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The Indian subcontinent is well known for its rich geological and cultural diversity. The Magadh region, with its plethora of heritage sites, stands as a living testament to the rich tapestry of India's cultural and geological history. The geodiversity of the Gaya-Rajgir area of Bihar, India comprises of volcano-sedimentary sequences juxtaposing with Rajgir meta-sediments and volcano sedimentary sequence of Bathani, anorthosite-gabbro and granites suites of Barabar-Nagarjuni area. The present report highlights some of the important geological and cultural sites of this region. The pillow basalt site of Churi Hill, Gaya is proposed to be classified as a geoheritage site which needs immediate conservation in addition to the already classified Barabar caves geoheritage site having been known for its remarkable architectural antiquities, relics and inscriptions of the rich historical past of Mauryan dynasty as engraved in the granite of the cave. The area is also characterized by the presence of its rich natural, geological, geomorphological, and significant historical and cultural heritage especially the Churi hills, Mahabodhi Temple, Vishnupad Temple, Nalanda University relict site, Caves of Barabar Hill, Rajgir area, cyclopean walls, hot water spring of Brahmakund, peace pagoda etc. From the ancient ruins of Nalanda to the spiritual sanctuaries like Vishnupad Temple and Mahabodhi Temple, each site narrates a unique story of the past. The Barabar Caves and Rajgir add further layers to this narrative, offering a glimpse into the diverse facets of the region's history. As we explore and celebrate these heritage sites, it is essential to prioritize their preservation and promote sustainable tourism, ensuring the livelihood promotion of the local indigenous people and also conserving the beauties and significance that endure for generations to come. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geodiversity has gained significant attention in the last three decades due to various research endeavouring to bridge the gap between geo- and biodiversity. This paper points at yet another parallel between the two disciplines: just as biodiversity expansion (i.e. biodiversification) can be evaluated through time, geodiversity change can also be observed on a timescale and referred to as ‘geodiversification’. The paper firstly reviews the biodiversification definition and some of its major events including the Cambrian explosion and Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event (GOBE) and suggests that being palaeontological, these can also be regarded as geodiversification events. In relation to that, the paper defines geodiversification and provides examples of important geodiversification events in the Earth’s history and some local-scale examples. The results show that major biodiversification events can occur due to the evolution of geodiversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The IGCP 714 project “3GEO – Geoclimbing & Geotrekking in Geoparks” is financed by the International Geoscience Programme (IGCP) and supported by the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS). In this paper, we report on the results of the first phase of the project focused on the criteria to be adopted to select geodiversity sites equipped for climbing or trekking. The selection of geoclimbing sites and geotrekking routes is aimed at combining multimedia tools and outdoor activities for Geosciences promotion and conservation in UNESCO Global Geoparks, aspiring geoparks or geoparks project, and also in protected areas featuring geoheritage sites. Indeed, both outdoor activities and multimedia tools favour the pursuing of many of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (e.g., 3, 4, 8, 11). An international consortium of geoscientists from 12 different countries selected, through the proposed procedure, 22 geoclimbing sites, and then they also detected 30 geotrekking routes mirroring Earth geodiversity. At some test sites (geoclimbing and geotrekking) multimedia tools and digital outcrop models have been developed through different methodological approaches (e.g., Structure from Motion and Multi-View Stereo photogrammetry), to open the way to the second part of the project still in progress. These sites and the relative virtual models are herein also shown. The final aim of the IGCP 714 project is indeed to create an open data repository (digital outcrop models, videos, virtual tours, photos, scientific information, and interpretations) to upload data of the selected sites to mirror Earth geodiversity for different users including tourists and school groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Qian’an National Geopark locates in the southern Yanshan Mountain uplift belt. Active tectonics resulted in mineral enrichment, as well as geoheritages in this area. This includes one of the oldest metamorphic complex exposed in China. This study aims to investigate and protect local geoheritage, to develop geotourism and to contribute to sustainable development. According to the classification standards of geoheritage, we divided geoheritages in Qian’an National Geopark into 6 major categories, 10 categories and 12 subcategories based on extensive field surveys. There are well-preserved human and ecological resources, e.g. the Great Wall as a typical representative. By the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) evaluation, we assessed 20 geoheritage sites in Qian’an National Geopark, resulting in 1 world-class, 2 national-level, 11 regional-level and 6 local-level. Based on their scientific value and rarity, as well as local development planning, the geopark is divided into 3 classes conservation areas. With hierarchical conservation measures, geoheritages have been well protected, and awareness of ecological environment has been greatly improved. Geotourism has made outstanding contributions to local economy and promoted more sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Aim Location Time Period Major Taxa Studied Methods Results Main Conclusions Heterogeneity of the Earth's abiotic surface and subsurface (geodiversity) is increasingly recognised as an important driver of biodiversity. Theoretically, species' traits should match to abiotic conditions in the local environment. Here, we test this for the first time at a continental extent by analysing the relationships between geodiversity and plant trait diversity in forested vegetation plots across Europe, at three plot sizes (100, 400 and 1000 m2).Europe.1930–present.Plants.We analysed geodiversity–trait diversity relationships across Europe at 1 km resolution using 2637 forested vegetation plots from the sPlotOpen database. We computed geodiversity (topographic, landform, wetness and soil physical and chemical heterogeneity) variables, combined with climate and land use data to analyse the direct and indirect effects of geodiversity on plant trait diversity, using structural equation modelling.Topographic heterogeneity, and annual temperature to a lesser degree, showed significant positive weak to moderately strong association with plant trait richness and evenness across all plot sizes. We also detected multiple highly significant but weak effects of geodiversity components on trait diversity dimensions. Some notable exceptions include moderate negative effects of soil silt heterogeneity on trait divergence across 1000 m2 plots and positive and weak negative effects of TWI and soil sand heterogeneity on trait evenness, respectively. Explained variance was low across models, but higher for models from 1000 m2 vegetation plots. Evidence for the indirect effects of geodiversity on trait diversity was extremely weak.Our findings suggest variable‐specific effects of geodiversity on trait diversity, with significant effects of multiple geodiversity components but dominated by topographic heterogeneity. Importantly, data precision is limited, and we are thus trying to detect signal amongst high noise. Hence, the significant but weak signals we detect may indicate more important underlying patterns than our effect sizes suggest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Earth Stewardship is a transformative initiative that emphasizes the crucial interdependence between human societies and the intricate ecological systems that sustain all life on our planet. Recognizing geodiversity, a concept encompassing the geological and geomorphological characteristics of the Earth's surface, as an integral dimension of Earth Stewardship, this review highlights its scientific underrepresentation, particularly in East Africa. Geodiversity is pivotal for the integrity of ecological systems, emphasizing its significance as an essential component. By focusing on the Western Rift Valley Corridor (WRVC) within East Africa and its connection to the broader East African Rift System (EARS), we aim to shed light on the significance of geodiversity and its integration with ecological systems in the context of Earth Stewardship. We identify 20 "heritage nodes," areas of significant geological and ecological value, within the WRVC and demonstrate how geological processes have shaped the region's landscape. The paper emphasizes the significance of the WRVC as a vital component of the Africa Alive Corridors (AAC) project, which promotes sustainable development in Africa by fostering connections between earth sciences and the humanities. It argues that a transdisciplinary approach involving local communities and stakeholders is essential for the conservation and development of the WRVC and other similar heritage corridors in Africa. The study concludes that geodiversity is a crucial pillar of heritage that enhances our understanding of ecosystems and contributes to sustainability efforts through Earth Stewardship. This research provides a basis for future work within the AAC initiative and the development of ecosystem services among researchers and local stakeholders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper proposes a joint use of two global sensitivity analysis methods to evaluate the influence of model inputs on spatially explicit outputs. The analysis is conducted on spatial outputs of geodiversity assessment. First, the screening method is used to identify inputs with low importance and interactions, which can be discarded in later analysis. A simplified model is compared with a complete model using the mean and variance calculated on spatial outputs to evaluate outcome uncertainty. Finally, the variance decomposition method computes two sensitivity index maps per input. The results are mapped using bivariate classification, allowing for the simultaneous identification of regions with higher geodiversity scores and their corresponding variability. The research reveals that the streamlined approach preserves the overall patterns of outcome uncertainty and sensitivity observed in an original model while simultaneously reducing the number of outcome maps to interpret. Additionally, bivariate mapping proves efficient in concurrently depicting spatial sensitivity and interaction effects. The analytic efficiencies afforded by the presented approach and bivariate mapping enhance the operational knowledge of spatially explicit uncertainty and sensitivity analysis by simplifying the computational procedure and offering an alternative way of visualizing and interpreting input factors driving the sensitivity of model output. KEY POLICY HIGHLIGHTS: Spatially explicit uncertainty and sensitivity analysis extends the geodiversity assessment methods and comprises the next step in improving the accuracy of geodiversity assessments for land management decisions. An integrated uncertainty and sensitivity analysis helps focus on high-priority areas (high sensitivity and low uncertainty) to improve assessment reliability. The uncertainty and sensitivity analysis in models with spatially explicit output results depicted on maps can help reduce field research expenses by identifying a particular area or a specific natural component that warrants better-quality data. Bivariate maps employed to visualize the results of spatially explicit uncertainty and sensitivity analysis can potentially reduce the cognitive effort of visually switching between multiple single-variable (theme) maps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Elat/Timna area in Southern Israel provides an unparalleled opportunity for geological field studies due to its unique geology, spanning from the Neoproterozoic to the Holocene. The well-exposed rocks document the variability and evolution of three major processes: the creation of the Arabian-Nubian Shield during the Neoproterozoic, the accumulation of the Cambrian to Eocene sedimentary sequence, and the Miocene to Recent evolution of the Dead Sea Transform, an active plate boundary. The area's geological diversity and extensive documentation of its geology have made it a particularly important study site for geoscience students. Recently the Geological Survey of Israel published new 1:50,000 scale geological maps of the area, updated by additional fieldwork and presented in a series of reports. This paper presents a brief geological overview and a description of six key locations, complete with maps and photos that are a showcase document to the area's geological uniqueness as an excellently-exposed window into 800 million years of Neoproterozoic to Holocene evolution at the NE African plate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Chiusella Valley (NW Italian Alps) is a key area for both the history of the alpine orogeny and its environmental context. It presents major structural features (including the Traversella neoalpine intrusion and a section of the Insubric line) and evidence of past climate changes in the region. Even if the Chiusella Valley was previously renowned for mining activities and most recently considered an alpine rural area with minor tourist attractions, its important geoheritage could offer alternatives to traditional mountain activities, which are facing adversity from increasing temperatures. This paper emphasises the role of geotourism in both enhancing sustainable development and raising awareness of climate change. For this purpose, the geodiversity of the Chiusella Valley has been analysed and several geosites have been identified. The research methodology includes field surveys, analysis of an existing educational activities and scientific literature, and assessment of geosites by quantitative analysis of five groups of indicators, including scientific, cultural, and educational values. The geosite selection within the Chiusella Valley reveals memories of past and present climate changes but also supports the development of targeted geotourism activities in the area. Additionally, a specific location has been identified for hosting indoor activities showcasing climate change action. These valuable contributions to sustainable geotourism provide opportunities for exploring the Alps in the vicinity of the Po Plain urban areas, while minimizing the environmental impact and facilitating educational activities on geodiversity and geoheritage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conservation efforts, such as geoconservation, involve some degree of subjectivity, compromising the objective data and verifiable evidence required for effective decision-making. Geodiversity, which comprises the non-living components that underpin life, is increasingly at risk from human activities and is frequently overlooked in conservation initiatives. Here, we develop a novel subjectivity evaluation tool and management framework, implemented as a case study at a Tasmanian mountain site using a geoconservation toolkit approach. Our assessments show that Mounts Dial (102) and Gnomon (124) are highly geodiverse, while Mount Duncan (31) is moderately geodiverse. Further, scientific, tourism, and conservation values are determined to be most representative of geoconservation significance, with Mounts Duncan and Gnomon ranking highest. However, the novel subjectivity evaluation tool reveals highly subjective data and outcomes for geodiversity and geoconservation assessment (25) attributed to a lack of scholarly literature, limited interdisciplinary engagement, and evaluator input into criteria ranking. Therefore, the subjectivity framework recommends measures to mitigate this subjectivity, by enhanced interdisciplinary engagement of expert stakeholders using objective hierarchical methods, combined with remote sensing or GIS statistical validation. Overall, the study demonstrates the usefulness of the subjectivity evaluation approach to identify parameters hindering geoconservation outcomes. The novel subjectivity approach has global implications, in improving subjectivity management in geoconservation assessment and allowing better alignment of comparisons between practitioners and sites.

Understanding the processes and mechanisms that shape the distribution patterns and variations of biodiversity along spatial gradients continues to be a priority for ecological research. We focused on the biodiversity of benthic diatom communities within a large near‐natural watershed. The objectives are: (1) to explore the overall spatial patterns of benthic diatom biodiversity; (2) to investigate the effects associated with watercourse position and environmental variables, as well as both common and rare species on two facets (i.e., taxonomic and functional) of alpha and beta diversity; and (3) to unveil the mechanisms underlying their spatial variations. Alpha diversity indices along the stream watercourse showed a clear increasing trend from upstream to downstream sites. Results of random forest regression identified conductivity as the primary factor influencing functional alpha diversity, while elevation emerged as the predominant factor for taxonomic alpha diversity. Beta diversity partitioning revealed that taxonomic beta diversity generally exceeded functional beta diversity. These diversity measures exhibited different patterns along the watercourse position: taxonomic beta diversity remained relatively consistent along the watercourse, whereas functional total beta diversity and its two components of middle stream sites were lower than those of upstream and downstream sites. Functional beta diversity was sustained by dominant and common species, while rare species made significant contributions to taxonomic beta diversity. Both taxonomic and functional beta diversity and its components displayed a stronger influence from spatial factors than from local environmental, geo‐climatic, and nutrient variables. Collectively, taxonomic and functional alpha and beta diversity demonstrated distinct responses to the main environmental gradients and spatial factors within our catchment, highlighting their different insights into diatom diversity. Furthermore, research is required to assess the generalizability of our findings to similar ecosystems. In addition, this study presents opportunities for expansion to include other taxa (e.g., macroinvertebrates and fish) to gain a comprehensive understanding of the driving mechanisms behind stream biodiversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biodiversity patterns are shaped by the interplay between geodiversity and organismal characteristics. Superimposing genetic structure onto landscape heterogeneity (i.e., landscape genetics) can help to disentangle their interactions and better understand population dynamics. Previous studies on the sub‐Antarctic Prince Edward Islands (located midway between Antarctica and Africa) have highlighted the importance of landscape and climatic barriers in shaping spatial genetic patterns and have drawn attention to the value of these islands as natural laboratories for studying fundamental concepts in biology. Here, we assessed the fine‐scale spatial genetic structure of the springtail, Cryptopygus antarcticus travei, which is endemic to Marion Island, in tandem with high‐resolution geological data. Using a species‐specific suite of microsatellite markers, a fine‐scale sampling design incorporating landscape complexity and generalised linear models (GLMs), we examined genetic patterns overlaid onto high‐resolution digital surface models and surface geology data across two 1‐km sampling transects. The GLMs revealed that genetic patterns across the landscape closely track landscape resistance data in concert with landscape discontinuities and barriers to gene flow identified at a scale of a few metres. These results show that the island's geodiversity plays an important role in shaping biodiversity patterns and intraspecific genetic diversity. This study illustrates that fine‐scale genetic patterns in soil arthropods are markedly more structured than anticipated, given that previous studies have reported high levels of genetic diversity and evidence of genetic structing linked to landscape changes for springtail species and considering the homogeneity of the vegetation complexes characteristic of the island at the scale of tens to hundreds of metres. By incorporating fine‐scale and high‐resolution landscape features into our study, we were able to explain much of the observed spatial genetic patterns. Our study highlights geodiversity as a driver of spatial complexity. More widely, it holds important implications for the conservation and management of the sub‐Antarctic islands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transition area between the Pannonian Basin and the East Carpathians is the subject of considerable tectonic research in Central Europe because of its geological diversity, especially for Lithosphere–Asthenosphere Boundary determinations. The major objective of this study is to investigate the Earth’s lithospheric structure and in particular to determine the Lithosphere–Asthenosphere Boundary from the Pannonian Basin, through the Transylvanian Basin to the Carpathian Bend area. We recorded six new deep magnetotelluric soundings and used two archive measurements to complete the information and to put additional constraints on the depth of the Lithosphere–Asthenosphere Boundary. In the part of the discussions we provide a brief overview of the existing various methodologies and Lithosphere–Asthenosphere Boundary determinations for the wider Carpathian–Pannonian region and Europe and comparison with new magnetotelluric results. The lowest Lithosphere–Asthenosphere Boundary depth was detected in the Pannonian Basin (~50 km). Our results indicate in addition that the Lithosphere-Asthenosphere Boundary beneath the Transylvanian Basin (~70–80 km) is not thick and much thinner than those of the European and Moesian Platforms. The additional geophysical information (geomagnetic data and phase tensor results) detected the presence of deep well conductive zones towards the Pannonian Basin, the Bogdan Vodă–Dragoș Vodă fault and the East Carpathians. This could be explained by the elevated position of the well conductive asthenosphere in the Pannonian Basin and deep and presumably fluid rich tectonic zones associated with the Bogdan Vodă–Dragoș Vodă fault and the East Carpathians. The phase tensors highlighted that the most complex tectonic zones are present in the vicinity of the East Carpathians (where the average Lithosphere–Asthenosphere Boundary depth is >100 km), which is in line with the relatively young age of the mountain belt and the very complex nature of collisional orogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study compares adjacent and bivariate maps in communicating variance-based global sensitivity analysis (GSA) results for a geodiversity assessment spatial multi-criteria model and examines the influence of prior exposure to geodiversity and map reading skills on interpretation. It analyzes the quality of map interpretation, confidence levels, and map communication effectiveness. The findings indicate that there is no significant difference in the quality of map interpretation or confidence levels between the two map types. However, there are nuanced differences in interpretive patterns, suggesting the need for further investigation into factors affecting map interpretation. Adjacent maps are more effective in identifying factors linked to uncertainty in high geodiversity values, while bivariate maps excel in understanding spatial variability. Prior exposure to geodiversity and map reading skills do not significantly impact interpretation quality or confidence levels. Future research could explore other factors influencing map effectiveness and explore the cognitive processes underlying map interpretation. Understanding these processes could lead to more effective strategies for communicating the results of a GSA for spatial models through maps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geodiversity—the diversity of abiotic features and processes of the Earth's surface and subsurface—is an increasingly used concept in ecological research. A growing body of scientific literature has provided evidence of positive links between geodiversity and biodiversity. These studies highlight the potential of geodiversity to improve our understanding of biodiversity patterns and to complement current biodiversity conservation practices and strategies. However, definitions of geodiversity in ecological research vary widely. This can hinder the progress of geodiversity–biodiversity research and make it difficult to synthesize findings across studies. We therefore call for greater awareness of how geodiversity is currently defined and for more consistent use of the term 'geodiversity' in biodiversity research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Cerro Colorado Natural and Cultural Reserve, Córdoba, Argentina, is well known for its impressive rock paintings on sandstone formations. While previous research in the area has focused mainly on archaeological sites, this study aims to provide geomorphological data through an updated landform inventory and geomorphometric diversity index map, as the basis for managing the geo-cultural heritage area and potential sites for geo-tourism and geo-education. ALOS PALSAR DEMs at 12.5 m spatial resolution were used as a primary data source for mapping the study area. Features were digitally drawn into a geographical information system (GIS) and checked during a field survey. The results indicate that the landforms and points of geological interest give this region high geodiversity, which underlines the importance of including a geoperspective in the protection of nature and a sustainable use of the territory. The cavernous landforms contain native rock paintings, which make them unique in the region. The conservation of archaeological sites requires geomorphological knowledge in order to prevent degradation and loss of cultural and natural heritage. In addition to scientific interest, the history of the landscape through its geodiversity is relevant for educational, communicational, and geo-tourism purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The geo-heritage of the Saoura Valley in Southwest Algeria is particularly rich and of undeniable scientific value for studying the Palaeozoic, Neogene and Quaternary strata inherited from the Ougarta chain. Although Algeria has always been highly ranked among the most fascinating geodiversity countries, its geological heritage has been seldom described and presented to the African and international community. Subsequently its geodiversity and geo-resources are under-recognized. The Saoura Valley is renowned for its gorgeous geological, oasian and geomorphological landscapes, as well as for its archaeological wealth. In the present paper, we intend to briefly describe the main lithostratigraphic units of the Devonian series exposed in the Saoura Valley and to give an overview of the Quaternary outcrops. Several geo-sites were observed and inventoried, showing a highly significative scientific value and also some remarkable educational and tourism potential as evidenced by their huge historical, archaeological, geological, and cultural heritage. Additionally, the Saoura Valley displays pedagogical geo-sites of cardinal interest for different geological disciplines, among which are stratigraphy, palaeontology, ichnology, geomorphology, geodynamics, structural geology, and ecology, all reflecting the diversified geological record of the area. Besides its aesthetic value, the rich geodiversity of the Saoura Valley displays an obvious scientific and touristic interest. According to the obtained numerical scores using recent quantitative assessment methodology, the Saoura Valley is very promising and can be considered a first-order destination since geo-sites therein score quite a high attraction potential and recreational value for tourism development. These scores ought to be treated with great care by the authorities to effectively promote tourism and to accordingly enhance the local socio-economic development in this remote area. Furthermore, the Saoura Valley area deserves more attention and requires geo-conservation programs and protection strategies right away to make sure that these geo-resources will be preserved for future generations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A concurrent qualitative-quantitative assessment of geodiversity was carried out within the Midriff Islands, a priority region within the Gulf of California that stands out for its geological, ecological, and cultural importance. This study is carried out on the coast of central Sonora, where the Comcaac indigenous community has lived for more than a thousand years imbuing their territory with material and symbolic values. The objective of this study was to highlight the elements of geodiversity and contribute to the management and conservation strategies that are carried out in the area. The qualitative approach consisted of detailed fieldwork and a descriptive-documentary assessment of the geodiversity attributes of the study area, which led to the preparation of geomorphological and geological maps. The quantitative approach consisted of the elaboration of a geodiversity index map using an adapted methodology that considered some sites of cultural value due to their relationship with abiotic natural elements of geodiversity. As a result of both approaches, several localities and zones of high to medium geodiversity were identified mainly located along the mountain ranges and the coast. Coastal areas, although not having the highest geodiversity, could be considered the most relevant in terms of geological heritage and geoconservation, because they comprise a variety of rocky outcrops and extraordinary landforms with scientific interest, as well as cultural and aesthetic values. In addition, the concurrent assessment was favorable to recognize localities where geoconservation and sustainable use strategies, such as geotourism, can be implemented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The knowledge of the territory that people inhabit, the awareness of the geological heritage value and its management are aimed both at the benefit of local socio-economic sustainable development goals and at promoting geopark-inclined geotourism through actions which identify potential geosites or enhance those already assessed. The objective of this study is focused on the geoheritage exploration of the Sila massif area, in southern Italy, in order to illustrate the high “geological diversity” like first step for inherent potential geotourism. The Sila landscape exhibits a rich geodiversity to give value, but it is poorly known to the public, although it has been and is the subject of many national and international scientific works. The focus of this work is to enhance the geological, geomorphological and landscape uniqueness of a Sila area, characterized by the presence of a wide range of weathering products and morphologies as a result of geological and geomorphological events and processes, in a variety of temporal and spatial scales, which have an influence on the development and evolution of reliefs and landscape, giving rise to the three geosites: Sila Spheroidal Boulder Field Geosite, Sila Sand Geosite and Sila Paleosols Geosite. These sites of geological interest were subjected to quantitative assessment in terms of the scientific, educational, touristic values and degradation risk of geosites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Artemis exploration zone is a geologically complex region likely to host some of the oldest and as‐yet‐unstudied materials on the Moon. We review six potential Artemis landing sites (001, 004, 007, 011, 102, and 105) within candidate Artemis III landing regions "Connecting Ridge," "Peak Near Shackleton," "Leibnitz Beta Plateau," "de Gerlache Rim," and "de Gerlache Rim 2." Kaguya Spectral Profiler mineral data were used to determine the average lithological composition at each landing site. Potentially accessible geologic materials, their ages and significance, and appropriate application of radiometric chronometers are discussed in reference to return samples from each potential landing site. Chronological analyses of return samples from the Artemis exploration zone will enable the anchoring of the lunar impact flux curve, determine the absolute timing of pivotal events in lunar geologic history, and reveal the geological diversity of the differentiated lunar body. Plain Language Summary: Artemis astronauts will bring new samples from the Moon back to Earth. We discuss the geology of some landing sites that astronauts might visit, what types of rocks they may encounter, and how to examine them using geochronology. The application of geochronology to Moon rocks is essential to determine the absolute timing of major events in lunar and early Solar System history. Key Points: The Artemis lunar missions will explore a feldspathic impact terrain and return samples from unexplored terrainLikely lithologies, ages, and chronometers are discussed for six potential landing sitesArtemis return samples from the Moon will be unique from Apollo samples and have the possibility of determining absolute ages of significant events in lunar history [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coexistence of mining, geoparks, and conservation is an ongoing discussion for the implementation and development of UNESCO Global Geoparks (UGGps). The Seridó UGGp provides a classic example where mining plays a fundamental role in unveiling geological heritage, showcasing positive relationships between mining and the establishment of sustainable territories based on geoconservation. The aim of this paper is to investigate, within two geosites of the Seridó UGGp--Mina Brejuí and Açude Boqueirão--how geological heritage has been showcased in active mines, correlated with cultural mining heritage, and utilized in geotourism and geoeducation. The paper utilizes adapted geological heritage inventories and valuing techniques, integrating cultural aspects of the mining landscape to provide detailed insights into the complex areas of the geosites. Both geosites have been the sites of regionally significant Ediacaran-Cambrian magmatic-hydrothermal deposits since the early 20th century, yielding metallic and non-metallic raw materials during the World Wars up to the present days. The Mina Brejuí geosite boasts one of the best exposures of W-Mo skarn mineralization in South America within its underground galleries. Açude Boqueirão is a mining district with several types of quarries and mines, and its geoheritage is linked to the initial descriptions of the Borborema regional pegmatitic province with Cambrian Ta-Nb, Li-Be, gemstones, and ornamental deposits, and also for the rare deposit of blue tourmaline gemstone. Particularly, the Boqueirão site requires valorization interventions, as its rich mining heritage is threatened by the expansion of the energy sector and illegal artisanal mining. Active mining operations could present a plethora of opportunities that encompass the geopark's concepts of conservation, tourism, and education. Inventories of mining heritage in geoparks serve as alternative sources for geotouristic routes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Landslides are widely understood to cause damage to the geological features and the surrounding environment. Our study focuses on the northern region of the Karangsambung-Karangbolong Geopark (KKNG), characterized by diverse lithology and multi-phase tectonics. This study aims to explore (i) landslide susceptibility assessment, (ii) geomorphological characteristics and distribution of landslide susceptibility, and (iii) identification of landslide impacts on geosites. We mapped morphogenesis, morphology, materials, and processes to understand the geomorphological context, identifying three primary landforms: structural, pediments, and fluvial. For landslide susceptibility mapping, we used the XGBoost algorithm with cross-validation and utilized the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) for model validation. The XGBoost model revealed a high susceptibility classification for 10 geosite points. Landslides have negative impacts, such as Olistoliths of coral limestones, Exotic-blocks of chert, and calcareous red claystone that change landforms and damage outcrops. Nevertheless, some landslides have positive impacts on the geosite, such as Exoticblocks of phyllites, and Exotic-blocks of pillow lava and radiolarian chert, because landslides can reveal fresher outcrops and rock structures, and the outcrop area becomes larger. Landslide mapping has successfully identified geosites that are highly vulnerable and have adverse impacts, especially those with certain lithological characteristics. This research on viewing disaster as a harmful process has evolved into a more holistic view of the disaster. This view includes various positive aspects that involve understanding the complex interactions between geology and geomorphology towards the geosite. By understanding the relationship between geomorphologic features (morphology, material, process, morpho-arrangement) and landslide occurrence, effective management strategies can be implemented to develop geological heritage further. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study proposed a semi-quantitative methodology for assessing the quality of the UNESCO Global Geopark (UGGp) websites. The study was based on mixed indicators (binary and ordinal) which were grouped into five dimensions (presentation, content, interactivity, usability, and special UNESCO information) and combined with multivariate assessment using Principal Component Analysis and the application of the focus group technique using Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) analysis to propose geocommunication strategies. The evaluation matrix, comprising 36 indicators, defined three levels of development ("high", "moderate", and "emergent") and was useful for monitoring website quality and enhancing its territorial value for geotourism, geoconservation, and geoeducation. The results from 156 websites showed a predominance of "moderate development" scores (52.56%) and highlighted positive indicators, such as contact information, geotourism details, mobile compatibility, news, and the UGGp logo. This study also presented the potential of immersive technologies, such as virtual reality and 3D tours, for disseminating geoeducational content. However, there was room for the improvement in interaction and information standardization on UGGp web platforms to ensure effective communication that enriches the user experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we thoroughly explore the complexities of land resource management in Western Kenya's Nyanza Province, focusing on the evolution of land use patterns in Kajulu location, which was formerly a native reserve. Spanning pre-colonial, colonial, and post-colonial eras, our investigation aims to decipher the deep-seated impact of historical events on territorial dynamics. Employing a holistic diachronic approach, we integrate historical data with contemporary landscape metrics analysis to provide a nuanced comprehension of land management transitions. Utilizing diverse research methods such as individual and collective surveys, along with transect walks, we meticulously unravel the intricate fabric of land acquisition patterns and resource management strategies employed by the Luo people of Kajulu. Our findings reveal a compelling narrative of adaptation and transformation. Constrained by land scarcity and intensified resource competition, the Luo community in Kajulu ingeniously reshaped their traditional land organization. Transitioning from the transmission of entire exploitations to a process of repeated subdivision, they devised a complex, non-linear progression of land use patterns. To ensure food security and resource preservation, they adopted a system of land intensification grounded in production diversification, echoing Boserup's theory of agricultural intensification in response to population pressure. This culminated in a landscape characterized by remarkable heterogeneity, reflecting the aggregation of cultivated spaces over time and resonating with Malthusian concerns about population growth and resource constraints. Through our research, we underscore the profound interplay between historical legacies, adaptive strategies, and landscape heterogeneity, providing invaluable insights into the dynamic relationship between human societies and their natural environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The regions of Acheron and Parga (Epirus, Greece) are characterized by a significant geodiversity (e.g., stratigraphy, palaeontology, tectonic, geomorphology, hydrology, etc.). In this work, we have tried to create a preliminary list of the most prominent geosites of these two areas, based on bibliographical review and, predominantly, our own field observations. More specifically, we have identified and mapped a total of 28 geosites. We assessed their geological value, as well as additional values (socioeconomic and cultural values, aesthetics, as well as potential for geo-education). Upon their assessment, the area was found to be of very high geoeducational significance, whereas the geotouristic potential also is very high. Our ultimate goal is to promote the geological heritage to both geoscientists and the lay public, so as to contribute to its geo-conservation and the geo-education of locals and students/pupils. Thus, after assessment, we created a virtual field trip, in form of a webmap, where all of these geosites could be "visited" by potential geotourists, as well as geoscientists. This webmap can be updated whenever new research on additional geosites in the area is published. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geological heritage sites (geosites) have various properties such as accessibility, geometry, and vulnerability, as well as age. It is reasonable to distinguish the geological ages related to the content of geosites (e.g., Early Ordovician or Valanginian) from the technical ages related to the physical appearance (forms) of geosites (e.g., Late Pleistocene, Prehistoric, or 21st century). This study examines 17 geosites known from the Western Caucasus--a geologically-rich area of the Greater Caucasus orogen. The revision and the update of the stratigraphical information allow to establish their geological ages. The technical ages are defined as old (before the 19th century), historical (19th-20th centuries), or young (the beginning of the 21st century). The results show that the analyzed geosites shed light on the lengthy time span (from the late Proterozoic to the Quaternary), and the Cisuralian-Early Cretaceous sedimentary succession of the study area is represented with significant completeness. Technically, the geosites are chiefly old, although the historical and young features are also common. The outcomes of this study do not only systematize the knowledge of the ages of the geosites from the Western Caucasus, but also have several practical implications (for instance, the conservation of the technically young geosites is the priority, and the geological ages are important to arrange the geosites logically for educational and touristic excursions). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study examined the extent and pattern of households' dependency on forest for fuelwood and livestock grazing and identifies, analyzed the key factors that determined the level of households' dependency and access to forest resources, and explored the role of ecotourism development in reducing the same. The study used primary data collected randomly from 300 households residing in the Buxa Tiger Reserve (BTR). The study found that the majority of households (88%) engaged in fuelwood collection, and the annual average fuelwood collection was estimated to be 1,502.8 kg. About 56.67% of households were found to be engaged in grazing activities, and on average, 2.57 adult cattle units were brought inside the forest for grazing. The regression results suggested that the education of the household head, household income, liquefied petroleum gas availability, participation in ecotourism, livestock availability, social background (caste), and the number of household labour were the key determinants of household dependency on fuelwood, while the age of the household head, family size, land holding size, participation in ecotourism, and social background (caste) significantly influenced the level of household grazing dependency on the BTR. Most households were affected due to restrictions levied on access to forest resources. Income from forest, fuelwood collection, agricultural landholding size, household dependency ratio, and forest department awareness levels were the key determinants of households affected by protected area (PA) restrictions. Household participation in ecotourism was found to be effective in reducing household dependency on BTR, but it did not adequately alleviate the impact of PA restrictions on their livelihoods. Hence, sustainable ecotourism, along with the provision of smokeless stoves and renewable energy, such as solar, could go a long way in reducing pressure on the BTR and sustainable management of the reserve. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Sidi Bouzid escarpment is one of the geosites that present high educational and tourism values in the Safi Province, extending for several kilometers along the Atlantic coast southwest of the city of Safi, Safi Province, Marrakech-Safi region, Morocco. It offers panoramic views over the town and the Atlantic Ocean, as well as a beautiful beach much frequented by holidaymakers. The sedimentary and paleontological information preserved in the rocks that form the escarpment makes a valuable contribution to paleobiogeographic and paleoclimatic interpretations and stratigraphic correlations on a regional and global scale. This paper focused on promoting and popularizing earth sciences among students at universities, research centers, colleges, schools, and the general public by developing an educational program adapted to the Sidi Bouzid geosite. Survey was employed to collect the data, the results of which was used to evaluate the effectiveness of the educational program. The results showed that the program had a significant impact on all visitor categories since it offered visitors a holistic view of how geological processes shaped the Earth, revealing the interconnections between many components of the Earth system (geosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to identify the geological properties of Sentono Gentong and provide a quantitative assessment of its geodiversity site in Pacitan Regency, Indonesia. This area is an integral part of the vast Gunung Sewu UNESCO Global Geopark. Rock samples and site conditions are compiled on field study. The study area consists mainly of Neogene limestone and older igneous rock. Microscopic analysis has revealed that the limestone is composed of bioclastic wackestone, boundstone, and fossiliferous wackestone. The igneous rock in the area is a grey-black hornblende andesite. Bangunsari fault, which cuts through the study area, disturbs the coastal terraces to its south. The results of the quantitative assessment show that the site's potential educational use, potential touristic use, and degradation risk scores are 92.5, 80, and 56.25, respectively. The assessment scores describe the site as having potential for education and tourism uses, with a medium risk of degradation. Quite prominent cultural elements, which form the local community's identity, are included as a complement to the identification of the site. In order to preserve and maintain the sustainability of this potential geodiversity site, a high commitment related to geoconservation is required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conservation efforts, such as geoconservation, involve some degree of subjectivity, compromising the objective data and verifiable evidence required for effective decision-making. Geodiversity, which comprises the non-living components that underpin life, is increasingly at risk from human activities and is frequently overlooked in conservation initiatives. Here, we develop a novel subjectivity evaluation tool and management framework, implemented as a case study at a Tasmanian mountain site using a geoconservation toolkit approach. Our assessments show that Mounts Dial (102) and Gnomon (124) are highly geodiverse, while Mount Duncan (31) is moderately geodiverse. Further, scientific, tourism, and conservation values are determined to be most representative of geoconservation significance, with Mounts Duncan and Gnomon ranking highest. However, the novel subjectivity evaluation tool reveals highly subjective data and outcomes for geodiversity and geoconservation assessment (25) attributed to a lack of scholarly literature, limited interdisciplinary engagement, and evaluator input into criteria ranking. Therefore, the subjectivity framework recommends measures to mitigate this subjectivity, by enhanced interdisciplinary engagement of expert stakeholders using objective hierarchical methods, combined with remote sensing or GIS statistical validation. Overall, the study demonstrates the usefulness of the subjectivity evaluation approach to identify parameters hindering geoconservation outcomes. The novel subjectivity approach has global implications, in improving subjectivity management in geoconservation assessment and allowing better alignment of comparisons between practitioners and sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This bibliometric study examined three aspects of geodiversity of research, namely the geographical topic focus of the study, author location, and international collaboration dynamics. The publication dataset comprised 60,000 papers from the Dimensions database that have been associated with hunger research using Digital Science's machine learning algorithm that enhances expert led search strategies. As the research was related to hunger, papers were mapped on to the Global Hunger Index country categories as convenient classification. Only 41% of hunger-related publications that focus on countries most affected by hunger feature authors affiliated to institutions in those countries. Even fewer of those publications feature locally based authors in first or last position. These numbers gradually reverse as the level of hunger declines. We analyse sample papers in an attempt to understand the reasons for these trends. These included differences in research infrastructure, sub-authorship recognition such as acknowledgements, and limitations of the relationship between country mention and real topical focus. We did not find evidence of widespread differences between senior and overall authorship and consequently urge caution before judging international collaborations as 'helicopter' research based only on author country affiliations and authorship position. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents five sites located in the marginal zone of the Wartanian stadial within the Odranian Glaciation (MIS6a) on the border of the Central Polish Uplands and Lowlands, representing different glacial forms and geological structures: terminal moraine hill, undulating moraine hill, sedimentary margin of the ice sheet, kame hill, and outwash plain. This differentiation is also reflected in the petrographic composition of the gravels and the interesting surface microstructures of the Scandinavian erratic boulders. This small study area, with its high geodiversity, which we have identified and investigated, has considerable potential for sustainable development. Geotourism is a tool for this development in a peripheral tourist region, providing both economic benefits for the local population and conservation services for the geoecosystem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A rigorous assessment is an essential part of geoconservation, and choosing an appropriate evaluation method is essential for this process. Globally, an increasing number of sites are being assessed for their geoheritage values, but the most popular methods have been created by researchers with experiences centred in Europe, without considerations of regional differences. To understand whether regional perspectives are required in the evaluation process, this study developed a new method targeting the scientific value of Quaternary geoheritage sites in arid environments, using input from 49 researchers in geosciences and related disciplines with interests in arid landscapes. The results demonstrated the need for a new or modified method, given the different preferences in the weighting system and the necessity to include additional criteria specific to the type of sites targeted by the study. The strong preference to include a new criterion on connections with archaeology/anthropology highlighted the significance of the interdisciplinary scientific values of Quaternary geoheritage sites in arid environments. These findings imply the need for regional diversity or adjustments in geoheritage evaluation. Future research is required to consider such differences for geoheritage values beyond the scientific dimension, such as educational values and touristic values in diverse geographical settings. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Geodiversity for science and society'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geodiversity is an essential part of nature's diversity. However, geodiversity is insufficiently understood in terms of its spatial distribution and its relationship to biodiversity over large spatial extents. Here, we present European geodiversity data at resolutions of 1 km and 10 km. We assess terrestrial geodiversity quantitatively as a richness variable (georichness) using a commonly employed grid-based approach. The data incorporate aspects of geological, pedological, geomorphological and hydrological diversity, which are also available as separate richness variables. To evaluate the data, we correlated European georichness with empirically tested national georichness data from Finland, revealing a positive correlation at both 1 km (rp = 0.37, p < 0.001) and 10 km (rp = 0.59, p < 0.001) resolutions. We also demonstrate potential uses of the European data by correlating georichness with vascular plant species richness in two contrasting example areas: Finland and Switzerland. The positive correlations between georichness and species richness in Finland (rp = 0.34, p < 0.001) and Switzerland (rp = 0.26, p < 0.001) further support the use of our data in geodiversity–biodiversity research. Moreover, there is great potential beyond geodiversity–biodiversity questions, as the data can be exploited across different regions, ecosystems and scales. These geodiversity data provide an insight on abiotic diversity in Europe and establish a quantitative large-scale geodiversity assessment method applicable worldwide. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Geodiversity for science and society'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Amazon is the largest drainage basin on Earth and contains a wide variety of abiotic landscape features. In spite of this, the geodiversity in this basin has not yet been objectively evaluated. We address this knowledge gap by combining a meta-analysis of an existing global geodiversity map and its components with a systematic literature review, to identify the key characteristics of geodiversity in the Amazon drainage basin (ADB). We also evaluate how these global geodiversity component maps, that are based on the geology, geomorphology, soils and hydrology, could be refined to better reflect geodiversity in the basin. Our review shows that geology—through lithological diversity and geological structures—and hydrology—through hydrological processes that influence geomorphology and soil diversity—are the main determinants of geodiversity. Based on these features, the ADB can be subdivided into three principal regions: (i) the Andean orogenic belt and western Amazon, (ii) the cratons and eastern Amazon, and (iii) the Solimões-Amazon river system. Additional methods to map geomorphological and hydrological diversity have been identified. Future research should focus on investigating the relationship between the geodiversity components and assess their relationship with biodiversity. Such knowledge can enhance conservation plans for the ADB. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Geodiversity for science and society'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conserving Nature's Stage (CNS) is a concept from conservation planning that promotes the protection of areas encompassing a broad range of enduring geophysical traits to provide long-term habitat for diverse species. The efficacy of using enduring geophysical characteristics as surrogates for biodiversity, independent of non-geophysical features and when considering finer resolution area selections, has yet to be investigated. Here, we evaluated CNS using 33 fine-scale inventories of vascular plant, non-vascular plant, invertebrate or vertebrate species from 13 areas across three continents. For each inventory, we estimated a continuous multidimensional surrogate defined from topographic and soil estimates of the surveyed plots. We assessed surrogate effectiveness by comparing the species representation of surrogate selected plots to the representation from plots picked randomly and using species information. We then used correlation coefficients to assess the link between the performance and qualities of the inventories, surroundings and surrogates. The CNS surrogate showed positive performance for 24 of the 33 inventories, and among these tests, represented 28 more species than random and 83% of the total number of species on average. We also found a small number of weak correlations between performance and environmental variability, as well as qualities of the surrogate. Our study demonstrates that prioritizing areas for a variety of geophysical characteristics will, in most cases, promote the representation of species. Our findings also point to areas for future research that might enhance CNS surrogacy. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Geodiversity for science and society'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geodiversity is a topical concept in earth and environmental sciences. Geodiversity information is needed to conserve nature, use ecosystem services and achieve sustainable development goals. Despite the increasing demand for geodiversity data, there exists no comprehensive system for categorizing geodiversity. Here, we present a hierarchically structured taxonomy that is potentially applicable in mapping and quantifying geodiversity across different regions, environments and scales. In this taxonomy, the main components of geodiversity are geology, geomorphology, hydrology and pedology. We propose a six-level hierarchical system where the components of geodiversity are classified at progressively lower taxonomic levels based on their genesis, physical–chemical properties and morphology. This comprehensive taxonomy can be used to compile geodiversity information for scientific research and various applications of value to society and nature conservation. Ultimately, this hierarchical system is the first step towards developing a global geodiversity taxonomy. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Geodiversity for science and society'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the concept of "geodiversity," which refers to the diversity of Earth's surface and subsurface features and processes. Geodiversity plays a crucial role in supporting the natural world and human societies, providing essential resources and habitats. However, the importance of geodiversity has only recently gained widespread recognition, and its consideration in policy and management decisions has been limited. The article highlights the need for a better understanding of geodiversity and the development of Essential Geodiversity Variables (EGVs) to assess and monitor changes in geodiversity. The themed issue explores various aspects of geodiversity, including taxonomy, measurement, monitoring, conservation, and its relationship with biodiversity. The goal is to raise awareness of geodiversity's significance and promote interdisciplinary discussions for sustainable practices. [Extracted from the article]

Geoconservation and related quantitative and qualitative geodiversity assessments are gaining increasing attention. However, methodologies for measuring geodiversity at local scale are currently rare. Here, we present a framework for assessing local-scale geodiversity of different landforms using field-based and digital elevation model (DEM-) derived data from the Rokua UNESCO Global Geopark in Finland. We observed the presence or absence of various geodiversity elements, such as geological or topographical elements in our study sites, and used these data to quantify alpha (α), gamma (γ) and beta (β) geodiversity of various landforms. In addition, we measured topographical heterogeneity in the field and from DEMs. The results showed distinct patterns in the geodiversity and topographical variation of the landforms. The differences between α, γ and β geodiversity of different landforms were particularly clear. According to the results, measures of topographical variability can be used to some extent as surrogates for geodiversity, but the choice of optimal variables is context and scale dependent. These results provide perspectives for further local-scale geodiversity assessments in different study areas and are applicable for a range of purposes, from scientific research to practical management and geoconservation. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Geodiversity for science and society'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid environmental change, natural resource overconsumption and increasing concerns about ecological sustainability have led to the development of 'Essential Variables' (EVs). EVs are harmonized data products to inform policy and to enable effective management of natural resources by monitoring global changes. Recent years have seen the instigation of new EVs beyond those established for climate, oceans and biodiversity (ECVs, EOVs and EBVs), including Essential Geodiversity Variables (EGVs). EGVs aim to consistently quantify and monitor heterogeneity of Earth-surface and subsurface abiotic features, including geology, geomorphology, hydrology and pedology. Here we assess the status and future development of EGVs to better incorporate geodiversity into policy and sustainable management of natural resources. Getting EGVs operational requires better consensus on defining geodiversity, investments into a governance structure and open platform for curating the development of EGVs, advances in harmonizing in situ measurements and linking heterogeneous databases, and development of open and accessible computational workflows for global digital mapping using machine-learning techniques. Cross-disciplinary collaboration and partnerships with governmental and private organizations are needed to ensure the successful development and uptake of EGVs across science and policy. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Geodiversity for science and society'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quantitative approaches are needed to complement qualitative explorations to identify sites with unique geodiversity and thereby guide geoconservation and geoheritage programmes. Here, we introduce the concept and associated index of 'geodiversity uniqueness'. This index is based on a numerical analysis of geofeatures and allows the identification of sites with unique geodiversity in a study area. We applied this approach to geofeature data from three areas in Finland. Our results showed that patterns of geodiversity uniqueness varied profoundly among the three study areas and across sites within each area. This was due to different sets of geofeatures and distinct characteristics of each study area. More importantly, the approach presented here was robust across the datasets and selection criteria for sets of sites, showing potential for geoconservation in each study area. The geodiversity uniqueness approach is a promising starting point to identify and map sites with unique geodiversity that can be further verified using field observations. To improve our knowledge of geodiversity variation, complementary approaches providing objective information on contributions to total beta geodiversity are needed to advance geoconservation programmes across areas and different spatial scales. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Geodiversity for science and society'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geodiversity has shaped and structured the Earth's surface at all spatio-temporal scales, not only through long-term processes but also through medium- and short-term processes. Geodiversity is, therefore, a key control and regulating variable in the overall development of landscapes and biodiversity. However, climate change and land use intensity are leading to major changes and disturbances in bio- and geodiversity. For sustainable ecosystem management, temporal, economically viable and standardized monitoring is needed to monitor and model the effects and changes in vegetation- and geodiversity. RS approaches have been used for this purpose for decades. However, to understand in detail how RS approaches capture vegetation- and geodiversity, the aim of this paper is to describe how five features of vegetation- and geodiversity are captured using RS technologies, namely: (i) trait diversity, (ii) phylogenetic/genese diversity, (iii) structural diversity, (iv) taxonomic diversity and (v) functional diversity. Trait diversity is essential for establishing the other four. Traits provide a crucial interface between in situ, close-range, aerial and space-based RS monitoring approaches. The trait approach allows complex data of different types and formats to be linked using the latest semantic data integration techniques, which will enable ecosystem integrity monitoring and modelling in the future. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Geodiversity for science and society'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improving models of species' distributions is essential for conservation, especially in light of global change. Species distribution models (SDMs) often rely on mean environmental conditions, yet species distributions are also a function of environmental heterogeneity and filtering acting at multiple spatial scales. Geodiversity, which we define as the variation of abiotic features and processes of Earth's entire geosphere (inclusive of climate), has potential to improve SDMs and conservation assessments, as they capture multiple abiotic dimensions of species niches, however they have not been sufficiently tested in SDMs. We tested a range of geodiversity variables computed at varying scales using climate and elevation data. We compared predictive performance of MaxEnt SDMs generated using CHELSA bioclimatic variables to those also including geodiversity variables for 31 mammalian species in Colombia. Results show the spatial grain of geodiversity variables affects SDM performance. Some variables consistently exhibited an increasing or decreasing trend in variable importance with spatial grain, showing slight scale-dependence and indicating that some geodiversity variables are more relevant at particular scales for some species. Incorporating geodiversity variables into SDMs, and doing so at the appropriate spatial scales, enhances the ability to model species-environment relationships, thereby contributing to the conservation and management of biodiversity. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Geodiversity for science and society'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]