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Beam exit windows are crucial components of any particle accelerator as they provide an interface between the beamline vacuum and target material at atmospheric media. For high beam power machines, special materials and designs are required to withstand high radiation and mechanical loads, while minimizing energy loss during transition and maximizing window lifetime. This research investigates the impact of electron beam exposure to bulk CrMnV and CrMnTiV high entropy alloys (HEAs) with the primary goal of identifying suitable candidate materials for the design of robust and durable exit window settings. The selection criteria include intrinsic characteristics, power dissipation, and mechanical responses. According to the thermodynamic calculations, both equiatomic CrMnV and the addition of 7% of Ti with equiatomic CrMnV yield solid-solutions phases. The structural and mechanical properties of CrMnV and CrMnTiV samples were tested using field emission scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microcopy with energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction, and nanoindentation before and after exposure to a dose of ∼66 kGy from a 10 MeV e-beam accelerator. Despite exhibiting beam transmission characteristics comparable to Cr and V, the indentation hardness of HEAs exceeded that of the Cr and V samples by five to six times. The examination of the CrMnTiV irradiated samples revealed organized deformation patterns depicting new features, which we suspect twinning and twin boundaries due to the addition of Ti to CrMnV. Ti, a hexagonal-close-packed crystal structure, is commonly known for deformation twinning behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the primary hurdles in microdevice fabrication lies in ascertaining the most impactful tactics for adapting metal surfaces. Through a one-pot tackle and distinct mechanochemical reactions evoked by 15 min aqueous wet sand-milling (SM-15), we successfully grafted Mo-based metal–organic frameworks (Mo-MOFs) onto graphene oxides (GOs). Following this, a convenient and readily scalable methodology of electrophoretic deposition was implemented to create controllable thickness of SM-15 GOs@Mo-MOFs lubricating films, achieving considerable enhancements of 143% and 91% in hardness and Young's modulus, respectively, when compared to those of SM-15 Mo-MOFs. The successful synthesis of SM-15 GOs@Mo-MOFs was corroborated using strategies such as x-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and field emission scanning electron microscopy. Analyses using the micro-tribotester indicated that the new film exhibited a lowest friction coefficient of roughly 0.5 when imposed with a load of 5 N and sliding speed of 8 mm/s. In addition, the optical profiler nano-indentation in situ scanning probe microscope revealed that SM-15 GOs@Mo-MOFs films had smaller and shallower scratches and grooves compared to SM-15 Mo-MOFs ones. The calculated results of key descriptors (EHOMO, ELUMO, ΔE, etc.) in density functional theory quantitatively disclosed the interaction mechanisms between GOs@Mo-MOFs molecules and microdevices. We first scrutinized the innate properties of molecule adsorption energy and frictional mechanical behaviors using synergetic cross-scale simulations, such as Monte Carlo and finite element methods. The expectation was that this process would motivate a valuable technique for shielding in the thriving micromanufacturing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report on the studies of conduction mechanism, direct current conductance, and 1 f -noise of cellulose nanofiber (CNF) and multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) composites. The composites were characterized by x-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and field emission scanning electron microscopy. The temperature- and voltage-dependence of the dc conductance Σ were, respectively, probed to investigate the charge transport mechanism and the electrical response of the composite. At room temperature, the increase in Σ with wt. % of MWCNT ϕ showed typical percolation behavior. The Σ − T behavior was fitted to the combination of one-dimensional variable range hopping and the fluctuation-induced tunneling, which were attributed to hopping of charge carriers through 1D MWCNTs and the tunneling of charge carriers between the bundles of MWCNTs, respectively. The non-Ohmic electrical conduction was characterized by the onset voltage V 0 (T) which scaled with Ohmic conductance Σ 0 as V 0 (T) ∼ Σ 0 (T) x T , with x T being the onset exponent increased with ϕ. A scaling description based on the data collapse method was adopted to find the parameters V 0 (T) and x T. The noise power spectrum S V (f) followed the relation S V (f) ∼ V β with two different power-laws: β 1 in the Ohmic and β 2 in the non-Ohmic region (β 1 > --> β 2). Interestingly, this change in power-laws occurs at the same V 0 (T) obtained from Σ − V curves. A simple model was proposed to explain the noise behavior after V 0 (T). It is expected that such electrical characterization of CNF-MWCNT nanopaper composite would open up their possibility of application in flexible electronic devices, intelligent networks, sensors, and actuators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using zinc chloride as an additive assisted with conventional solutions of zinc acetate dihydrate and hexamethylenetetramine, the synthesis of ZnO films by chemical bath deposition was investigated and characterized by x-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscope, photoluminescence (PL) and UV-Vis spectrophotometry. ZnO films with (0002), (10 1 ̄ 2), (11 2 ̄ 2), (11 2 ̄ 0), and (10 1 ̄ 0) preferential growth orientation were prepared by changing the concentration of the introduced zinc chloride. The results of UV-Vis spectrophotometry show that the ZnO films with different preferential growth orientations have optical transmittance of more than 80% in the visible light region. Results from PL show that compared to the typical polar (0002) preferential growth orientation of ZnO, other films with different preferential growth orientations have different visible emissions. It was also confirmed that the concentration of Cl− can affect the defects and preferred orientations of ZnO films. This work enriches the fabrication of ZnO films with different preferential growth orientations and also provides new ideas for the fabrication of ZnO-based transparent nanodevices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the calcium-doped nickel-zinc nano-ferrites [Ni 0.5 Zn 0.5 Ca x Fe 2-x O 4 ; x = 0.00, 0.10, and 0.30] were prepared using the chemical co-precipitation synthesis route and studied for switching field high-frequency device applications. The structural analysis has been completed by analyzing X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns. The Rietveld refined XRD patterns confirmed the formation of cubic spinel structure of Ca2+ substituted nickel-zinc ferrites. The detection of metal-oxygen bonds present at A and B lattice sites has been unveiled by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The morphological studies obtained through FESEM (Field emission scanning electron microscopy) analysis showed a reduction in the particle size from 70 nm to 53 nm when the concentration of Ca2+ ions in Ni-Zn ferrites was increased. Energy dispersive spectra (EDS) confirmed the presence of elements present in the prepared composition. The structure of a cubic spinel-shaped unit cell has been verified from three active prominent Raman modes (A 1g , A 2g , and T 2g). Diffuse-reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) exhibits the increment in the bandgap values (from 1.55 eV to 1.63 eV) which helps fabricate highly efficient photovoltaic devices. The ferroelectric measurements yielded a rise in polarization values from 1.461 μC/cm2 to 18.228 μC/cm2 for 10 % Ca2+ ion substitution. The tangent loss values declined from 24 to 3 in Ni-Zn ferrites upon substituting Ca2+ ions. The Vibrating sample Magnetometer (VSM) technique found the increment in the saturation magnetization (M s) values from 34.724 emu/g to 54.662 emu/g on substituting up to 30 % Ca2+ ions in Ni-Zn ferrites. These obtained results support the material in switching field distribution for high-frequency applications. The results exhibited that the prepared samples can be applicable for switching devices, filters, and microwave absorption devices. The results revealed the maximum frequency between 12 and 18 GHz which is useful for Ku band absorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent advancements in high entropy oxides (HEOs) have sparked significant interest as a promising frontier in materials research, revolutionizing the landscape of material design and properties. They exhibit outstanding stability, intriguing functional properties, and unparalleled design flexibility enabled by the inclusion of multiple cations in these materials. In this study, we successfully stabilized several new high entropy spinel oxides with compositions (Ni 0.2 (Mg/Mn) 0.2 Co 0.2 Cu 0.2 Zn 0.2)B 2 O 4 (B = Al, Ga, Mn). The room temperature X-ray diffraction (RT-XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) measurements highlight the crystal structure of the materials with excellent chemical homogeneity at the micro-scale. RT-XRD and Raman spectroscopy confirmed the formation of single-phase cubic spinel structures. However, the Mn-based sample exhibited tetragonal distortion. Magnetic measurements show remarkable variation in the magnetic properties: (Ni 0.2 Mg 0.2 Co 0.2 Cu 0.2 Zn 0.2)Mn 2 O 4 shows complex ferrimagnetic behavior, Al and Ga based diamond lattice (Ni 0.2 Mg 0.2 Co 0.2 Cu 0.2 Zn 0.2)B 2 O 4 (B = Al and Ga) materials revealed extremely high magnetic frustration and absence of magnetic ordering down to 1.8 K, indicative of exotic frustrated state. Magnetic transitions (spin-glass like) are observed in (Ni 0.2 Mn 0.2 Co 0.2 Cu 0.2 Zn 0.2)B 2 O 4 (B = Al and Ga) materials. Our study highlights the potential to finely tune the magnetic responses through compositional engineering, thus paving the way for the development of tailored magnetic materials for various applications. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the potential of A 2 Zr 2 O 7 pyrochlore phase oxides (A = La, Ce, Nd, and Gd) as solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) electrolyte materials. A 2 Zr 2 O 7 ceramics were synthesized using the sol-gel process, and their disordered pyrochlore structure was confirmed by X-ray Diffraction and Rietveld refinement. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM) was used to examine the morphology of the materials, while X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) confirmed a high oxygen ion concentration. UV–Vis Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy (DRS) and density of states calculations consistently showed similar bandgap patterns in all zirconate pyrochlore. Density Functional Theory (DFT) simulations provided insights into the electronic structure and migration pathways. A two-probe conductivity study confirmed the relation between the ionic conductivity and ordering degree of pyrochlore. At 750 °C, LZO, CZO, and GZO exhibited ionic conductivity values of 5.44 × 10−3 S/cm, 3.00 × 10−3 S/cm, and 2.01 × 10−3 S/cm respectively, while NZO demonstrated a conductivity of 1.27 × 10−2 S/cm at 700 °C, which is higher than that of the other samples. This study favours the use of the sol-gel route for processing zirconate pyrochlore materials, highlighting its ability to achieve high densities at lower temperatures and exhibit enhanced ionic conductivity. A 2 Zr 2 O 7 has emerged as a promising oxide-ion conducting solid electrolyte for intermediate temperature SOFC applications within the 600–750 °C temperature range. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Powder nanoparticles of ZnO/Fe 2 O 3 composites with varying concentrations of precessour have been synthesized with the help of the co-precipitation method followed by annealing and milling the composite at 700 °C. Then, the obtained powder composites were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier Transformation Infrared spectroscopy, Field Emission Scanning electron microscopy with EDX, Raman spectroscopy, UV–visible absorption spectroscopy, and Photolumnisences. The powder X-ray diffraction results show the formation of the well-crystalline phase of ZnO/Fe 2 O 3. For the further study of the structural analysis, we have done the Rietveld refinement of the XRD data. Williams-hall plot was used to calculate the lattice strain of the composites. Crystalline size, dislocation density, and Rietveld parameters were also calculated using the XRD and Rietveld refinement methods. FESEM study revealed that with an increase in the concentration of Fe 2 O 3 , the shape of the composite changes from spherical to nanosheets via nanorods. The absorption peaks and vibration band obtained at zftir and RAMAN spectra show the formation of the ZnO/Fe 2 O 3. The UV–visible absorption spectroscopy shows the maximum absorption peak in the 200–400 nm range. The successfully synthesized nanocomposites ZnO/Fe 2 O 3 indicate that it can be a potential candidate for organic pollutant degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary goal of our research is to develop a photocatalyst capable of degrading organic molecules in water, achieved through the rare earth Yb3+ doping of Zn-Mg spinel ferrites. A key element of our approach is the use of the conventional sol-gel auto-combustion process, which has proven to be an effective method for synthesizing a high-performing, visible light-driven Zn 0.9 Mg 0.1 Fe 2- x Yb x O 4 (x = 0.000, 0.015, 0.030, 0.045, 0.060 and 0.075) nano-ferrites. Many analytical techniques were employed to evaluate the material's physicochemical characteristics, including P-XRD, EDX, FE-SEM, HR-TEM, FTIR, UV–vis, BET, VSM, EIS, and photocatalysis was carried out against the RhB. The impact of Yb3+ ion doping on the material's crystallite size and lattice parameter has been evaluated. It was found that all the samples' crystallite sizes increased between 33 and 41 nm. These magnetite nanoparticles have spherical forms and nanometric particle sizes, as revealed through field scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). The FTIR spectra bands at ʋ 1 (518–535) and (401–411) ʋ 2 subsequently revealed the spinel structure of the synthesized nano-ferrites. The band gap in zinc manganese ferrite increases from 2.51 eV to 2.92 eV after adding ytterbium. The surface area of the Yb3+-doped Zn-Mg ferries ranges from 23.6 m2/g to 27.8 m2/g, making them an excellent choice for data storage. The investigation of magnetic behavior shows the superparamagnetic behavior of all the samples. The produced sample's determined squareness value indicates the magnetostatic interaction between the particles. Because of the low produced coercive field value, these materials can be used in ferrofluids and hyperthermia therapy applications. Furthermore, with a higher RhB removal of 93.80 %, the Yb3+-doped sample photocatalyst successfully separated carriers generated by sunlight. The Yb3+-doped sample (ZMY-5) photocatalyst showed outstanding stability after one cycle of the stability test, obtaining an outstanding RhB elimination of 93.80 %. Zn 0.9 Mg 0.1 Yb 0.075 Fe 1.925 O 4 photocatalyst has substantial promise for large-scale pollutant treatment due to its simple synthesis method, superior magnetic characteristics, exceptional photocatalytic activity for RhB, and excellent stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

EMI shielding reduces ambient electromagnetic (EM) radiation by reflecting and absorbing EM waves. Rapid technological growth has increased electronic gadgets and EM radiations, threatening the environment. Microwave materials with high absorption power and cheap cost are crucial for eliminating electromagnetic difficulties in stealth technologies. This study used a conventional solid-state reaction technique to prepare Bi 0.5 Na 0.5 TiO 3 (BNT) solid solutions and examined their structural, ferroelectric, dielectric, and shielding characteristics. This research describes an EMI shielding material that efficiently absorbs EM wave-induced radiation. Characterizations have been done to evaluate material behavior to support EMI shielding and confirm its absorbing nature. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were employed to examine the surface morphology, local lattice deformation with ionic configuration, and crystal structure. BNT exhibited a rhombohedral structure with R 3 c symmetry space group with crystallize size 81.5 nm and showed eight Raman active modes with an average grain size of 1.67 μm. The high dielectric constant, reduced dielectric tangent loss, and enhanced polarization value make BNT ceramic a good choice for electrical devices and microwave applications. BNT ceramics showed EMI shielding owing to absorption (SE T ∼ −23.65 dB, SE A ∼ −18.91 dB) at 9.2 GHz in the X-band (8.2–12.4 GHz). Meta-surface-based BNT absorbers were designed and simulated in the CST software. The peak depicted the absorption at 9.2 GHz with absorptivity of 91.56 %, 85.03 %, 84.36 %, and 64.6 % for designs 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. BNT ceramics have exceptional dielectric absorption properties, and dielectric and magnetic losses, which make them suitable for EMI shielding and absorption applications in the microwave region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydroxyapatite (HA) or bioceramic-based coatings on stainless steel (SS) 316L significantly enhance the biofunctionality of the base material's surface. However, HA's low thermal conductivity and brittleness limit its effectiveness as a coating material. This study investigates HA coating on SS 316L using electric discharge machining (EDM) with varying discharge energies and powder concentrations. Surface morphology, elemental composition, and phase analysis of untreated and coated samples were characterised using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results demonstrate that the HA-assisted EDM process creates a coating comprising biocompatible oxides, phosphates, carbides, and intermetallic compounds. The coating exhibits a thin resolidified layer of 10.74 μm, characterised by redeposited spherical debris, shallow cavities, and a surface texture of 2.688 μm. The layer's hydrophilic nature is confirmed by a minimum contact angle of 47.68°. Taguchi analysis indicates that the machining rate is optimised at an HA powder concentration of 16 g/l, with peak current and HA powder concentration being the most influential parameters affecting resolidified layer thickness, surface texture, and wetting angle. The research intends to motivate SS 316L medical device manufacturers to implement the HA-assisted EDM process for bioimplant's dual machining and coating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ferrite samples with enhanced magneto-dielectric properties are more essential in electromagnetic applications. Therefore, a parent composition of Fe 3 O 4 has been modified by substituting 3 d transition metal elements (Co, Ni, Mn) at a single Fe atom using the co-precipitation synthesis method. The structural properties of the synthesized Fe 3 O 4 , NiFe 2 O 4 , CoFe 2 O 4 , and MnFe 2 O 4 samples have been evaluated from the X-ray diffraction patterns. The surface morphology and microstructures of the studied samples were studied by field emission scanning electron microscopy and the average grain size of all the studied samples varied from 60.11 to 106.03 nm. The magneto-dielectric properties were analyzed by frequency dependent permeability (μ) and permittivity (ε) measurements for the range of 100 Hz to 100 MHz. The conduction process for the synthesized ferrites has been noticed from the ac conductivity (σ ac). The localized relaxation mechanism for the studied ferrites has been observed from the variation of imaginary portion of the electric modulus (M") and the impedance (Z"). Moreover, the mismatch (Z/η ο) between the impedance of the antenna substrates (Z) made of the studied samples and air (η ο) has been evaluated from the permeability and permittivity. Finally, NiFe 2 O 4 has been derived as a suitable ferrite for miniaturizing devices over a frequency range of 10 kHz-6.5 MHz. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the influence of sodium doping on the properties of cupric oxide (CuO) thin films synthesized via spray pyrolysis. Comprehensive characterization was conducted using X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), Raman spectroscopy, Hall effect measurements, and electrochemical studies. All films exhibited p-type conductivity, with an optical band gap variation from 1.53 to 1.73 eV. XRD analysis confirmed the dominance of monoclinic CuO, with minor phases of Cu 2 O and Cu 4 O 3. EDAX and XPS verified the incorporation of Cu, O, and Na elements. FESEM revealed a densely packed morphology with uniform particle distribution and rough surfaces in the electrically optimized film. The Raman spectra of doped samples showed increased intensity and sharpness, attributed to Na + ion-induced polarizability enhancement. Hall effect measurements indicated a tenfold decrease in carrier concentration and a more than tenfold increase in mobility upon sodium doping. Films doped with 4 at.% sodium exhibited the lowest resistivity. Additionally, Na doping enhanced the electrochemical performance of CuO. These findings demonstrate that sodium doping significantly enhances the electrical, optical and electrochemical properties of CuO thin films, making them suitable for applications in optoelectronic devices and supercapacitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of biocide-loaded hydrogels has recently been exploited for cleaning the biological attacks of cultural heritage and architectural stone materials. However, considering the drawbacks of traditional biocides, and the high costs of synthetic polymers, growing research for innovative and sustainable solutions are taking place. The aim of this work is to explore a bacterial cellulose (BC) hydrogel functionalized with ozone as a renewable, biodegradable, and easy-to-use antimicrobial remedy for stone biodeterioration. The BC microstructure was characterized by Field Emission-Scanning Electron Microscopy observation and high crystallinity was detected by X-ray diffraction analysis. Ozonated BC (OBC) hydrogels were tested against selected biodeteriogenic microorganisms in water suspension abolishing their viability, with its complete suppression after a 10-min and a 24-h treatment with OBC, for bacterial and fungal spores, respectively. Furthermore, the OBC was assessed on contaminated marble, brick, and biocalcarenitic stone specimens for simulating in situ conditions. A 100% reduction of microbial viability after a 24-h treatment was obtained. Successively, the shelf-life of the hydrogel and the antimicrobial activity were also evaluated after 30 days, demonstrating a subsequent cleaning efficiency along time. This research highlights the potential of the new ozonated BC hydrogel as a green and highly effective antimicrobial treatment, with advantages in sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, low‐cost and simple structure perovskite solar cells (PSCs) were fabricated using formamidinium lead iodide (FAPbI3) as the light absorber and reduced graphene oxide nanofibers (rGO NFs) as the counter electrode (CE). The FAPbI3 light absorber was prepared using a two‐step solution process, whereas the rGO NFs were synthesized through a simple electrospinning method. The as‐prepared FAPbI3 and rGO NFs were characterized by high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) pattern analysis. The surface morphology of the as‐prepared FAPbI3 and rGO NFs showed crystalline and bead‐free fiber structures, as confirmed by HRTEM and FESEM image analysis. The AFM topographical images of FAPbI3 and rGO NFs further reveal the crystalline and fiber structures. XRD pattern analysis confirmed the cubic crystalline phase of FAPbI3 and the graphitic nature of rGO NFs. From the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy studies, the PSC assembled with the FAPbI3 light absorber and rGO NFs‐based CE demonstrated an electrical conductivity of 3.64 × 10−4 S cm−1. The fabricated PSC device achieved an efficiency of 8.78% compared to the 7.49% efficiency of the device with a sputtered gold CE. This work uniquely integrates advanced materials, cost‐effective manufacturing, and enhanced efficiency in PSCs using FAPbI3 light absorbers and rGO NFs, addressing key challenges in cost and sustainability in solar technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

NASICON electrode materials exhibit a broad spectrum of electrochemical potentials, robust ionic conductivity, and structural and thermal stabilities. Using solid state reaction method, Li2Cu2(MoO4)3 was synthesized, a member of NASICON family of compounds based on molybdenum. Various analytical techniques employed to assess structural and morphological properties of synthesized nanomaterial. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) pattern indicated that generated Li2Cu2(MoO4)3 nanomaterial exhibited orthorhombic crystalline structure, with crystallite size of approximately 48 nm. The nanomaterial morphology was evaluated using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), showing columnar‐ or fiber‐like morphology composed of some conductivity points. The elemental composition of Li2Cu2(MoO4)3 was analyzed by EDAX analysis, confirming the presence of elements lithium, copper, molybdenum, and oxygen. The optical properties and band gap of Li2Cu2(MoO4)3 were analyzed by ultraviolet visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UVDRS). Elemental composition of surface along with electronic states and oxidation states of component present in the nanomaterial Li2Cu2(MoO4)3 were investigated from X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Electrochemical evaluation using cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge–discharge (GCD), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopic (EIS) showed a specific capacitance of 250 F g−1 at 3.5 A g−1 with the high retention rate of 95.82% after 3000 cycles, indicating its potential for high performance supercapacitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A biological reduction method for silver nanoparticles was employed using Cassia alata extract from plant leaves, which functions as a reducing agent and the metallo‐surfactant [Co(dqn)2(C12H27N)2]3+ (dqn = dipyrido[3,2‐f:2′,3′‐h]‐quinoxaline; C12H27N)2 = dodecylamine) acting as both stabilizing and capping agent. The ratio of Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs) formation was adjusted to be equal to the amount of AgNO3, along with variations in the amount of plant leaf extract, the metallo‐surfactant, pH, surrounding temperature, and the length of interaction periods. High‐resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM), energy‐dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and energy‐dispersive X‐ray analysis (EDAX) were used to confirm the formation of AgNPs. The infrared results indicate the presence of hydroxyl, amine, and carboxylate groups in the extract plays a crucial role in the reduction process. Additionally, the metallo‐surfactant acts as a capping agent for the silver nanoparticles, preventing agglomeration. By adjusting the acidity of the solution and the quantity of the additive metallo‐surface active agent utilized, the size of AgNPs can be precisely regulated. The relativistic effects observed in this metallo‐surfactant‐assisted silver nanoparticle demonstrate excellent reduction capabilities for nitro compounds, effective dye degradation, and mercury sensing applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wufeng–Longmaxi Formation and Qiongzhusi Formation are the significant shale gas exploration strata in China. The former has made a major breakthrough, and the exploration of the latter is restricted. At present, it shows good exploration potential in the Qiongzhusi Formation. Based on the field outcrop and core logging data, the production data from drilled shale gas wells and previous research results combined with the determination of organic matter content, laser Raman spectroscopy of organic matter, X‐ray diffraction experiments, and field emission scanning electron microscopy observations. This study compares the geological conditions and control factors of shale gas enrichment and high yield in the Wufeng–Longmaxi Formation and Qiongzhusi Formation and clarifies the enrichment mode of two sets of shale gas reservoirs. The results show that the organic geochemical conditions of two sets of shale reservoirs are similar, about 0.5%~4.5%. The quartz content of Wufeng–Longmaxi Formation shale (42.5%) is more than that of Qiongzhusi Formation (34.1%~40.2%), and the feldspar content (6.4%) is less than that of Qiongzhusi Formation (20.5~27.3%). The inorganic pores of the Qiongzhusi Formation are more developed than those of the Wufeng–Longmaxi Formation, and the pore size of inorganic pores can reach 100 nm~1 μm. Both of them have good preservation conditions. The enrichment of shale gas in the Wufeng–Longmaxi Formation is controlled by hydrocarbon generation reservoir‐preservation conditions, and the enrichment of shale gas in the Qiongzhusi Formation is mainly controlled by geological structure. It is of great significance to clarify the enrichment control factors of the Qiongzhusi Formation for effectively guiding the continuous exploration and development of the Qiongzhusi Formation. Shale gas exploration in the Qiongzhusi Formation has a very large prospect, which is expected to exceed the Longmaxi Formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(100- x) Sr0.7La0.3Fe11.75Co0.25O19–(x) CoFe2O4 composites were synthesized by the one pot sol–gel auto-combustion method. The individual phase purity, morphology, and magnetic hysteresis loop of the composite magnet were analyzed by x-ray powder diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy and vibrating sample magnetometer, respectively. The apparent observation of the room temperature hysteresis loop indicates the existence of interfacial exchange interactions. Nevertheless, saturation magnetization (Ms) follows the trend of Vegard's law. The nature of magnetic interaction and its dependency on the amount of each phase were analyzed by employing the Thamm–Hesse plot. The critical size of the soft phase particle did not corroborate with the results of Δ M v s H plot. However, this synthesis method is found to be successful in obtaining single-step magnetization reversal in hard–soft composite magnets. The deviation from ideal non-interacting Stoner–Wohlfarth particles puts the single hard phase into the limelight. The (BH)max in the range of 1.07–0.98 MGOe has been obtained for the synthesized composite magnet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solid or quasi-solid electrolytes are acclaimed for their ability to overcome limitations associated with liquid electrolytes, while still retaining crucial characteristics of the latter. Particularly within the realm of energy storage, these electrolytes have garnered substantial interest over the past decade. This study presents an investigation into two hybrid eutectogels obtained from the encapsulation of an ionic-liquid-(IL-) based binary deep eutectic solvent (DES) within a solid matrix of titania (TiO2) or silica (SiO2) through a non-aqueous sol–gel route. The DES is prepared by mixing the IL 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium methanesulfonate ([BMIM][MeSO3]) and N-methylacetamide (NMAc) in a carefully optimized molar ratio of 1 : 2. The properties of the eutectogels are thoroughly examined employing analytical techniques including field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, field emission transmission electron microscopy (FETEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Remarkably, the structural integrity of the DES remains unaltered following its incorporation into the matrices. The eutectogels exhibit a double-layer capacitive behavior within a wide operating potential window (OPW) of 3 V. Specific capacitance and ionic conductivity as high as 16.32 F g−1 and 1.27 mS cm−1 are obtained at room temperature with specific energy and specific power of 20.39 W h kg−1 and 3.31 kW kg−1 respectively, thus underscoring their potential utility in applications concerning electrochemical supercapacitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three-dimensional mesoporous graphitic carbon nitride (Au/3Dom CN) decorated with a gold nanoparticle composite was successfully prepared via a template-assisted method using Au–SiO2 nanospheres as sacrificial agents. Combined characterization through X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) verified the successful fabrication of the Au/3Dom CN composite. Noteworthily, Au/3Dom CN displayed good sensing performance for the electrochemical detection of dopamine (DA) with a high selectivity of 15.23 μA mM−1 and a relatively low detection limit of 0.02 μM (S/N = 3). Besides, the Au/3Dom CN composite exhibited an excellent anti-interference performance. These results reveal that the combined advantages of Au NPs and mesoporous g-C3N4 were conducive to the composite's sensing performance. Simultaneously, a mechanism was proposed to illustrate the good selectivity of the Au/3Dom CN composite for DA. This work presents a new avenue for dopamine detection using a mesoporous g-C3N4-based composite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Microbial-induced calcite precipitation (MICP) involves various microorganisms, such as bacteria, fungi, and algae. This study focuses on producing bio-cement using fungal species and selecting potential candidates isolated from alkaline soil of different regions of Punjab, namely, Majha, Malwa, and Doaba. Methods: The selection of fungi isolates capable of bio-cement production involves several tests, including a urease assay and calcium precipitation. Isolates having high urease enzyme production and the ability to perform calcite precipitation are selected for instrumental analyses such as X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The isolates selected for further analysis are S1 (3) with 8.879 ± 2.94 µg/ml, S1 (18) with 8.421 ± 0.13 µg/ml, and S4 (1) with 10.057 ± 0.45 µg/ml urease activity and least free calcium ions that are 2.337 ± 0.5 µg/ml, 3.339 ± 0.5 µg/ml, and 4.074 ± 0.1 µg/ml respectively. Results and discussion: Calcite precipitation is confirmed through XRD and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). XRD images showing calcite precipitation with sharp crystalline peaks for S1 (3), S1 (18), and S4 (1) are shown. The calcite precipitation is evident in the micrographs of FESEM. These combined results confirm the potential of urease-positive fungi to facilitate calcite production, which could lead to bio-cement development in future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The AgNPs‐Rsvl complex was investigated for its anti‐cancer effects on human breast cancer cell lines. The UV–vis spectrophotometer was used to perform synthesized AgNPs‐Rsvl binding analyses. The size and morphology of the AgNPs were determined by field emission gun‐transmission electron microscopy (FEG‐TEM). The surface chemical signatures of AgNPs nanocomposites were assessed using FT‐IR spectroscopy, and the zeta potential (ζ potential) of various AgNPs colloids was measured using the Zetasizer Nano ZS analyzer. Cell proliferation was analyzed using the XTT method and cell apoptosis was analyzed using the AnnexinV‐fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)/PI method. The effects of resveratrol were evaluated on human breast cancer cell lines (MDA‐MB‐231 and MCF‐7). As a result of flow cytometry, a decrease in viability was observed in the MDA‐MB‐231 cells, and an increase in early apoptotic, late apoptotic, and necrotic values was observed. Resveratrol arrests the cell cycle in the G0/G1 phase but when used with AgNPs, the cell cycle arrests at the S phase. The combination of resveratrol and AgNPs exhibited a cytotoxic effect on cancer cells, with MDA‐MB‐231 breast cancer cells being the most sensitive to AgNPs‐Rsvl. Resveratrol and AgNPs arrested the cell cycle and increased apoptosis, indicating their potential use in breast cancer treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnesium alloys have gained attention as potential biodegradable metallic biomaterials due to their mechanical properties akin to human bone. However, their rapid corrosion within the body prior to full bone fracture healing presents a significant challenge. Hence, our study aimed to address their drawbacks by employing a cerium oxide/merwinite nanocomposite coating. In this investigation, we sought to enhance corrosion resistance and antibacterial properties by depositing a porous cerium oxide layer onto AZ31 magnesium alloy via plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO), while improving biocompatibility through a secondary merwinite silicate coating applied via electrophoretic deposition (EPD). Surface morphology and chemical composition were analyzed using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM) and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) pre- and post-immersion in Simulated Body Fluid (SBF). Coating phases were examined through X-ray Diffraction (XRD), antibacterial efficacy was evaluated via viable cell counts in contact with Escherichia coli (gram-negative) and Staphylococcus aureus (gram-positive), and corrosion resistance was assessed using Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) and Potentiodynamic Polarization (PDP) tests following SBF immersion. Furthermore, adhesion and toxicity were investigated to assess biocompatibility. The findings revealed that the composite coating exhibited a higher calcium-to-phosphate ratio (Ca/P = 1.31) along with enhanced cell adhesion, increased cell viability, reduced toxicity, and 99.99 % antibacterial activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gadolinium-substituted cobalt manganese ferrite nanoparticles with the composition Co 0.6 Mn 0.4 Gd x Fe 2- x O 4 (where x ranges from 0.0 to 0.08, with x = 0.02) were prepared through the sonochemical method. X-ray diffraction reveals that grown samples are single-phase cubic spinel belonging to space group Fd 3 m, where the crystallite sizes decrease with increasing Gd3+ content. At high doping ratios (x > 0.06), there was a slight increase in crystallite size compared to that of pure Co–Mn ferrite (x = 0), while the lattice parameter (a) decreased in the low doping range of Gd (x < 0.06), resulting in a reduction in crystallite size. Bertaut's method confirms that 80 % of the tetrahedral (A) sites were occupied by Mn ions, while the remaining sites were occupied by other cations in the octahedral (B) positions. Gd3+ ions were found exclusively in the octahedral-B sites. Co2+ ions were expected to occupy the octahedral-B site, which was confirmed in this study for the x = 0.0 and 0.02 samples. Field emission scanning electron microscopy shows the samples are agglomerated and have dense structures. Fourier transform infrared and Raman spectra validated the presence of spinel ferrite modes. Dielectric investigations indicate that as the Gd3+ content exceeds x = 0.0, the dielectric constant and dielectric loss decrease at lower frequencies. The observed dielectric behavior exhibited typical dispersion patterns attributed to Maxwell-Wagner polarization. Furthermore, changes in dielectric properties were observed as the Gd3+ content in Co 0.6 Mn 0.4 Gd x Fe 2- x O 4 nanoparticles increased, which can be attributed to the presence of oxygen vacancies and variations in the distribution of Fe3+ ions at both A and B-sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The utilization of magnetoelectric composites, particularly core-shell configurations, enhances their versatile applications in various sectors such as medicine and data storage. Among these composites, the perovskite-spinel combination is distinguished by its significant potential. A series of (1-x) BiFeO 3 -(x) CoFe 2 O 4 (where x = 0.0, 0.2, 0.5, and 1.0) nano core-shell structures were synthesized using a sol-gel auto-combustion method to explore their multifunctional capabilities. Structural analyses identified peaks corresponding to both perovskite and spinel phases. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy revealed a reduction in average particle size with an increase in CoFe 2 O 4 content.The particle size in the BFO80-CFO20 sample has been reduced from 243 nm to 34 nm. Additionally, Transmission Electron Microscopy images of the BFO80-CFO20 sample highlighted the evolution of core-shell structures. Our findings indicate that higher CFO concentrations significantly affect the dielectric, ferroelectric, and optical properties. The bandgaps of the nanocomposites BFO80-CFO20 and BFO50-CFO50 were estimated to be 1.43 eV and 1.39 eV, respectively. Magnetic analysis showed increases in both saturation magnetization and remanent magnetization with increased CFO content, while the coercive field followed a different trend. The saturation magnetization values for the samples BFO, BFO80-CFO20, BFO50-CFO50, and CFO were calculated as 0.205, 14.612, 28.374, and 74.105 (e m u g r) , respectively. The measured values for the same samples were 0.08, 5.07, 11.34, and 34.01 (e m u g r) , respectively. Further, the electrochemical properties were thoroughly investigated using cyclic voltammetry, linear sweep voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the influence of Co2+ and Cr3+ doping on the microstructure and electrical properties of Ba-hexagonal ferrite synthesized using the sol-gel method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed the formation of the anticipated hexagonal M-type crystal structure. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) revealed the evolution of grain morphology with increasing doping levels, showcasing the formation of needle-like grains. Electrical characterization using an impedance analyzer investigated dielectric, impedance, electric modulus, and conductivity properties at room temperature. The analysis of the dielectric spectra indicated a decrease in dielectric constant and an increase in loss tangent with increasing dopant concentration. The electric modulus spectra provided evidence for non-Debye relaxation behavior, further supported by observations of relaxation processes at varying frequencies in the conductivity spectra. Additionally, an increase in doping led to a decrease in both relaxation time and AC conductivity. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements yielded complex impedance curves. These curves exhibited good agreement with the values obtained through software-based simulations of grain and grain boundary characteristics. Furthermore, the distribution of grains and grain boundaries observed in FESEM micrographs aligned with the patterns predicted by the EIS software. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sol-gel spin coating method was employed for depositing TiO2 and Ag-doped TiO2 films. The effects of Ag doping and the annealing temperatures (300–600 °C) were studied with respect to their structural, morphological, vibrational, and optical properties. Field Emission Scanning Electron microscopy (FESEM) investigation exhibited the grained, compact structures of TiO2-based films. Ag incorporation resulted in a rougher film surface. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results confirmed the formation of Ag nanoparticles and AgO phase, along with anatase and rutile TiO2, strongly depending on Ag concentration and technological conditions. AgO fraction diminished after high temperature annealing above 500 °C. The vibrational properties were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. It was found that silver presence induced changes in IR bands of TiO2 films. UV–VIS spectroscopy revealed that the embedment of Ag NPs in titania matrix resulted in higher absorbance across the visible spectral range due to local surface plasmon resonance (LSPR). Ag doping reduced the optical band gap of sol-gel TiO2 films. The optical and plasmonic modifications of TiO2:Ag thin films by the number of layers and different technological conditions (thermal and UV treatment) are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, the cellulose/zinc oxide hybrid aerogel (CA/ZnO) was successfully synthesized via different as-prepared methods. The obtained ZnO structure in CA/ZnO hybrid aerogel indicated porous hemispherical structures, cone-like, nanorod (rice grain-like shape), and flower-like morphologies. The different created structure for the as-prepared samples may be due to the different growth of zinc oxide under synthesis conditions.The as-synthesized samples were determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transforms infrared (FT-IR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), Energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), UV-Vis spectroscopy. Then, their effect on the removal efficiency of methyl orange (MO) solution was investigated under UV light irradiation. The BET analysis revealed that specific surface area of the as-prepared samples with using different methods was in the range of 43.70–352.82 m2/g. The obtained results indicated that the morphology of CA/ZnO hybrid aerogel plays a significant role in the photodegradation performance of MO. Among all as-prepared samples with different morphologies, the plate-like structure of ZnO demonstrated the maximum removal efficiency of MO (94.78%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ZnO nanorods (NRs) were synthesized hydrothermally on a pre‐seeded graphene/nickel foam (NF) substrate. The effects of concentration on the photoelectrochemical (PEC) cell performance and hydrothermal reaction were studied. The field emission scanning electron microscopy images revealed that the precursor concentrations influenced the shape of the ZnO NRs on graphene/NF (ZGN). The X‐ray diffraction pattern for hexagonal wurtzite demonstrated strong orientation along the (002) direction. Notably, compared with the other concentrations, 0.04 M ZGN exhibited the highest photocurrent density, which was attributed to the optimal diameter and length of the rods for efficient light absorption. This research showed enhanced PEC performance, compared with existing literature, emphasizing the exceptional quality of the produced ZGN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have unveiled a highly effective environmentally friendly protocol utilizing a single-vessel, multi-component approach for the production of benzo[4,5]imidazo [1,2-a]pyrimidine-3-carbonitrile and tetrahydrobenzimidazo [2,1-b]quinazolin-1(2H)-one derivatives using [C4(DABCO)2].(CuCl4) as a novel and powerful catalyst. The newly prepared catalyst was fully characterized by Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) analysis. The key advantages of this novel procedure include short reaction times, enhanced product yields, a straightforward purification process and a benign impact on the environment because of the solvent-free nature of the reaction conditions and reusability of the promoter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The work reported herein describes the synthesis of a 3D material UiO-66(Zr)-NH-OC-MWCNT by combining a synthesized metal–organic framework UiO-66(Zr)-NH2 and a carboxy functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotube MWCNT-COOH via an amide linkage and demonstrated its application for simultaneous electrochemical determination of two benzimidazole fungicides-carbendazim and thiabendazole. Different analytical techniques like Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis, and Field emission scanning electron microscopy were employed to characterize all the synthesized materials. The electrochemical characterization of the fabricated electrode was carried out using cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry techniques have been used for the electroanalysis of carbendazim and thiabendazole. A limit of detection of 0.077 µM and 0.557 µM, respectively, have been obtained in the calibration range of 0.1 to 40 µM for carbendazim and 1 to 40 µM for thiabendazole, after optimization of several parameters which are susceptible to the sensitivity and selectivity of the developed sensor. Furthermore, with satisfactory results from the study of interferences, repeatability, and reproducibility, the proposed electrochemical sensor was successfully applied for analysis of carbendazim and thiabendazole in real samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work investigates the use of Ti6Al4V as flow field plates in PEM-based electrolyzer stacks, utilizing its good corrosion resistance and high mechanical strength. The study explores the development of durable conductive coatings on Ti6Al4V surfaces. The coated surfaces are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), showing the characteristic peaks of Pt deposited and the presence of Pt, PtO2, and TiO2 after thermal oxidation. Field emission scanning electron microscopy reveals a uniform Pt coating on Ti6Al4V with a thickness of 2–3 µm. Potentiodynamic studies revealed improved corrosion resistance with a corrosion current density of 2.1 µA·cm⁻2 in Ti6Al4V-PA-AD-TO compared to Ti6Al4V. Stability under 2 V vs. SHE for 5 h in a PEM water electrolyzer anodic environment is demonstrated, along with an evaluation of performance in a PEM electrolyzer single cell. The durability of the developed coating is assessed over 100 h in a single-cell setup, offering insights into cost-effective PEM-based electrolyzer stacks. The reduction of reliance on precious metals and the enhancement of durability provide a promising method for achieving economic viability in the production of hydrogen through water electrolysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work studies gold nanoparticle (AuNP) nucleation and growth mechanism from deep eutectic solvent (DES)-based choline chloride and glycerol (glyceline) onto glassy carbon electrode (GCE) and its application for DNA biosensor. Investigation of the current density transients indicated that the AuNPs were formed by the simultaneous presence of Au diffusion-controlled 3D nucleation and growth and residual water reaction over the Au nuclei growing surfaces. The AuNP structure was characterized by the field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. AuNPs were used to fabricate electrochemical DNA sensor. The hybridization was monitored by cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurement using potassium ferri/ferrocyanide redox probes F e (C N) 6 3 - / 4 - as the indicator probe. Results show that the biosensor exhibited a linear correlation to the logarithm of the target DNA concentration ranged from 1.10−14 M to 1.10−9 M, and the limit of detection was 1.10−14 M. Furthermore, the findings indicate that the prepared electrode exhibited excellent reproducibility and long-term stability when applied for determining M. tuberculosis samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Titania nanotube (NT) arrays have been widely used as cell‐supporting matrices. However, cells are always seeded on the porous surface of the NT array and have very limited interactions with each individual NT in the array. In this study, titania hollow microtubes (HMTs) were synthesized via a gelatin‐template sol‐gel route and then utilized as free‐standing cell‐supporting matrices for the first time. The resultant titania HMTs were studied by field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy‐dispersed spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy. Each HMT was composed of rutile‐type titania nanoparticles with diameters of 50–100 nm and a diameter of 50–100 µm. The results from a leaching liquor assay demonstrated good biocompatibility of titania HMTs. Each HMT has been demonstrated to independently support the adhesion and proliferation of osteoblast MC3T3‐E1 cells. For comparison, titania NT arrays, not independent titania NT, only supported the adhesion of cells on their porous surface. Thus, the resultant titania HMTs are applicable to free‐standing and biocompatible cell‐supporting matrices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyamide-imide:ZnO nanocomposites (PAI:ZnO nanocomposites) were synthesized using ultrasonic cavitation technique. Meanwhile, ZnO NPs were synthesized using co-precipitation method and modified with diacid (DA) as coupling agent for enhancement in polymer–filler interaction. PAI was formed via microwave-assisted direct polycondensation of N-trimellitylimido-1-phenylglycine (DA) with 4,4′-diaminodiphenyl ether (diamine) by adding tetra-n-butylammonium bromide and triphenylphosphite as ionic liquid and condensing agent, respectively. The resulting polymer and modified ZnO NPs were employed to make PAI:ZnO nanocomposites and subjected to various characterizations [Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray powder diffraction, and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM)]. The synthesized ZnO NPs were found to be spherical in shape with monodispersed form, which is evidenced from FESEM. TGA result reveals enhancement in thermal stability of nanocomposites with increase in amount of ZnO NPs loadings. Optical properties of nanocomposites show enhancement in-between ultraviolet region with amount of loadings. Moreover, the antibacterial studies have been carried out and found to be improved with increase in amount of ZnO NPs loading. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research investigates the utilization of a modified Ti/nano ZnO-Bi2O3 electrode for the electrochemical advanced oxidation-based removal of a pharmaceutical pollutant from an aqueous solution. To analyze the surface properties of Ti/nano ZnO, Ti/nano Bi2O3, and Ti/nano ZnO-Bi2O3 electrodes made using electrophoretic deposition, various analytical methods were used. These methods included X-ray diffraction analysis, energy-dispersive spectroscopy, and field emission scanning electron microscopy confirmed the presence of ZnO nanoparticles and Bi2O3 nanoparticles in a layer that is uniformly coated on the Ti/nano ZnO-Bi2O3 electrode. Beside linear sweep voltammetry and Tafel plots confirmed the increased stability and electrocatalytic activity of the modified electrode compared to the initial electrode. Chronopotentiometry and chronoamperometry verified the stability and better conductivity of the nanocomposite electrode, and according to electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, charge transfer in the modified electrode has improved by 87%. We evaluated the effectiveness of the Ciprofloxacin removal process by considering factors, such as pH in the range of 3–11, electrolyte concentration in the range of 1–7 g L−1, and current density in the range of 1.2–5.75 mA cm−2. We selected Ciprofloxacin as the specific pollutant for evaluating pollutant removal from aqueous solutions due to its widespread use and presence in the environment. We determined the optimal parameter values to be 6.25 mA cm−2, 5, and 3 g L−1. Under these optimal conditions, the efficiency of ciprofloxacin removal reached 96.33% within 300 min. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The structural, morphological, magnetic, and dielectric properties of lanthanum substituted nickel ferrite (NiLaxFe2−xO4) nanoparticles have been reported in this article. The amount of lanthanum substitution in NiLaxFe2−xO4 sample was varied from x = 0.025 to 0.125. The nanocrystalline Ni–La ferrites were synthesized using a solution combustion reaction (SCR) method. The orthorhombic crystal system of space group Pnma (62) is shown as the single-phase in all samples through structural investigation utilizing an X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern. The observed trend indicates a positive correlation between the concentration of La and the corresponding rise in the predicted crystallite size values, which range from 60.5 nm to 65.2 nm. The nanoscale of the surface morphology has been confirmed by the utilisation of field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). Energy dispersive X-ray (EDAX) mapping provides the compositional evidence for the prepared Ni–La ferrites. In addition, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) determines the ionic state of the individual atoms present in these samples. It reveals that there are no changes in the ionic state of the parent component atoms by substituting La. EDAX and XPS evidence the purity of prepared NiLaxFe2−xO4 samples without any other impurity elements. By regulating the composition of dopants, this research can substantiate the superparamagnetic characteristics of ferrites. The paramagnetic nature of lanthanum atoms involves in reducing the coercivity value. The dielectric measurement on NiLaxFe2−xO4 samples reveals that La3+ substitution effectively influence the electro-transport properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green concrete utilizes industrial waste resources as fine and coarse aggregates, to partially replace cement in concrete using supplemental cementitious materials. The primary goal of the present study was to explore the acid durability of green concretes with different compressive strengths of 30 and 40 MPa. In green concrete, fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) were adopted as SCMs, and quarry dust (QD) and recycled coarse aggregates (RCA) were adopted as replacements for fine and coarse aggregates, respectively. The acid durability assessment was carried out by immersing concrete cubes in H2SO4 and HCl solutions followed by residual compressive strength comparison. For comparative study purposes, the same grades of ordinary concrete were prepared, tested, and subjected to similar acid exposure. The microstructural investigation was also accomplished by employing field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) analysis and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). It was found that concrete with 30% GGBS and 20% fly ash and the remaining 50% ordinary portland cement as cementitious materials along with 40% QD and 30% RCA as aggregate replacements gives adequate compressive strength and performs better in aggressive environments as compared to traditional concrete. These mixes were found to have denser microstructures with silica-rich, calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) gel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For this study, the researchers aimed to dissimilar weld the Nickel-based superalloy Inconel 718 (IN 718) with austenitic stainless steel 304L (ASS 304L) using the gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) technique and Nickel-based filler IN 82 (ERNiCr-3). In order to examine the weld microstructures, we utilized optical microscopy (OM) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) to identify any segregation present in various weld zones. Through optical and FESEM analyses, it was revealed that the base metals (BM) exhibit an austenitic character. The IN 718 BM matrix contains dispersed γ′ and γ″ strengthening precipitates within the Nickel matrix. On the other hand, the ASS 304L BM displayed a unique austenitic microstructure characterized by twins features. The weld metal exhibited solidification grain boundaries (SGBs), migrated grain boundaries (MGBs), and distinct dendritic microstructures that had an impact on the properties of the weld. Through extensive analysis and mapping of the IN 82 weld zone, it was discovered that interdendritic regions contain carbides of Nb, Cr, and Ti. In addition, there were Unmixed zone (UZ) areas between the IN 82 filler and the base materials on both sides of the weld zone, appearing as islands and beaches. The texture of the different weld zones was evaluated using electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) analysis. Additionally, the presence of a notable level of strain within the weld metal grains was observed through Kernel average misorientation (KAM) micrographs. Fractures were observed in the IN 82 weld zone, indicating that it is the weakest area in the IN 718/ASS 304L dissimilar weld at room temperature, according to the outputs of the tensile tests. The micro-hardness profile showed substantial hardness values in the weld zone, which can be attributed to the appearance of a diverse microstructure and additional precipitates. At room temperature, the recorded average tensile strength of the dissimilar weld joint was 626 MPa. In addition, experiments were carried out at high temperatures of 550 °C, 600 °C, and 650 °C to measure the tensile strength. In the high-temperature tensile tests, it was observed that the IN 82 weld zone exhibited higher tensile strength compared to the ASS 304L BM. Interestingly, the high temperatures tensile specimens failed in the 304L BM. The Charpy impact toughness test was performed with notches at ASS 304L HAZ, IN 718 HAZ, and the weld center. Using the deep hole drilling (DHD) technique, we were able to quantify residual stress and identify the location of the highest tensile residual stress, which was found to be 3 mm from the weld surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The quest to manufacture large amounts of syngas to bridge fossil fuels and the renewable energy ecosystem stimulates the creation of efficient and stable heterogeneous catalysts. The NiCeO2 catalysts, synthesized via ultrasonic‐assisted citric acid complexation, are highly efficient for the dry reforming of methane (DRM) reaction. Different promoter metals (Zr, La and Sr) were tested for catalytic performance and syngas production. A range of analyses, including X‐ray diffraction (XRD), N2 physisorption, H2 temperature‐programmed reduction, CO2 temperature‐programmed desorption, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, were employed to characterize the physicochemical properties of the catalysts. Results: XRD results indicated the formation of NiO, CeO2, solid solution ceria–zirconia, perovskite LaNiO3 and SrNiO3 crystalline phases. FESEM results showed the promoted catalysts (Zr, La, Sr) produce large pores to facilitate reactant diffusion, with zirconia specifically creating a spiderweb morphology. At 800 °C, the CH4 and CO2 conversions follow the sequence of NiCeO2 catalyst (CH4 = 54%, CO2 = 45%) < Sr/NiCeO2 (CH4 = 60%, CO2 = 67%) < La/NiCeO2 (CH4 = 85%, CO2 = 84%) < Zr/NiCeO2 (CH4 = 95%, CO2 = 87%). The integration of promoters in DRM catalysts has notably improved carbon formation resistance, as evidenced by the following ranking: Zr/NiCeO2 (5.1 wt%) < commercial catalyst (6.0 wt%) < La/NiCeO2 (7.85 wt%) < Sr/NiCeO2 (10.9 wt%) < NiCeO2 (11.3 wt%). Conclusion: This study demonstrates that incorporating promoters, particularly Zr, in NiCeO2 significantly enhances resistance to carbon formation. It offers valuable insights into selecting metal catalyst promoters for excellent catalytic performance in DRM. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The present research explores the dispersion of SiO2 nanoparticles in compressor lubricant, polyolester (POE) oil for performance enhancement of vapour compression refrigeration system (VCRS). The contribution of SiO2 nanoparticles based nanolubricant was examined for eco-friendly hydrocarbon (HC) refrigerant R600a, retrofitted to hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) compressor based VCRS and also in HC compressor, in governing the performance of VCRS. Wear characteristics improved by the nanolubricants were assessed through pin-on-disc wear testing, using the pins extracted from the actual compressor piston used in VCRS. As compared to POE oil, the average specific wear rate (SWR) and coefficient of friction (COF) of nanolubricant were reduced by about 20% and 29%, respectively. Enhanced average viscosity and average thermal conductivity were observed (35–95 °C), with maximum increases of about 13% at 65 °C and 45% at 95 °C, respectively, in comparison to those of POE oil. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) was utilized to analyze the morphology of SiO2 nanoparticles, while Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyzed their crystal structure. The Zeta potential tests for the prepared nanolubricant were conducted to ensure its long-term stability. An HC compressor based VCRS shows better performance including average refrigeration effect, average power consumption by compressor, and the average coefficient of performance (COP) of 29%, 7%, and 39%, respectively compared to the base lubricant filled retrofitted system. Hence the findings of the present research provide novel perspectives on the potential benefits of incorporating SiO2 nanoparticles and an HC compressor to improve the VCRS performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industrial wastewater often contains highly carcinogenic and mutagenic inorganic pollutants and harmful heavy metals such as Chromium (Cr), which are highly reactive and toxic, even at low concentrations. Efficient remediation or removal of Chromium is necessary to prevent its adverse impacts on humans and the environment. We have employed biofilm grown on a glass surface as a sustainable tool to reduce water's Cr(VI) levels. We studied biofilm formation using four different bacterial strains. Among those, Pseudomonas aeruginosa was selected based on its biofilm formation ability, estimated by qualitative and quantitative means. Maximum biofilm formation was observed on a glass surface using tryptone soya broth (TSB) at 37 °C and pH 7.5. The biofilm was characterized using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) and stereo microscopy. The biofilm tolerated up to 10 ppm of chromium supplementation in the culture medium. The Cr(VI) concentration was determined using a UV–Vis spectrophotometer, and total chromium content was obtained using Inductively Coupled Plasma—Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES). With preformed biofilm on glass, Cr(VI) concentration was reduced by 97% within eight hours with a reduction rate of 12.27% per hour. In comparison to biofilm during formation, preformed biofilm gave better results. The Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM)—Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) (FESEM-EDS) analysis depicted very minimal Cr(VI) adsorption into the cells, indicating the reduction of more harmful Cr(VI) to less toxic Cr(III). The present findings can lead to the development of an efficient treatment strategy for chromium-contaminated water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, sodium cobalt phosphate (NaCoPO4) was successfully prepared by a cost-effective ionothermal method using a deep eutectic solvent (DES) for the first time. The synthesized NaCoPO4 was used to fabricate a cathode material for aqueous rechargeable sodium-ion batteries. The surface morphology of the prepared materials and its compositional analysis were done by using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis, respectively. The X-ray diffraction (XRD), SEM, and EDX studies revealed that the material has orthorhombic-shaped particle morphology with uniform distribution and is in nanoscale (approximately 50 nm). The nature of the cation inserted (Na+ ion insertion) was confirmed by recording CV profiles at different concentrations of the Na2SO4 electrolyte. The reversibility of the electrode redox reaction was studied by varying the scan rate in CV studies, and it was found that the electrode exhibits a reversible behavior with a resistive behavior. In GCPL studies, the cell TiO2/2MNa2SO4/NaCoPO4 showed significant reversibility with a prominent discharge capacity of 85 mAh g−1 at 0.1°C and 88% of capacity retention after 100 cycles. Thus, the prepared materials could be used as an effective futuristic alternative battery material for rechargeable batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT As the world shifts towards renewable and sustainable energy sources, converting syngas into hydrocarbons using Fischer–Tropsch synthesis (FTS) catalysts is crucial. In this work, a series of copper‐modified iron‐based catalysts with cerium and strontium promoters supported on γ‐Alumina as follows were prepared using a wet‐impregnation method: FCA (18Fe/4Cu/γ‐Al2O3), FCCA (18Fe/4Cu/2Ce/γ‐Al2O3), FCSA (18Fe/4Cu/2Sr/γ‐Al2O3), and FCCSA (18Fe/4Cu/1Ce/1Sr/γ‐Al2O3). The phase, structure, and morphology of the catalysts were characterized using X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) specific surface area analysis, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectrometry (ICP‐AES), hydrogen temperature‐programmed reduction (H2‐TPR), and hydrogen temperature‐programmed desorption (H2‐TPD). The impacts of Ce and Sr, individually and in combination, on the structure, adsorption, reduction, and catalytic performance of the catalysts were evaluated in a fixed bed reactor at 300°C, 2.0‐MPa pressure, a time of stream of 168 h, and an H2/CO ratio of 1. The CO conversion and product selectivity were calculated using gas chromatography results, highlighting the synergistic effect of Ce and Sr promoters on hydrocarbon product distribution. The doubly promoted FCCSA catalyst exhibited a high CO conversion rate of 77.65%, CO2 selectivity of 43.5%, C2‐C4 selectivity of 55.89%, C5+ selectivity of 85.62.0%, and a yield of 43.19%, surpassing FCA, FCCA, and FCSA catalysts. Similar characteristics, CO conversion, and product selectivity were achieved for FCCSA during long‐term 336‐h FTS runs, indicating stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, the effects of varying austenitizing times on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Cr‐Ni‐Mo‐V series high‐strength steel are investigated, discussing the mechanisms that enhance strength and toughness. By controlling the austenitizing duration, the microstructure during subsequent heat treatments is improved, leading to enhanced overall mechanical properties. The experimental steel undergoes treatments at different austenitizing times, and the microstructure is characterized using optical microscopy, energy‐dispersive spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and X‐ray diffraction. Mechanical properties are assessed through tensile testing, impact testing, and microhardness measurements. The results indicate that, when comparing an austenitizing time of 1 to 1 h and 15 min, the ultimate tensile strength decreases by 10%, microhardness reduces by 78.2 HV, elongation increases by 1.39 times, and toughness improves by 80%. The enhancement in toughness is primarily attributed to the synergistic effect of tempered martensite and bainite within the microstructure. Fracture morphology analysis reveals that variations in austenitizing time affect carbide distribution, accelerate carbide dissolution, decrease the crack growth zone, and enhance toughness. This study provides valuable insights for designing Cr‐Ni‐Mo‐V series high‐strength steels with optimal strength‐toughness synergies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The imperative of transforming waste materials into valuable nanomaterials via ecological recycling has emerged as a pivotal avenue for environmental stewardship. This research contributes to the "greening" of global chemical processes by introducing a magnetic biocatalyst derived from red mud waste. Emphasizing the use of glutamic acid as the second most effective step in obtaining a green catalyst is a key focus of this work. Leveraging cost-effective materials such as FeSO4, amino acid, and Fe2O3 isolated from red mud enhances the economic viability of the synthesized catalyst. Characterization of the newly developed nano-magnetic bio-organocatalysts was conducted using advanced spectroscopic techniques, including Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), mapping, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and vibrating-sample magnetometers (VSM). The catalytic activity of Fe3O4@SiO2@(CH2)3@Gl was examined in the one-pot synthesis of polyhydroquinolines, showcasing short reaction times, high efficiency, ease of catalyst separation, and the potential for catalyst recycling as salient features of this work. This study pioneers the utilization of red mud waste for eco-friendly nanomaterial synthesis and underscores the economic and environmental significance of incorporating glutamic acid as a crucial element in the catalyst synthesis process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Lactiplantibacillus species are extensively studied for their ability to regulate host immune responses and functional therapeutic potentials. Nevertheless, there is a lack of understanding on the mechanisms of interactions with the hosts during immunoregulatory activities. Methods: Two Lactiplantibacillus plantarum strains MKMB01 and MKMB02 were tested for probiotic potential following Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) guidelines. Human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells such as HT-29, caco-2, and human monocytic cell THP-1 were also used to study the potential of MKMB01 and MKMB02 in regulating the host immune response when challenged with enteric pathogen Salmonella enterica typhimurium. Cells were pre-treated with MKMB01 and MKMB02 for 4 h and then stimulated with Salmonella. qRT-PCR and ELISA were used to analyze the genes and protein expression. Confocal microscopy and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) were used to visualize the effects. An Agilent Seahorse XF analyzer was used to determine real-time mitochondrial functioning. Results: Both probiotic strains could defend against Salmonella by maintaining gut integrity via expressing tight junction proteins (TJPs), MUC-2, and toll-like receptors (TLRs) negative regulators such as single Ig IL-1-related receptor (SIGIRR), toll-interacting protein (Tollip), interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK)-M, A20, and anti-inflammatory transforming growth factor-β and interleukin-10. Both strains also downregulated the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines interleukin-1β, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 6, and nitric oxide (NO). Moreover, TNF-α sheddase protein, a disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain 17 (ADAM17), and its regulator iRhom2 were downregulated by both strains. Moreover, the bacteria also ameliorated Salmonella-induced mitochondrial dysfunction by restoring bioenergetic profiles, such as non-mitochondrial respiration, spare respiratory capacity (SRC), basal respiration, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production, and maximal respiration. Conclusions: MKMB01 and MKMB02 can reduce pathogen-induced gut-associated disorders and therefore should be further explored for their probiotic potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The photoelectrochemical (PEC) performance of titanium dioxide nanotube (TiO 2 NT) photoelectrodes for sustainable hydrogen production has garnered significant research interest. Despite the advantages of TiO 2 NT fabricated via anodization of titanium metal, such as their well-ordered vertical structure, challenges persist including the thick oxide barrier layer, limited optical transparancy, and the wide energy band gap (∼3.0 eV), which constrain their practical efficiency in PEC applications. This study addresses these limitations by introducing a novel approch to transfer TiO 2 NT onto a fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) substrate. TiO 2 NTs were synthesized with varying anodization times and steps to achieve optimal free-standing structures. To further enhance PEC performance, co-catalyst including molybdenum carbide (Mo 2 C) and nickel sulfide (NiS) were incorporated using immersion and successive ionic layer adsorption reaction (SILAR) methods, respectively. Comprehensive characterization using X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), ultraviolet–visible–near infrared (UV–Vis–NIR) spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) provided insights into the crystal phase, morphological structure, band gap, and elemental composition of the photoelectrodes. Photoelectrochemical and photostability evaluations were conducted through linear scan voltammetry (LSV) and chronoamperometry under dark and light conditions. Results indicate that transferring TiO 2 NTs onto FTO significantly enhanced photocurrent density, achieving a 2.5-fold increase at 0.7 V versus a TiO 2 NT/Ti substrate. The incorporating of co-catalysts Mo 2 C, NiS and the combined NiS/Mo 2 C further enhanced the photocurrent density to 2.20, 3.00 and 8.00 mA cm−2 respectively, with a remarkable 31-fold enhancement compared to the TiO 2 NT/Ti substrate. This findings underscore the potential of the TiO₂ NT/FTO photoelectrode with optimized co-catalyst integration for advanced photoelectrochemical applications. [Display omitted] • Enhanced TiO 2 NTs efficiency by transferring from Ti foil substrate onto FTO. • Mo 2 C and NiS as co-catalysts of TiO 2 NTs prepared by immersion and SILAR methods. • Mo 2 C and NiS contribute in enhancing PEC water-splitting efficiency of TiO 2 NTs. • The two co-catalyst synergistically increase a 31-fold in photocurrent efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]