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Improving the financial performance of fishery enterprises is an inevitable choice to promote the development of fishery economy. In this paper, 102 observation samples are selected, and the necessary and sufficient conditions for high financial performance of fishery listed companies are analyzed by using collocation perspective and qualitative comparative analysis (QCA). Research has found that the formation of high financial performance is a complex causal relationship with multiple concurrent factors, which is the result of the combined effect of multiple conditions, and the effect of each condition is not equal; Moreover, there is no unique optimal model, and 6 different conditional configurations (paths or models) can achieve the same results. The conclusion of this study is helpful to enriching the research on the factors affecting the financial performance of fishery enterprises from the perspective of system integration, and is of great theoretical and practical significance to reveal the factor combination mode produced by the research tendency of fishery enterprise 'performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globally, trawl is the major fishing gear used in marine fisheries and in India, it contributes to more than one-third of the marine fish production. Trawl fishing has been critically evaluated from a sustainability perspective, especially analysing its bycatch composition. Most of the bycatch from trawlers contains valuable edible species with high market demand. However, a portion of the bycatch which does not have such demand in the edible fish market, known as low-value bycatch (LVB), continues to be a matter of concern from an ecological and economic perspective. During 2017-19, 30-60% of trawl landing in India was constituted by LVB, which was mainly used for fishmeal preparation. To enhance the value and utility of LVB, this study explores the possibility of converting waste from LVB into edible resources using pufferfish and triggerfish. It also highlights the positive impact of efforts by different Government agencies for bycatch mitigation like the implementation of minimum legal size in reducing the juvenile component in bycatch, with a social survey-based account of fisher's perceptions and suggestions on successful bycatch mitigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Development of a sound data base in inland fisheries has been receiving attention in the recent past. To build, up a reliable data base, it is essential that data collection and estimation methodology is evolved based on scientific lines and the same is put to practice for assessing the nature and quantity of inland fishery resources. Population dynamics deals with mechanisms of population regulation in an area and their management practices to analyse the biomass dynamics of populations. Population dynamics narrates how the population increase or decrease over the time, as it is regulated by natality, mortality, immigration, and emigration. It is helpful in understanding changing population patterns and causative issues such as habitat loss, predation and optimal harvesting rates. An attempt was made to investigate the population dynamics of economically important inland fish species of Goa. Primary Data was collected from the Directorate of fisheries, Government of Goa web site for the present assessment, to get the abundance of resources. In the Present study, data composed of 20 inland captured fisheries species of which the prawns, clams, mullets and crabs are among the highest catch and milk fish 0.212, anchovy 0.158, megalops 0.096, lutianes 0.0827, black water clams 0.0730 have shown excellent growth potential during the study period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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For nearly six decades, fishery managers and policy makers have used bio-economic models and methods as the foundation for their management schemes. These models and methods are for the most part based on the deductive methodology of economics where central assumptions are the metaphors of "equilibrium" and "bio-economic equilibrium". Models based on equilibrium theories are usually deterministic and static whereas the dynamics of the operations and the markets are a meager part of the problem. Less attention has been offered to inductive reasoning and modeling within the field of fishery management. The inductive method of reasoning is often based on facts and actual observations within the industries, a methodology widely used by engineers and the field of business administration. In this paper, we introduce and integrate the concept of substitutability of economic resources into a traditional bio-economic model. The results show that fishery management, which bases decisions solely on traditional bio-economic models where the dynamics and consequences of the operational decision processes of the industry are ignored, may reach decisions that work in opposition to their intended one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the links between education, resource incomes, and wealth distribution, using a 2-period household model and data from an Indian fishery. The model predicts an ambiguous and wealth-dependent impact of increasing resource incomes on education. The empirical approach uses geographical variations in exogenously increasing fish catches to show that higher fish catches increase the average education level by increasing the education level of wealthier households but reducing the education level of poorer households. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper contributes to debates on growing inequalities in the maritime domain by using the concept of precarity to interrogate the market in Māori fisheries. To understand the particularities of this ocean precarity, I draw attention to the interrelated dynamics of dispossession, as it occurred historically in Māori fisheries through various economic orders, and indigeneity, as it articulates with both alienation and the reclamation of fishing rights. I argue that the incorporation of Māori fisheries into an Individual Transferable Quota system has generated a "political ecology of the precarious," positioning socio-natures as working against ecological demise at the same time as contributing to it. This transforms the ancestral guardianship relationship between people and their sea, exacerbates colonially-created dispossessions and hardens divisions between economic and cultural spheres, or commercial and customary fisheries. However, precarious conditions may also be conceived of as mobilising phenomena, giving rise to attempts to breach these divides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Along the Pacific coast (CA/OR/WA), the historical mainstays of the fishing industry have been thePacific salmon, groundfish, and Dungeness crab fisheries. However, recent cuts in allowablelandings of salmon and groundfish have shifted fishing effort toward crab. Diminishingopportunities in salmon and groundfish in California will further increase fishing effort onDungeness crabs, resulting in the intensifying derby that now characterizes the fishery andimposing increased pressure on stocks at deeper depths. Projected increased fishing effort will alsolikely create new biological conservation concerns for Dungeness crab populations and diminish itsnet economic value of the fishery.

Consumers' preferences coupled with available fishing technology determine fisheries' harvests and impacts on the ecosystem. In this paper, I investigate the effects of unintended catch, or bycatch, on consumption decisions and harvests. To this end, a multi-species coupled ecosystem economy model including consumer preferences is extended to also include bycatch in harvesting. The resulting equilibria and dynamics of the model are solved analytically. This allows demonstration of the effects of bycatch not only on the ecosystem, which are comparatively well researched, but also on the economic actors harvesting and consuming fish stocks. The main results, besides replicating the finding that bycatch can increase harvesting mortality, are that even strong bycatch may have no effects on stocks and that the harvesting economy may change dramatically depending on bycatch intensity. Therefore, bycatch should indeed be taken into account in the economic modelling of fisheries. Furthermore, understanding the interrelation of bycatch and market forces is essential in designing overarching policy where economic effects, such as changing employment, need to be considered while also ensuring sustainable use of the ecosystem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Shrimp fishery has an important role in society to meet current and future food, livelihood, employment, business and other economic needs. The capture fishery is one of the largest food-providing sector, whereas aquaculture has emerged as the fastest food-contributing sector globally. This research determines the socio-economic structure of shrimp fishery with a prime objective to expose an overview of shrimp fishery with economic perspective in Pakistan. In addition, further specifying the shrimp capture production, export earnings, farming and socio-impact in coastal region. Indus delta is the most favourable breeding ground for many fish and shrimp species, exhibiting highly rich in natural resources. There is a huge non-agricultural land available along the coast, which can be utilized for aquaculture. This study elucidates that the Shrimp fisheries is 'Drowning' in Pakistan. Hence, in order to sustainably develop shrimp aquaculture in Pakistan, this study aims to propose developmental strategies for authorities to establish an extension aquaculture in fisheries department all over the country. In addition, promoting shrimp farming initially at coastal regions to benefit and generate numerous opportunities for sustainable development in country's livelihood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We compile global data to examine the current status, trends, threats, and opportunities in the world's wild-capture fisheries. We find that global fisheries have largely diverged—well-managed, often industrial fisheries tend to be in reasonably good health, while coastal fisheries, often from low-governance regions, tend to be in poor health. Good governance seems to play a central role, and we summarize key findings from the literature on how effective fishery management can simultaneously increase food security, livelihoods, and conservation outcomes. Other solutions, such as marine protected areas and big data, can be useful but will not, by themselves, solve the main fishery challenges. We conclude by examining notorious threats, such as climate change and lack of governance on the high seas, and find that these can be largely neutralized with good fishery management, suggesting that overall, the future of wild fisheries can be bright with effective fishery management interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The western Mediterranean Sea is an important fishing ground for the Spanish surface longline fleet targeting swordfish, bluefin tuna, and albacore. Spanish Mediterranean waters, including contiguous international waters, are important feeding areas for thousands of juvenile and sub-adult loggerhead turtles. Due to the spatial overlap in fishing grounds between different longline métiers and loggerhead distribution, in the early 2000s, an estimated minimum of 60,000 loggerhead sea turtles were caught as bycatch in Mediterranean longline fisheries, including all countries operating in the area. The Spanish surface longline fleet is continually introducing technological and strategic innovations to improve the economic benefits of the fishery. These innovations lead to high variability in fishing gear and operational strategies from year to year. During the study period, there was a change in the specific contribution of each métier to total effort. Thus, since 2000 to the present, the Spanish traditional home-base surface longline targeting swordfish has been gradually modified or in other cases replaced by other métiers, and in most vessels it has been replaced by a new deeper semipelagic longline targeting the same species; which has led to a dramatic decrease in sea turtle mortality. The main result of this study is that loggerhead turtle post-release mortality due to the bycatch by the Spanish surface fleets using different longline métiers has significantly decreased during the last 8 years of the study period. We estimate an average post-release mortality around 1800 loggerheads sea turtles per year. The observed decrease in turtle mortality was an indirect effect of the introduction of changes in technology and fishing strategies in the fleets in the attempt to improve their economic objectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fisheries management uses important fish market information and information from Communication Technology (ICT) to improve fish trade by identifying inefficiencies, inequity and post‐harvest losses. The current study reports fisheries output using ICT at major landing sites and markets in Kenya and Uganda from the Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute (KMFRI) Enhanced Fish Market Information Service (EFMIS) database for 2009 – 2017. Catch assessment survey data validated the use of market data in drawing conclusions. Regional Frame Survey data provided information before EFMIS, enabling comparisons of fish trade costings. The average quantity of fish traded in Kenya depended on seasons of active lake fishing, which occurs in January – March and August – October, while Uganda had an irregular pattern associated with fish trade throughout the year. The quantity of fish traded weekly depended on the average price of fish. Lower sales margins during the EFMIS project showed the merits of information sharing using ICT platforms for efficient and equitable fish trade. Such evaluation of fish market information is useful in fish trade policy formulation and for fisheries management and ecological sustainability in rural and peri‐urban communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY) is a common target for fisheries aiming to achieve long‐term ecological sustainability. Although achieving MSY may ensure the long‐term sustainability of fish populations, we ask whether it will provide economic security for fishers. Here we use 16 years of daily landing records to estimate potential catches and revenues per capita if fisheries were exploited at MSY in 11 subregions across Mexico. We then compare fishers' estimated revenues per capita against national poverty limits at the household level. Our results show that even if MSY is reached in artisanal fisheries, the overcapacity of fleets and the dissipation of rents threatens the economic well‐being of fishers and their families, pushing revenues per capita below poverty levels. Our work demonstrates the importance of resolving the trade‐offs between achieving economic, social and environmental objectives when managing for the long‐term sustainable use of natural resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many fishers own a portfolio of permits across multiple fisheries, creating an opportunity for fishing effort to adjust across fisheries and enabling impacts from a policy change in one fishery to spill over into other fisheries. In regions with a large and diverse number of permits and fisheries, joint-permitting can result in a complex system, making it difficult to understand the potential for cross-fishery substitution. In this study, we construct a network representation of permit ownership to characterize interconnectedness among Alaska commercial fisheries due to cross-fishery permitting. The Alaska fisheries network is highly connected, suggesting that most fisheries are vulnerable to cross-fishery spillovers from network shocks, such as changes to policies or fish stocks. We find that fisheries with similar geographic proximity are more likely to be a part of a highly connected cluster of susceptible fisheries. We use a case study to show that preexisting network statistics can be useful for identifying the potential scope of policy-induced spillovers. Our results demonstrate that network analysis can improve our understanding of the potential for policy-induced cross-fishery spillovers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We develop an economically sophisticated management strategy evaluation for four sockeye salmon (Onchorhynchus nerka) fishing districts in Bristol Bay, Alaska, to evaluate whether proposed increases in escapement goals — the number of fish allowed up each river to spawn — could improve fishery outcomes for the industry and the region. Higher escapements increase average runs toward biological maximum sustainable yield, but this is driven by infrequent years of very abundant runs. Our economic model shows processors do not add capacity in response to infrequent abundant runs. Therefore, interannual variance in district-specific catch increases because years with little or no fishing become more frequent to meet higher escapement in low-run years, but industry cannot capture greater value in the high-run years. In abundant runs, processors shift available labor to focus on high-volume, lower-margin products; in very abundant years, insufficient processing capacity allows additional fish to escape. Mobile driftnet vessels that can move to rivers experiencing high runs each year benefit, but district specialists in the small boat and set-net fleets are more vulnerable to years with little or no catch. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the widespread implementation of catch shares (i.e. rights-based fisheries management) at the end of the twentieth century, economists have begun to examine empirical evidence about their performance. Yet despite documented positive outcomes and predicted gains from wider adoption of this approach, catch shares face persistent political opposition and criticism in the noneconomics literature. The debate surrounding catch shares focuses on equity, industry consolidation, nonlocal ownership of quotas, employment, and other impacts on fishing communities, but the evidence on both sides has been largely anecdotal. To inform this debate, it is important for economists and other researchers to produce rigorous analyses that quantify the effects of catch shares on employment, the distribution of economic value in the harvest and processing sectors, and other indicators of community well-being. We assess catch shares to identify research needs and guide policymakers. Using examples from the experiences of the United States and Argentina with rights-based fisheries, we demonstrate that a key challenge for researchers and policymakers is accounting for multiple species, globalization of seafood markets, and climate change. We urge policymakers to consider these forces and their impacts, along with available empirical evidence, when evaluating fisheries management options that balance efficiency and equity goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The industrialization of fisheries and the growth of a capitalist sector within fisheries have received considerable scholarly attention. For the most part, scholars have emphasized how capitalism has led to privatization of the commons, forced small-scale resource users into wage labor, and marginalized the sector. This analysis does not, however, explain the continued presence of such a vibrant and important small-scale sector in fisheries throughout the world. Drawing on the notion of Foucauldian governmentality, other scholars have argued that the small-scale sector or what they term the "need economy" is a product of primitive accumulation. The state must, in conditions of democracy, address the welfare needs of all those who have been dispossessed in order to govern. We engage with this theorization in the context of fisheries and argue that seeing small-scale fisheries only as a product of primitive accumulation and Foucauldian governmentality ignores the moral economies of these fisheries. By analyzing capitalist transformation of fisheries in two "democratic" countries, South Africa and India, we highlight how small-scale fishers resist increasing marginalization and how governments have afforded a measure of protection to this sector, and confirm the importance of their moral economies to sustainable and equitable fisheries in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • A frame of reference provides necessary context for conservation interventions. • This approach has never been used in the fisheries literature. • We develop a quantitative frame of reference for the Bangladesh hilsa fishery. • This is shown to support decision-making, even in data-poor circumstances. • The frame of reference highlights uncertainties and information needs. Abstract Effective implementation of management interventions is often limited by uncertainty, particularly in small-scale and developing-world fisheries. An effective intervention must have a measurable benefit, and evaluation of this benefit requires an understanding of the historical and socio-ecological context in which the intervention takes place. This context or 'frame of reference' should include the baseline status of the species of interest, as well as the most likely counterfactual (a projected scenario indicating what would have occurred in the absence of the intervention), given recent trends. Although counterfactuals are difficult to estimate and so are not widely specified in practice, an informative frame of reference can be developed even in data-poor circumstances. We demonstrate this using a case study of the Bangladesh hilsa (Tenualosa ilisha) fishery. We combine qualitative and some quantitative analyses of secondary datasets to explore ecological trends in the hilsa fishery, as well as patterns of social, economic, institutional, and physical change relevant to its management over the last ∼50 years. We compile all available information on the key parameters that determine hilsa abundance and distribution (movement, reproduction, growth, and mortality), as well as all available information on stock status. This information is used to produce a baseline and qualitative counterfactual which can be used to guide decision-making in this complex, data-poor fishery. A frame of reference provides a systematic way to break down potential drivers of change in a fishery, including their interactions, reducing the potential for unexpected management outcomes. Critical evaluation of contradictions and commonalities between a set of potential counterfactuals, as well as the reliability of sources, allows the identification of key areas of uncertainty and information needs. These can then be incorporated into fisheries management planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • A multi-method approach to detect early warning signs of overfishing is illustrated. • The approach improves stock status understanding for data-limited fisheries. • The approach facilitates proactive management in uncertain conditions. • Serial depletion patterns and effort creep are identified in a rock crab case study. Abstract A majority of fisheries worldwide lack effective management because of poor quality data and limited resources. Data-limited stock assessments are increasingly used where model-based, data-rich approaches are not possible. However, their widespread use is constrained by several important limitations, especially the inability to estimate biomass or maximum sustainable yield (MSY)-based reference points. Here we applied several data-limited stock assessments and utilized expert opinion to identify early warning signs of depletion in the rapidly growing Southern California (CA) rock crab fishery, a small scale yet economically valuable fishery being managed with relatively limited information. We chose our specific assessment methods with the aid of a decision support tool (FishPath) designed to help identify context-appropriate options for assessing and managing fisheries. Results of five assessments indicated that serial depletion, regional overfishing, and effort creep may be occurring in the rock crab fishery. Expert opinion regarding changes in fishery operations and fishing effort provided vital insights for interpreting assessment results. We illustrate a general path for enhancing understanding of fishery impacts in a data-limited fishery, and sound rationale for proactive management to address warning signs of overfishing in the southern CA rock crab fishery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Citizen science based data enables higher temporal and spatial resolution. • Citizen science using focus groups provides highly useful cost-efficient monitoring. • Fish indicators for system health can be generated from this type of data. • Through capacity building, fishermen became ambassadors for responsible fishing practices and healthy ecosystems. Abstract In response to repeated complaints from recreational and commercial coastal fishermen about declining fishing opportunities in inner Danish waters, focus was directed to inshore fish stocks. However, without data targeting inshore areas, it was not possible to investigate potential changes in fish distribution or abundances, or their causes. As a first step, a voluntary catch registration system was initiated in 2002, in collaboration with locally organized recreational fishermen. Using citizen science as a methodology, scientists and the fishermen developed a protocol for data collection, which the fishermen then implemented. The aim was to establish regular monitoring of fish catches from gill net and fyke net fisheries in coastal waters around Denmark in order to provide data that could inform management. After three years, during which time recreational fishermen could use their own gear and fish where they normally fished, the data was evaluated. As a result, the fishing method was switched in 2005 to fixed gears and fixed positions, to enable comparison between areas, years and season. The project has been very successful in recruiting highly motivated fishermen, who register their entire catch regularly. The time-series of data spans more than a decade and covers over 16,000 instances of fishing. The data from this project are now being used to create coastal fish indicators for managers to assess environmental status at a regional scale. Here we present an analysis of a subset of the data on one species, the European flounder (Platichthys flesus), to illustrate how the spatial and seasonal coverage can be utilized further for investigation of coastal ecosystems and to inform management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • We performed the first comprehensive study on marine recreational fishers in the Spanish Atlantic. • There are 60 000 marine recreational fishers in Galicia (NW Spain). • Annual expenditure of marine recreational fishers in Galicia is almost 100 €M. • Annual recreational catch is about 7 500 t (5–13% of total landings). Abstract There are growing concerns about the impact of Marine Recreational Fishing (MRF) on marine ecosystems and its combined effects with other human activities, such as commercial fishing, especially on the higher trophic levels. Conversely, recreational fishers provide considerable economic benefits through their expenditure on many things including fishing tackle, boats, licenses, travel, and accommodation. However, research on MRF in Europe is limited, particularly in Southern countries. In Galicia (Northwest Spain) detailed information on MRF is still needed to support management and to reduce growing conflicts between recreational fishers and other stakeholders including the commercial fishing sector. This paper provides the first comprehensive analysis of MRF in Galicia including the economic, social, and ecological impacts, from a survey of 363 recreational fishers. It was estimated that there are 60 000 recreational fishers, comprised of 45 000 shore anglers, 12 000 boat anglers and 3000 spear fishers. Each year, they spend 86 €M on fishing gear and other expenses, while boat owners spend another 11 €M. Fishers' activity is higher in summer and spring, especially in the case of boat anglers. Recreational fishers reported catching 38 species, but the most common were ballan wrasse (Labrus bergylta), European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax), and white seabream (Diplodus sargus). Annual recreational catch is about 7 500 t (5–13% of commercial and recreational landings of the same species); shore anglers are responsible for 50% of total MRF catches, boat anglers for 40%, and spear fishers for 10%. The results are discussed in the context of management that could improve the socio-ecological sustainability of MRF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Tropical coral reef ecosystems in the Pacific region are degrading rapidly as ocean temperatures rise and local anthropogenic stressors increase. In this context of rapid change, effective site-based management of coral reef fisheries necessitates flexible environmental governance that is closely attuned to the needs of multiple stakeholders who depend on the fishery for income, food, and cultural identity. As such, many practitioners and scholars call for adaptive co-management of coral reef fisheries where local resource users play a primary role in environmental governance with the support of flexible institutions that operate across organizational scales. This article describes the history and evaluates the current status of marine governance in Moorea, French Polynesia. Established in 2004, the management framework is under revision because it has failed to meet its ecological objectives and has generated discontent among many stakeholders. Drawing on household surveys, interviews, and archival information, the challenges to as well as the factors that may enable a more successful transition of the current governance arrangement towards co-management are detailed. It is argued that recent social mobilization, subsistence and cultural links to the fishery, the presence of geographically and socially relevant traditional governance boundaries, and the implementation of co-management in other parts of French Polynesia are positive factors. However, lack of trust between stakeholders, social heterogeneity, disruption of traditional cultural institutions and practices, minimal institutional support, and an uncertain legal framework suggest that there are significant headwinds for maneuvering towards successful co-management in Moorea. Highlights • Conflicts led to social mobilization and demands for environmental governance changes. • Some Mooreans have organized around rahui , a traditional management arrangement. • Appropriate and established inter-island governance boundaries enable co-management. • Lack of trust between stakeholders is a major hindrance. • Presence of coral reef research centers present challenges and opportunities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The majority of the world's fisheries lack formal management and assessment due to limitations in data, management capacity, or both. Capacity-limited fisheries generally contain some combination of limited infrastructure, personnel or expertise which hampers the ability of fisheries administrations to develop, implement and maintain desired management structures. Fisheries that fall within this category are at greater risk of performing poorly in terms of sustainability and economic benefits. In the process of applying a number of recently developed data-poor specific tools to Tonga's deepwater line fishery, it was apparent that reconciling the lack of resources with options for management required greater attention. Some of the challenges encountered are highlighted herein and processes to consider in order to overcome these are discussed. This resulted in a reprioritisation of the stepwise processes often used to develop harvest strategies by giving earlier prominence to management capacity and stakeholder engagement within a more iterative framework. This provides capacity-limited managers with a mechanism to develop a coherent harvest strategy across all components that is more viable long-term, irrespective of available management resources. Our case study extends the discussion on harvest strategies from data-rich to data-poor fisheries to include those fisheries that are both data-poor and capacity-limited. Application of formalised harvest strategies has been promoted as a tool to relieve the excessive fishing pressure apparent in many regions. The proposed refinements to the harvest strategy development process proposed here should improve capacity for fisheries management in circumstances where it is lacking. Highlights • Challenges faced by fisheries managers in capacity-limited instances discussed. • Solutions are discussed using Tonga's deepwater line fishery as a case study. • These guidelines witll help to improve management of capacity-limited fisheries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several world fish stocks are being explored at unsustainable levels and require management plans to rebuild stock abundance. Defining a management plan is, however, a complex task that entails multidisciplinary work. In fact, while it requires solid scientific knowledge of fish stocks, the inclusion of economic and social objectives is crucial to a successful management implementation. In this paper we develop an age-structured bioeconomic model where the objective function is modified to accommodate preferences from different stakeholders. In particular, we consider important characteristics that a management plan should take into account: profit maximization, fishermen’s preference for reducing landings’ fluctuations and risk of fishery collapse. Modeling preferences for reducing landings’ fluctuations is accomplished by defining a utility function with aversion to intertemporal income fluctuations. Building upon biology literature, we model precautionary concerns by incorporating a probability of collapse that depends on current spawning biomass. We illustrate how this framework is able to assist in the analysis and design of harvest control rules applying it to the Ibero-Atlantic sardine stock. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent decisions of regulatory agencies and courts have tended to deny, or to restrict severely, the right of collective bargaining in the Pacific Coast fishing industry, on the grounds that a proper employer-employee relationship, in Taft-Hartley terms, does not exist in the industry and that collective bargaining arrangements therein constitute illegal price fixing. The ultimate test of economic practices, however, is their effect on the general welfare. In this article, the consequences to the economic welfare of fishermen, processors, and consumers of the denial of bargaining rights are evaluated. The author concludes that interests of all groups might best be preserved by re-establishment of collective bargaining. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A third of global fish stocks are overexploited and many are economically underperforming, resulting in potential unrealized net economic benefits of USD 51 to 83 billion annually. However, this aggregate view, while useful for global policy discussion, may obscure the view for those actors who engage at a regional level. Therefore, we develop a method to associate large companies with their fishing operations and evaluate the biological sustainability of these operations. We link current fish biomass levels and landings to the revenue streams of the companies under study to compute potentially unrealized fisheries revenues and profits at the level of individual firms. We illustrate our method using two case studies: anchoveta (Engraulis ringens; Engraulidae) in Peru and menhaden in the USA (Brevoortia patronus and B. tyrannus; Clupeidae). We demonstrate that both these fisheries could potentially increase their revenues compared to the current levels of exploitation. We estimate the net but unrealized fishery benefits for the companies under question. This information could be useful to investors and business owners who might want to be aware of the actual fisheries performance options of the companies they invest in. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Myxosporean are endoparasitic cnidarians of wide distribution and responsible for important economic losses in fisheries and aquaculture. A new myxosporean species, Henneguya peruviensis n. sp., is herein described as obtained from the gill filaments of Hyphessobrycon loretoensis caught in the Nanay River, Department of Loreto, Peru. The parasite was found in 37 of 45 (82.2%) examined H. loretoensis . The new species was characterized based on morphological features and 18S rDNA gene sequence data. The sequencing of the 18S rDNA gene from the spores of H. peruviensis n. sp. resulted in 1632 nucleotides and this sequence did not match any of the myxozoan available in the GenBank. Phylogenetic analysis showed that H. peruviensis n. sp. closed together with H. leporinicola. Nonetheless, the 18S rDNA sequences of H. peruviensis n. sp. and H. leporinicola have only 82% similarity. This is the first description and molecular study of a Myxozoa parasitizing fish of the genus Hyphessobrycon in the Amazon basin. Given the importance of the ornamental fish industry in translocation of aquatic organisms worldwide, the international movement of myxosporeans in infected fish is discussed in terms of disease outbreaks and the need for preventative action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An individual-based bio-economic model is presented and applied to the Bay of Biscay sole (Solea solea) fishery to investigate alternative quota management systems from a multicriteria perspective. For this study, the model integrates several institutional arrangements related to catch share management. The current French co-management system with nontransferability of quota is compared with an alternative individual transferable quota (ITQ) system in a context of transition to maximum sustainable yield. Trade-offs between ecological and socioeconomic impacts are highlighted and the effectiveness of governance scenarios is discussed in regard to the challenge of capacity adjustment. Results emphasize that the introduction of ITQs is expected to reduce by 40% the number of vessels in the fishery. While effectively mitigating the economic impacts of the transition phase to maximum sustainable yield, ITQs are also expected to increase substantially the fishing effort by trawlers, which may cause ecological concerns. The scenarios tested also include the simulation of a decommissioning scheme where subsequent decommissioned vessels are considerably different from the vessels that would lease out their quotas in an ITQ system, resulting in differentiated ecological and socioeconomic impacts between scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recreational fisheries can have a significant impact on fish populations and can suffer from the same symptoms of open access as commercial fisheries. However, recreational fisheries receive little attention compared with their commercial counterparts. Regulations designed to allocate scarce fish, such as seasonal closures and bag limits, can result in significant losses of value to anglers. We provide an estimate of these foregone benefits by estimating the potential gains to implementing management reforms of the headboat portion of the recreational red snapper fishery in the US Gulf of Mexico. This fishery has suffered from a regulatory spiral of shortened seasons and lowered bag limits in spite of rebuilding stocks. We gather primary survey data of headboat anglers that elicit trip behavior and their planned number and seasonal distribution of trips under status-quo and alternative management approaches. We use these data to estimate a model of anglers' seasonal trip demand as a function of the ability to retain red snapper, bag limits, and fees. We find that a hypothetical rightsbased policy, whereby vessels with secure rights to a portion of annual catch could offer their customers year-round fishing in exchange for lower per-angler retention and increased fees, could raise the average angler's welfare by $139/y. When placed in the global context of recreational fishing, these estimates suggest that status-quo management may deprive anglers of billions of dollars of lost economic value per year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Fisheries sustainability is recognized to have four pillars: ecological, economic, social (including cultural) and institutional (or governance). Although international agreements, and legislation in many jurisdictions, call for implementation of all four pillars of sustainability, the social, economic and institutional aspects (i.e., the “human dimensions”) have not been comprehensively and collectively addressed to date. This study describes a framework for comprehensive fisheries evaluation developed by the Canadian Fisheries Research Network (CFRN) that articulates the full spectrum of ecological, economic, social and institutional objectives required under international agreements, together with candidate performance indicators for sustainable fisheries. The CFRN framework is aimed at practical fisheries evaluation and management and has a relatively balanced distribution of elements across the four pillars of sustainability relative to 10 alternative management decision support tools and indicator scorecards, which are heavily focused on ecological and economic aspects. The CFRN framework has five immediate uses: (a) It can serve as a logic frame for defining management objectives; (b) it can be used to define alternate management options to achieve given objectives; (c) it can serve as a tool for comparing management scenarios/options in decision support frameworks; (d) it can be employed to create a report card for comprehensive fisheries management evaluation; and (e) it is a tool for practical implementation of an integrated social–ecological system approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The shrimp trawl fishery in the southeastern Gulf of California is one of the most important in Mexico due to the high economic value of the resource in the national and international market. The management of this fishery is based on permits, a no-trawling zone, a no-fishing season and regulations of fishing gears. In order to analyze the efficiency of the no-fishing season and the viability of a spatial closure, we analyzed the distribution and size structure of four species targeted by the commercial fishery during the 2005-2006 shrimpfishing season, the white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei), blue shrimp (P. stylirostris), brown shrimp (P. californiensis) and crystal shrimp (P. brevirostris). We found that the size distribution of four shrimp species was wide and with variable frequency during the fishing season. The average biomass for each species was different throughout the fishing season, and the white and brown shrimps were the most abundant species. However, the spatial distribution of the biomass was similar for the four species. Our results suggest that the nofishing season is more effective for brown shrimp because the individuals caught by the fishing gear have already reproduced at least once. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We modelled fleet dynamics and the economic impact of three implementations of the EU landing obligation for fisheries, and contrasted the results with those obtained under a scenario of no landing obligation. Simulations were performed using a dynamic state variable model of effort allocation for the Basque trawl fleet, assuming that the landing obligation had been implemented in 2012. The three implementations of the landing obligation involved different policy arrangements: (i) quota increases; (ii) international swapping of quotas; and (iii) inter-species quota flexibility. All three scenarios resulted in changes to fishing patterns caused by choke species and improved selectivity of harvest, but also resulted in a negative short-term impact on the economic performance of the fleet. We report average reductions in net revenue of up to 60% when compared with results obtained under a no landing obligation scenario. Our model results suggested that these negative short-term impacts could be alleviated by incorporation of inter-species quota flexibility in the implementation of the landing obligation. Our results indicate that there will be a strong incentive to use this policy arrangement to alleviate the choke effect problem where species with limiting quotas constrain the fishery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Owing to high costs and difficulties in implement control, fisheries are less regulated than terrestrial activities. In areas of weak governance, self-regulation is often the rule. Understanding the underlying bio-economic mechanisms that drive such fishery systems is crucial for decision making on how to support real fishermen communities. Fishing effort reallocation occurs when economic yield drops, suggesting a feedback between fishermen's mobility and local overexploitation. The nature of this feedback is addressed here by using a bio-economic modelling approach applied to a Senegalese fishery. The white grouper is a highly valued commercial fish that has suffered intense exploitation in Senegal and was predicted to collapse due to a lack of fishery regulation combined with high demand. Surprisingly, our analysis of landings and associated price variability suggests that a slow recovery of this fishery is now underway. Motivated by this finding, two models were implemented that account for artisanal fishermen's mobility and variable prices. Both models provided the same insight: fishing effort mobility combined with variable fish prices induced a shift from local overexploitation to sub-regional sustainable exploitation. Considering that fishing effort mobility has steeply increased in recent years, this mechanism might have significantly contributed to the recent observed trends in prices and landings for this fishery. More generally, these bio-economic models suggest that spatial reallocation of fishing effort acts as emergent governance in under regulated areas that allows, in some cases, the recovery of an overexploited species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industrial fishing for tuna is a major revenue earner in the Pacific Islands region. Capturing more benefits from this fishery is a key priority of Pacific Island country governments and people. Many Pacific countries have done this by allowing transhipping — the transfer of fish from industrial purse-seine fishing vessels to carrier vessels in port. This paper investigates one such port, Funafuti in Tuvalu. Using a unique dataset, the analysis (for the first time) demonstrates that there are a number of negative impacts on small-scale fishers associated with allowing transhipping in port. These negative impacts include lost employment days, reduced catches and, potentially, fresh fish availability and lower incomes within the artisanal fishery. The analysis also demonstrates that there are benefits associated with transhipping, such as spending in local businesses and bycatch off-loads. This paper provides a number of considerations for governments to optimise the benefits from transhipping and minimise costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transparent, performance-based approaches to allocating fishing opportunities are required for signatories to the Aarhus Convention and the European Union's (EU) Member States via the Common Fisheries Policy. The lack of an operational framework to support this requirement means such a system is seldom explicitly used. Using the English commercial sea bass ( Dicentrarchus labrax ) fishery as a case study, operationalisation of this policy requirement is evaluated using a Multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) framework. MCDA is a decision-making tool allowing users to explicitly evaluate complex, potentially conflicting, criteria, enabling wider costs and benefits to be considered. The sea bass fishery was selected as the dramatic stock decline since 2010 has meant difficult policy choices regarding the allocation of scarce fishing opportunities between different user groups. To inform the MCDA, the three main English sea bass fishing methods (nets, hooks, and trawls) are evaluated across thirteen social, economic, and environmental criteria to generate a performance score. Importance weightings for each criterion, developed from 50 surveys of fishers, industry representatives, managers, non-governmental organisations, and the wider public, are used to combine these performance scores generating an overall score for the MCDA. Results show that regardless of stakeholder group questioned, hooks achieve the highest MCDA performance, followed by nets, and then trawls. This suggests that taking a performance-based approach to the allocation of fishing opportunities in the English fishing fleet have a prioritisation by fishing type. MCDA could be used to promote transparency, objectivity and social, environmental and economic sustainability into European and UK fisheries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Illegal fishing (IF) is an unrelenting problem for small-scale fisheries governance worldwide, one with complex causes and solutions. This study explores stakeholders’ images on IF as a way to understand its underpinnings and persistence. As an apt illustration, the king crab ( Lithodes santolla ) fishery of the Magellan region, Chile, was chosen, which operates under a semi-open-access regime. The results from two-year ethnographic research reveal four powerful images, as they literally emerge from stakeholders’ narratives, comprising a series of practices that are branded in these particular terms: i) super fishers , which refers to owners of authorized vessels, who land the capture of unauthorized ones; ii) whitewashing , which involves the “whitening” of catch coming from unauthorized vessels or extracted in anticipation of the fishing season; this unreported capture can enter the export chain; iii) cooked on board , which involves the processing and packing, while at sea, of banned undersized or female crabs, which are later sold locally; and iv) black capture , that involves the landing of alive banned crabs in unauthorized ports, that are later processed in households and sold locally. These images suggest that IF is a relational phenomenon; this is to say that it is distributed on a series of relationships, practices, and actors embedded in a particular geographic and cultural context. As such, IF is difficult to dismantle, since changes do not depend on the ideal behavior of one actor -“the ethical fisher”- but on transformations of intertwined practices of all actors across the value chain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consolidation of the fishing industry worldwide is an issue heavily debated among scholars. Many economists have argued for its necessity, while others – such as sociologists, anthropologists and geographers – have pointed out negative effects of consolidation on fishing communities. The aim of this paper is to measure the geographical consolidation of fishing in Iceland since the introduction of the quota management system in 1984, and during its development into an individual transferable quota system (ITQ). Lorenz curves, Gini calculations and maps are used for this purpose. Consolidation of the fishing sector is a logical outcome of ITQs and the analysis shows that the ITQ system has led to increased geographical consolidation in the demersal and pelagic sectors in Iceland. Regions and communities are unequally affected by geographical consolidation and many small fishing communities are vulnerable to changes in the industry. The results are of value for fisheries management policy formation. When designing fisheries policy for the 21st century it is important to not only consider economic efficiency, but also geographical consolidation and its impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bigeye tuna ( Thunnus obesus, Scombridae) are a globally important commercial fish. About 60% of the world's bigeye is caught in the Pacific Ocean, where stocks have been subject to overfishing and longline fleets are governed by increased conservation measures. One conservation measure entails multilateral bigeye quota reductions. Since 2010, quota reductions have resulted in four extended closures for Hawai`i longliners. Previous research indicated that regulatory closures may result in differential socioeconomic impacts, but little is known about how four extended closures may affect fishers and fishing trips in a diverse longline fleet with 142 active vessels. The purpose of this research is to assess the trip-level impacts of closures on Hawai`i longliners and determine whether impacts could be lessened while sill meeting conservation measures. To do this, economic data and longline logbooks for Hawai`i longliners were analyzed from 2010 to 2015, and 28 longline fishers were interviewed in Fall 2015. Vessels allowed to fish during closures spent nearly two more days at sea not fishing compared to the same month in years without a closure, with no significant difference in trip length. Vessels with special permits are allowed to fish closer to port during closures, while the larger vessels (25% of the fleet) were restricted from retaining bigeye between 32 and 61 days a year, raising equity concerns across the fleet. Our findings also suggest that two levels of collective action may be needed to meet Pacific-wide economic and conservation goals for an economically and ecologically important pelagic common-pool marine resource. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the economic contribution of recreational fishing expenditures across the southern United States (US). Input-output models were constructed for each southern state using US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) fishing expenditures data, both saltwater and freshwater, to determine the direct, indirect, and induced effects of these expenditures. Comparisons were made between pre- and post-recession (2006 and 2011), freshwater and saltwater fishing, and between states. Expenditures were essentially unchanged from 2006 to 2011; but numbers of participating anglers increased by ten percent and the economic contribution generated by the expenditures increased by 10-30%, depending on the economic indicator. The variations across states were substantial, with Florida dominating the others, especially in saltwater fishing. This study documents the important economic contributions of recreational fishing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Game theory studies the strategic interactions between and among decision makers, players, through mathematical models called games. This paper presents an overview on the evolution of the application of game theory to fisheries economics. The first applications emerged in the late 1970s, focussing upon internationally shared fish stocks. This occurred in the context of the UN Third Conference on the Law of the Sea, and the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea. During the 1980s and early 1990s the application of game theory to fisheries focused mainly on transboundary fish stocks. Thereafter, the applications to straddling fish stocks developed significantly, through the use of coalition games. This was a consequence of the mismanagement of these stocks, and the management regime brought forth in response by the 1995 UN Fish Stocks Agreement. The application of game theory to the management of national/regional fisheries is a new research frontier, as it is still much underexplored, when compared to international fisheries. This paper also summarizes the main research developments of a set of nine papers selected for this special issue on Game Theory and Fisheries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The literature on ‘fish wars', where agents engage in non-cooperative exploitation of single fish stocks or interacting fish stocks is well established, but age and stage structured models do not seem to have been handled within this literature. In this paper we study a game where two agents, or fishing fleets, compete for the same fish stock, which is divided into two harvestable age classes. The situation modelled here may be representative for many fisheries, such as the Norwegian North Atlantic cod fishery where the coastal fleet targets old mature fish while the trawler fleet targets young mature fish. We analyze the game under different assumptions about the underlying information available to each fleet and the actions of the agents. The outcomes of the games are compared to the optimal cooperative solution. The paper provides several results, which differ in many respects from what are found in biomass models. The analysis is supported by numerical examples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]