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Falcataria moluccana (Miq.) Barnaby & Grimes is an important species for forest plantation programmes in Malaysia and is widely used in the wood industry. However, its root interactions have not been widely investigated due to the limited methodologies and information about the root distribution of trees and crops in forest plantation and agroforestry systems. This study was conducted to determine the rhizotron-scale root interactions of F. moluccana at different tillage and nitrogen concentrations under four different treatments: control, tillage, fertiliser, and tillage with fertiliser. The rhizotron-scale experiment was conducted at a greenhouse where F. moluccana (Batai) seedlings were transplanted in transparent rhizotron tubes (onemetre-high transparent polycarbonate solid sheet) using topsoil and river sand to simulate natural growing conditions. Root Intensity (RI), Root Length Density (RLD), Specific Root Length (SRL), dried shoot bio-mass and root biomass were recorded. Root biomass and SRL were notably higher (25–50 cm depth) at 6 WAT (Weeks After Transplanting), and the shoot biomass (tillage + fertiliser) was significantly higher at 14 WAT. However, plants treated with different tillage and nitrogen concentrations showed no significant impact on the RI and RLD. Fertiliser treatment only, and tillage with fertiliser treatment, showed greater root distribution at the rhizotron scale. These findings contribute to forest plantation and natural forest rehabilitation efforts by helping optimise the soil resources within ecosystems for sustainable forest management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluates the secondary successional pathways of Hawaiian lowland rainforest following anthropogenic disturbance. Whereas primary succession on lava flows has been well studied in Hawaii, secondary successional dynamics on disturbed habitats in the presence of nonnative species has been poorly researched and documented. Our study was based on two vegetation sampling efforts conducted on 200–400-year-old lava flows 2 and 27 years following a 400-hectare clearcutting operation in the Puna District of the southeast quadrant of Hawaii Island. Intact forest adjacent to the clearcut area provided a baseline to compare against succession dynamics in the clearcut area. The most important trees of the uncut primary forest, based on frequency, density, and dominance, were keystone Hawaiian forest species Metrosideros polymorpha , followed by Psychotria hawaiiensis, Psidium cattleianum, Ciboteum glaucum , and Cibotium chamissoi. Whereas early successional nonnative species dominated the initial vegetation colonizing the clearcut site, M. polymorpha, P. cattleianum , and Cibotium species were also present. Twenty-seven years later we found the clearcut site colonized by two distinct secondary forest types: M. polymorpha -dominated forest and Falcataria moluccana -dominated forest. Whereas M. polymorpha maintained a similar level of dominance in uncut primary forest and M. polymorpha -dominated secondary forest stands, it was nearly absent from F. moluccana -dominated secondary forest stands. Results demonstrated that the keystone Hawaiian native tree species can effectively reestablish across disturbed landscapes, but are unable to outcompete in areas where fast growing nonnative trees become established. This underscores the critical need to suppress early nonnative tree establishment in disturbed habitats if the objective is to reestablish Hawaiian native forests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The physical and mechanical properties of branch wood from falcata [Falcataria molucanna (Miq.) Barneby & J.W. Grimes] grown in Caraga Region, Philippines were determined to assess suitability for end-uses such as core veneer and as material for light construction and handles and boxes as the stem wood. Tests done to compare the properties with the stem wood showed significant differences in relative density (average values of 0.284 for the stem wood and 0.255 for the branch wood) and shrinkage properties in all directions. Axial position significantly influenced variation in moisture content (p = 0.0024) for stem and branch wood, as well as relative density (p = < 0.0001) plus percent tangential (p = < 0.0001) and radial (p = 0.0014) shrinkage. For the mechanical properties, the stem wood end hardness was significantly higher by 28.8% at green condition (p = 0.0003) and by 13.36% at 12% MC (p = 0.0133) than the branch wood. The compression perpendicular to the grain at 12% MC of the stem wood was also higher by 16.10% (p = 0.0166). However, for the other mechanical properties studied, the differences were not significant. The bottom portion of the stem and branch wood exhibited the highest mechanical properties, which can be attributed to the higher relative density at this portion (p = 0.0001). Based on the results that showed insignificant differences in most of the properties between the wood types of F. moluccana, the branch wood can possibly be used for similar applications as the stem wood such as for light construction, non-structural veneer, and plywood; for tool handles, boxes, and other household items; and for pulp and paper. The utilization of the branch wood of F. moluccana, therefore, can augment the raw materials supply for the local wood industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phosphorus (P) is a limiting nutrient mined from non-renewable sources. P is needed to stimulate trees growth in a forest plantation. P-fertilizer addition in the tropical forest field causes P-leaching flux to watershed and induces eutrophication. The high C contained in meranti (Shorea sp.) biochar can avoid the P-leaching process in the soil with a strategic application method. However, the biochar application method is poorly examined. This research aimed to develop a biochar application method to sequestrate P from the environment and examine its effect on the growth of sengon (Falcataria moluccana). Shorea sp. biochar pyrolyzed at 400 °C and 600 °C were added at a dosage of 0 t ha−1, 25 t ha−1, and 50 t ha−1 for six months in the field. The biochar was placed 20 cm under topsoil without soil mixing. This application method significantly increased total P in the soil without any P-fertilizer addition. The results showed that biochar pyrolyzed at 600 °C and a dosage of 25 t ha−1 increased the total P in the soil and CEC by 192.2 mg kg−1 and 25.98 me 100 g−1, respectively. Biochar with a higher pyrolysis temperature increased higher soil pH. In contrast, the higher dosage increased organic-C higher than the lower dosage application. The most significant P-uptake, height, and diameter increments on F.moluccana were achieved using Shorea sp. biochar pyrolyzed at 600 °C with a dosage of 25 t ha−1 by 0.42 mg kg−1, 222 cm, and 2.75 cm, respectively. The total P in the soil positively correlated with the P-uptake of F. moluccana. Furthermore, using the biochar application method P could be absorbed to the biochar layer and desorbed to the topsoil. Consequently, the biochar application method together with P-fertilizer addition could increase the availability of P in the soil and decrease P-leaching to the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Sengon (Falcataria moluccana) is a popular tree species in community plantation forests in Java, Indonesia due to its fast-growing and multipurpose characteristics. However, without effective control measures sengon plantations are vulnerable to boktor stem borer (Xystrocera festiva) infestation. Previous research found some boktor-resistant trees amid mostly susceptible individuals. Resistant trees have higher levels of enzyme inhibitory activity than susceptible ones. However, efforts to differentiate between the two accessions using microsatellite markers failed to provide satisfactory answers. This dataset was created to study differences in gene expressions between resistant and susceptible accessions, and to identify candidate genes involved in boktor resistance in sengon. Data description: RNA was extracted from fresh wood samples collected from two individual trees: one heavily infested with boktor larvae, and the other showing no signs of infestation. The sample trees grow in close proximity to each other within the same plantation. The RNA was sequenced using the BGISEQ-500 platform and produced 78.5 million raw reads. De novo transcriptome were assembled using Trinity and produced 96,164 contigs after filtering and clustering. This transcriptome data is important for understanding pest resistance mechanisms in sengon trees, serving as basis for an improvement program for resistance to boktor pest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In this study, Falcataria moluccana as a plant of West Java community forest was evaluated for its phytochemical content, characterization of secondary metabolites through GC/MS analysis, and antioxidant activity with the DPPH method. Methods: The extraction of F. moluccana twig used maceration with methanol solvent. Phytochemical compounds in F. moluccana methanolic extract were identified using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS). The antioxidant activity was tested against 2,2-diphenyl1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Results: The phytochemical screening of F. moluccana methanolic extract showed the presence of phenolics, flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids, saponins, and tannins. The results of GC/MS analysis showed that the highest abundance was a-terpinolenic from the terpenoid group with a retention time of 6.776 minutes and a percentage area of 25.85%. Total phenolic content in methanolic extract of F. moluccana was 145.21 mg GAE/g, total flavonoid was 95.39 mg QE/g while antioxidant activity (IC50) was 12.60 ppm. Conclusion: F. moluccana has potential as natural antioxidant and its active compounds can be developed as pharmaceutical raw materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The research described here developed plantlets through direct and indirect organogenesis of selected explants. Materials and Methods: Sterile seeds were cultured in hormone-free Murashige & Skoog (MS) medium to generate explants. Nodal segments were cultured in MS basal medium for direct plantlet regeneration. Indirect plantlet regeneration through callus formation was done by culturing leaf, stem, and root explants. Explants from seeds were sterilized in 30% sodium hypochlorite for 20 minutes, 70% alcohol for 5 minutes, 20% sodium hypochlorite for 20 minutes, and 5% sodium hypochlorite. Results: The best concentration of BAP for direct plantlet regeneration was 2 mgL-1. Callus formation could be induced from the stem, leaf, and root explants; however, the largest amount of morphogenic callus was formed from stem explants. Albizia morphogenic callus had a friable and nodular structure, compact, shiny, with a yellowish color. This morphogenic callus regenerated into plantlets. Conclusions: Complete plantlets from direct and indirect in vitro regeneration were ready for acclimatization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study to understand the degree of genetic factor influence on gall rust disease caused by Uromycladium falcatarium sp. nov, of eleven Falcataria moluccana seed sources from Indonesia and Malaysia, has these objectives, i.e.: (1) determine the heritability of gall rust disease severity particularly on stem and height of F. moluccana seedlings, (2) estimate genetic correlation between gall rust disease severity and height of F. moluccana seedlings.. The preliminary study was conducted at the Laboratory of Forest Health and Protection of Faculty Forestry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, while preparing seedlings and artificial inoculation assessment which conducted at Sabah Softwood's Nursery and F.moluccana plantation, Tawau Malaysia. Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with 3 blocks, 7 replications in each block and 4 seedlings as plot in each replication were set up for gall rust inoculation and the control for 11 seed sources (7 from Indonesia and 4 from Brumas, Tawau Malaysia) of F. moluccana seedlings. Gall rust disease severity was calculated using modified Chester's formula. Broad-sense heritability for gall rust disease severity and height were calculated using Baker formula, and covariance analysis of genetic correlations was computed by the formula given by Zobel and Talbert. Linear additive model was employed to estimate the components of variance for seed sources. The broad sense heritability of gall rust disease was moderate (0.42 - 0.47) for inoculated seedlings and 0.40 - 0.41 for control, but moderate to high for inoculated seedling (0.5 - 0.84) and for control (0.44 - 0.79). The genetic correlation between gall rust disease severity and height of seedling was unstable, high (0.85) and positive only at 27 days after inoculation. This finding indicates that the contribution of genetic and environmental factor to f gall rust disease severity on 11 seed sources F.moluccana seedlings were almost the same. Hence, it is also difficult to select the best seed source using height and gall rust disease severity characters concurrently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study investigated the use of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L) stalk particles as additive with both extender and filler property in urea formaldehyde adhesive formulation used to bond Paraserianthes falcataria (L) Nielsen veneers into plywood. The effect of varying amount of tobacco stalk particles on adhesive working properties, shear strength and wood failure of 3-ply plywood was investigated. Adhesive mix containing urea formaldehyde resin with tobacco stalk particles up to 8% by mass blended very well and remained stable for atleast 1 hour. An increase or no significant effect on shear strength and wood failure up to 8% tobacco stalk loading was observed compared to plywood that used a commercial glue formulation. Based on shear strength and wood failure, panels containing 4-8% tobacco stalk particles would pass the requirements of ISO 12466-2. Examination of adhesive penetration and plywood strength suggest that tobacco particles could function as both filler and extender. Tobacco stalk particles offer an environmentally friendly, low cost, strong and non-abrasive alternative to conventional fibers used in plywood production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We sampled three exotic species of rats (Rattus exulans, Rattus norvegicus and Rattus rattus) by live-trapping along two transects on Tutuila, American Samoa and searched for evidence of mycophagy by examining fecal pellets. We found spores of three species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Septoglomus constrictum, Rhizophagus clarus and Rhizophagus fasciculatus) in 19 of the 26 samples examined. All the three species of rats consumed sporocarps, with R. clarus being the most widely consumed. We suggest that mycophagy by exotic rats is common in American Samoa and may facilitate invasion of exotic plants such as the tree Falcataria moluccana. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Timber from forest plantation can be an alternative to overcome the shortage of raw material for plywood manufacture. However the use of fast growing species may affect the plywood quality. This study investigated the mechanical properties of plywood made from three fast growing species which is batai (Paraserianthes falcataria), eucalyptus (Eucalyptus pellita) and kelempayan (Neolamarckia cadamba). Plywood with five and seven layers veneer were produced with different species arrangement. Bending, bonding shear and panel shear properties of the plywood were determined according to Japanese Agricultural Standard for Plywood. Results showed that the number of layer and veneer thickness affected the board properties. Plywood with seven layers performed better than five layers, showing higher modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity and bonding shear. Species arrangement affected modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, bonding shear and panel shear. Plywood from kelempayan and kelempayan-eucalyptus arrangement performed better than plywood containing batai veneers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Barks are available as waste material and by-product of wood industry. They have been reported to contain interesting molecules and show some bioactivity such as antioxidant and antifungal. This study aimed at evaluating the amounts of extractives in Acacia mangium (acacia), Paraserianthes falcataria (sengon) and Swietenia mahagoni (mahoni) barks, to evaluate their extractive contents and the presence of potential valuable molecules. The extraction method used soxhlet with four different solvents. Antioxidant activity assays were carried out using methyl linoleate and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrilhidrazyl (DPPH) and the antifungal activity was determinate by fungal growth inhibitions assays. 5.3%–18.5% extraction yields were obtained. All acetone and toluene ethanol extracts show high antioxidant activity by DPPH. The highest antioxidant value obtained by DPPH was obtained for mahoni bark acetone extract with 3.9 mg/L of EC 50 , followed by mahoni bark toluene ethanol 6.8 mg/L, acacia bark acetone 7 mg/L, and acacia bark toluene ethanol extract 7.4 mg/L. Sengon bark extracts had the greatest antifungal activity inhibition. The greatest antioxidant and antifungal activity were obtained with phenolic compounds which were contained in the extracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adenanthera pavonina is leguminous species which is a perennial and non-climbing tree which is a highly valuable plant for food, drink, and traditional medicine. The Adenanthera pavonina Linn Seed was obtained in our institution premises. This present study was targeted at evaluating proximate analysis, phytochemical determination, a physicochemical parameter of the spectroscopically characterized oil sample of Adenanthera pavonina. The oil which was extracted by standard method had percentage yield of 15.36%. The phytochemical screening of the oil revealed the presence of saponin, alkaloid, and terpenoids. Proximate analysis result unveiled that seed oil of Adenanthera pavonina Linn had an appreciable quantity of protein 27.72%, Crude fiber 5.82 and Ash contents 2.51. It also showed the moisture content, organic matter, carbohydrate, pH and Refractive index to be 13.34%, 97.49% 54.36%, 5.96 and 1.62 respectively. The mineral determination showed that the seed oil contained Manganese (0.001 ± 0.0002 %), Iron (13.52 mg/kg), while Potassium (K), Sodium (Na), Nickel (Ni), Chromium (Cr), Cobalt (Co), Lead (Pb) and Cadmium (Cd) were below the detectable limit. The structure of the oil was elucidated using physicochemical analyses and spectral data which include FT-IR, UV, 1H- and 13C-NMR as well as mass spectral data. The spectroscopic data correlated well and was consistent with the proposed structure. The seed oil could provide access to increase dietary formulation owing to its high protein content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Falcataria moluccana is important for reforestation and afforestation in Indonesia. However, epidemic of gall rust disease in F. moluccana plantations decreases its productivity. Genetic engineering is an alternative solution to against gall rust disease. Somatic embryogenesis is an efficient in vitro plant regeneration for successful plant improvement through genetic engineering. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of thidiazuron and light treatments on the induction of somatic embryogenesis of F . moluccana . The effects of thidiazuron concentration (5, 10 or 15 μM) and light (continuous light, 7 days of dark followed by light, or continuous dark) on the induction of somatic embryogenesis in leaf explants were assessed. The highest production of somatic embryos was obtained in 5 μM thidiazuron and dark treatments for 7 days followed by light in Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 1.2 g/L proline. Histological analysis in globular and cotyledon stages confirmed that cells had progressed to secondary somatic embryogenesis. This research needs more improvements to become a successful and efficient somatic embryogenesis method and as a potential method for successful plant improvement through genetic engineering in F. moluccana . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The halecomorph fishPanxianichthys imparilis, from the Pelsonian (Anisian, Middle Triassic) of Panxian County, Guizhou Province, South China, was recently described in brief. Here we present a thorough revision of this taxon based on 22 specimens, which allows a much better understanding of its anatomy and, consequently, its phylogenetic relationships. Newly recognized anatomical features include a flat quadratojugal, a symplectic articulating with the lower jaw ventral to the quadrate articulation, five infraorbitals, up to three suborbitals, and a large tail body lobe.Panxianichthysrepresents the oldest known non-parasemionotiform halecomorph and has a crescent-shaped preopercle and a maxillary branch of infraorbital sensory canal, but it is excluded from the ‘Ionoscopiformes–Amiiformes’ clade mainly by the presence of a quadratojugal, a dermosphenotic hinged to the side of the skull roof with a smooth innerorbital flange bearing no sensory canal, and a symplectic articulation much more ventral than that of the quadrate. A comparison with other Triassic non-parasemionotiform halecomorphs, together with the phylogenetic analysis, supports the erection of a new halecomorph order, Panxianichthyiformes, which is the sister group to the post-Triassic ‘Ionoscopiformes–Amiiformes’ clade. In addition,Robustichthys, also from the Anisian and previously ascribed to Ionoscopiformes, is recognized here as a new stem-group Ginglymodi. http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:5594E962-985F-466D-AC52-2E9A5AC07787 [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The six distinct gland types described in Mimosoideae anthers vary from simple projections to robust and vascularized structures. The origin of these glands is attributed to an extension of connective. However, except for an illustrative recording of some developmental stages, nothing is known about the origin and gland development, which prevents their correct classification. This study aimed to elucidate the ontogeny of four of the six gland types detected in the anthers of Mimosoideae. The intention was to understand whether the morphological diversity results from different ontogenetic processes. For this, flower buds of various sizes of four Mimosoideae species with different types of glands were collected : Stryphnodendron adstringens (Piptadenia subtype Piptadenia), Tetrapleura tetraptera (Piptadenia subtype Adenanthera), Adenanthera pavonina (Piptadenia subtype Entada), and Pentaclethra macroloba (Pentaclethra type). The samples were processed for surface (scanning electron microscopy) and anatomical analyses (light microscopy). Despite their morphological differences, the glands share a common meristematic origin. They arise from simultaneous divisions in the first three layers of meristematic cells that cover the apical portion of the young anther. After the formation of the protuberance, the developing glands undergo different specialized processes that include (1) elongation of the epidermal cells in Piptadenia subtype Adenanthera and Piptadenia subtype Entada, (2) degradation of central gland cells in Piptadenia subtype Entada, (3) change from a rounded to a triangular shape in the Pentaclethra type, and (4) cell differentiation into a procambial meristem and subsequently into vascular tissue in the Pentaclethra type, resulting in the diversity encountered in the group. Their origin from protodermal and fundamental meristem cells characterizes the anther glands as emergences. Our data indicate a conserved meristematic origin of glands, favoring the hypothesis of homology of these structures and supporting the monophyly of the Mimosoideae clade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gall rust disease caused by Uromycladium tepperianum fungus is one of the destructive diseases of Falcataria moluccana in Indonesia. The fungus induces gall formation either on stem, branch or trunk of young and mature trees. Control practice using tar solution for preventing gall reformation on stem, after removal of gall, has been conducted. However the effects of tar in inhibiting gall reformation, especially on the anatomical properties of F. moluccana xylem, are not known. This study aimed to find out the effects of tar treatment on gall reformation and the anatomical properties of F. moluccana xylem after treatment. Three kinds of treatments were applied on the trunk after the gall was removed, namey, one time tar smearing, per 15 days tar smearing and without tar smearing. Observed parameters were number of gall reformation and wood anatomical properties modification. The result indicated that tar treatments reduced gall reformation. Significant modifications on wood anatomical properties occurred in one time tar smearing treatment i.e. wood fibre diameter and ray width. The effects of gall rust on F. moluccana wood were observable through appearance of fungi mycelia in fibre cell, formation of multiseriate ray cells, presence of phenolic-like compound and modification on axial parenchyma cells configuration and narrower vessel element. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The HS isolate of wild Pleurotus is a wood-rotting fungus found in Bogor, Indonesia. This study was conducted to determine the growth and fruiting body production of HS isolate on three types of substrates, antioxidant activities, and total phenolic contents (TPCs). HS isolate was grown on Paraserianthes falcataria sawdust (PFS substrates), oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) substrates, and mixture of PFS and EFB substrates (M substrates) with proportion 1:1, respectively. Analysis of antioxidant activity of mycelial and fruiting body extracts was conducted using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method, whereas TPCs were conducted using Folin–Ciocalteu method. The results showed that HS isolate could grow and produce fruiting bodies on all substrates, but based on all observation parameters, M substrates were the best ones for the growth and fruiting body production of HS isolate with biological efficiency of 88.86%. Fruiting body extract of HS isolate had a better ability to reduce DPPH free radical (IC50, 0.45 ± 0.04 mg/mL) with total phenolic compound of fruiting body extract being higher (4.62 ± 0.08 mg gallic acid equivalent/g extract) than those of mycelia extract. Based on this study, HS isolate is potential as a source of natural antioxidants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An experiment on surface coating of sengon wood ( Paraserianthes falcataria L. Nielsen) using ultra violet (UV) irradiation has been conducted. Epoxy acrylate and urethane acrylate resins were used as coating materials after addition of tripropylene glycol diacrylate and a photoinisiator, Darocure 1173. Irradiation was conducted using UV light at the conveyor speed of 2, 3, 4, and 5 m/min. Parameters observed were glossyness, adhesion, hardness, abrasion resistance and chemical, solvent and stain resistance. The superior results of the epoxy acrylate films were obtained to show excellent adhesion on the surface of wood meeting with the standard because of greater remaining values than 50% (ASTM 2571-71), together with the high degrees of abrasion, hardness, glossyness and torelance against chemicals, solvent, and stain except against 10% NaOH solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, one of the major global public health concerns is related to the transmission of dengue/yellow fever virus by the vector Aedes aegypti. The most abundant digestive enzymes in Ae. aegypti midgut larvae are trypsin and chymotrypsin. Since protease inhibitors have the capacity to bind to and inhibit the action of insect digestive proteinases, we investigated the short- and long-term effects of Adenanthera pavonina seed proteinase inhibitor (ApTI) on Ae. aegypti larvae, as well as a possible mechanism of adaptation. ApTI had a significant effect on Ae. aegypti larvae exposed to a non-lethal concentration of ApTI during short- and long-duration assays, decreasing survival, weight and proteinase activities of midgut extracts of larvae. The zymographic profile of ApTI demonstrated seven bands; three bands apparently have trypsin-like activity. Moreover, the peritrophic membrane was not disrupted. The enzymes of ApTI-fed larvae were found to be sensitive to ApTI and to have a normal feedback mechanism; also, the larval digestive enzymes were not able to degrade the inhibitor. In addition, ApTI delayed larval development time. Histological studies demonstrated a degeneration of the microvilli of the posterior midgut region epithelium cells, hypertrophy of the gastric caeca cells and an augmented ectoperitrophic space in larvae. Moreover, Ae. aegypti larvae were incapable of overcoming the negative effects of ApTI, indicating that this inhibitor might be used as a promising agent against Ae. aegypti . In addition, molecular modeling and molecular docking studies were also performed in order to construct three-dimensional theoretical models for ApTI, trypsin and chymotrypsin from Ae. aegypti , as well as to predict the possible interactions and affinity values for the complexes ApTI/trypsin and ApTI/chymotrypsin. In this context, this study broadens the base of our understanding about the modes of action of proteinase inhibitors in insects, as well as the way insects adapt to them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fast growing sengon ( Paraserianthes moluccana ) is largely rotary-cut to produce veneer for core plywood production. In order to provide better information on veneer production and utilization, in this study the effects of wood juvenility and veneer thickness on lathe checks of rotary-cut sengon veneers were evaluated. Before veneer manufacturing, sengon logs were boiled at 50 °C and 75 °C for 4 and 8 h, respectively. The boiled logs were peeled to produce veneer of 1, 1.5, and 2 mm in thickness. Lathe checks of veneers were measured on the loosed side at every 5 mm veneer length under an optical video microscope and their frequency, depth, and length were characterized. Twenty sampling points of 5 mm veneer length were prepared from each segmented ring of 1 cm width from pith to bark. Isocyanate resin adhesive were used to produce laminated veneer lumber (LVL) of 20 mm thick, which consisted of 24-ply of 1 mm veneer thick, 14-ply of 1.5 mm veneer thick, and 11-ply of 2 mm veneer thick, for glue bond and bending strength test. Results showed that wood juvenility and veneer thickness determined the frequency, depth and length of lathe checks for the sengon rotary-cut veneers. In general, the frequency of lathe checks of the veneer increases with increasing veneer thickness, and also increases from pith to bark. Boiling of logs before rotary-cutting could decreases the frequency of lathe check of the veneer. The results indicated that boiling of logs at 50 °C for 8 h and at 75 °C at least 4 h before peeling the logs could minimize the frequency of lathe check in manufacturing rotary cut veneer thickness of 1, 1.5, and 2 mm from juvenile wood of fast growing sengon. The frequency of lathe check affects significantly the glue bond and bending strength, in which the glue bond, modulus of elasticity (MOE), and modulus of rupture (MOR) decrease as the frequency of lathe checks increases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Quorum sensing (QS) in Pseudomonas aeruginosa plays a key role in virulence factor production, biofilm formation and antimicrobial resistance. Because of emerging antimicrobial resistance in P. aeruginosa, there is a need to find an alternate nonantibiotic agent for the control of infections caused by this organism. Objective: To evaluate anti-QS activity of Adenanthera pavonina L., a medicinal plant used in traditional medicine. Materials and Methods: Preliminary screening for anti-QS activity of ethanol extract of A. pavonina was carried out using Chromobacterium violaceum CV026 biosensor strain and inhibition of QS-regulated violacein production was quantified using C. violaceum ATCC12472. Bioassay guided fractionation of ethanol extract resulted in ethyl acetate fraction (AEF) with strong anti-QS activity and AEF was evaluated for inhibition of QS-regulated pyocyanin production, proteolytic, elastolytic activity, swarming motility and biofilm formation in P. aeruginosaPAO1. Results: AEF, at 0.5 mg/ml, inhibited pyocyanin production completely and at 1 mg/ml of AEF, complete inhibition of proteolytic and elastolytic activities were observed. However, viability of P. aeruginosa PAO1 was not affected at the tested concentrations of AEF as observed by cell count. Swarming motility was inhibited at the concentration of 0.1 mg/ml of AEF. Thin layer chromatography and biosensor overlay of AEF showed violacein inhibition zone at Rf value 0.63. Conclusion: From the results of this study, it can be concluded that A. pavonina extracts can be used as effective anti-QS agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Declining natural forests in Indonesia has forced communities to search for alternative sources of wood. In order to meet the demand, wood is taken from fast-growing species grown in community forests. The species have short cutting cycle and contain a large proportion of juvenile woods. This article discusses the characteristics and demarcation point of juvenility in sengon (Falcataria moluccana) and jabon (Anthocephalus cadamba) at two different ages (5 and 6 years old) based on density, fibre length, microfibril angle and modulus of rupture. Segmented modelling approach was used to estimate juvenile and mature transition and the SAS non-linear procedure was applied to identify the juvenile to mature transition ring. To determine juvenile and mature transition ring for sengon and jabon, three trees of each species and age were sampled from a community forest in Sukabumi, Bogor, Indonesia. Discs of 2 cm thick were collected to determine density, modulus of rupture (MOR), fibre length and microfibril angle. Density was measured along the radial from pith to bark by X-ray densitometry. Fibre length and microfibril angle were measured on isolated segmented rings of 1-cm width from pith to bark. Results showed that fibre length and microfibril angle were better anatomical indicators of demarcation point between juvenile and mature wood than density and MOR. The segmented regression models for radial patterns of variation in fibre length and microfibril angle revealed that juvenility in sengon and jabon extended up to 6 years old. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study investigated the use of waste tea (Camellia sinensis) leaves mixed in various proportions with Paraserianthes falcataria (moluccan sau) wood particles for the manufacture of particleboard. Boards containing waste tea leaves alone showed low thickness swelling and water absorption after 24 h soaking in water. Addition of P. falcataria wood particles from 20% to 50% to waste tea leaves resulted in boards with satisfactory thickness swelling, water absorption, internal bond, stiffness, and strength well above the minimum requirements for general use particleboards set by EN 312-2 (1996). Results of the study showed that waste tea leaves can be used as an alternative material either alone or in combination with wood particles for the manufacture of particleboard. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Investigation of specimens for plants either native to or adventive in the New World and originally described as Acacia species, or later transferred to that genus, at the Herbarium Universitatis Taurinensis resulted in the location of previously unrecognized type materials for Acacia adenanthera, A. alba, A. angico, A. bancroftiana, A. brasiliensis, A. compta, A. lasiopus, A. mollicoma, A. myriophylla, A. plumosa, A. pterocarpa, A. ramosissima, A. rubiginosa, A. spini, and A. velutina. For Acacia spini Balb. ex de Spin, a neotype has been designated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Albizia falcataria is a tropical hardwood tree extensively used in South East Asia, which has been reported as a causal agent of upper respiratory health problems through occupational exposure to sawdust. Limited data exist on its phytochemical profile, sawdust properties and toxicological effects. In this study, alkaloids, anthraquinones, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, tannins and triterpenoids were detected in A. falcataria sawdust. These compounds are not volatile, suggesting the route of exposure to be direct ingestion or physical contact with the sawdust. Toxicological screening with the bioluminescent bacterium, Vibrio fischeri exposed to aqueous (3-5% w/v NaCI) extracts of A. falcataria sawdust showed mean EC50 greater than 9800 mg L-1 for 5-30 min exposures. Microscopic analysis shows irregular sawdust morphology that can lead to irritation, and exacerbate health effects due to wood cell bound chemical exposure. It is recommended that A. falcataria be handled as a toxic wood species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The study investigated the termite resistance, physical and mechanical properties of particleboard made from waste tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) stalk and Paraserianthes falcataria wood particles. Boards containing at least 25% tobacco stalk exhibited excellent termite resistance in laboratory no-choice feeding test against the Asian subterranean termite, Coptotermes gestroi Wasmann. Underground ground field exposure tests also showed that particleboard containing at least 50% tobacco stalk provided excellent protection against Philippine subterranean termites. Termite resistance of particleboard containing tobacco stalk is most likely due to the presence of residual nicotine in the samples. Addition of P. falcataria wood particles in all proportions used in this study resulted in boards with internal bond, stiffness and strength properties above the minimum set by the European standard EN 312-2 (1996) for general use particleboards. Boards containing 50–100% tobacco stalk showed high water absorption and thickness swelling after 24 h soaking in water. Results of the study showed that tobacco stalk can be used as an alternative material either alone or in combination with wood particles for the manufacture of particleboard with direct positive impact on disposal problem and efficient utilization of this waste biomass. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

We examined how invasion of tropical riparian forests by an exotic N-fixing tree (Falcataria moluccana) affects organic-matter dynamics in a Hawaiian river by comparing early stages of leaf-litter breakdown between the exotic F. moluccana and native Metrosideros polymorpha trees. We examined early decomposition stages because of low leaf-litter retention rates (<20 d) that result from the flashy nature of tropical Pacific Island streams. Leaf breakdown rates, fungal biomass, and invertebrate abundances were 40, 120, and 30% greater, respectively, for F. moluccana than M. polymorpha leaves. Leaf-litter breakdown was largely a result of stream flow and to a lesser extent fungal colonization. Invertebrates were not an important factor in leaf-litter breakdown. Initial tannin content, leaf C:N, and toughness were important intrinsic factors inhibiting leaf breakdown and fungal colonization. Regression analyses between remaining N content (%) and ash-free dry mass of leaf litter revealed that the early stages of F. moluccana leaf-litter breakdown are a source of N to streams invaded by F. moluccana and contribute a conservatively estimated 2.1 to 5.7% to the available total dissolved N pool. Direct input of F. moluccana leaf litter influences early stages of leaf-litter breakdown in tropical streams with low leaf-litter retention rates. Direct input of leaf litter also contributes somewhat to N inputs, but subsurface flows through N-rich soils of F. moluccana-invaded riparian forests probably are a greater source. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Auricularia polytricha is an edible mushroom, also known as black jelly. In Indonesia, although A. polytricha has been extensively cultured on the wood meal substrates, information is very limited on effects of wood meal from various tree species used for cultivation substrates on A. polytricha cultivation characteristic. An investigation, therefore, is needed to find suitable tree species for the substrate of A. polytricha cultivation. In this study, wood meals of 3 tropical hardwood species (Falcataria moluccana, Shorea sp., and Tectona grandis) from Indonesia were used as basal cultivation substrates. The fastest mycelia growth was found in the substrate made of Shorea sp., and the highest glucosamine content was found in the substrates made of Shorea sp. and F. moluccana. No significant difference in the period of time to the first harvest was found between F. moluccana (23 days) and Shorea sp. (25 days), whereas a significant difference was found in the interval between the following harvesting periods (7 and 10 days for substrates made of F. moluccana and Shorea sp., respectively). Over the entire cultivation period, the substrates made of F. moluccana produced the highest fruiting body yield, greatest biological conversion, and greatest weight loss from the substrate. These results indicate that F. moluccana wood meal is the appropriate basal substrate for A. polytricha cultivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the use of psychoactive plants in the Azapa Valley of northern Chile. The archaeological record of northern Chile provides early and uninterrupted material evidence related to psychoactive practices involving the use of Anadenanthera as well as chemical evidence for the consumption of Erthroxylum. Therefore, we used gas chromatography and mass spectometry to analyze the hair 32 mummies of the Middle period (ca. A.D. 500-1000) from the Azapa Valley. None of the analyzed cases tested positive for the consumption of Adenanthera, but two tested positive for the ingestion of Banisteriopsis, a psychoactive plant prepared as an infusion generally called ayahuasca. We conclude that the consumption of Banisteriopsis in the Azapa Valley was related to therapeutic practices, such as those employed in childbirth and puerperium, rather than hallucinogenic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Falcataria moluccana (albizia) is an exotic nitrogen (N)-fixing tree currently invading riparian forests in Hawai'i, U.S.A. This study examined how this invasion is impacting stream ecosystems by using naturally occurring stable isotopes of carbon (C) and N to compare food web structure between a noninvaded and an albizia-invaded stream reach on the island of Hawai'i. Isotopic signatures of particulate organic matter (POM), macroalgae, invertebrates, and fishes were collected and compared between the two stream reaches. Stable C isotopic signatures of organic matter sources (POM and macroalgae) and consumers (amphipods, caddisflies, crayfish, and fishes) from the invaded site were depleted in 13C compared with the noninvaded site. In contrast, all samples from the invaded site were enriched in 15N compared with the noninvaded site. Results from IsoSource and two-source mixing models suggested that albizia was a major contributor to diets of lower-level consumers within the invaded site, displacing POM and macroalgae as their major food sources. Albizia was also an indirect C and N source for higher-level consumers within the invaded site because albizia was the major dietary constituent of their prey. In addition, 15N enrichment of the macroalgae at the invaded site suggests that albizia may be an important N source to benthic primary producers and could be further altering the food web from bottom up. Our study provides some of the first evidence that invasive riparian N-fixing trees can potentially alter the structure of stream food webs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Batai ( Falcataria moluccana) is a valuable tree species for forest plantations in Malaysia and Indonesia. Since 1993, a gall rust disease has caused severe damage to all growth stages, from seedlings in the nursery to mature trees in the field. To identify the fungus causing gall rust disease on F. moluccana in Malaysia and Indonesia, study of the mode of infection and changes in the anatomy of infected cells were carried out in the anatomy laboratory. The disease in Malaysia and Indonesia is caused by Uromycladium tepperianum. The fungus produces three longitudinally ridged teliospores on each head, with spores measuring 13–20 μm wide and 17–28 μm long. The fungus is microcyclic, completing its entire life cycle on F. moluccana. This study confirmed that the teliospores themselves cannot infect the host. Under favorable conditions, about 10 h after inoculation, teliospores germinate to produce basidiospores that form penetration pegs about 6 h later, and it is this peg which penetrates the host cells directly through the epidermis. Pycnia, recognized as small brown pustules, break through the epidermis about 7 days after inoculation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study investigated the physical and chemical properties of wood pellets from coppice of intensively cultured tropical hardwoods viz., Gmelina arborea , Acacia mangium and Paraserianthes falcataria . Proximate, ultimate and elemental analyses were performed to assess fuel properties of pellets from coppice feedstock. In general, physical and chemical properties of pellets from coppice biomass were within recommended limits for class A2 pellets under EN 14961-2. Pellets from coppice of tree species used in this study showed good potential for compressed solid fuel for industrial and residential heating applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Invasive species have the capacity to substantially alter soil processes, including rates of litter decomposition. Currently, the few remaining native-dominated lowland wet forests in Hawai’i are being invaded by Falcataria moluccana, a large, fast-growing, N2-fixing tree. In this study, we sought to determine the extent to which Falcataria invasion alters decomposition in these lowland wet forests, and whether changes resulted from differences in litter substrate type, lava flow age and type, forest stand type and associated soil biota, or some combination of these factors. We measured decomposition rates and nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) dynamics of Metrosideros polymorpha and Falcataria leaf litter in native-dominated and Falcataria-invaded stands on 48- and 300-year-old a’a lava flows and a 213-year-old pāhoehoe flow in the Puna district of eastern Hawai’i. Despite significant differences in the initial quality of Metrosideros and Falcataria litter, in nearly all cases mass remaining of the two litter types did not differ within a given forest stand, whether native-dominated or invaded. Instead, stand type accounted for large differences in the decomposition of both litter types, and litter decomposed two to 10 times faster in Falcataria-invaded stands than it did in their native-dominated counterparts on each lava flow. Dynamics of N (that is, immobilization or release) during decomposition were affected by stand, litter, and lava flow type; P dynamics were affected by stand and flow type, but not litter type. Although not definitive proof of causality, the decay rates of both species were positively correlated to previously measured inputs of N mass and P mass via litterfall as well as availability of soil N and P, characteristics that all increased substantially with Falcataria invasion. Given the degree of change to a host of ecosystem processes, including decomposition, after invasion by Falcataria, these transformed forest ecosystems may best be viewed as fundamentally new and different, in both structure and function, from the native ecosystems they have replaced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Specimens from Sengon (Paraserianthes falcataria), Sugi (Cryptomeria japonica), and Pulai (Alstonia sp.) trees were exposed for 3, 8, or 15 days to the smoke generated during Mangium wood (Acacia mangium) pyrolysis, and their resistance to termite biodeterioration was compared to that of polystyrene-treated or untreated woods. All treated-wood specimens were exposed to subterranean termites (Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren) and dry-wood termites (Cryptotermes cynocephalus Light) under laboratory conditions. The results showed that: (1) All three untreated woods were classified as class V (or very poorly resistant) to subterranean termite attack. On the other hand untreated-wood specimens of Pulai and Sugi tree were classified as class IV (or poorly resistant) and specimens of Sengon tree as class III (or moderately resistant) to dry-wood termites, based on the national Indonesian standard; (2) for all three wood species, 3-day exposure to Mangium wood smoke increased their resistance to class I (or very resistant) to subterranean termite attack; and (3) smoke treatment for 3 days for Sengon and Pulai wood specimens, and 15 days for Sugi wood specimens was required to increase their resistance to dry-wood termite attack to class I, which is the resistance level characterizing polystyrene-treated woods for all three species. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Presents an abstract of the study `Cytogenetical studies of the In vitro culture of Albizia falcataria (L.) Fosberg, a leguminous tree species,' by Nabarun Ghosh et al. and presented during the 1995 Annual Meeting of the Botanical Society of America.