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The article focuses on in changes in the U.S. Leahy-Smith America Invents Act (AIA) most relevant to university technology transfer offices (TTOs). It mentions establishment and clarification of post grant challenge procedures, including inter partes review (IPR ) proceedings and potential trends for patent licensing. It also mentions AIA involves aligning the U.S. patent filing priority system to the patent priority system followed by the rest of the world.

As a tool of Knowledge Management, knowledge cartography is used, in this paper, to enhance knowledge identification, sharing, representation and visualization in a healthcare organization as well as to deliver healthcare services and improve communication between healthcare professionals. The Know-How and Knowing-That concepts are used, in this paper, instead of the knowledge concept. Know-How is defined as the capacity to perform an action and Knowing-That is defined as a belief state related to a description which can be factual or prescriptive. For the construction of Know-How and Knowing-That cartography, a knowledge cartography methodology is proposed. It is composed of three steps: (i) identifying the concepts to visualize, (ii) identifying the graphical elements and (iii) choosing the cartography technique. This cartography is experimented in the ASHMS (Association of Protection of Motor Disabled of Sfax) to facilitate Know-How and Knowing-That identification, characterization and visualization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The know-how contract is one of the most important means for transferring and developing technology. It is crucial to find out whether the parties of know-how contract have a right to claim damages for non-pecuniary loss in light of the legal nature of knowhow. In this article, I begin by defining the know-how contracts and in particular I will analyze the main obligations of the parties. Secondly, I will deal with the definition and the legal nature of know-how, since considerable uncertainty exists as to the degree or type of protection regarding the legal nature of know-how. There are different opinions put forward, which defines the legal nature of know-how as a property, an intangible asset, a monopoly of fact and a personality right. Finally, and on the basis of the conclusion reached under the previous section, I will discuss whether it is possible for know-how provider to claim damages for non-pecuniary loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the role of globalization in the creation and dissemination of technology across firms operating in 30 emerging and developing economies. Firm-level data from four rounds of Business Environment and Enterprise Performance Surveys from 2002 to 2014 is pooled to assess whether international exposure translates into greater propensity for firms to innovate. The viability of different channels of international technology transmission, i.e. exporting and importing activities, foreign licensing agreements and foreign direct investment are studied to analyze whether they indeed succeed in delivering the push to the firms operating in developing countries to innovate and as a result push them closer to the world's technology frontier. The empirical results endorse the view that exporting and importing activities and foreign licensing agreements are important channels for technology transfer. This study also acknowledges country, sector and firm specific characteristics and their differential capacity to benefit from foreign exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper examines a foreign technology holder's licensing choices between royalty and fixed-fee scheme. We emphasize that foreign licensor chooses the quality of licensed technology when the licensee country does not implement perfect intellectual property protection for licensor's technology. We study quality choice as the foreign licensor's selection for a particular grade of technical skills. We show that fixed fee emerges as the equilibrium licensing scheme when both the transfer of his technology is relatively efficient and the licensee is sufficiently cost competitive in the domestic market, and that royalty licensing prevails otherwise. We further show it need not hold the general belief that welfare in the licensor country unambiguously rise with a stronger patenting system in the licensee country when, in particular, such patenting system in place is sufficiently lax. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On 30 January 2019, the English Court of Appeal handed down judgment in Conversant Wireless Licensing Sari v Huawei Technologies, essentially reiterating its 2018 judgment in Unwired Planet v Huawei, that standard-essential patent (SEP) holders may, under certain circumstances, use the English courts to obtain a licence against would-be infringers on fair, reasonable and non-discriminatory (FRAND) terms which covers the SEP-holders' global SEP portfolio (although which only has binding applicability and enforceability in relation to UK SEPs). This latest decision develops the English courts 'position with regard to the issue o/forum conveniens in UK patent infringement, invalidity and essentiality litigation, emphasising their willingness to accept jurisdiction to determine global FRAND rates and licence terms regardless of the magnitude of the nexus to the UK market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies optimal licensing contracts in the presence of moral hazard associated with costly provision of know-how by the licensor. In our setting, the target market is defined as the fraction of consumers that have a positive valuation for the product that is licensed. It is shown that, no matter how thin the target market is, know-how transfer always takes place. Consistent with actual practice, the optimal licensing contract includes a royalty on sales to attenuate the moral hazard problem. However, full know-how transfer will not occur for low enough maximum willingness to pay and high enough convexity of know-how cost. Finally, it is also shown that the effective (inclusive of the royalty) marginal cost exceeds the one when know-how transfer does not occur thus showing a potential malfunction of know-how transfer specially if the recipient is a developing country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) influences the Indian economic growth through the transfer of new technology and know-how, formation of human resources, integration in global markets, increase of competition and firms' development and reorganization. Empirically, a variety of studies considers that FDI generate economic growth in India. The present paper makes a review of the existing theoretical and empirical literature on the subject, intending to shed light on the main explanations for the divergence of results in different studies. The main idea that stands out in this review is that the effects of FDI on economic growth are dependent on the existing or subsequently developed internal conditions of India (economic, political, social, cultural and other). Thus, the Indian authorities have a key role in creating the conditions that allow for the leverage of the positive effects or for the reduction of the negative effects of FDI on the Indian economic growth. This paper is an attempt to analyze the causal relationship between Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and economic growth in India. The present paper tries to analyze and empirically estimate the effect of FDI on economic growth in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to present the realistic solution to the survival problem that SMEs have during the economic crisis. The role of SMEs is very important in the development of the regional and national economy of each country, particularly for small countries like Greece. On the other hand, universities also play a significant role in the national economy, since they provide Know-How and important research in the SMEs. Nevertheless, due to their small size and financial weakness, especially on the grounds of economic crisis, SMEs would not be able to cover on their own the cost of purchase of university research. The author of this working paper suggests the collaboration of SMEs in the form of clusters so as to be able to self-fund and absorb university Know-How at the same time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose – This paper aims to study the validity of potential factors that might affect US information and communication technology (ICT) holders' choice of foreign licensing partners. Design/methodology/approach – This study focuses on ICT industry. The sample firms for this study are drawn from the SDC by Thomson Financial and this sample was used to construct a data in which a unit of observation is the unique US licensor – foreign licensee pair, or a dyad. The hypotheses are tested using the random-effects logit model. Findings – The important explanatory factors relate to the knowledge appropriability and the level of economics freedom of a licensee's country, and familiarity between partners through prior licensing agreements. Market similarity between partners, however, appears to be an insignificant factor. Practical implications – The findings suggest that transaction cost, competition, and national absorb capacity considerations weigh in heavily in explaining firms' choice of foreign licensing partners. Originality/value – The paper makes an important contribution to licensing literature as the understanding of what drives partner choice is still sparse. Especially, the paper makes a uniqueness of dealing with international technology licensing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The oil palm boom has prompted governments and plantation companies to find ways to incorporate customary landholders in large-scale plantation developments. This paper examines the joint-venture model that has been widely promoted in Sarawak, Malaysia. Principal–agent theory is used to analyze the structural relations between the actors in joint-venture projects—the landholders, the government agency that acts as their trustee, and the private investor. The analysis shows that unequal access to information and influence has compromised the stated objectives of the joint-venture schemes, leaving customary landholders vulnerable to significant exploitation and losses. Thus there has been a systematic failure to achieve the anticipated developmental outcomes. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Purpose: The purpose of the paper is to explore the entry modes of EU firms setting up operations in Vietnam. Design/methodology/approach: We use a case study approach on Haymarket, Cadbury, Creative Education, Fairchild, Aventis and Artemisinin and Farming International using interviews from managerial professionals in Vietnam. Findings: Despite the fact that Vietnam has been opening up for more than 20 years, licensing is the preferred entry mode because of the risks involved in venturing with local firms; that preference signals a low level commitment and a high perception of risk and state interference. In line with Vietnam transition to state - rather than private market - capitalism, a foreign company opting for a joint-venture will do so with a state-owned rather than privately-owned company. The choice of a subsidiary can be explained by the lack of trust in partners and institutions, not by improvement in the socio-political environment. Limitations: In determining the entry mode strategy, the paper focuses on the Uppsala school's "psychic distance" (e.g. cultural distance, lack of trust) rather than on firm-specific advantages (Rugman, 1980; 2006). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

English expression know-how has been known and used for the first time in U.S. since the early twentieth century and has been used in Europe in 1967. Congress of the International Association for the Protection of Industrial Property, held in Mexico City in 1972, know-how has been defined as "the knowledge and experience of technical, commercial, administrative, financial or otherwise are applicable practical to operate a business or a profession execution ". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the listing of Russian Aluminum Co. or Rusal, the world's largest producer of aluminum, in Hong Kong, China. It outlines the Listing Rules of foreign companies in China and the compliance of Rusal with overseas listing requirements and with incorporation, and general listing requirements in Hong Kong. It also cites the unprecedented entry barrier, legal, and political risks faced by the company and its subsidiary in foreign listing in Hong Kong.

How does the preferred entry mode of foreign investors depend on their technological capability relative to that of their rivals? This article develops a simple model of entry mode choice and evaluates its main testable implication using data on foreign investors in Eastern European countries and the successor states of the Soviet Union. The model considers competition between two asymmetric foreign investors and captures the following trade-off: while a joint venture (JV) helps a foreign investor secure a better position in the product market vis-à-vis its rival, it also requires that profits be shared with the local partner. The model predicts that the efficient foreign investor is less likely to choose a JV and more likely to enter directly relative to the inefficient investor. Our empirical analysis supports this prediction: foreign investors with more sophisticated technologies and marketing skills (relative to other firms in their industry) tend to prefer direct entry to JVs. This empirical finding is robust to controlling for host country–specific effects and other commonly cited determinants of entry mode. ( JEL F13, F23, O32) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents an analysis of conglomerate corporations and broadcast license in U.S. It reveals the opposition of U.S. on the foreign ownership or control of broadcast station as depicted by Communications Act of 1934 (1934 Act) codified by the U.S. Congress. It presents the history of broadcast license and discusses the conglomeration between the six media industries in U.S. It cites the controversies between Steve Ross and Rupert Murdoch to demonstrate the impact of the license to the entertainment industry and reveals the several attempts of circumventing the regulations. It further asserts on potential solutions to the problem including the elimination of the rule, reorganization of corporations, and division of companies with broadcast licenses.