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Background: Melaleuca species (family Myrtaceae) are characterized by their wide-ranging applications as antimicrobials and in skin-related conditions. Herein, we estimated the volatile profile and biological significance of M. rugulosa (Link) leaves for the first time supported by a dereplication protocol. Materials and methods: Volatile components were extracted using hydrodistillation (HD), supercritical fluid (SF), and headspace (HS) techniques and identified using GC/MS. The variations among the three extracts were assessed using principal component analysis and orthogonal partial least square discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA). The extracted volatiles were tested for radical scavenging activity, anti-aging, and anti-hyperpigmentation potential. Finally, disc diffusion and broth microdilution assays were implemented to explore the antibacterial capacity against Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium perfringens, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Results: The yield of the SF technique (0.8%) was three times higher than HD. GC/MS analysis revealed that the oxygenated compounds are the most proponents in the three extracts being 95.93% (HD), 80.94% (HS), and 48.4% (SF). Moreover, eucalyptol (1,8-cineol) represents the major component in the HD-EO (89.60%) and HS (73.13%) volatiles, while dl-α-tocopherol (16.27%) and α-terpineol (11.89%) represent the highest percentage in SF extract. Regarding the bioactivity profile, the HD-EO and SF-extract showed antioxidant potential in terms of oxygen radical absorbance capacity, and β- carotene assays, while exerting weak activity towards DPPH. In addition, they displayed potent anti-elastase and moderate anti-collagenase activities. The HD-EO exhibited potent anti-tyrosinase activity, while the SF extract showed a moderate level compared to tested controls. OPLS-DA and dereplication studies predicted that the selective antibacterial activity of HD-EO to S. aureus was related to eucalyptol, while SF extract to C. perfringens was related to α-tocopherol. Conclusions: M. rugulosa leaves are considered a vital source of bioactive volatile components that are promoted for controlling skin aging and infection. However, further safety and clinical studies are recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Green synthesized nanoparticles have recently gained significant medicinal applications and oftentimes outperform their green sources. Selenium is of fundamental importance to human health, stemming from its distinctive physicochemical properties, such as antioxidant activity, inhibition of Lipid peroxidation, stabilization of membrane proteins, maintenance of membrane fluidity and modulation of cell signaling. Though reports have shown some therapeutic potential of Ackee plant parts such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, neuroprotective, very few scientific proofs still exist in support of these effects. Methods: This study synthesized selenium nanoparticles (Se-NPs) from crude methanolic extracts of Ackee leaves (AKL) and Ackee arils (AKA), examined the photo-physical characteristics of the Se-NPs and determined the in-vitro antioxidant, antidiabetic, and anti-inflammatory potentials of AKL, AKA, and their Se-NPs using established protocols. Results: In both leaves and arils Se-NPs: UV spectroscopy revealed a qualitative absorbance at 310 nm; FTIR indicated multiple vibrations around 4000 cm−1- 400 cm−1; SEM images of 5 µm principally showed consistent size distribution of amorphous and granular shape at a magnification of 10,000X; while EDS spectra strongly confirm the presence of atomic Se compound at 30 kV. Various antioxidant activities assays carried out showed a range of approximately 4 to 60 times higher activities of the AKL, AKA, and Se-NPs than Ascorbic acid—the standard drug used. Furthermore, appreciable activities of more than 50% were obtained for alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activities, along with highly significant activities of haemoglobin glycosylation, glucose uptake, membrane stabilization, anti-arthritic, anti-haemolysis activities, when AKL, AKA, and Se-NPs were compared with standard drugs. Conclusion: Encouraging the development and utilization of AKL, AKA, and Se-NPs will provide tremendous therapeutic efficacy and bioavailability approaches towards the management of diabetes, inflammation, and other oxidative stress-related diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ascorbic acid (AA) plays an important role in many physiological and biochemical processes. Adequate quantification of AA is required for controlling the intake of AA for health management. In this study, a portable probe was fabricated based on the assembled FePO4@GO nanozyme by homogeneous precipitation. FePO4@GO exhibits excellent peroxidase (POD) activity. As an efficient free radical scavenger, ascorbic acid scavenges 1O2 free radicals produced by hydrogen peroxide catalyzed by peroxidase enzymes and then inhibits the color reaction of 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB). A good linear relationship between the color of the reaction system and the concentration of AA in the range of 2.5–75 μM was presented, and the detection limit is 1.25 μM. Furthermore, a visual colorimetric detection platform was constructed using a smartphone. The AA content is accurately reflected by intelligent recognition of color changes in the reaction system. It provides an alternative approach for portable and visual rapid detection of Vitamin C (VC) in medicine. Meanwhile, it also provides a reference for the assembly of an intelligent detection platform based on nanozymes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Goji berry is acknowledged for its notable medicinal attributes and elevated free radical scavenger properties. Nevertheless, its susceptibility to mechanical injuries and biological disorders reduces the commercial diffusion of the fruit. A hyperspectral imaging system (HSI) was employed to identify common defects in the Vis-NIR range (400–1000 nm). The sensorial evaluation of visual appearance was used to obtain the reference measurement of defects. A supervised classification model employing PLS-DA was developed using raw and pre-processed spectra, followed by applying a covariance selection algorithm (CovSel). The classification model demonstrated superior performance in two classifications distinguishing between sound and defective fruit, achieving an accuracy and sensitivity of 94.9% and 96.9%, respectively. However, when extended to a more complex task of classifying fruit into four categories, the model exhibited reliable results with an accuracy and sensitivity of 74.5% and 77.9%, respectively. These results indicate that a method based on hyperspectral visible-NIR can be implemented for rapid and reliable methods of online quality inspection securing high-quality goji berries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renal fibrosis is the common endpoint of nearly all chronic and progressive nephropathies. Cell death and sterile inflammation are the main characteristics of renal fibrosis, which can lead to end-stage renal failure. The inflammatory reaction triggered by tissue damage is strongly related to necroptosis, a type of caspase-independent, regulated cell death. Using an animal model of unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO), the anti-fibrotic effects of sorafenib (SOF), a multi-kinase inhibitor, and edaravone (EDV), a potent antioxidant and free radical scavenger, were examined in rats with obstructive nephropathy. Experimentally, animals were divided randomly into five groups: sham; UUO; UUO + SOF (5 mg/kg/day, P.O.); UUO + EDV (20 mg/kg/day, P.O.); and UUO + SOF + EDV groups. The kidney function biomarkers, oxidant/antioxidant status, renal mRNA expressions of TNF-α, collagen-1α, protein expressions of RIPK-1, RIPK-3, MLKL, caspase-8, HYP, MPO, and TNF-α were all significantly modulated by UUO. Administration of either SOF or EDV significantly attenuated cellular and molecular changes induced by UUO. Also, histopathological changes were improved. Moreover, SOF in combination with EDV, significantly improved UUO-induced renal fibrosis compared with each drug alone. Collectively, administration of either SOF or EDV or both of them significantly attenuated the rats with obstructive nephropathy, possibly by blocking the RIPK-3/MLKL necroptotic pathway and suppressing renal oxidative stress and inflammation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paris polyphylla is an important traditional medicinal plant of the Himalayan region. It is extensively used for the production of natural steroidal saponins and flavonoids. Although seed dormancy of wild plants can be broken to be artificially maintained and regenerated through micropropagation in the laboratory, the success of secondary metabolite production in higher quantities and the synthesis of superior plant metabolites have been very limited. In this study, we present differential metabolic profiling of P. polyphylla plants maintained for 8 years in natural and greenhouse conditions. Untargeted profiling of the metabolites through ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS), followed by statistical analysis, identified secondary metabolites that were enriched in the naturally occurring plant roots compared with the greenhouse plant roots. A multivariate statistical analysis revealed the differential distribution of the compounds between the two groups. Overall, we identified 1,182 secondary metabolites, with 116 metabolites being differentially upregulated and 256 metabolites being downregulated. Moreover, 810 metabolites showed no significant variation under both growing conditions. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis revealed that the naturally forest-grown P. polyphylla plants were significantly enriched in steroidal saponins, lipids, vitamins, flavonoids, and flavonols. An analysis of the top 10 differentially upregulated secondary metabolites indicated a significantly enriched quantity of spirost-5-en-3,12-diol and kaempferol synthesis pathways, which are known to reduce the effect of free radicals scavengers inside the cell. In addition, veratramine alkaloids were also enriched under natural conditions. Our findings indicated that naturally maintained P. polyphylla plants are suitable for the extraction of medicinally important compounds. Our study established a causal relationship between the metabolic composition of the roots and their natural growth condition. This study highlighted the importance of environmental conditions in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites of plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the severity of chronic kidney disease worldwide, strategies to recover renal function via tissue regeneration provide alternatives to kidney replacement therapy. To exclude side effects from direct cell transplantation, extracellular vesicles (EVs) are great substitutes representing paracrine cell signaling. To build three-dimensional structures for implantation into the 5/6 nephrectomy model by incorporating bioactive materials, including multifunctional EVs (mEVs), porous PMEZE/mEV scaffolds were developed in combination with edaravone (EDV; E) and mEV based on PMEZ scaffolds with PLGA (P), MH-RA (M), ECM (E), ZnO-ALA (Z). The oxygen free radical scavenger EDV was incorporated to induce tubular regeneration. mEVs were engineered to serve regenerative activities with a combination of two EVs from SDF-1α overexpressed tonsil-derived mesenchymal stem cells (sEVs) and intermediate mesoderm (IM) cells during differentiation into kidney progenitor cells (dEVs). mEVs displayed beneficial effects on regeneration by facilitating migration and inducing differentiation of surrounding stem cells, and EDV improved kidney function by regulating the GDNF/RET pathway and their downstream genes. The promotion of MSC recruitment was confirmed with sEV particles number dependently, and the regulation of the GDNF/RET pathway by the effect of EDV and its enhanced effect by mEVs were elucidated using in vitro analysis. The regeneration of tubules was additionally demonstrated through the increased expression of aquaporin-1 (AQP-1) and cadherin-16 (CDH16) for proximal tubules, and calbindin and PAX2 for distal tubules in the renal defect model. With these, structural regeneration and functional recovery were achieved with kidney regeneration in the 5/6 nephrectomy mice model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

5-Lipoxygenase (5-LOX) is a key enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of pro-inflammatory leukotrienes, leading to asthma. Developing potent 5-LOX inhibitors are highly attractive. In this research the previously synthesized isoxazole derivatives has been investigated against 5-LOX inhibitory and antioxidant in vitro assay. The compound 3 caused concentration dependent inhibition of 5-LOX with overall IC50 value of 8.47 μM. The investigated compounds C5 also exhibited good 5-LOX inhibitory effect. The IC50 demonstrated for C5 was 10.48. Among the 10 synthesized compounds, the potential 5-LOX inhibitory effect was reported for C6. The most potent compound which showed excellent free radical scavenging effect was C3 having IC50 value of 10.96 μM. The next most potent antioxidant activity was reported for C5 which non-significantly showed free radical scavenging effect. The IC50 value observed for C5 was 13.12 μM. Compound C6 also showed potent dose dependent antioxidant effect with IC50 value of 18.87 μM having percent inhibition of 91.63±0.55, 88.45±0.49, 83.53±0.45, 78.42±0.66 and 73.72±0.64 at concentration 1000–62.5 μg/mL respectively. Among the tested compounds, C6 was found most potent which showed significant 5-LOX percent inhibition assay and also reported the minimum IC50 value comparable to the reference drug. The in vitro 5-LOX enzymes inhibition assays of C5 and C3 also showed excellent percent inhibition and good potency next to C6. We concluded that amongst the investigated designed molecules the C3 was found best potent and showed significant dose dependent antioxidant activity against DPPH screening. The IC50 value reported for C3 was found good as compared to standard drug. Moreover, C5 and C6 also showed excellent free radical scavenging effect against DPPH assay. Computational methods have also been employed to explore the probable interaction model of inhibitors and enzyme active sites, and also to correlate the results of in silico and in vitro studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate regulatory effect and mechanism of protein kinase C (PKC)δ/θ-dual functional oxidase 1 (Duox1)-reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling pathway on human airway mucin (MUC) 5AC, to provide a new target for treatment of high secretion of airway mucus. Methods: Human airway epithelial cells 16HBE were pretreated with PKC and its subunit PKCδ/θ inhibitor, Duox1 inhibitor or free radical scavenger DMTU, respectively, and then human neutrophil elastase (HNE) stimulation to establish an in vitro airway inflammatory cell model. Generation level of ROS in each group of cells was determined by kit, mRNA levels of Duox1 and MUC5AC were detected by real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR, influence of interfering factors of each group of cells on Duox1 protein level was determined by Western blot, and protein expression of MUC5AC in each group of cells was detected by ELISA and immunofluorescence. Results: Compared with control group, ROS production in HNE group was increased significantly, expressions of Duox1 and MUC5AC mRNA and protein were also increased (P<0.05). After administration of Duox1 inhibitors, free radical scavengers or PKC inhibitors and PKCδ/θ inhibitors, ROS production was significantly inhibited, Duox1 and MUC5AC mRNA and protein expressions were decreased (P<0.05), while after giving PKCα/β, ROS generation, Duox1 and MUC5AC mRNA and protein expressions were not significantly changed compared with HNE group (P>0.05). Conclusion: HNE can mediate high expression of MUC5AC through PKCδ/θ-Duox1-ROS, which plays an important role in development of high secretion of airway mucus in vitro cell model experiment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The main objective of this work is to synthesize thiobarbituric acid based bis-Schiff base derivatives and to evaluate their ability to inhibit urease enzyme and DPPH free radical scavenging potential. Methods: Thiobarbituric acid derived bis-Schiff bases (IIIa–IIIi) were synthesized by treating 2,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde and the starting moiety 1,3-diethyl-2-thiobarbituric acid in ethanol through refluxed followed by treating chloro ethyl acetate in DMF solvent. Subsequently, hydrazine hydrate was added to compound (II), yielding bis-hydrazide in better yield, which was further reacted via refluxed with benzaldehydes in ethanol, catalyzed by acetic acid to yield compounds (IIIa–IIIi) in excellent yields. Results: The resulting compounds were tested to inhibit urease enzyme and DPPH free radical scavenging activity. Among the series, compound (IIId) (IC50 = 16.11 ± 0.92 µM), (IIIc) (IC50 = 19.11 ± 0.55 µM), and (IIIf) (IC50 = 21.01 ± 1.42 µM) were found as promising lead urease inhibitors, stronger than the standard thiourea (IC50 = 21.15 ± 0.32 µM). Moreover, compound (IIIa) (IC50 = 40.21 ± 0.12 µM) was found as the excellent antioxidant agent comparing it with the standard ascorbic acid. Molecular docking study was performed to analyze the most potent compounds against urease enzyme. The results also shows that all compounds had good ADME properties there was no violation found in compounds ranges all are under druglikness criteria. Additional research combining in vivo, toxicological, and computational analyses can offer thorough understandings of the effectiveness, safety, and fundamental mechanisms of action of these potentially beneficial antioxidant substances. Conclusions: These compounds showed tremendous potential as DPPH free radical scavengers and urease enzyme inhibitors. Compound (IIId) demonstrated the greatest suppression of urease enzyme activity, however compound (IIIa) displayed superior antioxidant effects. Additional research, incorporating in vivo, toxicological, and computational examinations, is necessary to thoroughly assess the effectiveness, safety, and fundamental mechanisms of action of these intriguing antioxidant molecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: Marrubium vulgare L. (M. vulgare), the white horehound, is well known for treating inflammation-related diseases. Methods: In this context, we investigated the efficacy of M. vulgare ingredients in treating Alzheimer's disease using various in vitro and in silico antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cholinesterase, and anti-tyrosinase mechanisms. Results: In our results, sixty-one components were tentatively identified using gas and liquid chromatography (GC-MS and LC-MSn) and categorized as hydrocarbons, fatty acids, and polyphenolics. The extract inhibited linoleic oxidation with an IC50 value of 114.72 µg/mL, captured iron (Fe2+) ions with an IC50 value of 164.19 µg/mL, and displayed reducing power. In addition, the extract showed radical-scavenging ability towards DPPH•, NO•, ABTS•+, and H2O2 assays compared to L-ascorbic acid and butylated hydroxytoluene. The DPPH• was scavenged by 77.62% at 100 µg/mL, and NO•, ABTS•+, and H2O2 were scavenged with IC50 values of 531.66, 117.51, and 143.10 µg/mL, respectively. M. vulgare also exhibited discriminating anti-inflammatory potency against cyclooxygenase (COX-2) with IC50 values of 619.15 µg/mL compared to celecoxib (p > 0.05). Notably, three Alzheimer's biomarkers, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), and tyrosinase were significantly inhibited. The molecular docking study supposed that the phenylethanoid glycosides of samioside and forsythoside B inhibited AChE and tyrosinase enzymes with low binding affinities of −9.969 and −8.804 kcal/mol, respectively. Marruboside was a proper inhibitor of COX and BChE enzymes with a binding score of −10.218 and −10.306 kcal/mol, respectively. Conclusions: M. vulgare extract showed significant inhibitory actions, which suggest that it could have a promising potential as an anti-Alzheimer agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects of Vaccinaria pyramidata root extract in Wistar albino rats subjected to carbon tetrachloride (CCl„)-induced liver toxicity. The ethanolic root extract of Vaccinaria pyramidata was prepared and tested on thirty rats, divided into five groups. The extract's ability to protect against oxidative stress was assessed by measuring liver function markers such as ALT, AST and SGOT, alongside histopathological analyses of liver tissues. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using the DPPH radical scavenging method. Results indicated that the ethanolic extract of Vaccinaria pyramidata significantly reduced liver damage, as evidenced by restored wet liver weight and volume, decreased enzyme levels, and reduced histopathological alterations. Additionally, the root extract demonstrated potent antioxidant activity. These findings suggest that Vaccinaria pyramidata root extract possesses hepatoprotective and antioxidant properties, making it a potential therapeutic agent for managing liver disorders caused by oxidative stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In people with type 1 diabetes mellitus, free radical activity is a major contributor to vascular problems. However, there is a dearth of information on vascular consequences in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Objectives: This research evaluated the free radical activity of individuals with type 2 diabetes who had hypertension to those who did not. Supplies and Procedures: Fifty type 2 diabetes outpatients had their blood levels of the lipid peroxidation product MDA (malondialdehyde), the free radical scavenger SOD (superoxide dismutase), and NO (nitric oxide) measured. The diabetic outpatients without hypertension were considered the controls. Result: Among 50 patients thus studied 18 were hypertensive. The concentration (median (range)) of both SOD (20.31(5.33-26.64) vs. 16.65(6.66-22.64) U/dl; p< 0.05) and NO (19.54 (11.40-37.07) vs.20.40 (15.69-35.65) U/dl; p< 0.05) were reduced in the hypertensive group. Similarly, concentration (median (range) of MDA (354(231-718) vs. 390(256-666)lmoles/dl; p< 0.01 were increased in thehypertensive group.. Conclusion: In comparison to healthy controls, we concluded that our study shows a considerable increase in free radical activity in Type II diabetes patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ricinodendron heudelotii is a plant of the Euphorbiaceae family, used in traditional medicine to treat numerous diseases, including high blood pressure. The aim of this study is to evaluate the antioxidant and vasorelaxant effects of the aqueous extract of the stem bark of R. heudelotii. The pharmacological studies were carried out using the aqueous extract obtained by infusion. The antioxidant capacity of R. heudelotii was assessed by in vitro tests with DPPH (2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picryl‐hydrazyl), ABTS (2,2 ′‐azino‐bis (3‐ethylbenz‐thiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid), iron‐reducing capacity (FRAP), and inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) release. In vitro studies, the aortic rings obtained from adult Wistar albino rats of both sexes were used to determine the vasorelaxant effects of the extract of R. heudelotii on the NO and prostacyclin (PGI2) pathways as well as its involvement on various potassium channels were determined on intact or naked fragments of rat aorta precontracted with phenylephrine (10-6 M) or KCl (60 mM). The aqueous extract of R. heudelotii exhibited a remarkable DPPH (EC50: 1.68 μg/mL) and ABTS (EC50: 106.30 μg/mL) and nitric oxide (53.71% inhibition at 1000 μg/mL) radical scavenging activities as well as reducing power (absorbance of 1.56 at 1000 μg/mL). The nitric oxide inhibitor, NG‐nitro‐L‐arginine methyl ester (L‐NAME), and prostacyclin inhibitor, indomethacin, significantly attenuated the vasodilatory effect of R. heudelotii. Tetraethylammonium could not inhibit the vasodilatory effect of the extract, unlike glibenclamide and barium chloride. Ricinodendron heudelotii extract possesses antioxidant properties and vasorelaxing effect linked to endothelium‐related factors, and this relaxation was partially mediated mainly through the inhibition of Kir and KATP channels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Methotrexate (MTX), a drug utilized in cancer and rheumatoid arthritis treatment, is associated with acute and chronic neurodegenerative alterations. Spirulina platensis (SP) has several important phytochemical substances that act as free radical scavengers or natural antioxidants. The current study investigated the possible effects of the blue-green alga Spirulina platensis on cerebellar damage in male rats exposed to methotrexate. Forty (40) adult male albino rats were randomly divided into 4 groups (n = 10) and treated for one week: GI, the control group; GII was orally given 1000 mg SP/kg/daily, GIII was given a single intraperitoneal injection of MTX 75 mg/kg at the first day, and continued under the normal condition without other treatment till the end of the experiment, and GIV received both SP and MTX together with the same previous doses and duration. Neurobehavioral, histopathological, histochemical, immunohistochemical, ultrastructural, molecular, and biochemical data were recorded. Results: MTX caused severe cerebellar degeneration in 3 cortical layers, especially the Purkinje layer. The Purkinje layer displayed a disrupted monolayer arrangement with pyknotic nuclei, a significant decrease in cell number, and shrunken cells surrounded by empty spaces. The molecular and granular layers are degenerated with elevated immunoreactions and gene expression of the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba-1), and neurofilament light chain antibody (NFL). Moreover, MTX significantly increased malondialdehyde (MDA) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) while decreasing the levels of reduced glutathione (GSH), serotonin, superoxide dismutase (SOD), acetylcholinesterase (ACHE), norepinephrine, and dopamine. These insults were noticeably mitigated by concomitant treatment with spirulina. Conclusion: Spirulina improves neurological function by modulating the cerebellar damage elicited by MTX. This improvement may be attributed to the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of spirulina. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the main interests in the food industry is the preservation of food from spoilage by microorganisms or lipid oxidation. A novel alternative is the development of additives of natural origin with dual activity. In the present study, a chemically modified lysozyme (Lys) with epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) was developed to obtain a conjugate (Lys-EGCG) with antibacterial/antioxidant activity to improve its properties and increase its application potential. The modification reaction was carried out using a free radical grafting method for the Lys modification reaction, using ascorbic acid and hydrogen peroxide as radical initiators in an aqueous medium. The synthesis of Lys-EGCG conjugate was confirmed by spectroscopic (FT-IR, 1H-RMN, and XPS) and calorimetry differential scanning (DSC) analyses. The EGCG binding to the Lys biomolecule was quantified by the Folin-Ciocalteu method; the antibacterial activity was evaluated by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MCB) against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas fluorescens; the antioxidant activity was evaluated by ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP. The spectroscopic results showed that the Lys-EGCG conjugate was successfully obtained, and the DSC analysis revealed a 20 °C increase (P < 0.05) in the denaturation temperature of Lys due to EGCG modification. The EGCG concentration in Lys-EGCG was 97.97 ± 4.7 µmol of EGCG/g of sample. The antibacterial and antioxidant activity of the Lys-EGCG conjugate was higher (P < 0.05) than pure EGCG and Lys. The chemical modification of Lys with EGCG allows for the bioconjugate with a dual function (antibacterial/antioxidant), broadening the range of Lys and EGCG applications to different areas such as food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arsenic (As) is a highly toxic metal and one of the main factors in cancer development through oxidative stress and production of reactive oxygen species. Prior research has demonstrated melatonin's potential as a free radical scavenger. Raf kinase inhibitory protein (RKIP) is an important regulator of intracellular signaling pathways that has been linked to various types of cancer. The aim of this research was to explore the influence of melatonin's antioxidant properties on the expression of the protein RKIP and the antioxidant status of liver tissue in rats that were exposed to arsenic. Thirty two male Wistar rats were divided into four groups of eight, including control, melatonin‐treated (20 mg/Kg of melatonin), sodium arsenite‐treated (5.5 mg/Kg of sodium arsenite), and melatonin + sodium arsenite‐treated groups (combination) for 4 weeks. The expression level of protein RKIP was measured by Western blot, and malondialdehyde (MDA) content of the liver as well as the activities of antioxidant enzymes were measured. The data analyzed using one‐way ANOVA (significance level of p < 0.05) and GraphPad Prism (9) software. Sodium arsenite treatment led to a significant decrease in RKIP protein expression and antioxidant enzyme activity, and an increase in liver MDA levels (p < 0.001). Conversely, melatonin treatment in the combination group resulted in a significant increase in RKIP protein expression and antioxidant enzyme activity and a decrease in liver MDA levels (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that melatonin can attenuate oxidative damage caused by arsenic in liver cells by enhancing RKIP protein expression and antioxidant enzyme activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: We investigated the inhibitory effect of edaravone (EDR) lotion on chemotherapy-induced alopecia (CIA) to improve the quality of life for patients with cancer. Methods: Wistar rats were intraperitoneally injected with cyclophosphamide (CPA, 75 mg/kg) to induce CIA and divided into six groups: (1) Control; (2) EDR 0%; (3) EDR 0.3%; (4) EDR 3%. The TUNEL-positive area was examined histologically, and mRNA expression levels of the apoptosis-related factors, such as B-cell/CLL lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), and Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax), were determined. Results: In the three CPA-treated groups, a decrease in the coverage score (percentage of hairs covered) was observed from days 16 to 18. In addition, coverage scores on day 21, the last day of observation, showed a tendency for the suppression of hair loss to increase, though hair loss was observed in all groups. The coverage scores of the EDR 0.3% and 3% groups after day 17 were significantly higher than those of the EDR 0% group. The TUNEL-positive area of skin tissue on day 16 was extensive in the EDR 0% group and decreased in the EDR 0.3% and 3% groups. The mRNA expression ratio of Bcl-2/Bax on day 21 was maintained at the same level as that of the control group only in the EDR 3% group. Conclusion: This study confirmed the use of EDR lotion to inhibit hair loss, indicating that the clinical application of EDR lotion may improve the quality of life for patients with cancer and their willingness to undergo treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two libraries of quinoline‐based hybrids 1‐(7‐chloroquinolin‐4‐yl)‐1H‐pyrazolo[3,4–d]pyrimidin‐4‐amine and 7‐chloro‐N‐phenylquinolin‐4‐amine were synthesized and evaluated for their α‐glucosidase inhibitory and antioxidant properties. Compounds with 4‐methylpiperidine and para‐trifluoromethoxy groups, respectively, showed the most promising α‐glucosidase inhibition activity with IC50=46.70 and 40.84 μM, compared to the reference inhibitor, acarbose (IC50=51.73 μM). Structure‐activity relationship analysis suggested that the cyclic secondary amine pendants and para‐phenyl substituents account for the variable enzyme inhibition. Antioxidant profiling further revealed that compounds with an N‐methylpiperazine and N‐ethylpiperazine ring, respectively, have good DPPH scavenging abilities with IC50=0.18, 0.58 and 0.93 mM, as compared to ascorbic acid (IC50=0.05 mM), while the best DPPH scavenger is NO2‐substituted compound (IC50=0.08 mM). Also, compound with N‐(2‐hydroxyethyl)piperazine moiety emerged as the best NO radical scavenger with IC50=0.28 mM. Molecular docking studies showed that the present compounds are orthosteric inhibitors with their quinoline, pyrimidine, and 4‐amino units as crucial pharmacophores furnishing α‐glucosidase binding at the catalytic site. Taken together, these compounds exhibit dual potentials; i. e., potent α‐glucosidase inhibitors and excellent free radical scavengers. Hence, they may serve as structural templates in the search for agents to manage Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Finally, in preliminary assays investigating the anti‐tubercular potential of these compounds, two pyrazolopyrimidine series compounds and a 7‐chloro‐N‐phenylquinolin‐4‐amine hybrid showed sub‐10 μM whole‐cell activities against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Construction of multi-interface contact step-scheme (S-scheme) photocatalyst is a promising pathway to achieve high-electron transfer efficiency for photodegradation estrone and congo red. In this paper, g-C3N4 is chosen as the main photocatalyst, CeO2 nanosheet with the unique Ce4+ → Ce3+ conversion performance and Fe3O4-Reduced graphene oxide are loaded onto the g-C3N4 surface to bulid 2D-2D magnetic photocatalyst. The 2D–2D magnetic photocatalyst structure imparts reusability by magnetic retrieval and at the same time Fe3O4-Reduced graphene oxide acts as an efficient host for g-C3N4/CeO2 composite photocatalyst. The photocatalytic performance is examined using etsrone and congo red. Photodegradation studies show the CeO2/g-C3N4/ Fe3O4- Reduced graphene oxide a composite catalyst can degrade 71% of estrone, 92% of congo red and 89% phenanthrene, Free radical scavenger test shows superoxide and hydroxyl radical species play a major role in the degradation. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the magnetic CeO2/g-C3N4/ Fe3O4-Reduced graphene oxide possesses strong antibacterial properties against Proteus mirabilis and Escherichia coli. A three-factor-three-level Box–Behnken design (BBD) was selected to optimize three greatly influential parameters: light irradiation time (min), The quality of photocatalyst(mg) and pollution concentration(ppm) by response surface methodology. It is expected that CeO2/g-C3N4/ Fe3O4- Reduced graphene oxide can be used as a 2D–2D magnetic photocatalyst for to achieve its valorization, which have very broad development prospects in the field of environmental remediation or catalysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mitochondria are responsible for maintaining cellular energy levels, and play a major role in regulating homeostasis, which ensures physiological function from the molecular to whole animal. Sirtuin 3 (SIRT3) is the major protein deacetylase of mitochondria. SIRT3 serves as a nutrient sensor; under conditions of mild metabolic stress, SIRT3 activity is increased. Within the mitochondria, SIRT3 regulates every complex of the electron transport chain, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) and urea cycles, as well as the mitochondria membrane potential, and other free radical scavengers. This article reviews the role of SIRT3 in regulating homeostasis, and thus physiological function. We discuss the role of SIRT3 in regulating reactive oxygen species (ROS), ATP, immunological function and mitochondria dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of the Steam Cracker is to produce monomers prone to polymerization. The drawback is that polymerization can occur in the Steam Cracker itself. The main monomers fouling precursor is Butadiene. All along the separation process, Butadiene concentration and process temperature change. This implies step changes in polymer structure and fouling level. Several techniques are used to control this fouling, including oxygen ingress control, the use of additives such as antioxidants and free radical scavengers. By a catalytic effect, the metal surfaces can also be a polymerization initiator. The objective of passivation is to modify the Carbon Steel surface into stable magnetite and maghemite. Using electrochemistry to characterize different Carbon Steel samples, we were able to improve our passivation procedure. And when applying metal passivation, we were able to increase run length of Depropanizer reboilers limiting the fouling rate and its impact on operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Peganum harmala L. is used in traditional medicine to treat several health ailments. Hence, the present work aimed to investigate the DPPH free radical scavenging, α-amylase, cytotoxic, and antifibrotic effects of the hydrophilic extract and fixed oil obtained from P. harmala seeds. Methods: The hydrophilic extract and fixed oil of P. harmala were assessed for their abilities to scavenge DPPH free radicals and inhibit α-amylase using reference bioassays. The cytotoxicity was assessed on several cancer and normal cell lines, including B16F1, Caco-2, COLO205, HeLa, Hep 3B and Hep G2, MCF-7, and HEK-293 T cells. The MTS assay was used to evaluate the antifibrotic capabilities utilizing the human hepatic stellate (LX-2) cell line. Results: P. harmala plant fixed oil has potent DPPH free radical scavenging activity with an IC50 dose of 79.43 ± 0.08 µg/ml. Besides, the hydrophilic extract has a poor anti-α-amylase effect compared with the antidiabetic drug Acarbose, with IC50 doses of 398 ± 0.59 and 25.11 ± 1.22 µg/ml, respectively. In addition, the growth of MCF-7, Hep3B, HepG2, HeLa, COLO205, CaCo2, B16F1, and HeK293t was inhibited by P. harmala hydrophilic extract with IC50 doses of 121.34 ± 1.71, 268.3 ± 0.75, 297.20 ± 1.00, 155.60 ± 1.14, 150.01 ± 0.51, 308.35 ± 0.53, 597.93 ± 1.36, and 5.38 ± 0.99 µg/ml, respectively. In addition, at 1000 µg/ml, 5-Fluorouracil reduced fibrosis cells by 0.089%, while the hydrophilic extract decreased the number of LX-2 cells by 5.81%. Conclusion: P. harmala plant-fixed oil exhibits potential antioxidant properties. While the hydrophilic extract showed limited effectiveness as an anti-α-amylase agent and demonstrated notable cytotoxic effects against various tested cancer cell lines. Furthermore, this extract significantly reduces the number of LX-2 fibrotic cells. These findings emphasize the therapeutic potential of these products in managing various health disorders and warrant further investigation into their mechanisms of action and clinical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Boron structures play a crucial role in biological treatments due to their unique chemical properties. They are used in pharmaceuticals for their potential as enzyme inhibitors and as anti-inflammatory agents. Boron-containing compounds are also explored in drug delivery systems, leveraging their ability to cross cell membranes effectively. Additionally, boron-based materials are studied for their applications in biomaterials, such as wound healing and tissue engineering, highlighting their diverse applications in biological treatments. Methods: The study aims to elucidate the biological properties of catechin, a natural phenolic compound, by modifying it with phenylboronic acid. The Catechin-based boronic compound (CBC) was synthesized. The antioxidant and enzyme activity were studied. Histopathological experiments to vital organs and molecular docking studies were also conducted. Results and Discussion: The (CBC) showed meaningful antioxidant and enzyme activity when compared to standards. The effect of the (CBC) on tissues was demonstrated by in vivo experiments. Histopathological evaluation of vital organs in male Sprague Dawley rats was demonstrated by Hematoxylin–Eosin staining. The study has supported the antioxidant property of (CBC), also has a natural origin based on its structure. Besides, the antiurease and antityrosinase activities of catechin were tested for the first time. Furthermore, in silico approaches also supported the acceptable biological activity results that were experimentally examined. The interactions of AChE, BChE, urease, and tyrosinase enzymes with the (CBC) were investigated theoretically via molecular docking, and the binding parameter values were also shared. The (CBC) demonstrated radical scavenging activity. The in vivo experiments on rats were carried out and the (CBC) showed no negative effects on the vital organs. It was seen that the experimental results were in good agreement with the theoretical calculations. Conclusions: The analysis of the crystal structures of AChE, BChE, urease, and tyrosinase enzymes in relation to the compound (CBC) yielded striking results, highlighting the compound's promising potential as a therapeutic agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a comparative analysis of different species of Sariva plants using high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) profiling and antioxidant activity. It examines vanillin contents in the Sariva species Hemidesmus indicus, Decalepsis hamiltonii, Ichnocarpus frutescence and Cryptolepsi buchananii. It assesses the antioxidant ability of Sariva drugs using free radical scavenging assays and suggests the potential of vanillin to prevent oxidative stress-related diseases.

Background: When newborn sepsis occurs, the pathogen may trigger an uncontrollable systemic inflammatory response that results in oxidative damage. Melatonin released naturally, which acts as a safe antioxidant and free radical scavenger in newborns. The aim of the work was to evaluate the significance of plasma melatonin level in early diagnosis of late onset sepsis neonatal sepsis. Methods: 58 full-term babies were included in a case-control study at Zagazig University's neonatal intensive care unit. Twenty-nine newborns in the patient group had complete clinical and biochemical signs of sepsis. The control group included twenty-nine newborns with no clinical or biochemical signs of sepsis. Melatonin level was measured by ELISA, and a septic work-up was done for all the patients. Results: The best cutoff plasma melatonin level in the diagnosis of late onset sepsis was16.2 pg/ml with an area under the curve of 0.97, a sensitivity of 92.6%, specificity of 86.4%, positive predictive value of 90.5 %, negative predictive value of 87% and over all accuracy of 88.6%. Conclusions: A significant elevation of endogenous plasma melatonin level was found in lateonset neonatal sepsis, so early identification of late-onset sepsis could considerably help cases by allowing both the prevention of complications and avoiding multiple drug resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The COVID-19 pandemic has rapidly become a global health crisis. Currently, there are no proven, reliable, specific treatments for COVID-19. Alongside drug interventions, supportive treatments are implemented during the disease. Quercetin, recognized for its antiviral, anti-inflammatory, anti-aging, and antioxidant properties, is under evaluation in this study for its potential impact on preventing, influencing the course, and mitigating the severity of COVID-19. Methods: A thorough search was conducted across scientific databases, including PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, SAGEpub, Copernicus, Cochrane Library, ScienceDirect, Elsevier, Scopus, Google Scholar, EBSCOhost, Crossref, Ovid-LWW, and DergiPark databases, between 1 November 2021 and 1 April 2022 to ensure a comprehensive inclusion of relevant studies. Results: Thirteen randomized controlled clinical trials (five published, eight unpublished) were identified. Existing literature supports quercetin's role as a potent free radical scavenger with robust antioxidant properties. It exhibits anti-inflammatory characteristics by inhibiting lipid peroxidation and restraining pro-inflammatory enzymes such as lipoxygenase and phospholipase A2. Scholarly discourse suggests that quercetin supplementation within the 500-1500 mg range leads to favorable outcomes, including quicker patient discharge, reduced inflammation, increased respiratory rate, accelerated viral clearance, and an improved disease prognosis. However, it is noted that intervention durations vary across studies. Conclusions: The analysis of the studies suggested that quercetin is a promising therapeutic agent that can cause a decrease in disease symptoms, frequency of hospitalization, hospital stay, need for non-invasive oxygen treatment, need for intensive care, and mortality. Nonetheless, more clinical studies are needed to better understand quercetin's curative effects on COVID-19 infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The International Agency for Research on Cancer has classified N‐nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) as a possible carcinogen and mutagenic substances, placing it in category 2A of compounds that are probably harmful to humans. It is found in nature and tobacco smoke, along with its precursors, and is also synthesized endogenously in the human body. The oral or parenteral administration of a minimal quantity of NDEA results in severe liver and kidney organ damage. The NDEA required bioactivation by CYP450 enzyme to form DNA adduct in the alkylation mechanism. Thus, this bioactivation directs oxidative stress and injury to cells due to the higher formation of reactive oxygen species and alters antioxidant system in tissues, whereas free radical scavengers guard the membranes from NDEA‐directed injury in many enzymes. This might be one of the reasons in the etiology of cancer that is not limited to a certain target organ but can affect various organs and organ systems. Although there are various possible approaches for the treatment of NDEA‐induced cancer, their therapeutic outcomes are still very dismal. However, several precautions were considered to be taken during handling or working with NDEA, as it considered being the best way to lower down the occurrence of NDEA‐directed cancers. The present review was designed to enlighten the general guidelines for working with NDEA, possible mechanism, to alter the antioxidant line to cause malignancy in different parts of animal body along with its protective agents. Thus, revelation to constant, unpredictable stress situations even in common life may remarkably augment the toxic potential through the rise in the oxidative stress and damage of DNA. N‐Nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) is a potential carcinogen and mutagen. Their carcinogenic action is not limited to a certain target organ but can affect various organs and organ systems. It induces oxidative stress and cellular injury due to higher formation of reactive oxygen species and alters antioxidant system in the tissues. The present review was designed to enlighten the general guidelines for working with NDEA, possible mechanism, to alter antioxidant line to cause malignancy in different parts of animal body along with its protective agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urena lobata is an herbal remedy traditionally used to cure certain ailments. Its flavonoid and phenol-rich content has been shown to have free radical scavenging activity. Nitric oxide (NO) is an active gaseous substance that is released by cells and plays a role in inflammation. This study examined the ability of U. lobata leaf extract to induce NO production and suppress inducible NO synthase (iNOS). The leaves of U. lobata were extracted with ethanol. The phytoconstituents of the extract were identified, their physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties were predicted, and their anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated. The structures of the phytoconstituents were determined using the molecular docking approach. Griess technique was used to evaluate NO generation in IL-1β-treated hepatocyte culture media containing the extract. An in silico approach was employed to investigate the suppression of iNOS by phytoconstituents from U. lobata. The results showed that stigmasterol and gossypetin were identified in the extract and had a strong inhibitory effect on iNOS based on the inhibition constant. However, it has lower potency than β-sitosterol. The ethanol extract of U. lobata (IC50 = 163.03 µg/mL) had a lower potency than gossypin (IC50 = 100.31 µg/mL) but was comparable to gossypetin (IC50 = 164.18 µg/mL) for inhibiting NO generation. The ethanol extract of U. lobata demonstrated anti-inflammatory action by lowering NO level, but at a lower concentration than gossypin and gossypetin. The study revealed that U. lobata ethanol extract inhibited NO production through active substances, like gossypetin, mangiferin, β-sitosterol, and stigmasterol, thereby suppressing iNOS activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seed storage proteins are a major protein source due to their readily available bioactive peptides. Melinjo (Gnetum gnemon L) seeds have a promising potential for massive production in Indonesia because of their high protein content. The composition and protein content of these seeds depends on their stage of maturity. This study investigated the effect of melinjo seed proteins at green (GG), yellow (YG), and red (RG) stages of maturity on their antioxidant and antidiabetic activities. Also, this study aimed to determine seed maturity's impact and identify the seeds most active stage on free radical scavenging (antioxidant) and antidiabetic activity. This study analyzed the amino acid composition, protein profiles, free radical scavenging, and in vitro antidiabetic activities of GG, YG, and RG seed proteins. The concentration of amino acids in melinjo seed samples was 0.36-9.69 g/100 g protein, with the total amino acid content in GG seeds (59.92 g/100 g protein) being significantly higher than in YG (53.91 g/100 g protein) or RG (52.79 g/100 g protein) seeds. The protein from GG seeds also exhibited significantly (p<0.05) higher free radical scavenging and in vitro antidiabetic activities than YG or RG seeds. The free radical scavenging activities were measured using ABTS, hydroxyl radical, and superoxide radical assays. The antidiabetic activity was assessed based on α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities. The results indicated that the maturity stage of the seed proteins significantly affected (p<0.05) free radical scavenging and in vitro antidiabetic activities. GG seed protein showed high potential as an antioxidant and antidiabetic agent, suggesting its possible use in future nutraceuticals and human health applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We analyzed plasma melatonin levels in different groups of preterm newborns without hypoxia and their relationship with several perinatal variables like gestational age or neonatal pain. Prospective cohort study of preterm newborns (PTNB) without perinatal hypoxia, Apgar > 6 at 5 min, and oxygen needs on the third day of life. We compared melatonin levels at day 3 of life in different groups of non-hypoxic preterm infants (Student's t-tests, Mann-Whitney U, and chi2) and analyzed the relationship of melatonin with GA, birth weight, neonatal pain (Premature Infant Pain Profile (PIPP) scale), caffeine treatment, parenteral nutrition, or the development of free radical diseases (correlation study, linear regression) and factors associated with moderate/intense pain and free radical diseases (logistic regression analysis). Sixty-one preterm infants with gestational age (GA) of 30.7 ± 2.0 weeks with no oxygen requirements at day 3 of life were studied with plasma melatonin levels of 33.8 ± 12.01 pg/ml. Preterm infants weighing < 1250 g at birth had lower plasma melatonin levels (p = 0.05). Preterm infants with moderate or severe pain (PPIPP > 5) have lower melatonin levels (p = 0.01), and being preterm with PIPP > 5 is associated with lower plasma melatonin levels (p = 0.03). Being very preterm (GA < 32 GS), having low weight for gestational age (LWGA), receiving caffeine treatment, or requiring parenteral nutrition did not modify melatonin levels in non-hypoxic preterm infants (p = NS). Melatonin on day 3 of life in non-hypoxic preterm infants is not associated with later development of free radical diseases (BPD, sepsis, ROP, HIV, NEC). Conclusion: We observed that preterm infants with moderate to severe pain have lower melatonin levels. These findings are relevant because they reinforce the findings of other authors that melatonin supplementation decreases pain and oxidative stress in painful procedures in premature infants. Further studies are needed to evaluate whether melatonin could be used as an analgesic in painful procedures in preterm infants. Trial registration: Trial registration was not required since this was an observational study. What Is Known: • Melatonin is a potent antioxidant and free radical scavenger in newborns under stress conditions: hypoxia, acidosis, hypotension, painful procedures, or parenteral nutrition. • Pain stimulates the production of melatonin. • Various studies conclude that melatonin administration decreases pain during the neonatal period. What Is New: • Non-hypoxic preterm infants with moderate to severe pain (PIPP>5) have lower levels of melatonin. • Administration of caffeine and treatment with parenteral nutrition do not modify melatonin levels in non-hypoxic preterm infants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To assess the effects of hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA) on ultraviolet A (UVA)-induced damage in HaCaT keratinocytes. HaCaT keratinocytes were UVA-irradiated, and the effects of HSYA on cell viability, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, lipid peroxidation, and messenger (m)RNA expression were measured. mRNA expressions of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1, MMP-2, MMP-9, and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 were determined by a real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). UVA exposure led to a decrease in cell viability and an increase in ROS generation in HaCaT keratinocytes. HSYA effectively increased the viability of HaCaT keratinocytes after UVA exposure and protected them from UVA-induced oxidative stress. Moreover, HSYA inhibited expressions of MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-9, and COX-2 by HaCaT keratinocytes with UVA-induced photodamage. Our results suggest that HSYA can act as a free radical scavenger when keratinocytes are photodamaged. HSYA has the potential to be a skin-protective ingredient against UVA-induced photodamage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phyto-fabricated nano-biomaterials like silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) possess the potential to serve as smart nanomedicine platforms for the medical assessment and treatment of a diverse array of diseases including cancer and infectious ones. This investigation made use of an aqueous leaf extract of Xanthium strumarium for the purpose of phyto-fabricating Ag NPs. Several analytic techniques were used to study the structure, morphology and optical properties of Ag NPs, such as ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. Additionally, as compared to ampicillin, the biogenic Ag NPs showed substantial antibacterial efficacy against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli). It was found that Ag NPs had a free radical scavenging activity of 95.54%. With an anti-inflammatory activity of 85.78 ± 0.02% utilizing anti-proteinase action and 89.79 ± 0.02% using the BSA denaturation test, the Ag NPs demonstrated remarkable anti-inflammatory activity. The MTT assay of Ag NPs revealed their excellent cytotoxicity against MDA MB 231 with 23.506 ± 4.19% and an IC50 value of 72.2 μg mL−1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, we aimed to investigate the antioxidant, cytotoxicity activities, and phytochemical profiling of O. stellata extracts. Qualitative phytochemical tests showed the presence of different groups of phytochemicals, mainly in polar solvents. Methanolic and hydroalcoholic extracts showed high total phenolic and flavonoid contents. The antioxidant activity was determined by using 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), metal chelating, and reducing power assay where methanolic (IC50: 24.76 ± 2.78 μg/mL), hydroalcoholic (IC50: 29.59 ± 3.44 μg/mL), and aqueous (IC50: 33.72 ± 1.97 μg/mL) extracts showed significantly antioxidant potential. Significant cytotoxicity activity was observed in the methanolic extract. As methanolic extract showed better activities, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of methanolic extract identified 41 bioactive compounds, where 17 major compounds had medicinal value. High-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) bioassay-guided assay combined with Attenuated Total Reflectance-Fourier Transform Infrared (ATRFTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy characterized gallic and caffeic acid as free radical scavengers. This study evidences that the methanolic extract of O. stellata has potent antioxidant and anti-cancer properties, which may render oxidative stress-related disease and may be used for drug development for human health benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Packaging plays an important role in protecting foodstuffs against physicochemical damage and microbial activity, as well as extending shelf life. In recent years, petrochemical compounds that cause environmental pollution and contamination due to their non-biodegradability have been replaced by biocompatible polymer-based films in the food packaging industry. Due to aromatic essential oils (EO), various biological activities, and their potential to replace chemical preservatives in the field of food preservation, Star Anise essential oil, which has properties, such as free radical scavenger, antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral, was used as an additive in this study. Biodegradable and biocompatible polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) polymer was used as the matrix and polymer-based films were produced in 3 different concentrations. Spectral analysis, structural, chemical, and thermal characterizations, and surface morphologies of the produced films by the direct incorporation method were examined. In addition, the antibacterial activities of the films on Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, and Acinetobacter baumannii ATCC BAA 747 bacteria were investigated. As a result of the examinations, it was determined that an interfacial interaction occurred between the matrix and the filler, and the produced films were thermally resistant and showed antibacterial activity against Gram (+)/Gram (−) bacteria. Consequently, it can be concluded that PVA films containing Star Anise essential oil present a prospective substitute in a variety of industrial packaging systems, including those for food, medicine, and cosmetics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phytochemical compounds in the leaf extracts of Castanopsis indica and C. tribuloides were evaluated, and their antioxidant and antimicrobial potential were assessed. The TPC was found to be 193.12 and 159.49 mg GAE g−1 dry weight, and the TFC was 108.12 and 96.49 mg QE g−1 dry weight, for C. indica and C. tribuloides, respectively. C. indica had higher DPPH scavenging activity, with an IC50 value of 15.10 μg mL−1. Both extracts showed substantial antimicrobial activity against the tested bacteria. GC-MS analysis showed the presence of 76 VoCs in C. indica leaf, and 71 VoCs in C. tribuloides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It was previously reported that crocin, a water-soluble carotenoid isolated from the Crocus sativus L. (saffron), has protective effects on cardiac cells and may neutralize and even prevent the formation of excess number of free radicals; however, functional mechanisms of crocin activity have been poorly understood. In the present research, we aimed to study the functional mechanism of crocin in the heart exposed to oxidative stress. Accordingly, oxidative stress was modeled in vitro on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and in vivo in mice using cellular stressors. The beneficial effects of crocin were investigated at cellular and molecular levels in HUVECs and mice hearts. Results indicated that oral administration of crocin could have protective effects on HUVECs. In addition, it protects cardiac cells and significantly inhibits inflammation via modulating molecular signaling pathways TLR4/PTEN/AKT/mTOR/NF-κB and microRNA (miR-21). Here we show that crocin not only acts as a direct free radical scavenger but also modifies the gene expression profiles of HUVECs and protects mice hearts with anti-inflammatory action under oxidative stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study was aimed to investigate the effect of fresh and dried hydrolyzed Cordyceps militaris (CM) mushroom with proteolytic enzymes; bromelain (CMB), flavorzyme (CMF), and mixture of bromelain: flavorzyme (CMBF) on quality properties of spent hen chicken. Methods: Mushroom extract (CME) were combined with three proteolytic enzyme mixtures that had different peptidase activities; stem bromelain (CMB), flavorzyme (CMF), and mixture of stem bromelain:flavorzyme (CMBF) at (1:1). The effect of these hydrolysates was investigated on spent hen breast meat via dipping marination. Results: Hydrolyzation positively alters functional properties of CM protease. in which bromelain hydrolyzed group (CMB) displayed the highest proteolytic activity at 4.57 unit/mL. The antioxidant activity had a significant increment from 5.32% in CME to 61.79% in CMB. A significantly higher emulsion stability index and emulsification activity index compared to CME were another result from hydrolyzation (p<0.05). Texture properties along with the shear force value and myofibrillar fragmentation index were notably improved under CMB and CMBF in fresh condition. Marination with CM mushroom protease that was previously hydrolyzed with enzymes was proven to also increase the nucleotide compounds, indicated by higher adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP) and inosine 5'-monophosphate (IMP) in hydrolysate groups (p<0.05). The concentration of both total and insoluble collagen remained unchanged, meaning less effect from CM protease. Conclusion: This study suggested the hydrolyzation of CM protease with bromelain or a mixture of bromelain:flavourzyme to significantly improve functional properties of protease and escalate the taste-related nucleotide compounds and texture profiles from spent hen breast meat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document, titled "The Role of Antioxidant Foods and Nutraceuticals in Ageing," explores the relationship between oxidative stress, antioxidants, and aging. It discusses the free radical theory of aging and the accumulation of oxidative damage over time. The document highlights the role of antioxidants in mitigating the harmful effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the potential benefits of exogenous antioxidants in preventing aging and age-related diseases. However, it also acknowledges the complexity of the phenomenon and the mixed results of studies on antioxidant supplementation. The document concludes by emphasizing the need for further research to better understand the optimal sources and amounts of antioxidants for slowing aging and its associated diseases. [Extracted from the article]

Exploring novel frameworks for treating Alzheimer's disease is an ambitious objective. In this particular context, a range of asymmetric biscarbothioamide derivatives (3a–l) with varying substitutions have been meticulously designed and effectively synthesized. The newly synthesized compounds have all been definitively characterized using established spectroscopic techniques such as 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, FT-IR, and elemental analysis. In vitro, all the derivatives (3a–l) were evaluated to assess their inhibitory potential against cholinesterase enzymes (acetylcholinesterase, AChE, and butyrylcholinesterase, BChE). The outcomes demonstrated that these derivatives were potent and exhibited selectivity in inhibiting AChE, except for compounds 3b and 3e, which specifically inhibited BChE, showcasing varying degrees of KI values. Significantly, compounds 3j (KIs of 11.91 ± 2.25 nM for AChE and 77.76 ± 8.02 nM for BChE) and 3h (KIs of 14.73 ± 2.30 nM for AChE and 59.54 ± 6.20 nM for BChE) emerged as the most potent dual inhibitors of AChE and BChE within the series, respectively, with KI constants even lower than those of the standard drug tacrine (KIs of 68.70 ± 5.39 nM for AChE and 111.60 ± 10.52 nM for BChE). Furthermore, their potential scavenging activity against DPPH and ABTS radicals was evaluated. To further validate the experimental findings, molecular docking studies were performed in silico to ascertain the binding modes of these compounds with the active pockets of AChE and BChE enzymes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Iron nanoparticles comprise a significant class of inorganic nanoparticles, which discover applications in various zones by prudence of their few exciting properties. This study achieved the green synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) by black cumin seed (Nigella sativa) extract, which acts as a reducing and capping agent. The iron nanoparticles and black cumin extract were synthesized in three different concentrations: (01:01, 02:04,01:04). UV-visible spectroscopy, XRD, FTIR, and AFM characterized the synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles. UV-visible spectra show the maximum absorbance peak of 01:01 concentration at 380 nm. The other concentrations, such as 02:04, peaked at 400 nm and 01:04 at 680 nm, confirming the formation of iron oxide nanoparticles. AFM analysis reveals the spherical shape of iron oxide nanoparticles. The XRD spectra reveal the (fcc) cubic crystal structure of the iron oxide nanoparticles. The FTIR analysis's peaks at 457.13, 455.20, and 457.13 cm-1 depict the characteristic iron nanoparticle synthesis. The black cumin extract-mediated iron oxide nanoparticles show substantial antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity in a dose-dependent manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Naphthoquinones are compounds that are common in nature which have biological activity depending on the attachment of new substituted groups. Methods: In the present study, the inhibition effects of newly synthesized naphthoquinones derivatives (I), (IIa–IId) on alpha-glucosidase, alpha-amylase, xanthine oxidase, and trypsin and antioxidant properties were investigated by in vitro studies. Results and Discussion: The synthesized compounds (IIb) (784.04 ± 79.95 µM) and (IId) (477.55 ± 1.18µM) compounds on alpha-glucosidase activity were found to have a lower IC50 value when compared to the positive control—acarbose (1628.48 ± 32.89 µM) as well as molecular docking results. Compound (IId) (690.45 ± 5.48 µM) had high 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazil (DPPH) scavenging activity, with an IC50 value lower than that of the positive control butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT, 961.92 ± 6.41 µM). The results indicated that synthesized compounds had a dose-dependent inhibition effect on the enzymes. Conclusions: In the in vitro studies, compounds (IIb) and (IId) were strong alpha-glucosidase inhibitors as well as compound (IId) had high DPPH scavenging activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phenol-based antioxidants as free radical scavengers are expected to continue increasing as additives in industries. As an antioxidant, lignin has low oxidative stability in pure solid form, so stabilization is needed to produce lignin-based antioxidants. This research focuses on the valorization of alkaline lignin by hydrogenolysis using a Pt/C catalyst and formic acid as a hydrogen donor. Three treatment variables, namely the amount of formic acid (FA), the amount of ethanol (EtOH), and radiation time (T), were observed for their contribution to the three responses, namely the total phenol content (TPC), the degree of depolymerization (DD), and the IC50 value of DPPH as an antioxidants activity. This study found that the best results were obtained at operating conditions FA, EtOH, and T 5 mL, 100 mL, 3 min in sequence, producing TPC, DD, and IC50 worth 4792,055 mg/ L, 23.650%, and 35.860 mg/L, respectively. The results were optimized using the response surface methodology with the Design Expert 11 program with the optimized result being FA, EtOH, and T 10 mL, 100 mL, 3 min consecutively and resulted in TPC, DD, and IC50 of 4987.12 mg/L, 26.451%, and 33.865 mg/L, respectively. The results of this study indicate that OPFEB is a source of lignin that has the potential to produce phenolic compounds, which are sources of renewable fine chemicals based on biomass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photocatalysis is a multifaceted phenomenon that can be employed for diverse applications, such as waste management and the treatment of water resources. Through a hydrothermal process, a magnetic nanocomposite comprising MoS2 and NiFe2O4 with optical activity was effectively synthesized. The produced photocatalysts were subjected to different methods to investigate the physiochemical properties of the materials. The optical band-gap values of the fabricated nanocomposite were measured to be 1.75 and 1.57 eV accordingly for NiFe2O4 and MoS2/NiFe2O4 which were established by UV–Visible absorption spectrum via Tauc's relation. From the BET study, the surface area of prepared MoS2/NiFe2O4 NCs was achieved to be 71.05 m2 g−1. The photocatalytic efficacy was assessed by observing malachite green degradation in the existence of visible light conditions. The MoS2/NiFe2O4 nanocomposite contains degradation efficiency of 98.28% in 140 min under visible source toward malachite green and demonstrated favorable reusability potential through magnetic separation. This finding indicates that the activity of synthesized nanocomposite is superior to that of isolated MoS2 and NiFe2O4 NPs. A plausible mechanism for photocatalysis was explicated with charge carriers and scavengers of free radicals. The primary contributors to dye degradation were responsible to be the OH radical and holes species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two‐photon printing is accomplished using a photobase generator, 2‐(2‐nitrophenyl)‐propyloxycarbony tetramethyl guanidine, to locally catalyze thiol‐ene coupling between multifunctional monomers while mitigating chain‐growth polymerization with free radical scavengers. Microstructures printed from base‐catalyzed resins exhibit higher resolution (linewidths < 400 nm) and lower print error (<3%) than analogous microstructures printed using a photosensitive, free radical initiator. Further, Raman spectroscopy reveals that resins polymerized using the photobase generator in the presence of free radical scavengers exhibit higher selectivity of thiol‐ene coupling over radical polymerization, resulting in stiffer, more uniform polymer networks. The base‐catalyzed resins are capable of producing 3D microstructures printed with high accuracy and minimal post‐processing defects. A direct comparison between free radical and base‐initiated resins highlights the need for mindful consideration of how chemical reaction pathway influences printability and network end‐properties when designing resins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ferroptosis is a novel nonapoptotic form of cell death characterized by iron‐dependent reactive oxygen species‐mediated lipid peroxidation. In several different cell systems, the tumor suppressor p53 can enhance sensitivity to ferroptotic inducers. At least half of all human cancers show loss of function of p53. Furthermore, many of those tumors express mutant forms of p53 that has lost its wild‐type function. Several groups have designed small molecules that can reactivate the wild‐type function of these missense p53 mutants. We reasoned that p53 reactivators may also enhance sensitivity of certain cancer cells to ferroptosis stimuli. To test this idea we combined a number of different p53 reactivators with small molecule inducers of ferroptosis. In contrast, we observed that several p53 reactivators protected cells from cell death induced by ferroptotic inducers. Surprisingly, this protection still occurred in p53‐null cell lines. We observed that these reactivators were neither free radical scavengers nor ion chelators. One of these p53 reactivator molecules, NSC 59984, reduced expression of GPX4, which is unlikely to explain its ability to reduce sensitivity to ferroptosis. We suggest that these p53 reactivators function via an unknown, p53‐independent manner to suppress ferroptosis. Significance statement: Previous work led to the development of small molecules capable of reactivating mutant p53 into a wild‐type configuration. We reasoned that since p53 can enhance ferroptotic cell death, then p53 reactivator molecules may synergize with ferroptotic inducers to kill cancer cells. In contrast we observed that p53 reactivators protected from ferroptosis even in cells that do not express p53. This reveals novel cellular activities of these small molecules in modulating the cellular response to redox imbalance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Two libraries of quinoline‐based hybrids 1‐(7‐chloroquinolin‐4‐yl)‐1H‐pyrazolo[3,4–d]pyrimidin‐4‐amine and 7‐chloro‐N‐phenylquinolin‐4‐amine were synthesized and evaluated for their α‐glucosidase inhibitory and antioxidant properties. Compounds with 4‐methylpiperidine and para‐trifluoromethoxy groups, respectively, showed the most promising α‐glucosidase inhibition activity with IC50=46.70 and 40.84 μM, compared to the reference inhibitor, acarbose (IC50=51.73 μM). Structure‐activity relationship analysis suggested that the cyclic secondary amine pendants and para‐phenyl substituents account for the variable enzyme inhibition. Antioxidant profiling further revealed that compounds with an N‐methylpiperazine and N‐ethylpiperazine ring, respectively, have good DPPH scavenging abilities with IC50=0.18, 0.58 and 0.93 mM, as compared to ascorbic acid (IC50=0.05 mM), while the best DPPH scavenger is NO2‐substituted compound (IC50=0.08 mM). Also, compound with N‐(2‐hydroxyethyl)piperazine moiety emerged as the best NO radical scavenger with IC50=0.28 mM. Molecular docking studies showed that the present compounds are orthosteric inhibitors with their quinoline, pyrimidine, and 4‐amino units as crucial pharmacophores furnishing α‐glucosidase binding at the catalytic site. Taken together, these compounds exhibit dual potentials; i. e., potent α‐glucosidase inhibitors and excellent free radical scavengers. Hence, they may serve as structural templates in the search for agents to manage Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Finally, in preliminary assays investigating the anti‐tubercular potential of these compounds, two pyrazolopyrimidine series compounds and a 7‐chloro‐N‐phenylquinolin‐4‐amine hybrid showed sub‐10 μM whole‐cell activities against Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Hedychium flavum is an edible, medicinal, and aromatic plant widely cultivated for its essential oil. So far, little studies have been done on its phytoconstituents and bioactivities. Hence, the research aimed to determine the chemical constituents of leaf essential oil (L-EO) and stem essential oil (S-EO) of H. flavum and first estimate their antibacterial, antioxidant, cytotoxic, and enzyme inhibitory activities. According to gas chromatography-flame ionization detector/mass spectrometer (GC-FID/MS) assay, L-EO was mainly composed of β-pinene (33.4%), α-pinene (10.4%), humulene (6.8%), β-caryophyllene (6.0%), eucalyptol (6.0%), caryophyllene oxide (5.5%), endo-borneol (3.8%), humulene epoxide II (3.7%), and D-limonene (3.2%). The predominant components of S-EO were β-pinene (17.2%), eucalyptol (9.7%), nerolidol (7.8%), α-phellandrene (6.7%), α-pinene (5.8%), β-caryophyllene (5.4%), terpinen-4-ol (4.5%), D-limonene (4.4%), p-cymene (3.7%), endo-borneol (3.5%), and α-terpineol (3.5%). For the bioactivities, L-EO and S-EO showed strong antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, and Bacillus subtilis with the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 9.77–625.00 µg/mL and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 9.77–1250.00 µg/mL. Both L-EO and S-EO exhibited moderate antioxidant activity in the DPPH (14.52 ± 0.93 mg/mL and 4.73 ± 0.15 mg/mL, respectively) and ABTS (4.05 ± 0.75 mg/mL and 2.38 ± 0.14 mg/mL, respectively) free radical scavenging capacity. S-EO showed selective cytotoxicity on human leukemic K562 cell line (IC50 = 93.94 ± 0.91 µg/mL), which was nearly three times that of noncancer L929 cell line (IC50 = 294.49 ± 9.40 µg/mL). In enzyme inhibitory properties, L-EO exerted a potent inhibition on α-glucosidase (IC50 = 1.03 ± 0.02 mg/mL), and both essential oils had weak inhibition against cholinesterase and tyrosinase. Thus, H. flavum L-EO and S-EO possess antibacterial, antioxidant, cytotoxic, and enzyme inhibitory activities with potential for exploitation in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The utilization of plant extracts in the synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles is recognized as one of the most environmentally friendly approaches. This study focuses on the green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) using Aloe vera leaf extract (ALE) as both the reducing and capping agents. Additionally, an antimicrobial regenerated-cellulose composite film (RCF) incorporating ZnO NPs (ZnO/RCF) was prepared through the immersion phase-conversion method. The structure and morphology of ALE-ZnO NPs and ZnO/RCF were characterized, and the antimicrobial properties of ZnO/RCF were assessed using the inhibition zone method. UV and FTIR spectra confirmed the presence of the Zn–O bond stretching mode. HR-TEM and XRD results indicated that ALE-ZnO NPs were formed in a pure crystalline state, exhibiting sphere-like shapes with an average crystallite size of approximately 25 nm. SEM images and EDS mapping of ZnO/RCF demonstrated that ALE-ZnO NPs were well dispersed and stabilized in the cellulose matrix. Furthermore, ZnO/RCF exhibited increased antimicrobial activity against Kosakonia Cowanii and Alternaria alternata strains with higher content of ALE-ZnO NPs. The maximum zone of inhibition was observed for ZnO-10/RCF against Kosakonia Cowanii (22 ± 0.4 mm). Additionally, ZnO/RCF displayed antioxidant activity as a DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenger. This study suggests that ZnO/RCF holds potential applications in industries such as food packaging, pharmaceuticals, agriculture, and cosmetics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum L.) is a berry bush widely cultivated in Europe for producing juices, jams, jellies, and syrups. In addition to berries, blackcurrant leaves and pomace, as byproducts, have also been shown to have health-promoting effects. Static digestion, simulating oral, gastric, and small intestinal digestion, was applied, and blackcurrant leaves, fruits, and pomace and the polyphenol bioaccessibility were evaluated in terms of recovery index. The results were related to sample type, and the recovery index presented higher values in the case of fruits, indicating this morphological part of blackcurrant as the most bioaccessible. The antioxidant potential of blackcurrant was evaluated using four different methods, with the leaves proving to be a significant and powerful antioxidant compared to fruits and pomace. The counteracting potential of inhibiting the oxidation process was evaluated using in vitro-induced lipid peroxidation and the inhibition potential of superoxide and hydroxyl anions. The antioxidant evaluation and the inhibition of biological and non-biological radicals indicate the leaf extract is the most powerful antioxidant studied. Also, the results proved that not only fruits but also the blackcurrant byproducts (pomace and leaves) are promising sources of bioaccessible antioxidants with potential benefits in animal nutrition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]