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The study was undertaken to assess the province of Marinduque's fire incidence from 2018 to 2022 and determine its firefighting capability, which includes fire prevention programs, tools, PPEs and Equipment (fire trucks), manpower, skills and trainings acquired, facilities and infrastructure and financial resources management. Present the level of performance in implementing fire prevention programs, and to know if there is a significant relationship of firefighting capabilities and performance of BFP-Marinduque Personnel. To identify the gaps in the implementation of fire prevention programs as well as the problems encountered and strategies employed by the personnel and management of the Bureau of Fire Protection in the province of Marinduque from 2018 to 2022. Further, to propose a framework of service delivery for fire prevention based from the results of this study that could be helpful in the future researches. The descriptive research method was used in this study. The documentation records obtained from the Bureau of Fire Protection Provincial Office in Tampus, Boac, Marinduque, and the province's six Municipal Fire Stations, as well as the survey questionnaires administered in each station and the provincial office, are the sources of data. The information was tallied, analyzed and interpreted. The statistical tools that were utilized to treat and interpret the data required for the study are frequency count, percentage calculations, ranking, and Pearson correlation coefficient. Fire Incidence in the Province of Marinduque reveals a total of 58 fire events. The municipalities of Boac, Buenavista, Gasan, Santa Cruz, and Torrijos have similar fire causes, except for Mogpog, which has open flames or unsupervised cooking as the leading cause of fires in this area. The capability of the Marinduque Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP) in terms of tools, personal protective equipment, and the number of firetrucks indicates a varied landscape of readiness throughout towns, with an overall capability of 74.49% and a verbal description of "adequate." In terms of manpower, the total capability of the BFP in Marinduque is assessed as "adequate" at 62.06%. In terms of firefighting capability in terms of acquired skills and trainings. BFP staff possess a broad range of skills that can be categorized into three: hard skills, professional skills, and specialized skills. The firefighting capability in terms of adequacy and sufficiency of facilities and infrastructures yields a total mean for adequacy of 3.25, implying that these facilities, on average, provide what is necessary but with room for improvement. The total sufficiency mean is 3.06. BFP Marinduque has maintained a consistent budget utilization rate of 100% for the last five fiscal years. The mean performance ratings for various Fire Prevention activities range from 4.08 to 4.69, indicating that the BFP's performance is either "Very Satisfactory" or "Outstanding". There is a significant relationship of firefighting capabilities to the performance of BFP-Marinduque therefore null hypothesis is rejected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On‐site fire inspection by German fire brigades – fire tests in situ The German fire brigades have been systematically recording significant fires in buildings since 2016. Part of this recording is checking whether objectives are being violated. Together with the Technical University of Munich, the Munich fire brigade on behalf of the expert group for fire prevention of the German fire brigades evaluates this data on behalf of all fire brigades involved in Germany. This article presents the method and the first findings from these statistics. First trends show a considerably high number of smoke spreads, the direct effect of firefighting measures and of organizational fire protection measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On‐site fire inspection by German fire brigades – fire tests in situ The German fire brigades have been systematically recording significant fires in buildings since 2016. Part of this recording is checking whether objectives are being violated. Together with the Technical University of Munich, the Munich fire brigade on behalf of the expert group for fire prevention of the German fire brigades evaluates this data on behalf of all fire brigades involved in Germany. This article presents the method and the first findings from these statistics. First trends show a considerably high number of smoke spreads, the direct effect of fire‐fighting measures and of organizational fire protection measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focusses on real-time detection and abnormal state prediction through a set of wireless equipment of fire water system to provide a better solution for fire inspection. The main goal of this research is to improve the fire extinguishing efficiency. Firefighting and rescue operations are urgent, and concealed or dry fire hydrants may cause failure cases of firefighting. To prevent this situation, this paper proposed the wireless equipment of fire water system to monitor the multiple indicators of outdoor hydrant, indoor hydrant, and sprinkler network. The objective of the experiment is to realize the real-time monitoring and obtain the data information of the state of the fire water system. Also, the multiple linear regression analysis method is adopted to analyze the monitored water pressure data to achieve rapid identification of abnormal water pressure value. The results indicate that the data transmission of the wireless equipment of fire water system is reliable, the pressure is accurately monitored below 0.40 MPa, and the average relative error of abnormal water pressure monitoring results is less than 6%. The new equipment and algorithm are used not only to monitor the state of water supply system, but also to depict the change of water consumption in the monitoring environment and predict the unconventional state, which provides directional help for fire patrol and inspection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the detection of small targets, fire-like and smoke-like targets in forest fire images, as well as fire detection under different natural lights, an improved Fire-YOLO deep learning algorithm is proposed. The Fire-YOLO detection model expands the feature extraction network from three dimensions, which enhances feature propagation of fire small targets identification, improves network performance, and reduces model parameters. Furthermore, through the promotion of the feature pyramid, the top-performing prediction box is obtained. Fire-YOLO attains excellent results compared to state-of-the-art object detection networks, notably in the detection of small targets of fire and smoke. Overall, the Fire-YOLO detection model can effectively deal with the inspection of small fire targets, as well as fire-like and smoke-like objects. When the input image size is 416 × 416 resolution, the average detection time is 0.04 s per frame, which can provide real-time forest fire detection. Moreover, the algorithm proposed in this paper can also be applied to small target detection under other complicated situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corner fires are known to spread more intensely in comparison with single wall fires. In view of the challenges associated with prediction of such fire behavior, the fire growth in a corner configuration of Medium Density Fiberboard (MDF) panels is investigated to provide a set of experimental data, performing Single Burning Item (SBI) tests. First, though, test results with inert calcium silicate panels are discussed for three values of HRR (10, 30 and 55 kW), allowing to address the main physics involved. The experimental data for 30 kW, the default SBI HRR, is used for detailed discussion of the observations. The SBI testing methodology, materials, and set-up are described. The results of total Heat Release Rates (HRR) and Smoke Production Rates (SPR), as well as the panel temperatures and total heat fluxes at several characteristic locations are analyzed. Moreover, the puffing frequency of the corner fire is characterized thanks to Video Fire Analysis (VFA) of the experimental footage. Additionally, flame heights are discussed, including the concept of mirroring. A new correlation for mean flame height is introduced, using the hypotenuse of the triangle as characteristic length for entrainment of air into the fire plume, and expressing that the flame height increases proportional to the square root of the fire heat release rate. The 30 kW propane burner of the standard SBI test is shown to feature a mean flame height of nearly 0.9 m and a puffing frequency of 2  ±  0.3 Hz, and an average total heat flux exceeding 44 kW/m 2 near the burner early on in the test. The completeness of the dataset is expected to be useful for testing and development of CFD codes for corner fire scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Having explained the characteristics of a corner fire in the configuration of Single Burning Item (SBI) test in Part I [1], the results of three flame spread experiments conducted with Medium Density Fiberboard (MDF) panels are discussed. The fire growth, in terms of flame heights and spread, is examined from two different angles visually and through Video Fire Analysis (VFA) with a flame detection algorithm. Total Heat Release Rates (HRR) and Smoke Production Rates (SPR), as well as total heat fluxes at several characteristic locations, are presented. Moreover, temperature evolutions are discussed for multiple locations and through the thickness of the panels. Also the backside temperatures, important as boundary condition for numerical simulations, are reported. The corner fire tests with MDF panels yield an average peak HRR of 151 kW and an average total heat flux exceeding 60 kW/m 2 close to the burner, with average flame heights surpassing 1.5 m in about 60 s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a numerical study was carried out to analyze the effect of non-axisymmetric (semi-arched) cross-section on the smoke movement in metro tunnel fires by using FDS 6. Two models including Tunnel one (a tunnel with a non-axisymmetric cross-section) and Tunnel two (a traditional tunnel with a symmetrical section) were built. The back-layering length, critical ventilation velocity and temperature distribution were compared and analyzed. Two new prediction models for the dimensionless back-layering length and the critical ventilation velocity in semi-arched metro tunnel fires were proposed, and they were compared with the available data in previous studies and the prediction models proposed by other researchers. For the temperature distribution in Tunnel one, the maximum gas temperature beneath the ceiling appears at the center line of ceiling above the fire, and it is slightly higher than that in Tunnel two under the same fire HRR and the same ventilation velocity because of the less fresh air entrainment. In addition, the likely reasons for the different smoke movement between two tunnels were subsequently explained in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, fire and explosion accidents of warehouses caused by dangerous chemicals frequently occur, such as "4•22" Jingjiang storage house explosion accident, and Tianjin port "8•12" fire explosion accident. Therefore, a mature and perfect fire risk assessment method should be established to further improve fire safety and eliminate fire safety risks. To evaluate the fire safety of dangerous chemical warehouse, identification of hazard source, fire and explosion model, analytic hierarchy process, and safety evaluation score over an interval have been applied in this paper. Combining with the actual situation of a dangerous chemical warehouse enterprise, fire safety situation of dangerous chemical warehouse is assessed, and a series of targeted measures are put forward. This paper provides a scientific basis for the fire risk assessment of dangerous chemical warehouse, and ensure to establish a perfect safety inspection system, and can manage fire safety effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to design a simulation training system for fire safety inspection based on three key technologies which involved three-dimensional geographic information system technology, three-dimensional modeling technology and visualization of human-computer interaction technology. First, basic development ideas and guiding principles of the simulation training system were drawn from the analysis on current situations and actual demands of fire safety inspection practice training at present; Accordingly, the basic framework with three platform was designed, including back-stage administrator control platform, teachers’ guidance platform and student training platform in front stage; as well as it was put forward to establish three-dimensional model not only consist of basic scene models and detail scene model base to diversify specific training scenes. Finally, functions of the system was divided into four modules from double angles of teaching staff and trainees respectively, including auxiliary self-learning, human-computer interaction, arrangements for training task, training effect feedback and evaluation. Fire safety inspection three-dimensional simulation training system could be applied to colleges or universities for fire profession teaching, fire brigades and fire safety key units to cultivate fire safety inspectors, and realize "practice training everywhere as well as teach, practice, test, assessment with seamless docking". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Small businesses bear a large burden of injury and death, and are difficult to reach with occupational safety and health (OSH) information. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) developed a pilot study testing the feasibility of fire departments disseminating OSH information to small businesses during fire inspections. Methods Two sets of postcards were developed with unique, trackable URLs for the NIOSH Small Business Resource Guide. One set was distributed by firefighters, the other was mailed to small businesses. Participating inspectors were met with to discuss their experience. Results Neither distribution method resulted in a substantial number of site visits. Inspectors believed distributing postcards was an easy addition to their duties, and saw value in safety information. Conclusions There are barriers beyond awareness of availability that prevent small business owners from seeking OSH information. Research should focus on identifying barriers and developing better OSH information diffusion mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study introduces a conceptual Fire Threat Model use to provide quantitative assessment of the risk of ignition in the Russian Far East (RFE). The model is aimed at evaluating potential wildland fire occurrence and its impact and recovery potential for a given resource. The purpose of the study is to introduce a model to assess quantitatively fire threat to a given resource and it presents an evaluation of the risk of ignition in the RFE, which addresses a major source of uncertainty in fire threat modeling. The study determined that the increase in the number of fire ignitions during summer could be attributed to disruption of the summer monsoons and subsequent changes in fire weather, and an increase in natural sources of fire ignitions.

London Fire Brigade''s real fire library is a database of information collected from real fire incidents by specialist teams of experienced fire investigators operating in the Greater London Area. A sample of this data collected over a five-year period has been used to characterise the distributions of fire sizes, fire growth rates and times between events that occur in building fires in a form suitable for use with probabilistic risk assessment. The effect of occupancy type, ignition source, first material ignited, and first aid fire-fighting by the occupants on the form of these distributions was then examined. Incidents that produced very large losses, rapid growth rates and extended time delays were also analysed to try to determine the reasons why such extremes occur in real fires. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]