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Noteworthy records of 11 alien plant species in Kyiv City and Kyiv Region made mainly in 2020 are discussed. In particular, new localities of the following taxa are reported: Amaranthus spinosus, Artemisia tournefortiana, Chenopodium ucrainicum, Celastrus orbiculatus, Datura innoxia, Dysphania ambrosioides, Erechtites hieraciifolius, Mesembryanthemum ×vascosilvae (M. cordifolium × M. haeckelianum; recently described as Aptenia ×vascosilvae and reported here for the first time for Ukraine; earlier this ornamental hybrid was misidentified as Aptenia cordifolia), Parietaria officinalis, Phytolacca americana, Thladiantha dubia. The presence in Ukraine of several additional species, such as Datura wrightii and Phytolacca acinosa s.l. (incl. P. esculenta), that may occur as escaped near places of their cultivation, is reported; these species may be confused with D. innoxia and P. americana, respectively. The growing role of alien plants escaped from cultivation (ergasiophytes) in the present-day processes of formation of the alien flora of Ukraine is emphasized.

In this work we present taxonomic notes for the genus Erechtites. More specifically, we present evidence for the re-establishment of E. petiolatus, a species that was hitherto being considered as a synonym of either E. valerianifolius or E. valerianifolius f. prenanthoides. Thus, we raise to six the number of accepted species of Erechtites. We present field photographs of E. petiolatus and E. valerianifolius and assess the conservation status of these species. Furthermore, we present taxonomic notes for E. valerianifolius and Senecio prenanthoides.

Представлена інформація щодо збільшення ареалу Erechtites hieracifolia (L.) Raf. ex DC. у Львівській області. Усі оха-рактеризовані локалітети виявлені протягом 2016–2018 рр. Подано географічні координати місцезростань, чисельність особин, тип лісорослинних умов.

In a recently-published work it was demonstrated that the previous circumscription of Erechtites valerianifolius encompassed two distinct species, thus calling for the re-establishment of E. petiolatus. However, in that work it was overlooked that Senecio albiflorus, a replacement name for Cacalia prenanthoides, was published three months before E. petiolatus. In the present work we make the necessary amendments to the taxonomic treatment of this species of Erechtites due to this nomenclatural oversight. We also discuss the issue of the provenance of the type of C. prenanthoides.

Information about floristic record of Erechtites hieracifoliа (L.) Raf. ex DC. (Asteraceae Bercht. & J. Presl) at the territory of the Chernobyl Radiation and Ecological Biosphere Reserve and National Nature Park "Нolosiivsky", new for the Kyiv Polyssia alien species was presented. This species has north american origin, according to the time of arrival it is kenophyte, according to the skidding method – xenophyte, on naturalization level – kolonophyte. Firstly in the region of study this species was collected in 2018 in vicinities of former village Ilovnitsa (northern part of the village) of Ivankov district of Kyiv Oblast. Later, in 2019 E. hieracifoliа was noted in two another sites of biosphere reserve (vicinities of former village Klyvyny of Ivankiv District, Kyiv Region and former village Kamianka of the same administrative units). Total revealed more than 60 species plants, in vegetative state (prevailed) and also in generative state. Plants were noted sporadically on forest edges and roads in composition of unformed plant communities. In 2019 this species was also found on the territory of National Naturе Park "Нolosiivsky" (Sviatoshin-Bilychі branch) where individuals of the species were found singly or in small groups (5–10 plants). In total, 60 plants of E. hieracifoliа were noted here. Probably they came to the study region recently – some years ago, skid occurred on high roads which plants used as wind corridors flanked by forests, and also on local ways; it is possible that diaspores distribution is carried out also by birds. Schematic map of species distribution in the region was presented. Data about primary and secondary areas of the E. hieracifoliа, its ecological and coenotic peculiarities were presented. The main stages of history of skidding and further distribution of the investigated species in Ukraine were reconstructed; the main directions of it distribution is connected with northern and western regions of the country. Currently, the species tends to actively spread into another regions of Ukraine. In Europe it belongs to invasive species and demands control of spread.

The significance of wild edible plants may be traced back to antiquity, and methodological studies are the focus of present food movements to restore culinary traditions. Ethnobotanical appraisal was first done to determine the names and the significance of the five wild edibles used by the Orang Asli, which were Erechtites valerianiaeolia (Link ex Spring) DC, Dendrocalamus asper (Schult.) Backer, Solanum nigrum L., Gomphandra quadrifida (Blume) Sleumer, and Pleocnemia irregularis (C. Presl) Holttum collected from Sungkai, Perak in Malaysia. These wild edibles were then assessed for their proximate and mineral compositions. The present study revealed that the fiber content present in these wild edibles ranged from 2.7 to 12.5 g/100 g, whereas the protein content ranged from 1.8 to 6.8 g/100 g with Gomphandra quadrifida containing the highest amount of fiber and Solanum nigrum recording the highest protein content among the 5 wild edibles. In regard to the micronutreint content, iron was the highest in Gomphandra quadrifida, followed by Pleocnemia irregularis. Calcium and magnesium contents were the highest in Solanum nigrum. The results obtained in this study echo the urgency to conserve these plants in order to promote consumption as well as to improve the health and nutritional status of the Orang Asli.

The complexity of invasion process of alien species is very high and requires better understanding. Nowadays, the successful range expansion of Erechtites hieraciifolia is being observed in Poland. In the study, the distribution of the species in Poland was summarized, based on the available literature and new field data. The fieldworks were conducted in the part of the species expansion zone located in central and north-eastern Poland. Two case studies on species encroachment into post-fire and transitional bog communities were performed and a case inventory of the species presence on the border of its main secondary range was conducted. The measurements of height, counting of the number of inflorescences per individual and the number of achenes per flower head were conducted in selected stands. There was performed a checking of local conditions of growth using ecological indicator values for vascular plants. The analyzed specimens of the species had significantly less inflorescences and achenes than in the other parts of the species expansion zone. They grew also in worse light conditions and in less fertile sites. The species colonized most disturbed patches at first. It spread to the less disturbed ones and omitted natural sites. The massive colonization of the transitional bog could be caused by groundwater level lowering. In the area of the edge of the species main range it was found in many diffuse stands within disturbed patches of the landscape. Based on the obtained results the species is considered to create now still only a moderate threat in the analyzed part of the expansion zone. The possibility of its expansion to wetland sites and sudden appearance in Kampinos National Park needs much more attention. Key words: alien invasive species, climate change, American burnweed, expansion, disturbance

Resumo Senecioneae esta representada em Minas Gerais por oito generos e 41 especies (Dendrophorbium 3 spp., Emilia 2 spp., Erechtites 3 spp., Graphistylis 5 spp., Hoehnephytum 1 sp., Pentacalia 1 sp., Pseudogynoxys 1 sp. e Senecio 25 spp.). Tres especies sao culvitadas como ornamentais: Curio rowleyanus, Senecio flaccidus e S. tamoides. Seis especies sao novas ocorrencias para o estado: Dendrophorbium fastigiaticephalum, Graphistylis argyrotricha, Senecio paulensis, S. paucijugus, S. pseudostigophlebius e S. stigophlebius. Sao apresentadas chaves de identificacao para os generos e especies, descricoes, comentarios sobre a taxonomia, distribuicao geografica e habitat, alem de ilustracoes das especies estudadas. Abstract Senecioneae is represented in Minas Gerais, Southeastern Brazil, by eight genera and 41 species (Dendrophorbium 3 spp., Emilia 2 spp., Erechtites 3 spp., Graphistylis 5 spp., Hoehnephytum 1 sp., Pentacalia 1 sp., Pseudogynoxys 1 sp., and Senecio 25 spp.). Three species are cultivated as ornamental: Curio rowleyanus, Senecio flaccidus and S. tamoides. Six species are new occurrences: Dendrophorbium fastigiaticephalum, Graphistylis argyrotricha, S. paulensis, S. paucijugus, S. pseudostigophlebius and S. stigophlebius. Identification key of genera and species from Minas Gerais, descriptions, and comments on the taxonomy, geographical distribution and habitats, besides illustrations are given.

The flora of vascular plants in Sumeunmulbaengdui wetland located in Hallasan National Park was surveyed 9 times from September, 2010 to May, 2014. This survey resulted in 236 taxa in total composed of 202 species, 2 subspecies, 27 varieties and 5 forms of 148 genera under 69 families. They were categorized by their life forms into 8 groups of 37 megaphanerophytes, 26 nanophanerophytes, 2 epiphytes, 3 chamaephytes, 84 hemicryptophytes, 33 geophytes, 21 hydrophytes, 30 therophytes. Among them, 10 taxa of Korean endemic plants and 9 taxa of rare and endangered plants were included. In addition, the floristic regional indicator plants were 43 taxa comprised of 3 taxa of grade V, 7 taxa of grade IV, 12 taxa of grade III, 8 taxa of grade II and 13 taxa of grade I. 2 species of alien plants, Erechtites hieracifolia Raf. and Taraxacum officinale Weber were found. Sustainable interest and protective measures to Sumeunmulbaengdui wetland are required, since this area is comparatively larger in size and higher in plant diversity than other Ramsar wetlands in Jeju-do Province.

Little is known about the seed banks of mixed-mesophytic forest clearcuts or their associated forest edges. Seed banks were described and compared to better understand how seed density, species richness, and composition change with increasing distance from clearcuts. Thirty-two taxa were found in the seed bank of clearcuts, and 44 were found in adjacent forest edges. Annuals represented 41% of seeds in clearcuts, but only 8% in edges, while trees and shrubs represented 3% in both areas. Seed-bank density and species richness varied significantly within and between clearcuts, but clearcuts were no different in seed-bank density and richness from interior forest seed banks. Seed-bank density declined significantly with distance from clearcuts on west-facing forest edges, but demonstrated no discernable spatial pattern on south-facing edges. Overall, edge effects from clearcutting on adjacent forest seed banks were demonstrated in total seed density and in several common wind-dispersed, early-successional herbaceous species, including Erechtites hieraciifolia (L.) Raf. and Lobelia inflata L., and Vitis, a common ingestion-dispersed species. The seed-shadow edge effect may influence both current and future community characteristics and population dynamics of vegetation in mixed-mesophytic forest edges adjacent to clearcuts.Key words: seed banks, clearcutting, edge effects, mixed-mesophytic forest, West Virginia.

At maturity in September, about half the seeds (achenes) of Erechtites hieracifolia (Asteraceae) collected in Kentucky were dormant (did not germinate at any test condition), whereas the others were conditionally dormant (germinated only at a narrow range of test conditions). Seeds sown on top of soil in an unheated greenhouse in September failed to germinate in autumn because temperatures were below those required for germination; however, they germinated at comparable temperatures the following spring. Seeds buried in soil in September 1987 and exposed to natural seasonal temperature changes were nondormant (germinated over full range of test conditions) by April 1988, but they entered conditional dormancy by October 1988. Each October through 1995, exhumed seeds exhibited conditional dormancy. Since 89% of the seeds were viable after 8 years of burial, it appears that although seeds of this species are wind dispersed, they also have the potential to form a long-lived seed bank. Thus, soil disturbance at any time from May to September could result in establishment of plants from seeds in the seed bank. Keywords: seed dormancy, Asteraceae, dormancy cycles, buried seeds, light.

Erechtites hieraciifolius (L.) Raf. ex DC. (1838: 294) var. cacalioides (Fish. ex Spreng.) Grisebach (1864: 381). Distribution: a native of troical America, invasive in other tropical regions. = Senecio muninensis Koidzumi (1919: 218–219) Lectotype (designated here)— JAPAN: Bonin Chichijima Susaki: 21 Mar. 1917, S, Nishimura 4 (TI [39895]!). Syntypes — JAPAN: Bonin Chichijima Susaki: 15 Dec. 1912, S. Nishimura 124 (TI [39899]!); Bonin Chichijima Susaki: May 1915, S . Nishimura 561 (TI [39896]!); Bonin Chichijima Oomura: Mar. 1912, B . Kawate Hei8 (TI [39897]!); Bonin Chichijima Susaki: 21 Mar. 1917, S , Nishimura s.n. (KYO!). In the protologue of Senecio muninensis, Koidzumi (1919) cited four specimens as “Bonin: insl. Chichishima (lg. S. Nishimura! no. 4, III. 21, 1917; no. 24, I. 12, 1915; no. 561, V. 1915) (lg. B. Kawate! no. 8, III. 1912)”. Three of these specimens were identified as bearing Koidzumi’s handwriting and are housed at TI. We could not find the second specimen “no. 24, I. 12, 1915 ”, however, another specimen (S. Nishimura 124, “1. 12. 15.”) was also found at TI. After comparison with other Nishimura’s specimens, we found that the numbers of “1. 12. 15.” indicated “the first year of the Taisho Era (= 1912), Decmber 15”. Thus, Koidzumi (1919) must have misread “no. 124, 1 (1912). 12 (XII). 15 (15 th)” as “no. 24, I. 12 th, 1915” for the second specimen. Aside from these specimens, we found one without a collector’s number (Bonin Chichijima Susaki, S. Nishimura s.n., 21 March 1917) at KYO, which was collected on the same date as the specimen cited first in the protologue. It most likely corresponds to the specimen “ 21 mars 1917 S. Nishimura” cited by Kitamura (1934), who recorded this name as a synonymy for Erechtites hieraciifolius var. cacalioides. This specimen lacks a collector’s number, but is probably a duplicate specimen found at TI. Of the four original specimens at TI, G. Koidzumi identified one specimen as Senecio muninensis, but the others had been previously identified as a different taxon and revised by Koidzumi. Thus, we select the former specimen (S. Nishimura 4, 21 March 1917) as the lectotype., Published as part of Watanabe-Toma, Kana, Ohi-Toma, Tetsuo & Murata, Jin, 2011, Typification of Angiospermae described from the Bonin Islands 1: Metachlamydeae, pp. 51-58 in Phytotaxa 33 on pages 55-56, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.33.1.4, http://zenodo.org/record/4894593, {"references":["Grisebach, A. H. R. (1864) Flora of the British West Indian Islands. L. Reeve, London.","Koidzumi, G. (1919) Contributiones ad floram Asiae orientalis. Botanical Magazine (Tokyo) 33: 217 - 223.","Kitamura, S. (1934) Compositae novae Japonicae VII. Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica 3: 97 - 111."]}

Erechtites valerianifolius DC. (1838: 295). Distribution: a native of troical America, invasive in other tropical regions. = Senecio boninsimae Yatabe (1893: 1–3) Lectotype (designated here)—Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) vol. 7, plate II. 1893. No specimens were cited in the protologue of Senecio boninsimae, but one detailed drawing (plate II) was provided. Kitamura (1934) recorded this name as a synonym for Erechtites valerianifolius DC., citing “Bonin (S. Nishimura)”. The specimens collected by S. Nishimura were found at TI, but specimens collected before 1893 have not been found in any herbaria. Because we have not found adequate specimens that could serve as the type of this taxon in any herbaria, “plate II” should be regarded as the lectotype (ICBN Art. 9.2.)., Published as part of Watanabe-Toma, Kana, Ohi-Toma, Tetsuo & Murata, Jin, 2011, Typification of Angiospermae described from the Bonin Islands 1: Metachlamydeae, pp. 51-58 in Phytotaxa 33 on page 56, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.33.1.4, http://zenodo.org/record/4894593, {"references":["Yatabe, R. (1893) New or little known plants of Japan. Botanical Magazine (Tokyo) 7: 1 - 3.","Kitamura, S. (1934) Compositae novae Japonicae VII. Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica 3: 97 - 111."]}

Analysis by GC and GC-MS of the essential oil obtained from aerial parts of Erechtites hieracifolia revealed 22 components (93% of the total composition). The major constituents were found to be ˛-pinene, myrcene, (E)-ˇ-ocimene, (E)-caryophyllene and germacrene D; the enantiomeric distribution of ˛- pinene, sabinene, ˇ-pinene, limonene and linalool was studied by multidimensional HRGC-HRGC. The major component was ˛-pinene (48%) with an enantiomeric purity of 100% for (1R)-(C)-˛-pinene. Copyright  2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Senecio hieraciifolius Linnaeus, Species Plantarum 2: 866. 1753. "Habitat in America septentrionali." RCN: 6269. Lectotype (Belcher in Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 43: 14. 1956): Herb. Linn. No. 996.1 (LINN). Current name: Erechtites hieraciifolia (L.) Raf. ex DC. (Asteraceae). Note: Specific epithet spelled ���hieracifolius��� in the protologue., Published as part of Jarvis, Charlie, 2007, Chapter 7: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types (part S), pp. 806-877 in Order out of Chaos. Linnaean Plant Types and their Types, London :Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum on page 839, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.291971

Erechtites

The study of the tribe Senecioneae (Asteraceae) is part of the project "Flora of the Serra do Cipo, Minas Gerais, Brazil". In that area the tribe is represented by the following genera, with their respective number of species: Emilia (1), Erechtites (1), Hoehneophytum (1), Pentacalia (1), Pseudogynoxys (1) and Senecio (4). Key to the genera and species, descriptions, illustrations, as well as comments on the geographic distribution, habitats, phenology and morphological variability of the species are presented.

Eight plant species were subjected to artifical acid rains of pH 2.5, 2.0, 1.5, 1.0 and 0.5 in order to determine the threshold for and symptoms of damage. The plants were Erechtites, Robinia, Pinus, Quercus, Carya, Liriodendron, Acer and Corpus from the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory near Franklin, North Carolina Droplets of pH 2.0 produced brown necrotic spots on all species except Pinus while droplets of pH 1.0 produced necroses on leaves of all species examined. The size of necrotic spots increased with increasing acidity. Comparison of these results with the literature suggests that developing leaves are more easily damaged than are the mature leaves used in this study. The volume weighted average rainfall pH for Coweeta is 4.6 with observations ranging from 3.2 to 5.9. Results of this study suggest that a 10-fold increase in acidity from pH 3.2 to 2.2 in a single spring or summer storm could bring damage or death to mature leaves of dominant flowering plants in the Southern Appalachians.

Summary Thirteen numerical attributes taken from phyllaries, calycule, peduncle and florets were recorded for a sample of 65 specimens representing the New Zealand Erechtites arguta (syn. Senecio glomeratus)—Erechtites scaberula (syn. Senecio hispidulus) complex. The comparative data were subjected to computer analyses using Squared Euclidean Distance (D2 ) and Gower's Index as similarity statistics in conjunction with Nearest. Median and Furthest neighbour and Centroid (C) sorting strategies during the commissioning of ASSORT, a package of interrelated Algol procedures. The resulting agglomerative polythetic classifications conform to a basic structure exemplified by the D2 -C result. Two major groups consisting of four and five subgroups respectively were detected from the computed hierarchy. Thirteen additional characters taken from stem, leaf, involucre, corolla and achenes together with geographical data were used to show that the two major groups and only one subgroup exhibit taxonomic properties. R...

Chronic γ-irradiation of an oak-pine forest in central Long Island, New York, has killed most species of higher plants originally present wherever average exposures exceeded 45 R/day. This central devastated zone is being invaded slowly by relatively radiation resistant herbs, including especially a sedge, Carex pensylvanica , which is indigenous to the forest. Of the other herbaceous invaders, such as Erechtites hieracifolia , set of viable seeds is reduced to less than 50 per cent by exposures of 100 R/day or more. There is a clear selection favouring perennial species with shielded perennating buds and vigorous asexual reproduction. This pattern is accentuated by rabbits which find the radiation-devastated zone an attractive feeding ground and check the expansion of populations of herbaceous plants by grazing the flowering stems. Grazing has been especially effective in limiting the spread of the common old-field successional species, Erigeron canadensis . The overall successional pattern indicates that invasion by Carex will predominate, ultimately resulting in a dense Carex mat, excluding even other radioresistant herbs.

In 1930 the writer published in this journal an account of the vegetation of Heart's Content forest listing the plants then known to occur within the area. The stand is a remnant of the primeval forest which formerly covered much of northwestern Pennsylvania. A number of foresters and botanists, appreciating its ecological importance, have developed a lively interest in the area. Since 1928, when the initial studies were made, the place has been visited every summer and a number of additional species collected. The object of this paper is to record these species. The Scirpus sp. was immature but appeared to be S. cyperinus; it was impossible to collect flowers or fruit of either Ribes rotuzdifoliwni or Crataegus tenella, hence the identification of these species remains tentative. Some of the plants here reported seem to be recent invaders rather than natural components of the virgin forest. During the summer of 1929 cutting of immediately adjacent areas was completed, exposing the south and east sides of the virgin forest block. This exposure to sun and wind has certainly altered natural conditions within a considerable part of the forest and has made entry of a number of ruderals possible. A further factor in accounting for the recent arrivals seems to be the increasing use of the area by the public. Among the species which represent recent arrivals in the area are Dactylis glomerata, Agrostis alba, Populis tremiloides, P. gr iididentata, Rumex acetosella, Polygomurn acre, Phytolacca decaundra, Lysimacliia qunadrifolia, SolanxUn dulcamtara, Bidens discoidea, Erechtites hieracifolia, and Hieracium aurantiaci1n. Plants occurring only in the grazed portion of the forest are not included. Information on such species may be obtained from an earlier paper by the writer.

Publisher Summary Senecio, the largest genus belonging to the Compositae family, comprises over one thousand species and most of these contain alkaloids. The closely related or perhaps synonymous genus Erechtites also consists of species rich in alkaloids. Within the family Boraginaceae, the Heliotropium,Trachelanthus, and Trichodesma genera contain alkaloids which are very similar to those extracted from the Senecio plants. Crotalaria plants, of the family Leguminosae, also contain alkaloids of the same type. These closely related alkaloids are found in the three different botanical families. All are referred to as “ Senecio alkaloids” for the sake of brevity. All contain only one nitrogen atom. Although there are differences in the carbon content, the predominant alkaloids are those that contain 18 carbon atoms. The hydrogen and oxygen contents of the alkaloids, considered as a series, are subject to wide variation. In frequent cases, the same alkaloid has been isolated from different species within the same genus.

An examination of Erechtites hieracifolia (L.) Raf., during which two alkaloids have been isolated, has emphasized the close chemical relation which the genus Erechtites bears to Senecio. The chief alkaloid, hieracifoline, C18H25O5N, on hydrolysis yields retronecine and hieracinecic acid. The alkaloid is therefore of the type generally elaborated by Senecio species.

HAINES, B., J. CHAPMAN AND C. MONK (Botany Department, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602). Rates of mineral element leaching from leaves on nine plant species from a southern Appalachian forest succession subjected to simulated acid rain. Bull. Torrey Botanical Club 112:258-264. 1985.-Rates of mineral element leaching from plants subjected to simulated acid rain were determined for plants from a forest succession. Early successional plants were the herbs Erechtites hieracifolia and Erigeron canadensis and the early successional shrub-tree was Robinia pseudo-acacia. Later successional species were Pinus strobus, Carya illinoensis, Liriodendron tulipifera, Quercus prinus, Acer rubrum and' Cornus florida. Simulated rain consisted of deionized water plus a salt and an acid component to produce pH values of 5.5, 4.5, 3.5 and 2.5. Solutions were applied through a raindrop simulator at 0.9 cm/hr for 10 periods of 1 hr each. Leachate from the leaves was collected and analyzed for NH4-N, NO3N, K, Ca, Mg, and P. Rates of leaching ranged from 0.006 to 11.3 mg of element/ 10 dm2/hr. There were highly significant differences in leaching rates among species but no significant differences among pH treatments for the elements analyzed. Highest leaching rates occurred in Erechtites and Erigeron. The absence of a pH effect on leaching rates is consistent with the absence of evidence of acid rain damage to the leaves of the plants tested.