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This article examines studentification in Toronto's Chinatown, a centrally located neighborhood experiencing increases in student populations due to nearby university expansion. This expansion has been met with land-use planning policies of intensification and containment, and market-driven development propelling substantial density increases. We seek to answer, first, what types of development and residential trends result from rising student housing demand; second, how are commercial uses influenced by a growing student population of young, largely racialized adults and their lifestyle choices; and, third, what types of neighborhood tensions and micropolitics play out in this context. We show that the growing university intake of international students—particularly from China—living near Chinatown has created class-based and generational tensions in response to coethnic and market-driven neighborhood change. We highlight opportunities for multistakeholder collaborations to preserve Chinatown as an affordable intergenerational neighborhood where residents (old and new) find communities of arrival and belonging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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While much of the ethnic and racial segregation literature concentrates on residential neighbourhoods, a growing body of research demonstrates how levels of inter-ethnic mixing vary between home and other spaces, including workplace environments. Using alternative population bases from the 2011 Census for England and Wales, we explore how levels of ethnic segregation and diversity compare for working-age people in residential ('nighttime'), workday ('daytime') and workplace ('employment') environments. Analyses of Middle Layer Super Output Areas reveal that a larger number of these zones had low residential ethnic diversity than had low workday or workplace diversity. We also find higher levels of residential segregation than workplace segregation for all ethnic groups, including the White British (majority) and minoritised groups. Notable differences in segregation between residential and workplace spaces for the Pakistani and Bangladeshi ethnic groups, for example, demonstrate that more commonly applied measures of residential segregation fail to capture the extent of inter-ethnic mixing across spaces, and at different times of the day. Commuting data are analysed to explore the role of daily mobilities in shaping these patterns. The findings nuance understandings of levels of ethnic mixing, and emphasise the need for segregation analyses across multiple spatio-temporal contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To what extent did Southern, Central, and Eastern (SCE) European groups maintain distinctive residential patterns vis-à-vis Northern and Western European groups in the late twentieth-century USA? Classical assimilation and melting pot interpretations of these groups' historical experiences imply that, by the century's end, SCE European groups' ethnic neighborhoods would have vanished. However, pluralistic or "beyond the melting pot" interpretations of these experiences suggest that such neighborhoods were durable, partly because of SCE European groups' ethnic homogeneity preferences, that is, a desire to reside near co-ethnics. The present study's 1970 and 1930–1980 data analyses indicate that Italians, Poles, Greeks, and Russian ancestry Jews had unique residential patterns net of their socioeconomic status and of US-born persons' expressed desires for social distance from these groups. The study concludes that SCE European groups' distinctive residential patterns may have been due partly to these groups' ethnic homogeneity preferences, although alternative explanations are not completely dismissed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spatial concentration of immigrant minorities raises concerns about the intergenerational consequences of place-based ethnic inequalities. This study asks how socioeconomic properties of the ethnic neighbourhood environment during adolescence predict future criminal behaviour and early school leaving among immigrant youth using administrative data from Norway. The results show that immigrant youth's adolescent exposure to better-educated immigrant neighbours from the same origin country is related to lower risks of criminal engagement and higher likelihoods of completing upper-secondary education, while growing up in areas with less-educated coethnics is associated with adverse outcomes. Although effect sizes are modest, these relationships are robust to adjustment for a broad set of background characteristics and fixed effects at the level of neighbourhoods and national-origin groups. Coethnic neighbours' educational resources are more strongly associated with adolescent crime and early school leaving among immigrant youth from disadvantaged family backgrounds. Overall, these findings support the predictions of influential theories of assimilation which emphasize that access to social capital and socioeconomic resources found within local ethnic enclaves shape the future life chances of immigrant youth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research has shown that firms typically expand into foreign locations with sizeable coethnic communities. However, in many cases the ethnic community influences the investment choice of the same firm in one location but not another. We offer an institutional lens to explain this heterogeneity. Ethnic groups function like informal institutions that facilitate transactions between foreign firms and customers, suppliers, and information providers through interpersonal exchange. Relying on ethnic communities to mediate transactions in foreign markets is valuable but limited by the relatively small scale of these communities. In contrast, relying on formal institutions allows firms to expand more broadly into foreign markets because the impersonal exchange inherent in formal governance is more scalable. This is manifested in "dual entry strategies" wherein ethnic communities have a significantly stronger influence on location choice in places with unreliable (weak and unstable) formal institutions than in places with reliable formal institutions. We found support for these ideas using a unique dataset of South Korean banks' investments in Chinese provinces during 1992–2013. To mitigate endogeneity concerns, we exploited a historical migration that created a quasi-random distribution of ethnic Koreans across provinces. Our work contributes to research on international expansion, ethnic communities, and institutional theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In urban areas where ethnic composition is not homogeneous, interethnic relations play a critical role in attitudes tourism representing a particular ethnic culture, or ethnic neighborhood tourism. However, few studies have explored minority residents' perceptions of interethnic relations, solidarity, and attitudes towards tourism. Given members of the dominant and minority ethnic groups differ in social status and power, they may have different orientations towards interethnic relationships and cultural representation. Furthermore, no study has compared multiple diasporic groups whose social relationships with the dominant ethnic group might differ within a country. By applying the common in-group identity model and the interactive acculturation model, this study aims to explore whether and how interethnic relations with members of a dominant ethnic group influence attitudes about ethnic neighborhood tourism among members of ethnic minority groups whose culture is represented for tourism. This research focuses on Korean and Brazilian immigrants and their descendants. Analysis of 343 completed questionnaires revealed that interethnic relationships within the local communities influence minority residents' attitudes tourism development. However, the comparison of the two diasporic groups revealed have different orientations towards interethnic relations and tourism. This may be because of various acculturation experiences and socioeconomic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Communication infrastructure theory (CIT) suggests that an ethnic enclave's communication infrastructure (CI) shapes the community's unique social processes that give rise to social determinants of health. A well-integrated CI in ethnic enclaves that includes community-based organizations (CBOs), local ethnic media, and resident networks is positively associated with residents' health outcomes. Through storytelling, CBOs and other community actors obtain and disseminate information, develop a sense of belonging to the community, and participate in problem-solving activities, including health-related ones. Local ethnic media can play an important role in building a network of neighborhood storytellers by catalyzing storytelling about local resources and problems. We propose three main categories of "catalyzing storytelling" by local ethnic media: 1) CBO stories, 2) geo-ethnic stories, and 3) presentation of root causes and solutions for community problems. This study examines the content of Boston Chinatown's local ethnic news media outlet, Sampan, to assess the three categories of catalyzing stories. We analyzed a total of 340 news articles and one interview with the editor. The findings showed that Sampan tells stories in all three categories. Based on our findings, we further develop the concept of catalyzing as a communication process in CIT. This new concept in CIT has practical implications for public health communication as it demonstrates a process through which local ethnic media can foster community engagement and health. Health communicators should seek opportunities to work collaboratively with local ethnic media in ways that will serve to catalyze community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using data from the 2002 and 2014 waves of the European Social Survey, enriched with contextual data, we examine the impact of perceived ethnic enclaves upon several social outcomes of their residents. Diversity studies usually find a strong negative relationship between social trust and increasing ethnic heterogeneity for majority members. What happens however in residential areas such as ethnic enclaves that offer more opportunities for bridging contacts for majority members and for bonding among migrants and minorities? Our results show that majority, 1st and 2nd generation residents of enclaves have on average poorer social outcomes than non-residents. Nevertheless, residential sorting forms a large part of the enclave penalty story when it comes to the well-being of all groups in the study and the levels of trust and perceived discrimination of the 2nd generation. Importantly, our study suggests that enclaves are not necessarily areas in which people are doomed to chronic unhappiness, and we do not find conclusive evidence that lack of exposure to outgroupers is to blame for lack of trust across ethnic boundaries. Poorer personal and regional economic conditions exacerbate the negative association of the enclave residents with trust, happiness and social distance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This Perspective presents an overview of the archaeology of pluralistic colonies (approximately late 1500s-1800s) in North America. It complements the other special feature papers in this issue on ancient societies in Mesoamerica, the Near East, the Armenian Highlands, Peru, and China by presenting another body of literature for examining the dynamics of change in multiethnic societies from a different time and place. In synthesizing archaeological investigations of mercantile, plantation, and missionary colonies, this Perspective shows how this research is relevant to the study of pluralism in both historic and ancient societies in three ways. (i) It enhances our understanding of interethnic relationships that took place in complex societies with imposing political hierarchies and labor structures. (ii) It helps us to refine the methods used by archaeologists to define and analyze multiethnic communities that were spatially delimited by ethnic neighborhoods. Finally, (iii) it presents more than a half century of experimentation with various models (e.g., acculturation, creolization, ethnogenesis, and hybridity) that have been used to study the dynamics of culture change in multiethnic societies.

This paper aims to show the sociocultural adaptation strategy of a group of mestizo migrants from Chiapas residing in "Buenavistita," Laurel, Maryland, U.S. The methodology is qualitative, based on interviews and participant observation. The findings allow us to argue that the migratory experience forces them to loosen their identity boundaries inward the ethnic group to reconstitute themselves, survive away, and maintain their Mexican mestizo status. Resulting in the formation of territorial enclaves where they identified against those who label them as illegal, this being the way to defend themselves in a racialized society. This work contributes empirically to migration studies with the case of Chiapanecos mestizos. Although we conclude that the enclave is for them a refuge area, little can be said about other experiences of migrants from Chiapas around ethnicity and the blend of cultures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research analyses the factors that could be involved in the insecurity perceived by the inhabitants of 69 neighbourhoods in Barcelona from the possible influence of the adjacent neighbourhoods. A set of variables are constructed from different sources to measure their influence on the insecurity perceived by residents. Ordinary least-squares regression models were replaced by others that consider the spatial dependence of the data. The results show that when controlling for the influence of adjacent neighbourhoods, ethnic heterogeneity, satisfaction with police services, social disorder, and socio-economic status are significantly related with the insecurity perceived in each neighbourhood. However, when spatial autocorrelation is corrected, crime density in the neighbourhood is not related to perceptions of insecurity, nor there is clear evidence that insecurity is affected by crime levels in adjacent neighbourhoods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the disparities in access to various types of opportunities in ethnic neighborhoods, as compared to wealthy white neighborhoods (the reference). Focusing on the heterogeneity within ethnic neighborhoods, I distinguish between different types of neighborhoods based on their racial/ethnic makeup and median household income. The Los Angeles region provides an interesting empirical setting because of its racial diversity and its auto-centric spatial structure. The results show that the various types of ethnic neighborhoods differ not only in spatial patterns within the region but also in terms of relative access to opportunities. Nevertheless, I find that all types of the low-income ethnic neighborhoods have higher levels of access to jobs and non-work opportunities, except for access to parks/open spaces, than do the reference neighborhoods. This holds true regardless of accessibility measures and travel modes. However, the relative access to opportunities for middle-to-high-income ethnic neighborhoods varies by accessibility measure. Considering that each accessibility measure has its own set of meanings and planning implications, diverse measures should be taken into account for policy interventions. The present study also adds further evidence of modal disparities, which are much greater than spatial disparities, in access to opportunities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The United States is experiencing a continuing crisis of gun violence, and economically marginalized and racially segregated inner-city areas are among the most affected. To decrease this violence, public health interventions must engage with the complex social factors and structural drivers—especially with regard to the clandestine sale of narcotics—that have turned the neighborhood streets of specific vulnerable subgroups into concrete killing fields. Here we present a mixed-methods ethnographic and epidemiological assessment of narcotics-driven firearm violence in Philadelphia's impoverished, majority Puerto Rican neighborhoods. Methods: Using an exploratory sequential study design, we formulated hypotheses about ethnic/racial vulnerability to violence, based on half a dozen years of intensive participant-observation ethnographic fieldwork. We subsequently tested them statistically, by combining geo-referenced incidents of narcotics- and firearm-related crime from the Philadelphia police department with census information representing race and poverty levels. We explored the racialized relationships between poverty, narcotics, and violence, melding ethnography, graphing, and Poisson regression. Findings: Even controlling for poverty levels, impoverished majority-Puerto Rican areas in Philadelphia are exposed to significantly higher levels of gun violence than majority-white or black neighborhoods. Our mixed methods data suggest that this reflects the unique social position of these neighborhoods as a racial meeting ground in deeply segregated Philadelphia, which has converted them into a retail endpoint for the sale of astronomical levels of narcotics. Implications: We document racial/ethnic and economic disparities in exposure to firearm violence and contextualize them ethnographically in the lived experience of community members. The exceptionally concentrated and high-volume retail narcotics trade, and the violence it generates in Philadelphia's poor Puerto Rican neighborhoods, reflect unique structural vulnerability and cultural factors. For most young people in these areas, the narcotics economy is the most readily accessible form of employment and social mobility. The performance of violence is an implicit part of survival in these lucrative, illegal narcotics markets, as well as in the overcrowded jails and prisons through which entry-level sellers cycle chronically. To address the structural drivers of violence, an inner-city Marshall Plan is needed that should include well-funded formal employment programs, gun control, re-training police officers to curb the routinization of brutality, reform of criminal justice to prioritize rehabilitation over punishment, and decriminalization of narcotics possession and low-level sales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the importance of urban ethnic neighborhoods as the context of everyday life, where normative influences on health are formed, modified, and maintained. Built on communication infrastructure theory, this study investigates the role of women's connections to their neighborhood storytelling network—consisting of residents, local/ethnic media, and community organizations—in shaping their descriptive normative perceptions regarding cervical cancer screening. Specifically, we explore the communication mechanisms that underlie Latinas' exposure and attention to media information about Pap tests, their discussions with health-care professionals about Pap tests, their perceptions about how normative Pap tests are among "women like them", and their compliance with cervical cancer screening guidelines. Our findings suggest that neighborhood storytelling resources hold promise for health communication research to understand not only the uptake of Pap tests but also health disparities in other domains that affect diverse populations and communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While numerous studies have utilized SET to examine the residents' attitudes towards tourism, relatively scant from the literature is a discussion regarding the influence of emotion generated through SET among residents on their attitudes towards tourism. In addition, past studies mainly explored the social exchange between visitors and locals, while neglecting the social exchange within a local community. The goal of this study is to examine the influence individuals' emotions toward their ethnic counterparts within a community can have on residents' (i.e., members of the dominant ethnic group—Japanese and members of the ethnic minority group—Koreans) attitudes toward ethnic neighborhood tourism within the Korean neighborhood of Ikuno, Osaka, Japan. Ikuno has the highest concentration of Korean residents in Japan, and the town has become a destination of cultural tourism centered on Korean culture. Analysis of 640 completed questionnaires revealed while attitudes of Korean residents, who are more likely to perceive economic benefits from tourism have more favorable attitudes towards tourism, Japanese residents form their particular attitudes towards tourism based on the emotional solidarity they experience with their Korean neighbors. These findings indicate both utility of economic approach of social exchange theory and significant role of emotion in social exchange. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent discourse has emphasized the legal causes of racial segregation in the development of cities such as St. Louis, Missouri. Before and alongside these laws were a long history of community prejudicial beliefs, many of which have outlived the laws they produced. Prejudice propelled de facto community decisions made during the development of St. Louis, and later solidified into de jure practices of racial segregation, which ultimately shaped the metropolitan area. De facto and de jure processes of segregation and urban planning also shaped the experiences of black families in St. Louis, especially those living in ethnic enclaves or ghettos. This history of St. Louis provides evidence of the profound racial prejudice within its community, existing parallel to, and beyond laws enforcing racial segregation. This intense community prejudice ultimately formed the context of the race riots in the St. Louis surrounding municipality of Ferguson in 2014. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uses Kaldor's first law to provide an explanation for Mexico's low economic growth over the last four decades. The starting point for analysis is the hypothesis that the lack of dynamism in total production (non-manufacturing) is due to slow momentum in manufacturing and, in particular, to the fact that the Kaldor coefficient has decreased with trade liberalization. Estimates were made (1980.1- 2017.2) using the generalized method of moments (GMM) and rolling regression (recursive estimations). These estimates have been useful in solving the problem of serial correlation and have contributed towards a better statistical evaluation of the evolution of the Kaldor coefficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A sizable proportion of United States Hispanics live in segregated communities. The rising Hispanic population in the United States and the negative association of enclave-residence with earnings have given rise to the concern that a large part of the current and future labor force, native and immigrant Hispanics, may struggle to improve social mobility and integration into the mainstream United States population. However, the causal effect of enclave-residence on earnings of Hispanics in the United States remains an open question given that previous studies have not addressed the non-random distribution of individuals into and out of enclaves. Using a longitudinal data set I address the non-random location decision of individuals to identify a causal link between enclave-residence and earnings of Hispanics. I find a much larger negative impact of enclave-residence on earnings than previous studies. However, the results also show that enclave-residence is associated with longer durations of employment. Second generation immigrant Hispanics appear to be immune from the wage penalty that is associated with enclaves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In-group identity is particularly important in understanding political behavior among minority populations living in the United States. Despite its importance, we know relativity little about what explains variation in perceptions of group identity among U.S.-based minority groups. I develop a theoretical framework drawing extensively for social identity theory to explain development of in-group identities among Latinos in the United States. I suggest the availability of neighborhood-level ethnic stimuli increases the likelihood that Latinos will come to see themselves a part of pan-ethnic group rather than a unique individual. I use the 2008 Collaborative Multi-Racial Political Survey (CMPS), a nationally representative public opinion poll of registered voters with oversamples of Latino respondents. I find that the availability of ethnic stimuli positively associates with stronger perceptions of group identity among Latinos. Latinos who live in contexts rich with ethnic stimuli and cues are more likely to adopt in-group identities than those who live in environments lacking ethnically salient resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study has found that despite higher earning rates and lower explicit and implicit deposit rates, a sample of seasoned black savings associations realized significantly lower profit rates per deposit dollar than a matched sample of white associations. These differences in profit were not attributable to differences in the competitiveness of the markets in which they operate as the elasticity of the implicit deposit rate was similar for both groups. Rather, the cause of the difference in the profit performance was higher financial production costs. The economic viability of the black-controlled savings and loan associations appears to be threatened by both operating inefficiency and failure to reach economies of scale. These are not unrelated. Operating on a higher average cost curve, black associations are left with less net revenues per deposit dollar than comparable white associations. The higher financial production costs reduce the possibility of engaging in non-rate competition. This is important since Spellman [8] has shown the industry is increasingly paying larger implicit rates. Black associations need these incremental deposits to achieve scale economies on their average cost curve in order to pay larger implicit deposit rates. Furthermore, the higher average production cost substantially negates the larger rate spreads between earning rates and deposit rates they currently enjoy. Average financial production costs measured at the same deposit scale indicated that these costs for the black associations were 70 percent above the comparison white group. That is, even if black associations were to attain the same scale of operation as the white sample, given their current level of operating efficiency, they would still have much higher average financial production costs. The inevitable consequence is less net revenues to pay implicit deposit rates. As operating efficiency appears to be the primary problem retarding the viability of black-control... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The United States continues to be defined by racial concentration, where most racial/ethnic groups live apart from each other. For homeownership, neighborhoods with large proportions of racial minorities are often linked to negative outcomes for minority homeowners; this was particularly the case during the Great Recession. However, middle and upper income ethnic neighborhoods, or resurgent neighborhoods, have grown in numbers because of a concentration of immigrants, federal policies favoring professionals, ethnic-specific resources, and affluence. In 2007, about 37% of Los Angeles, California, Latino tracts were resurgent and 53% of Asian tracts were resurgent. This study finds that homeowners in resurgent neighborhoods had lower default/foreclosure rates and predicted probabilities than those in low-income neighborhoods. Asian resurgent neighborhoods had the lowest predicted probabilities of default or foreclosure, followed by Latino resurgent and White middle-class neighborhoods. There were also discrepancies among Asian neighborhoods based on nativity. Consequently, it is important to recognize that minority neighborhoods are heterogeneous, with differing impacts on homeownership opportunities when examined by class. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article uses experiences from a decade-long community-based research project in the Pilsen neighbourhood of Chicago, a Mexican-American neighbourhood whose residents are both experiencing and resisting gentrification, to show how displacements and contestations evolve in conversation with each other in an iterative process we could call ‘actually existing’ gentrifications. I analyse a series of ‘moments’ in 13 years of research in Pilsen to illustrate the constantly shifting terrain of gentrification politics, covering not just housing affordability, but the nature of identity, democracy and belonging. As communities develop resistance strategies to gentrification, so too do city planners, policy makers and developers adapt to these community strategies to reframe their vision of the community. In highlighting both the success of community resistance in mitigating some of the worst effects of gentrification and the co-optation of some of these same strategies in the reframing of gentrification, my goal is to show that gentrification is rarely ever done or complete but is continuously enacted and resisted, challenging the idea that gentrification is somehow inevitable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The survival of Chinatowns and other ethnic enclaves in cities is largely determined by who owns property. Ethnic enclaves such as Chinatowns have traditionally played important economic, social and cultural functions as places for recent immigrants to live and work, though Chinatowns have long faced redevelopment pressures. In North America, as Chinese immigrants and their descendants settle in the suburbs, and as historic Chinatowns’ locations close to revitalising downtowns attract increasing investment, the future of these historic enclaves is shaped by various, often intense and divergent, forces. This article describes changes in the patterns of property ownership in Boston and Philadelphia’s downtown Chinatowns over the last decade (2003–2013) and relates them to changes and continuities in these neighbourhoods’ population, commercial activities and building stock. The trends we observe simultaneously reinforce and complicate debates about gentrification and longstanding efforts to preserve these Chinatowns as ethnic Chinese residential, commercial, and cultural centres. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

So far, the relationship between Industrial Districts (IDs; clusters of interconnected local industries) and migrant enclaves (areas with a high concentration of international migrants from a single nationality) has been studied mostly by focusing on the emergence of 'ethnic enclave economies' within the district and/ or by highlighting racist conflicts that achieved notoriety in the media. In this study, we contend that there is a more general and complex interaction between the two phenomena. This interaction is mediated by the local context, national regulations, and the organization of the international market, among other factors. By focusing on the case of the ceramic ID of Castelló de la Plana (Spain), we show how this ID with a high rate of job formality, combined with other job opportunities and a unique 'institutional completeness', set up the conditions for a nonconflictive Romanian migrant enclave that reached 14% of the town's total population in 2012. Finally, and also considering another case study of ID and migrant enclave (Prato, and its Chinese enclave), we suggest a model of interaction that should be interpreted taking into account the general dynamics of the international organization of value and the requirements of flexibility and reduction of costs that frame IDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The neighbourhood has long been studied in fields such as geography, sociology, political science, and urban planning as a meaningful unit of analysis, with deep connections for residents, but an ever-shifting form. This study expands on foundational research about geographic regions (particularly informal or cognitive regions), sense of place, and environmental cognition, taking as its focal area the neighbourhood of Koreatown in Los Angeles (LA). We conducted in-person surveys, including a drawing task, to assess residents' cognitive boundaries of Koreatown. Using two approaches, we evaluate ways in which respondents' cognitive boundaries of Koreatown align with and differ from otherwise established definitions of Koreatown. Survey data are supplemented with socio-demographic data from the Census and field observations to contextualize these findings by looking at residential ethnic composition in the neighbourhood and in the greater LA region. This research contributes to our understanding of urban neighbourhoods by extensively analysing a unique ethnic enclave in one of the United States' largest metropolises from the perspective of local residents. By surveying residents about their concepts of this neighbourhood region, we elucidate how ideas about neighbourhood fit into theories about sense of place. This work also demonstrates the value of surveying residents about vague concepts of local regions and explores ways to measure and express these ideas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indianapolis experienced a 300 percent increase in Hispanic population between 1990 and 2010. This article examines the change in the composition of census tracts in Indianapolis between 2000 and 2010. Hispanic-white tracts and Hispanic-black-white tracts increased between the two censuses while majority-white tracts declined. Regression analysis revealed that number of Hispanics by tract in 2010 was negatively associated with percentage of black population and positively associated with number of Hispanics as of 2000. Hispanics were attracted to tracts with a higher percentage of median housing value ($50,000-$100,000), tracts with a high level of turnover between 1995 and 2000, and tracts that had a greater percentage of new dwellings built between 1990 and 2000. These results indicate that Hispanics avoid low-income tracts and have intensified their location in the core Hispanic tracts as well as advanced into the outer tracts of the city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article looks at how the territoriality of transnational enclaves is constituted by interactions among the lives and the discourses of three groups of ethnic Korean—South Korean, North Korean, and Joseonjok (Korean Chinese)—transnational migrants in New Malden, London. Based on longitudinal mixed ethnographic research, the article focuses on the power relations between longer settled South Korean migrants and newcomers, the latter of whom are disadvantaged in terms of legal status, linguistic abilities, and economic capital. By criticizing the concept of ethnic enclaves as bounded, homogeneous, and static areas, the research puts geopolitical approaches into focus, bringing concepts of transnationalism and territoriality geopolitics into conversation. The empirical findings demonstrate, first, that the geopolitical hierarchy and tensions among the origin societies of Joseonjok, South Korean, and North Korean migrants constituted part of the reterritorialization of the ethnic enclave of transnational migrants. “The home society” was extended into territories where these ethnic Koreans have resided in the past, particularly South Korea. Second, the transnational enclave is being constantly reterritorialized by conflicting and adapting interactions between longer settled South Korean migrants and newcomers. Third, the power relations of origin societies have penetrated through individual migrants' lives by means, in part, of different religious and ethnic organizations. This research demonstrates the importance of transnational practices and geopolitical relationships within and beyond transnational enclaves among migrant communities and how these create a territorialized and relational space within ethnic enclaves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study considers how ethnic attitudes or stereotypes held by Japanese residents (as the majority ethnic group) of Brazilian residents (as the minority ethnic group) factor into the former’s perceived emotional solidarity with the latter. The aim of this work is to (1) initially assess the factor structure of the Ethnic Attitude Scale (EAS) and Emotional Solidarity Scale (ESS) and (2) to determine if underlying factors of the EAS serve to explain factors of the ESS. Following a multistage sampling scheme, 456 Japanese households within Oizumi completed an on-site, self-administered questionnaire. Confirmatory factor analyses of the EAS and ESS revealed consistent two- and three-factor structures with extant findings in the literature. Japanese residents tended to indicate they perceived Brazilian residents slightly favorably on items from each of the EAS factors (i.e. character and intelligence and social evaluation), while responding with ambivalence to items within the ESS factors (i.e. welcoming nature, emotional closeness, and sympathetic understanding). Structural paths (in five of six scenarios) revealed that EAS factors explained between 27% and 59% of the variance in the ESS factors. Implications, limitations, and future research are discussed at the close of the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This article critically challenges scholarship on ethnic enclaves, from Chicago School scholars to the ethnic enclave debates of the 1980s and 1990s, and introduces a new type of ethnic enclave in an era of globalization: the “transclave.” By using Manhattan's Koreatown as a case study, I define transclave as a commercialized ethnic space that exists exclusively for consumption, leisure, and entertainment, differentiating itself from traditional ethnic enclaves that offer housing and jobs for newer immigrants. Instead, transclaves are spaces where transnational consumer culture and brands from sending nations are transferred to, negotiated with, and anchored in a geographic space in a global city, and shape the landscape of that space. Based on archival research, in‐depth interviews, and participant observation, this article investigates how and why Koreatown serves as an intersection of where Korea's political, economic, and sociocultural influences meet New York City's diverse cosmopolitan mosaic and tourism industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines how collective memory informs residential choices by analysing the residential patterns of Jews in Toronto. Our study extends the literature on collective memory and ethnic boundaries to include understandings about how our socio-historical and cultural worlds shape our environment and give it meaning. We argue that collective memory functions symbolically within Jewish neighbourhoods to reproduce meanings about group status and belonging as well as to direct association patterns that manifest as durable residential enclaves. Our findings show how residential clustering patterns reflect the behavioural consequences of the group's collective memory. Through an in-depth qualitative analysis, we identify four collective memory schemas for ethnic residential clustering which serve as prominent scripts that shape the Jewish residential landscape in Toronto. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Right in Amsterdam’s picturesque Canal Zone, on and around Zeedijk, Chinese entrepreneurs have carved out a presence in what seems like the local Chinatown. The businessmen have been targeting Asian and non-Asian customers by offering products that – to an extent – can be associated with Asia, China in particular. Since the early 1990s, individual entrepreneurs and their business organisations have campaigned for official acknowledgement of Zeedijk as an ethnic-only district and for governmental support of the enhancement of Chineseness. Following Hackworth and Rekers. [(2005). “Ethnic Packaging and Gentrification. The Case of Four Neighborhoods in Toronto.” Urban Affairs Review 41 (2): 211–236], we argue that this case challenges traditional understandings of ethnic commercial landscapes. In sharp contrast to the current orthodoxy, which would conceive the proliferation of such an ‘ethnic enclave’ as part of a larger process of assimilation, we have approached Amsterdam’s Chinatown first and foremost as a themed economic space: Chinese and other entrepreneurs compete for a share of the market and in doing also for the right to claim the identity of the area. What is the historical development of the Zeedijk area, how did Chinese entrepreneurs and their associations try to boost Chinatown and negotiate public Chineseness, and how did governmental and non-governmental institutional actors respond to those attempts? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents an overview of the Afro-descendant communities of the Caruao parish in Venezuela and their current relationship with the territories they still occupy, the same ones that were originally worked by their ancestors enslaved since the beginning of the 17th century. Based on a methodology that combines historical documentation and oral testimonies, it was possible to elaborate the present text, giving account of the abandonment of the local arable land by these communities, which would put in question the defense of the Afro-descendant territories as a fundamental right, since the same Afro-descendants would no longer be interested in giving continuity to the agricultural activities developed by their ancestors. Likewise, we speak here of forgetfulness and remembrance of the ancestral past as a possible hypothesis to understand why these people have been abandoning their traditional territories and activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Past studies regarding 'ethnic neighborhood tourism' (ENT) have primarily reflected perspectives of the ethnic minority group whose culture is represented to tourists. Therefore, this study explored how members of the ethnic 'majority' group who live in the ethnic neighborhood perceive ENT in their own community. The interpretive analysis of 31 interviews with Japanese residents in a Brazilian neighborhood in Oizumi, Gunma, Japan, revealed that the Japanese residents are reluctant and somewhat antagonistic towards ENT in their community. This study also illustrates that ENT reinforced the ethnic divide within the town rather than healing past tensions between the 2 groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After the European Union expansion of 2004 the United Kingdom was a recipient of a significant number of Polish migrants. The goal of this paper is to evaluate the impact that Polish migrants have on the local economies in the United Kingdom. This paper explores a case study of Polish migrants who settled in London, England and has three objectives: (1) to present how localities in London have changed after the influx of Polish migrants and how those migrants influence local economies, (2) to present a voice of a selected group of Polish migrants residing in the United Kingdom, and (3) to raise questions about the future of those Polish communities in light of Brexit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study is an investigation of the relationships between residing in different types of ethnic enclave neighborhoods and inadequate use of prenatal care among Mexican-origin mothers. Methods: A unique dataset was created using National Center for Health Statistics 2008 restricted-use detailed natality files, the 2005–2009 American Community Survey, and the Department of Health and Human Services Area Resource file. Hierarchical modeling was used. Results: Mexican-origin mothers' residential contexts are associated with the inadequacy of their prenatal care utilization beyond their individual characteristics. Specifically, residing in Mexican immigrant enclaves is associated with increased odds of having inadequate use of prenatal care. In contrast, residing in other types of ethnic enclaves (Mexican/Hispanic ethnic enclaves) and non-Hispanic white neighborhoods is associated with decreased odds of having inadequate utilization of prenatal care even after the inclusion of contextual-level controls for individual characteristics, neighborhood socioeconomic status, and the availability of healthcare infrastructure resources. Conclusions: Residing in immigrant enclaves is important for understanding the inadequacy of prenatal care utilization for Mexican-origin mothers. These findings have policy implications for designing place-based programs to target certain residential contexts where women are at greater risk of having inadequate use of prenatal care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the relationship between perceptions of social cohesion and informal social control within U.S. urban neighborhoods and adds neighborhood racial homogeneity to investigate the ways in which racial homogeneity may contribute to effects on informal social control, as theorized by social disorganization researchers. Data from the Annie E. Casey’sMaking Connectionsinitiative (level 1) and the 2010 decennial census (level 2) were used. In total, 3,868 household responses were nested within 75 different census tracts. Ordinary least squares (OLS) regression was conducted to model level 1 and level 2 effects on informal social control. Results indicate a positive relationship between perceived social cohesion and informal social control. The relationship between social cohesion and informal social control was moderated by neighborhood racial homogeneity, indicating that homogeneity positively influenced the relationship. We conclude by providing recommendations for future researchers and community builders with a particular emphasis on attending to neighborhood-level effects. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article discusses youth marginalization and the qualitative process of ghettoization in a disadvantaged area of Madrid. This ethnographic study examines the role of intermediary structures (family, ethnic community and civil associations) on the life trajectories taken by young people who have been excluded from the education system. The results of this research show that the protective effects of these structures depend on the quality of their social capital. This case study also suggests that this kind of capital arises from a specific collaboration between ethnic, religious and secular organizations in which women play a decisive role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The salmon industry in Chile experienced large and rapid growth over the past three decades and by 2008 Chile was the second largest producer of salmon in the world after Norway. However, the industry was affected by a sanitary crisis that impacted on its growth and forced a change in production strategies. This paper argues that the post-crisis scenario shows the deepening of an enclave economy in Los Lagos region that is changing the way in which the industry participates in rural development. Starting with a literature review on enclave and extractive economies I characterise the salmon industry as an enclave, and then examine evidence from the field to identify local effects in rural communities of this new form of relationship. I conclude by calling for a revitalisation of the geographical debates on enclave economies from a political ecology perspective to better understand communities' interaction with extractive economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hispanics, and particularly foreign-born Mexican Americans, have been shown to fare better across a range of health outcomes than might be expected given the generally higher levels of socioeconomic disadvantage in this population, a phenomena termed the 'Hispanic Paradox'. Previous research on social disparities in cognitive aging, however, has been unable to address both race/ethnicity and nativity ( REN) in a nationally-representative sample of US adults leaving unanswered questions about potentially 'paradoxical' advantages of Mexican ethnic-origins and the role of nativity, socioeconomic status ( SES), and enclave residence. We employ biennial assessments of cognitive functioning to study prevalent and incident cognitive impairment ( CI) within the three largest US REN groups: US-born non-Hispanic whites ( US- NHW), US-born non-Hispanic blacks ( US- NHB), US-born Mexican Americans ( US- MA), and foreign-born Mexican Americans ( FB- MA). Data come from a nationally-representative sample of community-dwelling older adults in the Health and Retirement Study linked with the 2000 Census and followed over 10 years (N = 8,433). Large disadvantages in prevalent and incident CI were observed for all REN minorities respective to US-born non-Hispanic whites. Individual and neighborhood SES accounted substantially for these disadvantages and revealed an immigrant advantage: FB- MA odds of prevalent CI were about half those of US- NHW and hazards of incident CI were about half those of US- MA. Residence in an immigrant enclave was protective of prevalent CI among FB- MA. The findings illuminate important directions for research into the sources of cognitive risk and resilience and provide guidance about CI screening within the increasingly diverse aging US population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on a gentrification conflict in Edgewood Park, a predominantly Black working-class neighborhood of a prominent mid-Atlantic city. Topics discussed include the history of localized racial projects, how gentrification is made hegemonic, and the role of gentrification in empowering individuals to resist even in the face of seemingly insurmountable challenges.

This ethnographic study investigates a suburban place in metropolitan Melbourne, Australia. It aims to reconsider the spatial formation of ethnic Chinese in a Western immigrant society beyond conventional notions about a Chinatown, an enclave, or an ethnoburb. In public enunciations, this local district, Box Hill, is depicted as an emerging Chinese enclave. In contrast, this study sheds light on multicultural engagements, interethnic interactions, and translocal and transnational mobility among the subjects who are integral to the production of the Box Hill space, through their narratives and experiences that are all in some way linked to Box Hill. This study explores everyday accommodations of multiculturalism, and yet expands this notion by underlining intersecting concepts beyond culture which together produce narratives about a suburban Chinatown. The conceptual framework of interconnectivity suggests relations and links as well as interstices and discontinuities that undermine enclave theories and to which place-making practices across ethnicity and space are integral. [Chinatown, ethnic enclave, ethnoburb, interconnectivity, Chinese immigrants] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]