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Cardamom (cardamum) is a spice produced from the seeds of several Elettaria and Amomum plants of the Zingiberaceae family. Cardamom has been demonstrated to offer numerous benefits, including its antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and other metabolic (anti-diabetic) properties, and its potential to reduce cancer risk. Recently, researchers have extracted and tested multiple phytochemicals from cardamom to assess their potential effectiveness against various types of human malignancy. These studies have indicated that cardamom can help overcome drug resistance to standard chemotherapy and protect against chemotherapy-induced toxicity due to its scavenging properties. Furthermore, chemical compounds in cardamom, including limonene, cymene, pinene, linalool, borneol, cardamonin, indole-3-carbinol, and diindolylmethane, primarily target the programmed cell death lignin-1 gene, which is more prevalent in cancer cells than in healthy cells. This review provides the medicinal properties and pharmacological uses of cardamom, its cellular effects, and potential therapeutic uses in cancer prevention and treatment, as well as its use in reducing drug resistance and improving the overall health of cancer patients. Based on previous preclinical studies, cardamom shows significant potential as an anti-cancer agent, but further exploration for clinical use is warranted due to its diverse mechanisms of action.

Purpose: To investigate the antibacterial effects of Terminalia catappa Linn (TCL) leaf extracts at different concentrations and the effects of these extracts used as primers on the long-term adhesive properties of two universal adhesives. Materials and Methods: After extract preparation, the antimicrobial and antibacterial activities of TCL against Streptococcus mutans (UA 159) were assessed in microdilution assays to provide the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC). Additionally, to provide quantitative data on the ability of TCL extract to reduce cell viability, colony forming units (CFU) were counted. To examine adhesive properties, 288 human molars were randomly assigned to 32 experimental conditions (n = 9) according to the following variables: (1) treatment agent: negative control (untreated surface), and primers at concentrations of 1xMIC, 5xMIC, and 10xMIC; (2) adhesives: Scotchbond Universal (SBU) and Futurabond Universal (FBU); (3) adhesive strategy: etch-and-rinse (ER) or self-etch (SE); and (4) storage time: 24 h or after 2 years. Primers were applied for 60 s, upon which the teeth were incrementally restored and sectioned into adhesive-dentin bonded sticks. These were tested for microtensile bond strength (pTBS) and nanoleakage (NL) after 24-h and 2-year water storage, as well as in-situ degree of conversion (DC) at 24 h. The chemical profile of the hybrid layer was determined via micro-Raman spectroscopy. Biofilm assay data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test; the pH of culture media and the chemical profile were analyzed by one-way ANOVA. The adhesive properties (pTBS, NL, DC) were evaluated using a four-way ANOVA and Tukey's test. Significance was set at 5%. Results: Similar values of MIC and MBC were observed (2 mg/ml), showing bactericidal potential. CFU analysis demonstrated that concentrations of 5xMIC and 10xMIC significantly inhibited biofilm formation (p < 0.001). The application of the TCL primer at all concentrations significantly increased the immediate pTBS and DC, and decreased the immediate NL values when compared to the control group (p < 0.05), regardless of the adhesive and adhesive strategies. Despite an increase in the NLvalues for all groups after2years (p > 0.05), in groups where the TCL primerwas applied, the pTBS remained constant after 2 years for both adhesives, while a decrease in the pTBS was observed in the control groups (p < 0.05). Usually, IOxMIC showed better results than 1xMIC and 5xMIC (p < 0.05). The application of TCL promoted cross-linking; cross-linking rates increased proportionally to the concentration of TCL (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Primers containing TCL promoted bactericidal and bacteriostatic action, as well as cross-linking with dentin, while maintaining the adhesive properties of the adhesive-dentin interface after 2 years of water storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to assess the antioxidant capacity of lemon flavonoid extract Eriomin® (LE) and its impact on cholesterol metabolism in the context of healthy aging. We orally treated 24-month-old male Wistar rats with an LE (40 mg/kg) suspended in 0.3 mL of sunflower oil. At the same time, control groups received an equal volume of sunflower oil (CON) or remained untreated (ICON) daily for 4 weeks. We examined LEs effects on superoxide dismutase and catalase- and glutathione-related enzyme activities, the concentration of lipid peroxides and protein carbonyls, total oxidant status (TOS) and antioxidant status (TAS), and oxidative stress index (OSI) in the liver, jejunum, and ileum. We also measured total cholesterol, its biosynthetic precursors (lanosterol, lathosterol, desmosterol), its degradation products (bile acid precursors) in the serum, liver, jejunum, and ileum, and serum phytosterols (intestinal absorption markers). LE reduced TOS, TAS, and OSI (p < 0.05) compared with control values, indicating its consistent antioxidant action in all examined organs. LE lowered hepatic desmosterol (p < 0.05) while also reducing 7α- and 24-hydroxycholesterol levels in the liver and ileum (p < 0.01). Serum cholesterol, hepatic gene expression, and the immunostaining intensity of CYP7A1 were unchanged. In conclusion, LE exerted non-enzymatic antioxidant effects and reduced cholesterol degradation, reducing its biosynthesis products, thereby maintaining serum cholesterol levels.

Flavonoids exert vasculoprotective effects in humans, but interindividual variability in their action has also been reported. This study aims to identify genes that are associated with vascular health effects of flavonoids and whose polymorphisms could explain interindividual variability in response to their intake. Applying the predetermined literature search criteria, we identified five human intervention studies reporting positive effects of flavonoids on vascular function together with global genomic changes analyzed using microarray methods. Genes involved in vascular dysfunction were identified from genome-wide association studies (GWAS). By extracting data from the eligible human intervention studies, we obtained 5807 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). The number of identified upstream regulators (URs) varied across the studies, from 227 to 1407. The search of the GWAS Catalog revealed 493 genes associated with vascular dysfunction. An integrative analysis of transcriptomic data with GWAS genes identified 106 candidate DEGs and 42 candidate URs, while subsequent functional analyses and a search of the literature identified 20 top priority candidate genes: ALDH2, APOE, CAPZA1, CYP11B2, GNA13, IL6, IRF5, LDLR, LPL, LSP1, MKNK1, MMP3, MTHFR, MYO6, NCR3, PPARG, SARM1, TCF20, TCF7L2, and TNF. In conclusion, this integrated analysis identifies important genes to design future nutrigenetic studies for development of precision nutrition for polyphenols.

The evolution of pathway enzymes enhances the biosynthesis of high-value chemicals, crucial for pharmaceutical, and agrochemical applications. However, unpredictable evolutionary landscapes of pathway genes often hinder successful evolution. Here, the presence of complex epistasis is identifued within the representative naringenin biosynthetic pathway enzymes, hampering straightforward directed evolution. Subsequently, a biofoundry-assisted strategy is developed for pathway bottlenecking and debottlenecking, enabling the parallel evolution of all pathway enzymes along a predictable evolutionary trajectory in six weeks. This study then utilizes a machine learning model, ProEnsemble, to further balance the pathway by optimizing the transcription of individual genes. The broad applicability of this strategy is demonstrated by constructing an Escherichia coli chassis with evolved and balanced pathway genes, resulting in 3.65 g L-1 naringenin. The optimized naringenin chassis also demonstrates enhanced production of other flavonoids. This approach can be readily adapted for any given number of enzymes in the specific metabolic pathway, paving the way for automated chassis construction in contemporary biofoundries.

This study investigated the effects of an acute dose (900 mg) of New Zealand Blackcurrant (NZBC) extract on 5-km running performance, alongside associated physiological and metabolic responses. Sixteen trained male runners (age 26 ± 5 years, stature 173.4 ± 7.3 cm, body mass 73.7 ± 6.9 kg, maximal oxygen consumption [ V ˙ O 2 max ] 55.4 ± 6.1 ml·kg−1·min−1) ingested either capsules containing NZBC extract (3 × 300 mg CurraNZ, 315 mg anthocyanins) or a matched placebo (3 × 300 mg gluten-free flour) 2 hr before exercise in a double-blind, randomized, crossover design. Performance time, physiological, and metabolic responses were assessed in a 5-km time trial, preceded by 10-min exercise at the lactate threshold on a treadmill. NZBC extract did not alter the physiological or metabolic responses to exercise at the lactate threshold (oxygen uptake, respiratory exchange ratio, minute ventilation, carbohydrate oxidation, fat oxidation, heart rate, blood lactate, or rating of perceived exertion, p >.05). The 5-km time trial was completed in a faster time in the NZBC extract condition compared with placebo (NZBC: 1,308.96 ± 122.36 s, placebo: 1,346.33 ± 124.44, p =.001, d = −0.23, confidence interval range = [−0.46, 0.00 s]). No differences in physiological or metabolic responses were apparent between conditions for the 5-km time trial (p >.05). Ingesting 900 mg of NZBC extract as an acute dose improves performance in trained male runners without altering physiological or metabolic responses to exercise. Further research is needed to assess a wider range of possible mechanisms (e.g., cardiovascular function, metabolite profiles) to advance insight into improved performance following supplementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vitexin (VIT) is a dietary polyphenol that belongs to the group of c-glycosylated flavonoids and is widely found in food and medicinal plants such as mung bean and hawthorn. Numerous studies have confirmed that VIT has extensive pharmacological activities with protective effects against a variety of diseases. With the great attention given to VIT, more and more studies have begun to look at its relationship to liver disease, but a comprehensive summary of this content is still lacking. Therefore, this review summarizes the protective effects of VIT on various liver diseases. In addition, the toxicological properties and pharmacokinetic profile of VIT are discussed to provide a basis for further development and expansion of its health effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the course of plant evolution from aquatic to terrestrial environments, land plants (embryophytes) acquired a diverse array of specialized metabolites, including phenylpropanoids, flavonoids and cuticle components, enabling adaptation to various environmental stresses. While embryophytes and their closest algal relatives share candidate enzymes responsible for producing some of these compounds, the complete genetic network for their biosynthesis emerged in embryophytes. In this review, we analysed genomic data from chlorophytes, charophytes and embryophytes to identify genes related to phenylpropanoid, flavonoid and cuticle biosynthesis. By integrating published research, transcriptomic data and metabolite studies, we provide a comprehensive overview on how these specialized metabolic pathways have contributed to plant defence responses to pathogens in non-vascular bryophytes and vascular plants throughout evolution. The evidence suggests that these biosynthetic pathways have provided land plants with a repertoire of conserved and lineage-specific compounds, which have shaped immunity against invading pathogens. The discovery of additional enzymes and metabolites involved in bryophyte responses to pathogen infection will provide evolutionary insights into these versatile pathways and their impact on environmental terrestrial challenges. This article is part of the theme issue 'The evolution of plant metabolism'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The flavonoid pathway is characteristic of land plants and a central biosynthetic component enabling life in a terrestrial environment. Flavonoids provide tolerance to both abiotic and biotic stresses and facilitate beneficial relationships, such as signalling to symbiont microorganisms, or attracting pollinators and seed dispersal agents. The biosynthetic pathway shows great diversity across species, resulting principally from repeated biosynthetic gene duplication and neofunctionalization events during evolution. Such events may reflect a selection for new flavonoid structures with novel functions that enable occupancy of varied ecological niches. However, the biochemical and genetic diversity of the pathway also likely resulted from evolution along parallel trends across land plant lineages, producing variant compounds with similar biological functions. Analyses of the wide range of whole-plant genome sequences now available, particularly for archegoniate plants, have enabled proposals on which genes were ancestral to land plants and which arose within the land plant lineages. In this review, we discuss the emerging proposals for how the flavonoid pathway may have evolved and diversified. This article is part of the theme issue 'The evolution of plant metabolism'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The encapsulation characteristics of chrysin (important flavonoid with potential food, pharmaceutical, and biomedical applications) was studied with nonionic surfactants Triton X-114 (TX) and Quillaja Saponin (QS), individually. The factors influencing the encapsulation efficiency (EE) of standard chrysin that is surfactant concentration, pH, NaCl concentration, and chrysin concentration were analyzed. The maximum EE of standard chrysin was found to be 98.23 ± 1.63% with TX micelles and 83 ± 2.31% with QS micelles under the following conditions: 0.02 mg/mL standard chrysin, 5% NaCl, pH 7, and 4% w/w TX 6% w/w QS. Selective extraction of chrysin from propolis was tried using three extraction techniques namely Maceration, Microwave-assisted Extraction (MAE), and Maceration with Microwave-assisted Extraction (MMAE). MAE, which gave a chrysin yield of 3 mg/g, was deemed the most suitable method for chrysin extraction from propolis. This MAE crude extract was subjected to encapsulation under the conditions previously optimized for standard chrysin. Specific encapsulation of chrysin from the propolis crude extract was achieved, with an EE of 92 ± 0.86% with TX and 84.97 ± 1.34% with QS. The encapsulated chrysin was characterized using particle size analysis and antioxidant activity. TX system was found to be the most suitable for the encapsulation, as it was able to selectively encapsulate chrysin from propolis, despite the presence of other interfering flavonoids in the crude extract. The microwave-assisted extraction combined with surfactant-based micellar encapsulation can be said to be an effective process for the extraction and encapsulation of chrysin from propolis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flavonoids are vital components of food and are therefore an essential part of the human diet. Chronological and epidemiological confirmations recommend flavonoids in diet plans for positive health benefits. Rutin is a bioflavonoid that is abundantly present in fruits and vegetables have been discussed for several decades because of its potential for the treatment and prevention of diseases. In this review article, we explicate its antioxidant mechanism and the broad-spectrum properties to alleviate different chemical or drug-induced toxicities including reproductive toxicity, lung injury, neurotoxicity, cardiotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, and nephrotoxicity. Rutin exerted its protective action via different mechanisms and cell signaling pathways, including Nrf2/HO-1, MAPK, NF-κB/IκB, TGF-β1, p38, BAX/Bcl-2, JNK/ERK, and JAK-STAT. Rutin is the most encouraging flavonoid for disease prevention and therapy; however, many of the effects still need to be confirmed by human intervention trials. Overall, we provide an overview of possible mechanisms of rutin's protective effects against various toxicants. This will help to develop rutin as a phytotherapeutic for the management of different toxicities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aging-related cognitive impairment, mainly Alzheimer's disease (AD), has been widely studied. However, effective prevention and treatment methods are still lacking. In recent years, researchers have observed beneficial effects of plant-based supplements, such as flavonoids, on cognitive protection. This provides a new clue for the prevention of cognitive dysfunction. Studies have shown that dietary flavonoids have neuroprotective effects, but the mechanism is not clear. In this review, we systematically reviewed the research progress on the effects of dietary flavonoids on gut microbes and their metabolites, and concluded that flavonoids could improve cognitive function through the gut-brain axis. Flavonoids can be absorbed through the intestine, cross the blood-brain barrier, and enter the brain tissue. Flavonoids can inhibit the expression and secretion of inflammatory factors in brain tissue, reduce the damage caused by oxidative stress, clear neural damage proteins and inhibit neuronal apoptosis, thereby ameliorating age-related cognitive disorders. Future work will continue to explore the gut-brain axis and target genes regulated by flavonoids. In addition, clinical research and its mechanisms need to be further explored to provide solutions or advise for patients with cognitive impairment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The oral safety of Lithocarpus litseifolius (Hance) Chun (sweet tea) that has antihyperglycemic potential has been verified. However, its specific application and action mechanism in the treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are still unclear. Methods: Total water–soluble flavonoids extracted from L. litseifolius (Hance) Chun (sweet tea) were applied to GDM mice. The glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, and histopathology of the GDM mice were evaluated through an intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT), an intraperitoneal insulin tolerance test (IPITT), and histochemistry. The possible mechanism was analysed through network pharmacology. Results: Compared with those in GDM model mice (MD group), blood glucose levels indicating both glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity were improved in GDM mice treated with total water–soluble flavonoids (LLHC group) but were greater than those in normal control mice (NC group). The number of apoptotic liver cells was significantly lower in the LLHC group than in the MD group, but greater than that in the NC group. Multiple targets and signalling pathways that were acted by eight main active ingredients were involved in the process by which total water–soluble flavonoids protect against GDM. The main mechanism involved quercetin (10 targets) and luteolin (8 targets), which acted on the effector target of GAA through six main signalling pathways around the AKT1 core axis. Conclusion: Oral administration of total water–soluble flavonoids can alleviate glucose intolerance and insulin resistance via the inhibition of liver cell apoptosis. The main active ingredients act on GAA through the signalling pathways of the AKT1 core axis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT In this study, composite biscuits were produced by combining wheat flour (WF) with different proportions of malted pearl millet (MPM) flour (8%, 16%, 24%, and 32%) and orange peel (OP) flour (2%, 4%, 6%, and 8%), using 100% WF as a control. The investigation covered the functional properties, viscosity, and thermal properties of the flours, along with the proximate composition, antioxidant, physical properties, color attributes, and microbial quality of the composite biscuits. As MPM and OP flour (OPF) contents increased, water absorption capacity, dispersibility, and foaming power increased, while the viscosities of both hot and cold pastes decreased. The thermal properties of the composite flours, including onset, peak, and final temperatures (ranging between 74.19°C and 100.76°C), showed an upward trend with increasing proportions of MPM and orange peel flour (OPF). There was an increase in moisture content (3.43%–4.93%), ash (4.50%–5.59%), crude protein (11.70%–13.41%), and crude fiber (11.44%–16.24%) of biscuits with the incorporation of MPM and OPF. Similarly, the diameter (4.12–4.60 mm), thickness (9.00–10.00 mm), and hardness (7.53–8.75 N) of the biscuits were increased. Antioxidant properties were evident, with an increased total phenolic content (1.40–3.56 mg GAE/100 g), total flavonoid content (2.91–6.79 mg QUE/100 g), vitamin C (0.79–1.01 mg/g), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (1.78–8.64 mg GAE/g). Conversely, color attributes—L* (31.90), a* (10.82), b* (19.59), hue angle (30.42), and chroma (53.66)—were found to decrease with higher levels of MPM and OPF. Microbial quality showed decreased total counts, coliforms, yeasts, and mold in biscuits containing MPM and OPF. Overall, the inclusion of MPM and OPF enhanced the nutritional quality of the biscuits and could reduce reliance on imported wheat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Understanding the reciprocal interaction between root development and coadapted beneficial microbes in response to elevated CO2 (eCO2) will facilitate the identification of nutrient‐efficient cultivars for sustainable agriculture.Here, systematic morphological, anatomical, chemical and gene expression assays performed under low‐nitrogen conditions revealed that eCO2 drove the development of the endodermal barrier with respect to L‐/S‐shaped lateral roots (LRs) in rice.Next, we applied metabolome and endodermal‐cell‐specific RNA sequencing and showed that rice adapts to eCO2 by spatially recruiting diazotrophs via flavonoid secretion in L‐shaped LRs. Using the rice Casparian strip mutant Oscasp1‐1, we confirmed that reduced lignin deposition selectively recruits the diazotrophic family of Oxalobacteraceae to confer tolerance to low nitrogen availability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digestive system neoplasms are a heterogeneous group of cancers characterized by diverse symptoms, complex diagnosis, and treatment. Prognosis is poor and influenced by multiple factors, making early detection and comprehensive treatment crucial for patient survival. Kaempferol, a flavonoid compound, has attracted attention due to its anti-tumor biological activity, holding promise as a potential drug for treating digestive system neoplasms. Derived from various plants such as cabbage, propolis, and grapefruit, this compound's anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and other pharmacological effects have been confirmed. Research has found that kaempferol inhibits the occurrence and development of digestive system neoplasms by inducing apoptosis in cancer cells, inhibiting tumor cell proliferation, suppressing tumor metastasis and invasion, and enhancing the effects of other cancer treatment methods. This paper summarizes the role and mechanisms of kaempferol in the study of digestive system neoplasms, providing valuable insights for both scientists and clinical physicians engaged in this field. By detailing the various pathways through which kaempferol exerts its anticancer effects, the paper not only highlights its potential as a therapeutic agent but also opens avenues for further research into its applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to provide new data on the chemical composition and biological properties of Corrigiola. telephiifolia Pourr., demonstrating the influence of different extraction solvents and geographic locations on these properties. It presents novel findings on the phytochemical contents, antioxidant activity, and antimicrobial effects of various fractions of Corrigiola telephiifolia Pourr. roots collected from three distinct regions in Morocco. The obtained results reveal significant variations in TPC, TFC, and antioxidant activity depending on the extraction fraction and geographic origin. Notably, the fraction of raw extract exhibited the highest TPC values in all sampled sites (44.76 ± 0.05 in Agouray, 35.89±0.02 in Sefrou, and 14.99 ± 0.03 mg·GAE/g·dw in Azrou). The peak values of TFC were recorded in the fraction of raw extracts for all sampling sites (20.80 ± 0.01 in Agouray, 18.62 ± 0.01 in Sefrou, and 11.54 ± 0.01 mg QAE/g dw in Azrou). The highest values of FRAP were recorded in the fraction of raw extract of Agouray (2.00±0.00). Furthermore, the hexane fraction showed the highest DPPH and Chelating power with IC50 equal to 0.46 ± 0.02 mg·mL-1 and 0.10 ± 0.00 mg·mL-1, respectively. All fractions showed significant and variable antibacterial activities. The highest antimicrobial activity was recorded in in ethyl acetate fraction of the sample from Agouray against E. coli (MIC = 0.039). The highest anti-microbial effect was recorded also in ethyl acetate fraction against E. coli and P. aeruginosa, and raw fraction against B. subtilis and P. aeruginosa (MBC = 0.313 against both microorganisms). Agouray consistently demonstrated superior results across multiple parameters, indicating it as the best region for the highest phytochemical and bioactive properties. This study evaluated the chemical compounds and biological properties of Corrigiola. telephiifolia Pourr. and demonstrated the effect of the sampled area and solvent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper was to evaluate the phytochemical profile of Acacia cyclops trunk bark methanol extract using LC-MS/MS, as well as to assess its antioxidant and anti-tyrosinase activities. Thus, total phenolic and flavonoid contents of the studied extract were established and 19 compounds were detected and quantified. In addition of their antioxidant potential against DPPH and ABTS assays, in vitro and in silico studies were adopted to evaluate tyrosinase inhibitory property of A. cyclops extract. Methanol trunk bark extract showed significant total phenolic content, antioxidant potential in terms of free radical scavenging, as well as an interesting tyrosinase inhibitory action (IC50= 05.12 ± 0.41 μg/mL). The molecular docking analysis and the drug-likeness prediction of the major selected compounds supported the significant anti-tyrosinase activity of the studied extract. The obtained results suggest that A. cyclops extract could be a promising candidate in the treatment of skin hyperpigmentation disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT An autofluorescent inclusion (AFI) specifically accumulated in mesophyll cells (MCs) of non‐salt‐secretor mangrove was found to be related to salt, but its biosynthesis and spatial distribution characteristics remain unclear. Here, Kandelia obovata served as the experimental material, and the composition of AFI was identified as condensed tannin (CT). Na contents increased in purified AFIs under NaCl treatment, while Na+ efflux in MCs was lower than the control. In vitro, Na+ addition caused aggregations of AFIs. Proteins related to Na+/H+ and vesicle transport were identified in the purified AFIs by liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry. TEM images revealed the structures involved in CT biosynthesis in chloroplasts and CT accretions in vacuoles were more visible under higher salinity. Spatial metabolomics analysis on flavonoid metabolites involving in CT biosynthesis illustrated those flavonoids and three CT monomers were positively related to salt in MCs. Real‐time quantitative PCR verified the genes encoding enzymes for CT biosynthesis were upregulated accordingly. Taken together, CT biosynthesis is positively correlated with Na accumulation in leaves. The CTs synthesized in chloroplasts are transported as shuttles to vacuole via cytoplasm, facilitating the sequestration and compartmentalization of excessive Na+ ions into the vacuole, which confers non‐salt‐secretor mangrove K. obovata a higher salt tolerance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Despite sea lavender being a medicinal species, research on its seeds' biological properties and chemical composition is unexplored. Thus, this study evaluated the effect of different extraction solvents on the biological activities and chemical profile of greenhouse-cultivated sea lavender seeds, aiming at their potential use as a dermo-cosmetic ingredient. Therefore, ethyl acetate, acetone, ethanol, and water extracts were examined for their antioxidant activity, enzyme inhibition, photoprotection, and cytotoxicity, followed by phytochemical analysis through spectrophotometric methods, further detailed by Ultrahigh-Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Electrospray Ionization Mass/Mass Spectrometry (UHPLC-Esi-MS/MS). Results: The water extract demonstrated significant antioxidant activity, evidenced by low half maximal effective concentration (EC50) values in scavenging 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radicals, reducing iron and chelating copper (296, 478, 230 and 678 µg/mL, respectively). The ethanol extract was more effective in inhibiting cosmetic-related enzymes, particularly elastase and hyaluronidase (2.18 and 3.21 µg/mL, respectively). The water and acetone extracts had the highest sun protection factors (23.2 and 18.9, respectively). All the extracts had nil to weak cytotoxicity (70–120% cell viability) towards mammalian cell lines. The water extract had the highest phenolics and condensed tannins (115 and 78.30 mg/g extract, respectively), while the ethanol contained the most flavonoids (62.73 mg/g extract). UHPLC-ESI–MS/MS analysis identified ethyl gallate, myricetin, rutin, and quercetin as major components of the ethanol extract, whereas myricetin-O-rutinoside isomers are predominant in the water extract. Conclusions: These findings highlight the potential of greenhouse-cultivated sea lavender seeds as potential dermo-cosmetic ingredients, with ethanol and water extracts demonstrating superior biological activities and chemical profiles, significantly contributing to general skin health and protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anthocyanins in maize (Zea mays L.) kernels determine the plant's color and can enhance its resistance. Selenium (Se) significantly impacts plant growth, development, and secondary metabolic regulation. However, the molecular mechanisms by which Se regulates anthocyanin synthesis in waxy corn remain unclear. This study employed integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses to investigate the mechanisms through which selenium influences anthocyanin synthesis in yellow and purple waxy corn. The results showed that maize varieties with higher anthocyanin content had higher selenium enrichment capacity in their kernels. Under selenium stress, HN2025 exhibited 1,904 more differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 140 more differential metabolites compared to HN5. The expression levels of anthocyanin synthesis-related genes and transcription factors such as phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, flavonoid 3-hydroxylase (F3H), dihydroflavonol reductase (DFR), chalcone synthase (CHS), cinnamate-4-hydroxylase (C4H), anthocyanin 5,3-O-glucosyltransferases, and anthocyanidin reductase, MYB, and bHLH were strongly induced in HN2025. Metabolomic analysis revealed significant enrichment in anthocyanin biosynthesis, flavonoid and flavonol biosynthesis, glutathione metabolism, phenylalanine biosynthesis, and phenylalanine metabolism under selenium treatment. Three up-regulated PAL genes and one C4H gene were significantly enriched with DAMs in phenylalanine metabolism, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, flavonoid biosynthesis, and anthocyanin biosynthesis, resulting in significant differences between HN5 and HN2025 in selenium-induced anthocyanin metabolism-related pathways. These findings provide a theoretical basis for understanding the effects of selenium on the molecular regulatory mechanisms of anthocyanin biosynthesis in maize kernels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: As climate change and water scarcity increasingly threaten agricultural productivity, enhancing plant resilience to drought has attracted great attention. This study explored the potential of combining Fe2O3 nanoparticles (FeNPs), endophytic bacteria (EB), and endophytic fungi (EF) to boost drought tolerance in Thymus vulgaris. The research aimed to assess how these combined treatments affect the plant's physiological responses and chemical composition under drought stress. Results: A factorial experiment was designed using completely randomized design (CRD) method, incorporating four irrigation levels [100%, 75%, 50%, and 25% field capacity (FC)], four FeNPs concentrations (0, 0.5, 1, and 1.5 mg L−1), and three endophyte types (control, bacteria, and fungi). After extracting, purifying, identifying, and screening EB and EF from nine Lamiaceae species, the endophytes Azospirillum lipoferum and Aspergillus oryzae isolated from Salvia mirzayanii exhibited the highest drought resistance. The highest amounts of TFM (45.45 g) and TDM (21.56 g) were obtained using the combination of EB and FeNPs at 1 mg L−1 under irrigation with 100% FC. At 25% FC, EB treatment increased the activities of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) by 62.12% and 18.23% compared to the control, respectively. In addition, under optimal humidity conditions, FeNP concentrations were higher than 0.5 mg L−1 leading to a decrease in PPO activity. At 25% FC, the highest content of total phenols was observed with a 37.5% increase under EB treatment using 1 mg L−1 of FeNPs, while the highest content of total flavonoids showed a 62.72% increase under EF treatment with 0.5 mg/L of FeNPs. The highest level of p-coumaric acid was obtained under EF (34.27% compared to control). At 25% FC, EB and FeNPs (1 mg L−1) increased the level of caffeic acid in thyme plants by 24.70% and 10.08%, respectively. In addition, inoculation with EB increased (11.9%) the content of ferulic acid in plants and the application of FeNPs as a foliar spray decreased the level of ferulic acid in thyme plants. The highest essential oil percentage at 25% FC was observed after inoculation with EF and FeNPs (0.5 mg L−1), resulting in significant increases of 14.7% and 82.12%, respectively, compared to the control. A decrease in irrigation level led to an increase in the percentage of essential oil in thyme plants while decreasing dominant essential oil compounds, thymol, and carvacrol. The levels of thymol and carvacrol in the essential oil were not affected by the interaction effects of drought stress, endophytes, and FeNPs. EF and FeNPs (1.5 mg L−1), respectively, caused significant increases of 17.44% and 29.87% compared to the control in the amount of thymol and significant increases of 13.75% and 31.01% in the amount of carvacrol. All FeNPs concentrations decreased the concentrations of ferulic acid, FeNPs (1.5 mg L−1) and PPO; these particles act as abiotic stressors at sub-toxic levels and become phytotoxic at higher concentrations. Conclusions: It seems that combining endophytes with FeNPs showed promise in enhancing drought tolerance in T. vulgaris. These treatments have significantly contributed to the production of enzymatic antioxidants, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds, leading to a reduction in the amounts of oxidants. At the same time, they have improved both the quality and quantity of essential oils. This highlights the importance of establishing an effective antioxidant system in response to environmental stresses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Tetrastigma hemsleyanum is a folk and rare medicinal plant, and specifically, it is distributed in the south, China. To investigate the cumulative properties of its medicinal components, we examined the effect of UV light on flavonoid content and related enzyme activity changes in T. hemsleyanum. Methods: The leaves and tubers were treated with UV-A, UV-B and UV-C for 1 h, 1L/23D h, 3 h and 3L/21D h (D represents darkness treatment). High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis showed that the content of many flavonoids decreased significantly during UV-A treatment, increased after UV-B and UV-C irradiation and accumulated again after darkness treatment. Results: In the root tubers of the UV-A group, naringin content in the 3L/21D h group (0.069 μg/g) was 16.30 times higher than that of 3 h group (0.0042 μg/g). The rutin content was elevated after UV irradiation but was not detected in the CK group. The test results of the enzyme-linked kit indicated that the activities of many enzymes were higher in the UV-A and UV-B irradiation groups than those in the CK group, but the results were reversed in the UV-C treatment. After darkness treatment, the activities of most enzymes were higher than those with UV irradiation alone; F3'5'H activity in the 3L/21D h group (97.25 U/L) was 1.24 times higher than that in the 3 h group (78.12 U/L) in the UV-A-treated group. Discussion: The study results suggest that appropriate UV-B and UV-C irradiation, as well as darkness supplementation, had a promotive effect on flavonoids in the leaves and root tubers of T. hemsleyanum. Additionally, UV irradiation and darkness treatment enhanced the activity of most enzymes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The liver is the largest, important organ and the site for essential biochemical reactions in the human body. It has the function to detoxify toxic substances and synthesize useful biomolecules. Liver diseases related complications represent a significant source of morbidity and mortality worldwide, creating a substantial economic burden. Oxidative stress, excessive inflammation, and dysregulated energy metabolism significantly contributed to liver diseases. Therefore, discovery of novel therapeutic drugs for the treatment of liver diseases are urgently required. For centuries, flavonoids and their preparations which have the beneficial health effects in chronic diseases have been used to treat various human illnesses. Flavonoids mainly include flavones, isoflavones, flavanols, dihydroflavones, dihydroflavonols, anthocyanins and chalcones. The primary objective of this review is to assess the efficacy and safety of flavonoids, mainly from a clinical point of view and considering clinically relevant end-points. We summarized the recent progress in the research of hepatoprotective and molecular mechanisms of different flavonoids bioactive ingredients and also outlined the networks of underlying molecular signaling pathways. Further pharmacology and toxicology research will contribute to the development of natural products in flavonoids and their derivatives as medicines with alluring prospect in the clinical application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Fatigue is a prevalent issue that can lead individuals to a sub-health condition, impacting their work efficiency and quality of life. There are limited effective treatment options available for fatigue. Ren-Shen-Bu-Qi decoction (RSBQD) is a proprietary herbal remedy that is designed to address fatigue. However, the specific pharmacological mechanisms and basis of RSBQD are not yet fully understood. Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the pharmacological effects and mechanisms of RSBQD in a mouse model of exercise fatigue. Materials and methods: UPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS was used to analyze the chemical composition of RSBQD. The pharmacological basis and molecular mechanism of RSBQD on exercise fatigue were predicted using network pharmacology analysis. Subsequently, an exercise fatigue mouse model was established and used to analysis the effects of RSBQD. The potential mechanisms were verified by hematoxylin–eosin (HE) staining, real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), Western blot (WB) and molecular docking. Results: The results showed that 88 main components of RSBQD were identified, which have mainly belonged to flavonoids and carboxylic acid compounds. The network pharmacology analysis indicated that RSBQD ameliorate fatigue through PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Notably, RSBQD prolonged the swimming time and diminished body weight loss of exercise fatigue mice (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, RSBQD significantly alleviated the injury of liver and kidney induced by exhaustive exercise, and decreasing the serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), urea and BUN levels (P < 0.05). In addition, RSBQD was found could relieve exercise fatigue by decreasing the content of creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and lactic acid (LA), but increasing the blood glucose (GLU) and liver glycogen (HG) levels (P < 0.05). RSBQD also significantly increased the hepatic superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) but decreased hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. Moreover, RSBQD was able to upregulate protein level of activated Nrf2 and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways. Conclusions: RSBQD mitigates exercise fatigue by reversing metabolic changes and reducing oxidative damage through the PI3K/AKT/Nrf2 signaling pathway. This study offers pharmacological support for the utilization of RSBQD in exercise fatigue treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThe present study aimed to optimize the microwave-assisted extraction process for both the peel and pulp of Hylocereus undatus (white dragon fruit) cultivated in Tunisia, using response surface methodology. Total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power), and DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) antioxidant activities were optimized. A central composite design (CCD) was applied, considering three key variables: extraction time, extraction temperature, and liquid-to-solid ratio. The optimized extraction parameters for Hylocereus undatus peel and pulp were determined respectively (9.57 min, 42.20 °C and 27.79 mL/g) and (10.08 min, 40.84 °C and 31.52 mL/g). The main phenolic compounds identified in Hylocereus undatus peel and pulp extracts using HPLC-DAD were chlorogenic and caffeic acids and rutin, quercetin, luteolin-7-O-glucoside as flavonoids. Therefore, this research has revealed the potential of a sustainable and eco-friendly process hold promise a directional option and encouraging a circular economy approach for industrial production of antioxidant-rich Hylocereus undatus extracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The bioactive potential of plant organ powders depends on their bioactive compound content and is influenced by the properties of particle size fractions (PSFs). This study evaluated the effects of PSFs on total polyphenols, flavonoids, and condensed tannins in plant organ powders and compared them with those of unsieved powders (UnPs). Young (YLDE) and mature (MLDE) leaves, bark (BDE) of Dacryodes edulis, Solanum torvum leaves (LST), and Curcuma longa rhizome (RCL) were collected and processed into powders (Ø ≤ 1000 μm sieve, AFNOR brand). These powders were then divided into two batches, one of which was separated into fractions of different sizes. The total polyphenols, flavonoids, and condensed tannin contents were determined. UnP and seven PSFs were obtained, with the 250–400 μm fraction being the most abundant. The UnP of RCL, YLDE, and LST had the highest contents of total polyphenols (303.70 ± 1.66 mg GAE/100 g DM), flavonoids (218.19 ± 1.93 mg QE/100 g DM), and condensed tannins (19.16 ± 0.29 mg CE/100 g DM), respectively. The contents of these bioactive compounds were higher in the < 125 μm fraction. The extraction of total polyphenols and flavonoids from UnP exceeded the sum of PSFs, whereas the condensed tannins were higher in the sum of PSFs for YLDE, MLDE, and BDE. For LST and RCL, the extracts of the three compounds from UnP and the sum of the PSFs were equal. The powder fractioning method was advantageous for the extraction of condensed tannins from the YLDE, MLDE, and BDE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between dietary flavonoid intake and mortality in the diabetic kidney disease (DKD) population is unknown. So this study is aimed at investigating the association of total dietary flavonoid intake and their subclasses with all‐cause and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality. Data of this cohort study were extracted from the NHANES (2007–2010 and 2017–2018). The survival status of participants was determined by linking to the National Death Index through the end of 2019. Flavonoid intake was measured using two 24‐h dietary recall interviews. The Kaplan–Meier curves and weighted Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to assess the effect of dietary flavonoid intake on CVD and all‐cause mortality, with adjustments for multiple covariates. A total of 1155 participants were included for analysis. After a median follow‐up of 76.36 (S.E: 3.24) months, 409 participants died of all‐cause mortality, of which 138 died of CVD. In the fully adjusted model, higher total dietary flavonoids intake (HR = 0.69, 95% CI: 0.52–0.92) was associated with lower all‐cause mortality and subclasses of higher flavones (HR = 0.60, 95% CI: 0.35–0.85) was also with lower all‐cause mortality. In subclasses of flavonoids, higher intake of both anthocyanidins (HR = 0.54, 95% CI: 0.28 to 0.87) and flavones (HR = 0.50, 95% CI: 0.28–0.87) were associated with lower odds of CVD mortality. Higher flavonoid intake was associated with a reduced risk of CVD and all‐cause mortality in DKD. Higher flavonoid intake provides a potential opportunity to improve the prognosis of DKD. And future research into the mechanisms between flavonoids and mortality is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), a stroke subtype associated with high mortality, is closely linked to neuroinflammation. Phloretin, a naturally occurring flavonoid abundant in fruits, possesses anti-inflammatory properties. However, its specific role in SAH remains unclear. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the potential role of phloretin in SAH. We established in vitro and in vivo SAH models to assess the effects of phloretin. Subsequently, utilizing SAH-related public datasets from the GEO database, we identified key genes associated with SAH and investigated the potential mechanism of action of phloretin. Our findings reveal that phloretin significantly improves prognostic outcomes and mitigates inflammation in SAH mice. Moreover, our results suggest that phloretin mitigates neuroinflammation by inhibiting the TLR2/MYD88/NF-κB pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Microplastics/nanoplastics are a top global environmental concern and have stimulated surging research into plant–nanoplastic interactions. Previous studies have examined the responses of plants to nanoplastic stress at various levels. Plant‐specialized (secondary) metabolites play crucial roles in plant responses to environmental stress, whereas their roles in response to nanoplastic stress remain unknown. Here, we systematically examined the physiological and biochemical responses of Ginkgo biloba, a species with robust metabolite‐driven defenses, to polystyrene nanoplastics (PSNPs). PSNPs negatively affected seedling growth and induced phytotoxicity, oxidative stress, and nuclear damage. Notably, PSNPs caused significant flavonoid accumulation, which enhances plant tolerance and detoxification against PSNP stress. To determine whether this finding is universal in plants, we subjected Arabidopsis, poplar, and tomato to PSNP stress and verified the common response of enhanced flavonoids across these species. To further confirm the role of flavonoids, we employed genetic transformation and staining techniques, validating the importance of flavonoids in mitigating excessive oxidative stress induced by NPs. Matrix analysis of transgenic plants with enhanced flavonoids further demonstrated altered downstream pathways, allocating more energy towards resilience against nanoplastic stress. Collectively, our results reveal the flavonoid multifaceted roles in enhancing plant resilience to nanoplastic stress, providing new knowledge about plant responses to nanoplastic contamination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY Monomeric flavan‐3‐ols and their oligomeric forms, proanthocyanidins (PAs), are closely related to the bitterness of tea beverages. Monomeric flavan‐3‐ols are characteristic flavor compounds in tea. Increasing the content of PAs and anthocyanins enhances the resistance of tea plants to pathogen invasion but decreases the quality of tea beverages. MATE family transporters play a critical role in transferring monomeric flavan‐3‐ols and anthocyanins into vacuoles for storage or subsequent condensation into PAs. Their activities modulate the ratio of monomeric flavan‐3‐ols to PAs and increase anthocyanin content in tea plants. In this study, it was observed that the gene expression and protein phosphorylation level of the MATE transporter CsTT12, a vacuole‐localized flavonoid transporter, were notably upregulated following exogenous sucrose treatment, promoting PA synthesis in tea plants. Further analysis revealed that overexpression of CsTT12 and CsTT12S17D significantly increased the content of anthocyanins and PAs in plants, whereas CsTT12S17A did not. In CsTT12 knockdown plants, PA's accumulation decreased significantly, while monomeric catechin content increased. Moreover, phosphorylation modification enhanced the vacuolar membrane localization of CsTT12, whereas dephosphorylation weakened its vacuolar membrane localization. This study uncovers the crucial role of phosphorylation in flavonoid biosynthesis and provides insights into balancing quality improvements and resistance enhancement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dark chocolates were characterized according to geographical origin, cocoa variety, and cocoa content using the methylxanthine and polyphenolic composition and antioxidant activity as the data. The main study objective was to uncover sample patterns and identify possible markers of quality, variety, or origin to deal with authentication or fraud detection issues. In the study, a set of 26 dark chocolates from different varieties (e.g., Criollo, Forastero, and Trinitario) harvested in Africa, America, and Asia was analyzed. The optimized sample treatment consisted of defatting the chocolate (1 g of sample with 5 mL of cyclohexane for 15 min, three times) and then extracting the analytes by sonication with methanol/water 60:40 (v:v) for 15 min. The filtered extracts were analyzed by reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography with UV and spectrophotometric methods (Folin–Ciocalteu, ferric reducing antioxidant power, and aluminum methods) to determine individual phenolics and overall indexes of antioxidant and flavonoid content. Results from this chocolate set indicated that American samples are richer than African counterparts in alkaloids and phenolics (e.g., 1.7 vs. 1.1 mg g−1 caffeine and 14.5 vs. 12.5 mg g−1 total flavanols, respectively). Regarding cocoa varieties, Criollo cocoa was richer in bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacity (e.g., 16, 15, and 12 mg g−1 total flavanols for Criollo, Forastero, and Trinitario, respectively). These results indicate that the analytes resulted in potential descriptors of varietal or geographical attributes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) is a popular fruit with rich nutrients and a delicious taste. But this fruit is very vulnerable to diseases and decay. Therefore, L‐phenylalanine (Phe) (0, 4, 8 mM) was considered to improve biochemical characteristics and activity of antioxidant enzymes in strawberry fruit cv. Sabrina under cold storage (5, 10, 15 days). After treatment and storage, traits including weight loss, total phenol (TP), antioxidant capacity, ascorbic acid, total anthocyanin (TA), total flavonoid (TF), malondialdehyde (MDA), soluble protein content and antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and guaiacol peroxidase (POD) and phenylalanine ammonialyase (PAL) were evaluated at 5‐day intervals. Our findings showed that the treatment of L‐phenylalanine in different concentrations prevented the weight loss of the fruit compared to the control and maintained and increased TP, antioxidant capacity, ascorbic acid, TA, TF, soluble protein and SOD, CAT, APX, POD, and PAL enzymes activity. Also, Phe decreased the MDA content and peroxidation of lipid. The results showed that 4 mM Phe is the best treatment for improving phytochemical characteristics and maintaining fruit quality. The findings indicated that Phe treatment may be useful to improve quality and increase postharvest shelf life in strawberry fruits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND RESULTS CONCLUSIONS Quercetin is a flavonoid compound with numerous bioactivities. However, the low solubility, easy degradation and low bioaccessibility limit its application. In this study, a novel interfacial crystallized oleogel emulsion was fabricated, where beeswax was used as the oleogelator, for quercetin encapsulation with enhanced stability and bioaccessibility.The process of interfacial crystallization was investigated using interfacial rheology and polarized microscopy, with a positive correlation between crystal density and beeswax content in the oil phase. Emulsion stability was directly linked to beeswax concentration in the oil phase, with 100 mg g−1 showing enhanced stability under storage, UVB light exposure and ionic conditions. Beeswax addition significantly increased the quercetin loading capacity of the emulsion; particularly, at a 200 mg g−1 beeswax concentration, the loading capacity was improved by 285.55%, and the environmental stability was enhanced against UV light and Ca2+. Ultimately, in vitro simulated digestion experiment indicated improved bioaccessibility of quercetin.This strategy significantly enriched the formulation of oleogel emulsion and its potential applications in delivering bioactive ingredients with high environmental vulnerability. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clozapine is an atypical antipsychotic (AAP) drug used in treatment-resistant schizophrenia patients. The adverse effects of clozapine on the heart may result in death and require drug discontinuation. Inflammatory mechanisms are thought to be responsible for the negative effect of clozapine on the heart. This suggests that using an agent with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, which may be specific to clozapine-induced heart damage, may prevent possible damage. The aim of our study is to evaluate the effect of taxifolin (3 , 5 , 7 , 3 ', 4'-pentahydroxy flavanone), an agent with known antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, on myocardial damage caused by clozapine with biochemical and histopathological data. The rats were divided into three equal groups: healthy control group (HC), clozapine-treated group (CLN), and taxifolin + clozapine-treated group (TCL). To perform this experiment, taxifolin was administered to TCL (n-6) rats at a dose of 50 mg/kg orally by gavage into the stomach. In the HC (n-6) and CLN (n-6) groups, the same volume of distilled water was administered orally as a solvent. One hour after the administration of taxifolin and distilled water, clozapine was administered orally at a dose of 20 mg/kg to the TCL and CLN groups once a day for 28 days. At the end of the period, troponin I (TP I) and creatine kinase MB (CK-MB) levels were measured in the venous blood of each group. Malondialdehyde (MDA), total glutathione (tGSH), TNF-α, NF-▪B, and IL-1β levels were measured in samples taken from heart tissues. Additionally, heart tissues were evaluated histopathologically. Troponin I, CK-MB, MDA, TNF-α, NF-▪B, and IL-1β levels, myocardial degeneration, myofiber irregularity, and congestion scores were significantly higher and tGSH levels were lower in the clozapine group than in the healthy control and taxifolin + clozapine groups (P < 0.05). Compared with the healthy control group, troponin I, tGSH, and NF-KB levels were similar (P > 0.05), CK-MB, MDA, TNF-α, and IL-1β levels were higher in the taxifolin + clozapine group, while they were significantly lower than the clozapine group (P < 0.05). Histopathologically evaluated myocardial degeneration, myofiber irregularity, and congestion score were significantly lower in the taxifolin + clozapine group than in the clozapine group. In the clozapine group (CLN group), myofibers were found to have irregular patterns and were observed as irregular. In the taxifolin + clozapine group (TLC group), myofibrils generally showed a regular morphology. We found that taxifolin can ameliorate damage to myocardial tissue by regulating oxidant-antioxidant and proinflammatory cytokine levels. The data of our study suggest that taxifolin may be useful in the treatment of clozapine-induced myocardial injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first phytochemical investigation of the twig and leaf extracts of Dasymaschalon wallichii led to the isolation and identification of 10 compounds, including 6 airstolactam alkaloids (1-6), 3 flavonoids (7-9) and one chalcone (10). The structures were elucidated through the analysis of NMR spectroscopic data and comparisons with those reported in the literature. Compounds 1-4 and 7-10 were evaluated for their α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Among them, aristolactam AII (1) and 8-formyl-5,7dihydroxyflavanone (8) showed α-glucosidase inhibitory activity with IC50 values of 62.9 and 83.9 µM, respectively, which are better than the positive control (acarbose, IC50 = 178.2 µM). The potential binding modes of active compounds with α-glucosidase were also analyzed by molecular docking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The bioactive flavonoids pinostrobin (PN) and panduratin A (PA) from Boesenbergia rotunda are essential for research and therapeutic applications. This study introduces an innovative method utilizing ultrasound-assisted extraction with n-hexane pre-treatment, followed by one-step centrifugal partition chromatography (CPC) purification. Extraction efficiency was evaluated using ultra high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC), and the isolated compounds were characterized through 1H-NMR and liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS), adhering to AOAC validation guidelines. Optimal extraction conditions comprised a particle size of 125 μm, a solid-to-liquid ratio of 1:30 g/mL, and a 10 min extraction time, yielding a crude extract of 6.96 ± 0.07%. Using an n-hexane/MeOH/water (5/3.4/1.6, v/v) solvent system in ascending mode, PN (2.16 mg, 98.78% purity) and PA (0.4 mg, 99.69% purity) were isolated from 67 mg of crude extract within 30 min. This streamlined approach enhances purification efficiency, allowing for faster extraction and higher purity, making it a suitable method for commercial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies were conducted focusing on the drying of chili pepper fruits (Capsicum annuum L.), cultivar Cyklon, using convective (AD), convective-microwave (AMD), vacuum (VD), and freeze-drying (FD) methods. The influence of the drying method and temperature on the kinetics of the process and selected quality attributes of the dried product were evaluated. It was demonstrated that the Midilli model best described the drying kinetics for all methods across the entire measurement range. FD and VD produced dried products with the highest brightness and the greatest value of the a* color parameter. The lowest b* color parameter was observed for the product dried using FD at 40 °C, while the highest b* value was noted for samples dried using AMD (100 W) at 60 °C. The highest carotenoid retention was achieved with the FD method at 40 °C, while the lowest carotenoid content was found in the product obtained using the AMD method (100 W) at 60 °C. The smallest losses of capsaicinoids were observed after FD drying at 40 °C, while the largest were found for AMD (100 W) at 60 °C. The analysis of chili pepper fruit extracts revealed the quantitative composition of 12 main phenolic compounds using the UHPLC-UV method. The highest polyphenol content was obtained with FD, while the lowest total polyphenol content was recorded after AD. Regardless of temperature, the total flavonoid content was highest in extracts from FD products, and the lowest flavonoid content was found after AMD at 100 W. For all drying methods analyzed, the total flavonoid content in the pepper extracts decreased with increasing temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is the first study to report on high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) generated spectrophotometric data to systematically capture flavonoid compounds using optimized derivatization with either AlCl3 or NaNO2-AlCl3-NaOH as visualisation reagents. While the traditional AlCl3 colorimetric method using UV–Vis analysis provides valuable insights into the presence of flavonoids and allows derivation of the total flavonoid content (TFC) of a sample, HPTLC fingerprints obtained after spraying with AlCl3 or NaNO2-AlCl3-NaOH enable the visualization of the various flavonoids present in a sample based on their respective absorption shifts, thus complementing the traditional TFC assay. In this study, 40 different flavonoids representing different classes (flavonols, flavanolols, flavan-3-ol, flavones, flavanones, and isoflavonoids) were analysed. Upon derivatization with AlCl3 most of the investigated flavonoids recorded bathochromic shifts, yielding characteristic λmax values between 370 and 420 nm, while spraying with NaNO2-AlCl3-NaOH triggered hyperchromic shifts, and thus an increase in absorbance intensity in flavonoids with particular substitution patterns. A few non-flavonoid components with structural similarities to flavonoids (e.g., rosmarinic acid, gallic acid, aspirin, salicylic acid) served as the negative control in this study to determine whether the derivatization reagents allowed exclusive detection of flavonoids. The method was then applied to the analysis of flavonoid containing supplements as well as red clover honey to demonstrate the method's application in the analysis of natural products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The bioactive compounds in burdock (Arctium lappa L.) roots, including chlorogenic acid (CGA) and cynarin, are valuable for use in nutraceutical foods. The ultrasound-assisted extraction of bioactive substances from dried burdock root powder (DBR) was investigated with 95% ethanol to reduce the impact of polysaccharide inulin on the extraction of free CGA and cynarin. The ethanolic extraction of CGA and cynarin was evaluated under ultrasound (300 W) at 40 kHz (U40) and 120 kHz (U120) with shaking at 120 rpm (S120) for comparison. Using a 1/30 (g/mL-solvent) solid-to-liquid ratio at 30 °C in 120 min, amounts of CGA and cynarin with U40 were as high as 818.74 μg/g-DBR and 173.68 μg/g-DBR, respectively, being much higher than those with U120 and S120. Total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity of the extract using U40 were significantly better than using U120 and S120. For U40 and U120, CGA increased with a decreasing solid-to-liquid ratio, while cynarin showed a decrease with a decreasing solid-to-liquid ratio using U120. Moreover, no observable degradations of free CGA and cynarin in ethanol were detected. By combining ultrasound and ethanol, the extracts with high-content CGA and cynarin from burdock roots were effectively achieved for use in health foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The gut microbiota metabolizes flavonoids, amino acids, dietary fiber, and other components of foods to produce a variety of gut microbiota-derived metabolites. Flavonoids are the largest group of polyphenols, and approximately 7000 flavonoids have been identified. A variety of phenolic acids are produced from flavonoids and amino acids through metabolic processes by the gut microbiota. Furthermore, these phenolic acids are easily absorbed. Phenolic acids generally represent phenolic compounds with one carboxylic acid group. Gut microbiota-derived phenolic acids have antiviral effects against several viruses, such as SARS-CoV-2 and influenza. Furthermore, phenolic acids influence the immune system by inhibiting the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α. In the nervous systems, phenolic acids may have protective effects against neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Moreover, phenolic acids can improve levels of blood glucose, cholesterols, and triglycerides. Phenolic acids also improve cardiovascular functions, such as blood pressure and atherosclerotic lesions. This review focuses on the current knowledge of the effects of phenolic acids produced from food-derived flavonoids and amino acids by the gut microbiota on health and disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to compare the concentration of phenolic compounds, glucosinolates, proteins, sugars and vitamin C between kohlrabi (Brassica oleracea var. acephala gongylodes), Savoy cabbage (B. oleracea sabauda), Brussels sprouts (B. oleracea gemmifera), cauliflower (B. oleracea botrytis), radish (Raphanus sativus) and garden cress (Lepidium sativum) microgreens for their antioxidant and hypoglycemic potential. In addition, we applied an in vitro-simulated system of human digestion in order to track the bioaccessibility of the selected phenolic representatives, and the stability of the microgreens' antioxidant and hypoglycemic potential in terms of α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition after each digestion phase. Using spectrophotometric and RP-HPLC methods with statistical analyses, we found that garden cress had the lowest soluble sugar content, while Savoy cabbage and Brussels sprouts had the highest glucosinolate levels (76.21 ± 4.17 mg SinE/g dm and 77.73 ± 3.33 mg SinE/g dm, respectively). Brussels sprouts were the most effective at inhibiting protein glycation (37.98 ± 2.30% inhibition). A very high positive correlation (r = 0.830) between antiglycation potential and conjugated sinapic acid was recorded. For the first time, the antidiabetic potential of microgreens after in vitro digestion was studied. Kohlrabi microgreens best inhibited α-amylase in both initial and intestinal digestion (60.51 ± 3.65% inhibition and 62.96 ± 3.39% inhibition, respectively), and also showed the strongest inhibition of α-glucosidase post-digestion (19.22 ± 0.08% inhibition). Brussels sprouts, cauliflower, and radish had less stable α-glucosidase than α-amylase inhibitors during digestion. Kohlrabi, Savoy cabbage, and garden cress retained inhibition of both enzymes after digestion. Kohlrabi antioxidant capacity remained unchanged after digestion. The greatest variability was seen in the original samples, while the intestinal phase resulted in the most convergence, indicating that digestion reduced differences between the samples. In conclusion, this study highlights the potential of various microgreens as sources of bioactive compounds with antidiabetic and antiglycation properties. Notably, kohlrabi microgreens demonstrated significant enzyme inhibition after digestion, suggesting their promise in managing carbohydrate metabolism and supporting metabolic health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Slow-release urea, as an environmentally friendly fertiliser, can provide a continuous and uniform supply of nutrients needed by the crop, reduce the amount and frequency of fertiliser application, and promote the uptake and utilisation of nitrogen in crops. The production of E. ferox is often dominated by the application of quick-acting fertilisers, resulting in serious problems of over-fertilisation, inappropriate periods of fertilisation, eutrophication of soil and water due to fertilisation, and difficulties in applying fertilisers. Therefore, in this study, different amounts (CK, T1, T2, T3, T4, T5) of SRU (Slow-release Urea) were first applied, and T3 (18.8 kg·667 m−2) was found to significantly improve both yield and quality. Further, it was found that under different SRU (CK, S1, S2, S3, S4) application period treatments, application of 18.8 kg·667 m−2 at AFP20 (S2) period significantly increased the yield and quality of E. ferox. In the seed kernels of E. ferox, the total yield, soluble sugar content, total starch, and flavonoid content increased significantly by 10.35%, 36.40%, 5.91%, and 22.80%, respectively, compared with CK. In addition, the expression of key sugar transporter genes (EfSWEETs), flavonoid synthesis-related genes (EfPAL, EfDFR, etc.), and starch synthesis-related enzyme activities (SBE, SSS, GBSS) were significantly increased. By exploring the quantity of application and application period of SRU, this study was carried out to investigate the in-depth effect of SRU on the growth and development of E. ferox and to provide technical references for the increase in E. ferox yield, the improvement in E. ferox quality, and the simplification of fertiliser application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite being a highly nutritious and resilient cereal, pearl millet is not popular among consumers and food industries due to the short shelf-life of flour attributed to rapid rancidity development. The biochemical mechanism underlying rancidity, a complex and quantitative trait, needs to be better understood. The present study aims to elucidate the differential accumulation of metabolites in pearl millet that impact the rancidity process. Metabolite profiling was conducted on ten pearl millet genotypes with varying levels of rancidity—comprising high, low, and medium rancid genotypes—utilizing liquid chromatography and high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) at different accelerated ageing conditions. Through non-targeted metabolomic analysis, crucial metabolites associated with rancidity were identified across various biochemical pathways, including fatty acids, glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, glycerol lipids, flavonoids, alkaloids, and terpenoids. Notably, metabolites such as fatty aldehydes, fatty alcohols, fatty esters, fatty acyls, fatty esters, and fatty amides were significantly elevated in high rancid genotypes, indicating their involvement in the rancidity process. These fatty acids-related metabolites further break down into saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Four key fatty acids—stearic, palmitic, linoleic and linolenic acid—were quantified in the ten pearl millet genotypes, confirming their role in rancidity development. This investigation promises novel insights into utilizing metabolomics to understand the biochemical processes and facilitate precision breeding for developing low-rancidity pearl millet lines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chikungunya and Mayaro fevers are viral infectious diseases characterized by fever and arthralgia, for which there are currently no effective vaccines or treatments. The urgent need for novel antiviral agents against Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) and Mayaro virus (MAYV) has led to interest in plant-based compounds that can disrupt the viral replication cycle. Chiococca alba (L.) Hitchc., a Neotropical plant traditionally used by Yucatec Maya healers as an antipyretic and antirheumatic, may hold potential as a source of antiviral agents. This study aimed to evaluate the antiviral potential of C. alba methanolic extracts (CAH21 and CAH24) against CHIKV and MAYV through preliminary in vitro and in silico analyses. The cytotoxicity of two methanolic extracts from C. alba roots was assessed in Vero cells using the neutral red assay, and their viral activity was determined via plaque assay post-treatment. Given the observed antiviral effects, we used computational predictions to explore interactions between the multifunctional nsP2 proteases and secondary metabolites identified in C. alba extracts. The metabolites were identified using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids, coumarins, and phenolic acids in the C. alba extracts. In vitro assays demonstrated that both extracts inhibited over 70% of activity against CHIKV and MAYV at a concentration of 60 µg/mL. In silico predictions suggested that the flavonoids naringin and vitexin had the highest affinity for the nsP2 proteases of CHIKV and MAYV, indicating their potential as viral inhibitors. Our findings revealed that C. alba extract represents a promising source of novel antiviral compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Propolis, such as is used as bio-cosmetics and in functional materials, is increasing because of its antioxidant medicinal benefits. However, its pharmacological and chemical composition is highly variable, relative to its geography and botanical origins. Comparative studies on three propolis samples collected from different regions in Korea have been essential for linking its provenance, chemical composition, and biological activity, thereby ensuring the efficient utilization of its beneficial properties. Here, we report the chemical composition and biological activities such as the antioxidant, wound healing, and anti-inflammatory effects of the ethanolic extract of Korean propolis collected from two regions. We compared the chemical constituents of three 70% ethanol-extracted (EE) samples, including the Andong, Gongju field (GF), and Gongju mountain (GM)-sourced propolis using Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The major and common components of these EE Korean propolis were flavonoids such as pinocembrin (12.0–17.7%), chrysin (5.2–6.8%), and apigenin (5.30–5.84%). The antioxidant property using a 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity assay of EEP showed substantial differences among samples with the highest from Andong. The sample 10% GM levigated in simple ointment was found to be the most active in wound healing activity based on the excision, incision, and dead space wound models. The potential of propolis for wound healing is mainly due to its evidenced properties, such as its antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and angiogenesis promoter effects, which need further study. The anti-inflammatory activity and NO production inhibitory effect were highest in GM samples. However, GM and GF samples demonstrated similar inhibitory effects on the expression of inflammatory mediators such as iNOS, IL-1β, and IL-6. The presence of a higher concentration of flavonoids in Korean EE propolis might be responsible for their promising wound healing, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aurantii Fructus (AF) and Aurantii Fructus Immaturus (AFI) are distinct herbs outlined by the Chinese Pharmacopoeia. They are sourced from the same plant but harvested at different times, resulting in differences in efficacy. It is important to avoid mixing them clinically and to distinguish between the two. Furthermore, dissimilar cultivation conditions may cause variability in the quality of herbs, so it is vital to differentiate drugs from dissimilar origins. In this study, two plants, AF and AFI from different provinces, were comparatively analyzed based on High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) fingerprints and classified using chemometric methods. The results indicate that the two medicines can be clearly distinguished. Also, AF and AFI grown in different locations can be distinguished. Ten chemical markers were screened, and their variations were determined, including eriocitrin, narirutin, naringin, meranzin hydrate, naringenin, hesperidin, nobiletin, tangeretin, neohesperidin, and poncirin. Subsequent network pharmacology correlated the screened chemical components with the biological network of the organism. The material basis of the difference in efficacy of the two homologous herbs was explored from the perspective of changes in chemical composition. This study provides a reference for formulating quality evaluation standards for AF and AFI and lays a foundation for the efficacy-related quality research of the two. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gulf War Illness (GWI) afflicts US military personnel who served in the Persian Gulf War. Suspect causal agents include exposure to pyridostigmine (PB), permethrin (PM) and N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET). Prominent symptoms include cognitive deficits, such as memory impairment. In aging animal models, we have documented the beneficial effect of the flavanol (-)-epicatechin (Epi) on hippocampus structure and related function. Using a rat model of GWI, we examined the effects of Epi on hippocampus inflammation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, cell death/survival pathways, and memory endpoints. Male Wistar rats underwent 3 weeks of exposure to either vehicles or DEET, PM, PB, and stress. Subgroups of GWI rats were then allocated to receive orally 15 days of either water (vehicle) or 1 mg/kg/day of Epi treatment. Object recognition tasks were performed to assess memory. Hippocampus samples were analyzed. Epi treatment yields significant improvements in short- and long-term memory versus GWI rats. Hippocampus oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels showed significant increases with GWI that were largely normalized with Epi becoming comparable to controls. Significant increases in markers of hippocampus neuroinflammation and cell death were noted with GWI and were also largely reduced with Epi. Neuronal survival signaling pathways were adversely impacted by GWI and were partially or fully restored by Epi. Markers of mitochondrial function were adversely impacted by GWI and were fully restored by Epi. In conclusion, in an animal model of GWI, Epi beneficially impacts recognized markers of hippocampus neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, cell survival, neurotoxicity and mitochondrial function leading to improved memory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Luteolin (Lut) is a flavonoid compound with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and other biological properties. Lut has been used in many fields such as biomedicine and food safety. Therefore, the quantitative measurement of Lut is of great significance. In this study, an electrochemical sensor based on aminated multi-walled carbon (NH2-MWCNTs), sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), ZIF-67 and chitosan (Chi) is developed for the measurement of Lut. NH2-MWCNTs are better dispersed by CMC, and NH2-MWCNTs are cross-linked with ZIF-67, which further improves the response and sensitivity of the electrode to the Lut due to the peroxide-like properties of ZIF-67. The detection limit and linear range of the electrochemical sensor for Lut are 2.1 nM and 0.1–7 μM, respectively. Dandelion is a traditional Chinese medicine plant containing Lut component. The prepared electrochemical sensor is also used to analysis Lut content in various parts of dandelion. The results show that the flowers part of dandelion exhibits the highest concentration of Lut; while, the leaves contain a moderate amount, and the roots are nearly devoid of Lut. These results are consistent with those obtained by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography. The electrochemical sensor has good stability and anti-interference ability, and has good potential application value in drug concentration detection and screening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of biostimulant treatments on Passiflora species was assessed by observing changes in the growth and leaf functional compounds of plants exposed to humic acids (HAs) and seaweed extracts (SEs) to determine their optimal application doses. Four different concentrations of HA irrigation (0, 144, 192, and 285 mg·L-1 per pot assigned as HI-1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively), HA spraying (0, 96, 128, and 192 mg·L-1 as HS-1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively), SE irrigation (SI-1~4 at 0, 1, 1.33, and 2 g·L21 per pot, respectively), and SE spraying (SS-1~4 at 0, 0.5, 0.67, and 1 g·L21, respectively) treatments were applied to 'Tainung No. 1' and Passiflora suberosa cultivars every week to study their responses in plant growth traits and metabolites. Results show that leaf dry weight (DW) and root DW of 'Tainung No. 1' plants under SS-3 and HI-4 treatments, respectively, were significantly increased compared with controls. Both HI-3 and HS-3 treatments remarkably increased vine length, fresh weight (FW), and DW of leaves and shoots in P. suberosa plants compared with controls. Furthermore, 'Tainung No. 1' and P. suberosa plants respectively subjected to HI-2 and SS-4 treatments contributed to developing biostimulant applications for obtaining higher total phenol and flavonoid content per plant. Both Passiflora species are recommended for treatment with SS-4 and SE to maximize orientin and isovitexin content, and for all their beneficial applications and sustainable use in agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]