (ages 7 and 13, born and raised in the U.S.) visiting museums for the first time. Her diary documented how mother-child and sibling interactions in museum education contributed to building cognitive and affective skills required for academic success in formal schooling. Her diary entries included: (1) anecdotal observations, (2) interviews of her daughters and her immigrant father, and (3) reflective and photographic journaling. Her daughters' journaling and photo documentations further supported their mother's entries. Vygotsky's sociocultural theory is the conceptual framework for this project. The mother promoted her daughters' immigrant identity via visits to museums and activities related to the museum and the family's immigrant identity offered before, during, and after the museum visits. The project culminated with her daughters creating their unique family museum and dramatizing as docents. We recommend: (1) museum-related interactive literacy activities, and (2) creating and dramatizing a family museum. We buttress these recommendations with research, Vygotsky's theory, and our evidence-based practice. We conclude that the daughters demonstrated the cognitive and affective skills required for academic success in formal schooling while simultaneously developing their immigrant identity. We suggest replicating this project to promote immigrant identity among other cultural groups. We lastly present an educational case study of the grandfather's immigrant experiences in the appendix.

Histories are important, and as such this article begins with a look into how the ClimeTime network, a Washington State science education network, came to learn from (and with) Indigenous partners to design climate education that honors Native climate expertise. The article focuses first on grandmother and mother networks, listening sessions, local histories, and the relational commitments that ground this work. Then, to show how this work spread across the network and is unfolding, we offer one long case study of what is happening at the Tribal School Chief Leschi, followed by several shorter examples to create a more complete image of how non-tribal classrooms and teachers are also being guided to take up this work. Together the examples offer a much-needed vision of how to design climate learning that honors the different types of Indigenous Knowledge and practices our youth and world need.

In this study, the relationship between the family language practice and the level of linguistic (in)security of adolescent Gagauz speakers is examined in the context of an endangered language. To this end, a language-use questionnaire and linguistic insecurity scale were administered to 674 participants. The questionnaire included questions exploring demographic information, self-reported language skills, language acquired at home, parents' speaking proficiency and the language of interaction. The linguistic insecurity scale comprised (self)-evaluations of language practices, linguistic status and linguistic quality. Using a quantitative methodology, ten interviews were conducted. The findings show that the participants felt more secure while using Russian and there was a strong correlation between family language practice and linguistic insecurity perceived by the adolescent speakers. Moreover, language choice in interactions was found to be speaker-specific. In other words, as a part of the family language policy, the participants spoke Gagauz with their parents, siblings and grandparents. In some cases, however, the language choice was based on the ethnicity of the interlocutor and the language which friends and neighbours were speaking. It was found that although speakers felt secure and motivated to speak the Gagauz language, the use of Gagauz seemed to be limited to family contexts.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to understand the meaning of the term well-being as conceptualised by parents, grandparents, principals and teachers in the Irish primary education system. Design/methodology/approach: A hermeneutic phenomenological approach was adopted to understand the nature and meaning of the phenomenon of well-being. Interviews were carried out with 54 principals, teachers, parents and grandparents from a representative sample of primary schools in Ireland. Each participant was asked the same, open, question: "What does well-being mean to you?" Responses were transcribed verbatim and analysed using a combination of the principles of the hermeneutic circle and Braun and Clarke's framework for thematic analysis. Findings: Three conceptualisations of well-being were identified (1) well-being is about being happy, (2) well-being is about being healthy and safe and (3) well-being is something you "do". Originality/value: To the best of our knowledge this paper is the first of its kind to describe how well-being is conceptualised by adults in Irish primary school contexts. In particular it highlights how neoliberal conceptualisations of well-being as a "thing", a commodity exchanged on assumptions of individualism, moralism and bio-economism, have crept into the education of our youngest citizens.

The study compares the experiences of two groups of grandparents, one with a typically developing (TD) grandchild and one with a grandchild with special educational needs and disabilities (SEND). The extent and the kind of grandparents' involvement, the quality of their relationship and the factors that could contribute to the quality were assessed. The study took place in Greece, a country with strong familial ties. 104 grandparents with a TD and 53 with a grandchild with SEND completed a structured questionnaire. The results revealed that grandparents are an important source of support in both groups. They are actively involved in the care and daily life of their grandchild. They are mentors and provide financial support especially to their grandchild with SEND. They enjoy a close relationship with their grandchild but the quality of the relationship was higher in the TD group. The knowledge of the grandchild and a close relationship with the parents were predictors of an emotionally close relationship with the grandchild in both groups. The findings of the study suggest that grandparents are actively involved in the upbringing of their grandchildren. Professionals and community services should recognize their contribution and provide them with skills, support and encouragement.

As community college students often come from lower socioeconomic backgrounds, report greater financial challenges, and experience higher cohort default rates on student loans compared to peers attending four-year institutions, it is important to understand how community college students develop a sense of financial wellness. Moreover, research has also found that community college students, many of them students of Color, rely heavily on family to persist toward graduation. As a result, this study analyzes qualitative data from 14 community college students who reported on whether they viewed their family as financial education resources and what specific lessons they learned from their family to improve their financial wellness. Results suggest many community college students may not have family with extensive experience in and knowledge of financial sectors (e.g., banking, finance, investment) and education concepts (e.g., savings accounts, building credit, budgeting), and therefore, have little financial education to impart. In addition, many community college students' financial education was limited to knowledge of saving, with students rarely reporting their family imparting any education about many other finance concepts. Finally, community college students witnessed reverse role modeling when it came to money management from their parents, often teaching these students what not to do with their finances. Implications for community college research, policy, and practice are addressed.

Intergenerational games to be played by grandparents and their grandchildren can be mutually beneficial for both age groups: breaking with age stereotypes, linking the learning and leisure needs of both generations and encouraging communication, solidarity, and social connectedness between generations. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, it was necessary to switch from colocated physical intergenerational play to online experiences. This type of experience, in which grandparents connect from their own houses to participate, represents a challenge in terms of recruiting participants and carrying out the online sessions, due to grandparents' technological insecurities and their reluctance to play videogames. Besides, intergenerational games have to be carefully designed to promote symmetrical interactions, fun, and engagement on the part of both age groups as well as to develop easy to use interfaces. In this work, we present an online storytelling game designed to be played by family teams formed by grandparents and their grandchildren. The guidelines followed, the assessment tools designed to evaluate the intergenerational dynamics and the emotions that arise during the experience are also presented. Results of the three online sessions carried out are presented and discussed.

This article presents an ethnographic case study of pre-service teachers' transformative learning in a Culture-Writing course at a Chinese university. In recounting three stories with fieldwork data gleaned from moments of students' pre-class discussions, reflective writings, and reports on term-paper projects, this study showcases how a group of student-teachers transformed "the self" through getting to know and/or re-understanding "other(s)." Learning to 'write culture', as their teacher led them to see, is to appreciate the lifeworlds of others and further to destabilise taken-for-granted assumptions, beliefs, and understandings, thereby leading towards transformation. I argue that transformative learning takes place in the process of knowing and rebuilding the self in relationships with other(s). It constitutes moments of critical shift that place the self and identity in a more reflexive, relational, and reversible position within specific socio-cultural contexts. This study contributes to the ongoing discussions on transformative education by illuminating how other(s) play a role in promoting pre-service teachers' transformation in a classroom-based course.

The ecologies of Bedouin communities in Israel have changed in recent generations. This mixed-method study examines how such changes have augmented psychological mindedness and a willingness to accept professional psychological help. Twenty-one adolescent girls, their mothers, and their grandmothers responded to dilemmas regarding aspects of psychological knowledge and practice. We expected that ecological change, such as increased Bedouin participation in the Israeli school system through high school, would be associated with greater psychological mindedness. Quantitative analyses of all participants and qualitative analyses of three families each indicated that daughters and mothers accepted psychology as a source of knowledge, accepted psychological intervention, and were willing to share mental health problems outside the family to a greater degree than grandmothers, who preferred religious authorities, older family members for help, and secrecy. Qualitative analyses revealed that mothers were mediating a transition between the perspective of grandmothers and perspective of their daughters.

Via an asynchronous online discussion forum, 186 college students narrated a life history, as one of their grandparents, making "I" statements. The aim of this mixed method study was to further examine the intersectionality of race and gender revealed in these narratives. Thematic analyses were conducted to identify themes related to lived experiences of the grandparents, and how experiences were interpreted by students in their narratives. Differential vulnerability was reported based on gender and race. More women than men, and more persons of color than white narrators, reported greater life challenges and hardships in all major themes that emerged from the narratives. The intersectionality of race and gender and double jeopardy hypothesis were supported by the study findings.

Findings from a research synthesis of the relationships between family needs and parent, family, and child functioning are reported. The synthesis included 31 studies conducted in 12 different countries. The studies were conducted between 1987 and 2021 and included 4,543 participants. Eight different family needs scales or adaptations of the scales were completed by the study participants (mothers, fathers, or grandmothers of children with developmental disabilities, autism spectrum disorders, or medical conditions). The outcome measures included caregiver psychological health, parenting stress, parenting burden, parenting beliefs, family coping strategies, family functioning, family support, and child functioning. The correlations between family needs and the outcome measures were used as the sizes of effects for evaluating the strength of the relationships between measures. Results showed that unmet family needs were associated with more negative and less positive family and family member functioning and fewer unmet family needs were associated with more positive and less negative family and family member functioning. The sizes of effect for parenting stress and burden were larger than were the sizes of effects for each of the other outcome measures. Child condition and study quality moderated the relationship between family needs and parenting stress and burden but not the other outcome measures. The results are discussed in terms of one component of family systems intervention models.

The study deals with teaching Russian as a non-native language to Kazakh students from linguistic and cultural positions. The purpose of the study is to substantiate the efficiency of adapting the integrated technology of mastering a non-native language based on the psycholinguistic analysis of the basic values. As the research methods, the study employs the association experiment and Karaulov's matrix of the "semantic gestalt" along with the classic linguodidactic attitudes; based on these methods the study provides the commentary of the associative fields with the valuably marked incentives. Such material being used will promote the actual development of the basic ideological values with the students. The theoretical and experimental content of the paper testifies to the effectiveness of the integrative methods in teaching Russian as a non-native language. The materials of the Free Association Experiment are presented in the comparative commentary of the semantic gestalt stimulus "Azhe -- Grandmother"; the latter represents in the linguistic consciousness of Kazakhs and Russians the significance of the concept under study in the system of the basic human values in the lexical-semantic group "Kinship relations". The conclusion postulated in the paper is as follows: the heuristic potential of the complex usage of the psycholinguistic (associative) and linguodidactic innovations is included in the process of developing a non-native language. The results of the study allow speaking about the expediency and prospects of further integration of the selected material into the study of the humanities at school and university.

Leisure activities shared by grandparents and grandchildren provide important benefits. The health and humanitarian crisis caused by the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has made it necessary to use digital tools to alleviate the lack of contact between adults and children. This paper had as its aim to identify the digital leisure shared by grandparents and their pre-adolescent grandchildren (10-12 years old) before and during the pandemic, as well as its contribution to intergenerational well-being from a holistic paradigm, ultimately aiming to determine whether that digital leisure constitutes an experience of human development for young and old people alike. The sample was made up of 153 grandparents of 10-to-12-year-old children living in the north of Spain. Alongside the use of an "ad hoc" questionnaire, descriptive and inferential analyses were carried out. Most intergenerational leisure activities ceased to be performed during the lockdown, except for those that could be carried out remotely, thanks to information and communication technologies, which ensured the continuity of social and family interactions. Technological connectivity between generations provided greater support to communication and meaningful relationships, additionally facilitating active aging processes.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to situate developmental language disorder (DLD) within the impairment and disability framework of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF); describe the functional strengths and weaknesses of a cohort of first-grade children with DLD and their peers; and explore the ways that language-related disabilities relate to language impairment, developmental risk, and receipt of language services. Method: We queried the caregivers of 35 children with DLD and 44 peers with typical language development about their children's language-related functions, developmental risks, and language services using mixed quantitative and qualitative methods. Results: The children with DLD presented with weaknesses in domains that are highly dependent upon language skill, including communication, community function, interpersonal relationships, and academics. They presented with strengths in domestic and personal aspects of daily living, play and coping aspects of socialization, and gross motor function. Caregivers of children with DLD expressed pride in their children's agentive and prosocial qualities. Consistent with the ICF, what distinguished children with DLD who had functional weaknesses and disabilities from those who had healthy function was not the severity of language impairment as measured by decontextualized tests of language skill, but the presence of cumulative developmental risks. Compared to those with healthy function, a larger portion of children with weaknesses and disabilities were receiving language services; however, two girls who had disabilities despite mild levels of impairment were without services. Conclusions: Children with DLD present with predictable strengths and weaknesses in everyday language-related functioning. For some children, the weaknesses are mild, but for others, they limit function to a greater extent and should be considered disabilities. The severity of language impairment is not a strong indicator of language-related function and, therefore, is not a good metric for determining service qualification.

While negative impacts of COVID-19-related remote instruction on children continue to emerge, it appears that vulnerable students will disproportionately bear the burden. One such vulnerable population is children being raised by grandparents. The purpose of this mixed methods study was to gain insight into custodial grandmothers' (CGMs) experiences of their grandchildren's remote instruction, as well as individual and contextual factors associated with these experiences. A national sample of 315 CGMs, drawn from two randomized clinical trials, completed an online survey in Spring of 2020. Results of a thematic analysis and supplemental quantitative analyses revealed three themes. First, access to technology and instructional supports were critical to the success of remote instruction, with barriers being difficulties using technology and poor-quality remote instruction. Next, grandchild socioemotional difficulties, and fit with remote instruction, were central to their engagement and success with remote instruction. Finally, CGMs experienced multiple stressors related to managing the demands of remote instruction, work, and family. Challenges associated with remote instruction were related to pre-pandemic difficulties such as grandchild problems and CGM depressive symptoms. Collectively, the results highlight how multiple adversities may have amplified grandchildren's existing vulnerability to negative outcomes. Implications are addressed, including strategies for supporting children raised by grandparents beyond the COVID-19 pandemic.

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic had a global impact on family social and economic well-being. Individuals and families sought alternative living arrangements as a result of the financial crisis, health implications, and housing insecurity, with many joining multigenerational households. However, it is unknown how multigenerational family life affects children's well-being. Therefore, this qualitative study explored risks and resilience-building opportunities for children's psychological and social well-being in resource-constrained multigenerational households during the COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa. Five multigenerational families were selected through snowball sampling and case design. The three generations of participants were grandparents (n = 5), parents (n = 7), and children (n = 4). Data were gathered through a questionnaire and interviews. The study received institutional ethics approval. After thematic analysis, two themes and six sub-themes were identified. Risks were related to interpersonal conflict, family collective fear of COVID-19, and children's multiple other fears. Opportunities were identified as academic support, shared responsibilities, life skills and values acquisition, and family cohesion. Results demonstrated the potential risks and resilience-building opportunities multigenerational households present for children's psychosocial well-being. Multisystemic influences in a multigenerational household contribute to children's adjustment. These outcomes necessitate systemic school psychology interventions. Longitudinal studies are recommended to explore child well-being trends in multigenerational households in varying socioeconomic contexts.

Most parents in Indonesia are unable to provide maximum care for their children while working. Childcare includes fostering moral intelligence, which is carried out by grandmothers, household assistants, and daycare assistants. Furthermore, 178 young children (95 males and 83 females) and 178 caregivers (68 grandmothers, 54 household assistants, and 56 daycare assistants) were involved in the study. Simple regression analysis was used to examine parenthood on moral intelligence, and moderator analysis was used to test permissive non-parental childcare and moral intelligence in early childhood. The results showed that authoritative and permissive parenthood has an effect on moral intelligence and that the effects of permissiveness on moral intelligence are only moderately influenced. Permissive non-parental childcare and moral intelligence apply to the group of grandmothers and household assistants. The research provides a detailed description of the role of predictors on moral intelligence in non-parental care.

This article discusses how the key players' multilayered collaboration may be enacted by the Change Laboratory methodology in the footsteps of Virkkunen and Newnham (2013) to address a complex issue for the benefit of adolescents. It can be defined as a group processing approach used by a group to solve a problem of its own defining. Over six months, members of a school community played an important role in participating in the modelling of classroom lessons with adolescents facing the new guidelines of the Canadian Cannabis Act in 2018. Drawing on the theory of expansive learning and the cultural-historical activity theory (CHAT), we used the Change Laboratory approach to dialogue on the problems and solutions to be implemented. The results examine specifically how some of the school community members contributed to the co-modelling of these lessons, taking into account the adolescents' needs in two schools. The collaboration between the members evolved over time. The vertical power hierarchy usually present in schools was modified as parents, grandparents, a medical doctor, a special education teacher, two teachers, and five students agreed to sit together to address the health issue. The qualitative analysis brings to light how the participants shared their needs and engaged in taking transformative actions to intervene directly in two high school classrooms.

This research aimed to describe and formulate the models of early childhood parenting in families whose mothers were factory workers. In this case study an explorative descriptive qualitative research method was used. The participants of the study, who were selected using random sampling and snowball methods, were composed of 1230 families having 0-4 years old children, and 123 children whose mothers were workers in wig and fake eyelashes factory in Padamara, Purbalingga District. The data were collected via interview, observation, and documentation techniques, and were analyzed through content analysis and comparative analysis techniques. The results showed that there were two types of early childhood parenting models, first, family-based parenting model, and second, parenting model by alternative caregivers. The family-based parenting model consisted of two subtypes of parenting models, namely (1) parenting by the nuclear family; in this model, the child was raised by the father; (2) parenting by extended family; in this model, there were two models of parenting being the model of parenting by the grandmother, and that by the relatives (aunt). As for the model of parenting by alternative caregivers, children were taken care of by babysitters who were living around the children's residence. Each parenting model represented different parenting styles. The model of parenting by the grandmother represented permissive parenting style; the model of parenting by babysitters represents semi permissive-semi authoritative parenting style; the model of parenting by the relatives (aunt) represented semi authoritative parenting style; the model of parenting by fathers represented authoritative with tendencies semi-authoritarian parenting style.

Background: In this article, an analysis is done of the out of school factors of Foundation Phase learners that could influence the proper development of these learners' language abilities. Specific reference is made to the home environment of Foundation Phase learners in rural Mpumalanga. Aim: This article aims to draw attention to the fact that there are many factors in the out-of-school environment of Foundation Phase learners that could influence the young learners' ability to develop their language skills and language abilities well. Setting: This article relates to the out-of-school environment of Foundation Phase learners with specific reference to the influence of the environment at home of Foundation Phase learners in four schools in rural Mpumalanga. Bronfenbrenner's ecological system's theory is incorporated as it explains the home environment as the microsystem in a child's life. The home is the place where a child's first and vital education takes place and where the acquisition of language skill begins. Methods: In this article, sections from a qualitative research project, as well as a literature review were used. Results: The results show that there are many factors in the out-of-school environment of Foundation Phase learners that could influence the development of the learners' language skills and language abilities. Conclusion: The authors argue that if teachers and other school staff members are aware of the many aspects arising from the out-of-school environment that could influence young learners' well-being and progress, especially with regard to language abilities at school, they could help to address and overcome the unconstructive language influences in the lives of their young custodians.

Acculturative stress and strategies have been investigated with undergraduate international students in the United States. However, not much is known about scholars who come to the United States for advanced educational or career opportunities. Guided by Berry's (2006) acculturative stress coping adaptation theory, the current study explored lived experiences of CISs through longitudinal interviews. Inductive analysis revealed themes about stressors that challenged work-life balance. Three types of coping strategies for these stressors were identified: (a) grandparents' and spousal support, (b) mental strengths, and (c) planning ahead for the future of their family. Practical implications are discussed for supporting CISs. Findings of the current study expand our knowledge about CISs' challenges and strategies for maintaining work-life balance.

The challenges for immigrants in the US and Canada include the difficulties of making a living while raising their children. Due to the high cost of living and childcare in cities, along with the realities of low paying jobs and long working hours among many working-class immigrants, growing numbers of families send their infant children to their countries of origin to be raised by relatives for a few years. When the children reach school age, they are returned to their parents in the US. Prior research has focused on immigrant parents' decision-making rationale and their reports of adjustments that children went through. Informed by a critical theoretical framework and culturally sustaining pedagogy, this paper investigates elementary school teachers' understandings of the transnational experiences of their Chinese "satellite children." Interview data from a qualitative study at an East Coast urban school serving a growing Chinese community, where this transnational practice is the norm, reveal challenges and opportunities that the return of these children presents for their parents, their teachers, and for the children themselves. We argue that a culturally sustaining approach is critically needed to better serve this community and student population.

This initial open feasibility trial reports on feasibility and preliminary effectiveness of the manualized, group-based psychoeducational intervention for grandparents of preschool-aged children with ASD provided by the outpatient habilitation services in Stockholm, Sweden. One hundred and twenty non-custodial grandparents participated in a 6-h intervention program. The study demonstrated good feasibility: 114 (95%) grandparents completed both pre- and post-intervention measures and evaluations and reported high intervention acceptability. The results also indicated that grandparents increased their knowledge about ASD from pre-intervention to post-intervention, gained skills about strategies of supporting their grandchildren and adult children, and appreciated the opportunity to meet and share experiences with other grandparents. Follow-up with a randomized controlled trial design is needed to firmly establish efficacy of this intervention.

Understanding college students' level of ageism is important for older adults' social inclusion and recruiting future workforce. This study extends the understanding of ageism among students of health- and non-health-oriented majors and the factors associated with students' attitudes. 246 students participated in this survey study and were measured their levels of empathy and ageism. The study found different levels of ageism and empathy among students in a general college setting. Empathy is a strong predictor for ageism when controlling for all other predictors. Path analysis revealed a moderate to strong mediating effect through empathy toward ageism. Future implications suggest that gerontological coursework should focus on more than physical and psychological curriculum design to include additional societal and sentimental understanding of the older population. Empathy should become an essential target to improve when aiming to reduce ageism among college students.

Background: Families of children with developmental disabilities face extraordinary changes in their life circumstances and needs that require adaptations to create sustainable and meaningful daily routines. The present study explored the adaptation of Chinese families of children with developmental disabilities from an ecocultural theoretical perspective. Method: A total of 34 families of children with developmental disabilities were interviewed using the adapted Family Life Interview, and the data were analysed thematically. Results: The Chinese families put the needs of their child with developmental disabilities as their highest priority, sought to maintain family harmony, faced an unpredictable future, and experienced limited services to support their endeavours. Conclusion: The findings stress the importance of having a deep understanding of the cultural and social contexts that impact the lives of families of children with developmental disabilities prior to developing family-centred interventions to assist families in their changed life circumstances.

State schooling is currently transforming Tibetans' perceptions and everyday experiences in Western China. Based on interviews with rural Tibetan parents and grandparents, and using subjectification as an analytical concept, this paper argues that schooling, alongside socio-economic changes, powerfully shapes the subjectivities of Tibetan parents and grandparents. Against their own sense of exclusion due to lack of schooling, they justified their support of schooling with recourse to promises of state schooling for their children to 'be included among the people' through social mobility. Set in the context of the School Consolidation Policy (SCP), this study illustrates the 'double directionality' of this subjectification process where participants were made into as well as becoming certain kinds of subjects through navigations of their social arena. Trivialising the SCP's challenging implications observed around rural China, participants supported schooling for the perceived better quality education under the SCP. Meanwhile, they were making contingent negotiations to ensure children learn Tibetan culture and language through school education as well as other mechanisms.

One current challenge highlighted by the United Nations is to increase the number of adults who achieve literacy and numeracy by 2030. This article focuses on one experience from an underprivileged Mexican school that implements "Family Education, a Successful Educational Action." Following a communicative methodology, we conducted a communicative life story, five semi-structured interviews with agents of the school involved in family education, two observations and a review of internal school reports. The results present a personal story of success that shows the impact that family education has had on the literacy of Maria, a woman who had never attended school before. The love and support of her granddaughter as a student from the same school, the transgenerational literacy interactions reinforced by the learning communities model, and the support of the school's educational staff and volunteers have enabled not only her literacy but also her becoming a leading woman in her community.

When parents enroll their children who qualify for special education services in fully online schools, that decision was an exercise of agency. Less is known about how parents understand and negotiate their agencies "after enrolling." Researchers interviewed 18 parents of children with special educational needs in fully online schools in the United States. Parents described using their agencies to blur the boundaries between their bodies and their children's bodies so that schoolwork could be completed and so that their children's bodies could be made more acceptable in the online school setting. Findings centered on being alone, but together with their child physically during online work, collaborating to maintain mutual engagement of bodies in online schooling, and the will to be successful to maintain these agencies.

We examined the pathway from grandparental childcare support at age 3 to child social and emotional outcomes at age 7 through maternal mental health and mother-child relationship at age 3 in a sample of n = 1495 biological mothers and their children from the UK's Millennium Cohort Study. Structural equation modelling showed that time spent in the care of grandparents at age 3 was not associated with the child's social and emotional outcomes at age 7 via maternal psychological distress or mother-child conflict and mother-child closeness. Maternal psychological distress at age 3 was associated with poor child social and emotional outcomes at age 7 both directly and indirectly via mother-child conflict and mother-child closeness. In the early years, grandparental childcare, as primary form of childcare arrangement, may not be significantly associated with maternal mental wellbeing or parenting capacity, which are both beneficial for child socioemotional development.

In response to rising parental incarceration, some correctional facilities and outside organizations offer family literacy programs for parents in prison. However, research on these correctional education initiatives is scant. This paper uses qualitative data to analyze how 11 fathers in a rural Pennsylvania prison were involved in their children's literacy, learning, and education before and during incarceration and through the Read to Your Child/Grandchild (RYCG) program. Before RYCG, most fathers had taken steps such as reading to children, teaching reading and math, attending parent-teacher conferences, helping with homework, and singing and rhyming--and then sought to continue supporting their children's learning from within prison. Fathers used RYCG materials (video-recorded book reading, children's book, scrapbook) to emphasize the importance of education, literacies, and numeracy. They also created personalized scrapbooks that cultivated their children's literate abilities and cognitive, academic, and socio-emotional development. This research contributes to the nascent literature on family literacy for incarcerated parents.

The current paper investigates verbal and nonverbal greeting behaviors in the Saudi context. The study aims to identify how Saudi males and females greet their parents, grandparents, siblings, and friends, and what role the addressee plays on the performance of the greeting behavior. The study further distinguishes the similarities and differences between Saudi males and females in their greeting behavior. This study is a mixed method study that adopts qualitative and quantitative methodologies. The participants of the study are 72 Saudi adults, 50 females and 22 males. The findings show that Saudis accommodate their greeting behavior according to their addressee's gender, age, social (familial) status, and social distance. Moreover, the findings revealed that males and females vary in the way they greet their relatives and friends. This variation is interpreted in the light of previous studies. This study provides some practical implications for the successful and meaningful greeting as well as successful interactions.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the role of the family in cultivating value for children. In addition, it is also used to analyze the effect of values on children's attitudes, beliefs and behavior in the family. Furthermore, it aims to analyze the role of value education in reducing stress levels. This research applies a combination of survey and qualitative research. Both approaches were chosen because when analyzing and understanding the process by which a family instills values in children, we cannot rely on written questions and answers--we also need structured interviews that can solicit data that would be unobtainable through surveys. This research was conducted in the city of Kediri over a 14-month period from January 2019 to March 2020, and it involved 300 informants. Results show that the key to successful value cultivation is indeed family. The family can act as a vehicle for the process of seeding and applying values. The cultivation of values, however, is not limited to the parents--it can extend to other adults who live with their children, such as grandparents. A well-internalized value can improve the welfare of all family members, and the process of instilling values in children can improve their attitudes. In addition, a child's self-confidence and behavior can also improve. Children can also exploit these internalized good values when dealing with stress.

This qualitative research study explores counternarratives to stereotypes and assumptions made about Black women on welfare in low-income, urban communities. Findings, based on in-depth interviews with 33 mothers and grandmothers, challenge perceptions of "welfare queens"--breeders of children, absorbed by the culture of poverty, and disinterested in their children's education. Participants defy stereotypes by raising children in well-supported family structures while gainfully employed, pursuing educational opportunities, or a combination of the two. The women actively contribute to their communities' culture of wealth by investing in their children. The paper concludes with recommendations and directions for future research.

Purpose: This study aims to investigate the collaboration processes of immigrant families as they search for online information together. Immigrant English-language learning adults of lower socioeconomic status often work collaboratively with their children to search the internet. Family members rely on each other's language and digital literacy skills in this collaborative process known as online search and brokering (OSB). While previous work has identified ecological factors that impact OSB, research has not yet distilled the specific learning processes behind such collaborations. Design/methodology/approach: For this study, the authors adhere to practices of a case study examination. This study's participants included parents, grandparents and children aged 10-17 years. Most adults were born in Mexico, did not have a college-degree, worked in service industries and represented a lower-SES population. This study conducted two to three separate in-home family visits per family with interviews and online search tasks. Findings: From a case study analysis of three families, this paper explores the funds of knowledge, resilience, ecological support and challenges that children and parents face, as they engage in collaborative OSB experiences. This study demonstrates how in-home computer-supported collaborative processes are often informal, social, emotional and highly relevant to solving information challenges. Research limitations/implications: An intergenerational OSB process is different from collaborative online information problem-solving that happens between classroom peers or coworkers. This study's research shows how both parents and children draw on their funds of knowledge, resilience and ecological support systems when they search collaboratively, with and for their family members, to problem solve. This is a case study of three families working in collaboration with each other. This case study informs analytical generalizations and theory-building rather than statistical generalizations about families. Practical implications: Designers need to recognize that children and youth are using the same tools as adults to seek high-level critical information. This study's model suggests that if parents and children are negotiating information seeking with the same technology tools but different funds of knowledge, experience levels and skills, the presentation of information (e.g. online search results, information visualizations) needs to accommodate different levels of understanding. This study recommends designers work closely with marginalized communities through participatory design methods to better understand how interfaces and visuals can help accommodate youth invisible work. Social implications: The authors have demonstrated in this study that learning and engaging in family online searching is not only vital to the development of individual and digital literacy skills, it is a part of family learning. While community services, libraries and schools have a responsibility to support individual digital and information literacy development, this study's model highlights the need to recognize funds of knowledge, family resiliency and asset-based learning. Schools and teachers should identify and harness youth invisible work as a form of learning at home. The authors believe educators can do this by highlighting the importance of information problem solving in homes and youth in their families. Libraries and community centers also play a critical role in supporting parents and adults for technical assistance (e.g. WiFi access) and information resources. Originality/value: This study's work indicates new conditions fostering productive joint media engagement (JME) around OSB. This study contributes a generative understanding that promotes studying and designing for JME, where family responsibility is the focus.

Exploring the Yiddish language of my father, grandmother, her grandmother, and beyond, this autobiographical article frames language as an ever-changing space where identities are negotiated, formed, and contested. Placing the history of Yiddish alongside my own familial relationship to the language, I explore how the stories of individual lives and the histories of people are created through their relationship with and negotiation of language. Through my own personal experience, this article posits language as a both a space of alienation and belonging.

The VRCHIVE workshop was a first-of-its-kind exploratory pilot initiative to examine the feasibility of running a remote, intergenerational Virtual Reality (VR) storytelling workshop through the Toronto Public Library. The workshop took place during the COVID-19 pandemic, which has highlighted a need to develop solutions to address the digital divide and consequent increased social isolation in older adults. The overall program goals were threefold: (1) to create a 'VRCHIVE' of 360° VR films that documented participants' lives during the COVID-19 pandemic, (2) to explore the challenges and successes of the program in order to evaluate its effectiveness, and (3) to understand, broadly, the program's impact on technology literacy, feelings of isolation, and familial relationship strengthening. Five pairs of grandparents and grandchildren (n = 10) engaged in four, one-hour long online sessions each week in November 2020. Feedback was collected through facilitator observations and weekly debriefing sessions (n = 4), as well as online participant surveys (n = 3) and phone interviews (n = 2) conducted upon program completion. All intergenerational pairs successfully completed a VR film. Post-workshop, participants reported feeling less isolated, more connected with other people, and more confident in learning to use innovative technology. A detailed description of the workshop is provided, along with a discussion on recommendations for future iterations of the program that may serve as a model for other locations that wish to implement similar programming. Overall, participants reported positive experiences, and there is an appetite to sustain and scale the program in the future.

The article focuses on two different versions of the childhood and life history of a female "child of a Russian" who grew up in the Soviet occupation zone and the later German Democratic Republic (GDR). Besides a biographical-narrative interview, there is also a published text on the author's childhood memories. The article concentrates on the childhood of the author/interviewee, since the published version does not provide any information on her later life, and picks out two so-called "key scenes" that appear in both the published version and the interview, comparing the different versions with each other and examining them for ruptures, inconsistencies and changes. For the purpose of better understanding the analysis of these scenes, a third scene is added, which, however, only comes up in the interview. The analysis pursues the question of whether different presentations of a scene have something to do with the methodological particularities of an oral autobiographical narration as opposed to a written one, and what kind of knowledge is gained from contrasting two different self- testimonies.

The aim of this study was to document the impacts of an environmental education program with adolescents and older adults on attitudes about old age, and to investigate possible associations of these attitudes with age group, economic class, residing with grandparents, and grandparents' contribution to parenting. We investigated adolescents between 10 and 11, and between 14 and 15 years old divided into Experimental Group (EG), who participated in three intergenerational workshops at School, and Control Group (CG). The results indicated that younger adolescents had more positive attitudes than older ones and there was an association between a higher frequency of contact with grandparents and more positive attitudes in the Persona domain among 14- to 15-year-olds. There was no association between attitudes and the other variables investigated. At the end of the intervention, all EG adolescents showed more positive attitudes in the cognition domains, and older adolescents in the Agency domain.

Grief does not spare infants and young children. Attachment disruption through the loss of a primary caregiver is devastating to a young child's foundational experience of safety without the developmental capacity to understand any aspect of their loved one's absence. In this case story, the authors explore the diagnosis of complicated grief in infants and young children through their assessment with a toddler who abruptly changed placements from his long-term foster caregiver without any transitional support to the care of his loving, yet unfamiliar, grandparents who were alarmed by his behaviors and worried greatly for him.

As the number of student-parents on college campuses continues to rise, college personnel are often unaware of their experiences. This study examines the distress of college students who are expecting or currently are parents of young children and the factors that promote student resilience.With a sample of 422 heterosexual college student-parents, 30 years of age or younger, we find no gender differences in the levels of perceived parental stress or psychological distress. We do find, however, that grandfathers play a significant supporting role. Implications for campus support systems and resources are discussed.

The present study examined the mechanisms by which family environment, parent--grandparent coparenting, effortful control, and early child-care experiences influenced young children's social adaptation in the Chinese context. A sample of 315 mothers of 2-3-year-olds (M = 33.36 months; SD = 5.10) in Beijing, China completed questionnaires to report children's temperament, family process, and children's social adaptation. Using the approach of conditional process analysis, the results revealed moderated mediation models that children's effortful control had a mediating effect on the association between their family process and social adaptation, while the effect of effortful control on social adaptation was contingent on children's early child-care experiences, with a stronger positive effect of effortful control among children who engaged for longer periods of child-care experiences. Findings point to the importance of understanding the role of family process and children's effortful control in the early development of social adaptation.