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Two Latin phrases describing litigants—pro se (for oneself) and in forma pauperis (IFP, as a poor person)—prompt this inquiry into the relationship between self-representation and requests for filing fee waivers. We sketch the governing legal principles for people seeking relief in the federal courts, the sources of income of the federal judiciary, the differing regimes to which Congress has subjected incarcerated and nonincarcerated people filing civil lawsuits, and analyses enabled by SCALES, a newly available database that coded 2016 and 2017 federal court docket sheets. This Essay’s account of what can be learned and of the data gaps demonstrates the challenges of capturing activities in federal lawsuits and the burdens, unfairness, and inefficiencies of current federal court waiver practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On many maps, relief shading is one of the most significant graphical elements. Modern relief shading techniques include neural networks. To generate such shading automatically at an arbitrary scale, one needs to consider how the resolution of the input digital elevation model (DEM) relates to the neural network process and the maps used for training. Currently, there is no clear guidance on which DEM resolution to use to generate relief shading at specific scales. To address this gap, we trained the U-Net models on swisstopo manual relief shadings of Switzerland at four different scales and using four different resolutions of SwissALTI3D DEM. An interactive web application designed for this study allows users to outline a random area and compare histograms of varying brightness between predictions and manual relief shadings. The results showed that DEM resolution and output scale influence the appearance of the relief shading, with an overall scale/resolution ratio. We present guidelines for generating relief shading with neural networks for arbitrary areas and scales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Derecho de la Seguridad Social, Laborum is the property of Ediciones Laborum S.L. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article discusses the court case Rokita v. Pennsylvania Department of Corrections, wherein the Commonwealth Court of Pennsylvania ruled in favor of the inmate's claim of relief for Medication-Assisted Treatment (MAT). It provides a background of MAT, filing claims and alleged violations of rights under the Eighth Amendment and the Americans With Disabilities Act. It reviews the dissenting opinion regarding the use of MAT in the prison system.

Author’s Synopsis: In the law of charitable trusts, courts wield exceptional power with respect to two equitable remedies: cy près and the closely related doctrine of deviation. Courts can grant these equitable remedies for trusts that have purposes or terms rendered ineffectual, and either doctrine allows the court to prolong the trust’s life, perhaps forever. Historically, the invocation of these remedies was anathema to American courts. But increasingly, they have contemplated the possibility of extending the life of charitable trusts through application of these doctrines. In many ways, the evolution of these doctrines is owing to the jurisprudence involving trusts created for the benefit of a religious congregation or charity. Yet, this connection and the implications of judicial decisions regarding the right to these remedies has not garnered much attention until now. In this study, I analyze the extent to which courts have applied these equitable remedies to religious purpose charitable trusts via an econometric analysis of a universe of cases with a published opinion from an American court from the nation’s founding through 2019. This study provides a novel analysis of these equitable remedies and the history of religious purpose charitable trusts along a considerable timeline in American history. First, it explores how the equitable remedies of cy près and deviation were shaped by and shaped the caselaw around religious purpose charitable trusts, revealing simultaneously that each is a valid remedy and trust. Second, it examines the possible bias of the courts in awarding these remedies to certain religious groups but not others, ultimately finding that trusts created for the benefit of Catholic churches and charities were deemed less worthy of these remedies by the courts, all else equal. These findings have implications not only for understanding the application of these equitable remedies more deeply but also for uncovering the implicit and overt bias of the courts in cases where it has no actual basis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Design proposals that aim to increase resilience to future extreme weather events increasingly center on equity concerns. The question of the implementation and ongoing maintenance of resilient landscapes, however, receives scant attention in planning literature despite the abundance of stewardship references in resilience proposals. Stewardship, as both concept and act, implicates equity because it is a form of adaptation labor that is invisible and unpaid. Here, I discuss California's Resilient by Design project to show that when the labor involved in stewardship projects is not acknowledged, claims for an equitable and resilient future espoused by planning proposals are diminished. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 promised dramatic measures to address sex-based discrimination in education. In the context of civil suits against schools involving peer sexual harassment, these measures have yet to live up to their promise. Under the existing standard, student victims of peer sexual harassment must demonstrate that their educational institutions responded to their reports of harassment with "deliberate indifference. This standard favors institutions over students as it imposes liability only in the most egregious cases. A deepening conflict between the circuit courts regarding what deliberate indifference actually requires compounds concerns over the standard's ineffectiveness. Courts like the Sixth Circuit, who adopt a narrow interpretation of deliberate indifference, require that students show they were subjected to subsequent actionable harassment, a rule that further harms students. In contrast, courts like the Tenth Circuit utilize a broader interpretation and find that a demonstration of vulnerability to further harassment is sufficient to establish deliberate indifference. After reviewing the policy motivations behind Title IX and tracing the development of the deliberate indifference standard to its recent split, this Comment argues for the codification of the Tenth Circuit's standard, which permits plaintiffs to show deliberate indifference through either further actionable harassment or vulnerability to further harassment. The amendment should also evaluate institutional responses under a standard of unreasonableness rather than clear unreasonableness. This approach would solidify Title IX's application to peer sexual harassment, encourage proactive and meaningful institutional responses, and allow plaintiffs a greater chance of obtaining relief. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rule-based representations of craft production are instrumental in decoding the relations between shapes, materials, tools, and actions. They enhance our understanding of the generative processes of a craft, and in turn, our ways of transforming and translating it to new contexts. With the motivation to define procedures that bridge practical knowledge across manual and digital methods, this study proposes a computer implementation of a historical stone carving craft from Anatolia and integrates it into digital modeling and fabrication workflows. We develop a set of detailed making rules for a specific style of relief ornaments and create parametric digital models with the consequent toolpaths for 3-Axis milling. The sequences of subtractive steps with reference to the rule-based representations and the associated parametric model deliver results with implications for incorporating the knowledge of manual making to digital making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Devil's Town" is a natural park dominated by broadleaf deciduous trees, and made up of two rare natural phenomena in the world: earthen statues, as specific forms of relief, and two springs of highly acidic water with high mineralization. Devil's Town is a "biodiversity star" with a unique ambient, flora, fauna, and microbiome. The research aimed to: investigate the concentration of chemical parameters in the soil of the natural park, identify nematodes that can survive in extreme conditions, explore feeding habits of nematodes, and infer phylogenetic relationships of nematodes based on 28S rRNA sequences. Soil samples were collected from two sites, designated Soil under vegetation and Saxon mine soil, from which nematodes were discovered. Phylogenetic analyses were performed with 28S rRNA gene primers, using Maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference. The presence of minerals and heavy metals, combined with high acidity created extreme environmental conditions in which specific nematode species can survive. These circumstances favored fast-moving species with teeth and spears, such as mononchids and dorylaimids, enabling them to adopt predatory feeding behavior. In contrast, Acrobeloides, Prismatolaimus, Rhabditis spp. etc., are saprobionts adapted to specific chemical pollutants, and they tolerate high levels of Pb, Zn, Fe, Cu, Cd and As. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shift work stands as an indispensable pillar of contemporary society, facilitating ceaseless operations across an array of industries. However, stress is a significant, formidable challenge associated with shift work, which has extensive repercussions on the wellbeing of shift operatives. This study is an exploration of stress relief in the specific context of shift employment. It lays particular emphasis on the insights from studies that cast light on the intricate interplay of shift work, stress, and the ensuing ramifications for health. In this context, the present study is aimed at discussing the stress management strategies used by shift workers in India. The study uses primary data collected from 60 sample respondents through convenient sampling using a structured questionnaire. The findings reveal that stress management strategies for shift workers is an area that presents opportunities to determine some ways to manage stress not only for shift workers but for the worker population in general. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A growing number of scholars, judges, and Justices are debating the permissibility and propriety of relief that they are calling "national injunctions" or "nationwide injunctions." An injunction is a court order that prohibits an entity from taking certain actions or that requires an entity to take specified actions. Drawing from scholarly literature and popular discourse, some define a "nationwide injunction" as an injunction with no geographic limitation that benefits nonparties, in addition to named plaintiffs or defined plaintiff classes. Injunctive relief in a number of high-profile cases falls within the crosshairs of "nationwide injunction" opponents. On the chopping block is relief in cases involving controversial presidential executive orders, Affordable Care Act provisions, and civil rights issues. Yet it is not clear that a category of "nationwide injunctions" is meaningful or even exists. "Nationwide injunction" skeptics indicate that the distinctiveness of the targeted injunctions is either due to the injunctions' geographic scope or, alternatively, because such injunctions provide benefits to nonparties in addition to parties. But almost no federal court injunctions are limited in geographic scope and there is no clear rule or core principle limiting injunctions to provide benefits only to plaintiffs or plaintiff classes. I provide a comprehensive taxonomy of the challenges to "nationwide injunctions," which I divide into subcategories of jurisdictional and prudential concerns. Then, I suggest that "nationwide injunctions" skeptics' criticism, and even the concept of a "nationwide injunction," are muddled due to the incomplete and skewed framing of the discussion. I propose exploring and engaging several, until now, ignored factors to develop a more robust understanding and conversation about the targeted injunctions, their implications, and the potential implications of decreasing or eliminating the targeted injunction as a form of relief in civil litigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past three decades, the Supreme Court has led a historicist revolution in equity jurisprudence. In a series of decisions known as the "new equity" cases, the Court has sought to limit federal equitable remedies to the forms of relief typically issued by the English Court of Chancery at the Founding. It has read this stringent limitation into various federal statutes that refer to equity--from the Employment Retirement Income Security Act to the Judiciary Act. But these cases miss the mark on their own quasi-originalist terms. By focusing on statutes as the basis for the judiciary's power to grant equitable relief, the Court has overlooked the underlying source of that power: the provision of Article III that extends "[t]he judicial Power" to cases in "Equity." This Article uncovers federal equity's constitutional source. Applying the Supreme Court's historically inflected methodology, it argues that "[t]he judicial Power" in "Equity" is best understood as vesting the federal courts with inherent power to grant equitable relief. That power is coextensive with the remedial authority of the Founding-Era English Chancellor. Put simply, Article III empowers federal courts to apply the system of equitable remedies administered by the Court of Chancery in 1789 as the baseline of federal equity power. Thus, absent express congres- sional action (which is rare), it is Article III itself--not federal statutes--that defines the limits of federal equity. Returning equity to its constitutional source suggests that the judiciary has greater leeway to develop the federal system of equitable remedies than the Court's time-bound new equity cases seem to permit. To be sure, the remedial power incorporated by Article III was not illimitably flexible. Founding-Era Chancellors were bound by settled rules from which they did not depart absent legislative authorization. But nor was it fixed in time. Chancery could elaborate the system of equitable remedies in a gradual, accretive, precedent-based way. Article III vests an equivalent power in the federal courts. By ignoring this power and instead tying federal equity to particular statutes, the Court has, in the name of fidelity to history, adopted an ahistorical, cramped understanding of the federal equity power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the status of unlawful conditions of confinement in U.S. immigration detention. Topics discussed are protection of detained noncitizens from punitive detention conditions under the Fifth Amendment due process clause, lack of civil rights remedies for addressing unconstitutional conditions of confinement of noncitizens and alternative vehicles including injunctive relief, Administrative Procedure Act and complaints via the Office of the Immigration Detention Ombudsman.

It is clear manifestation that the law and practice of the equitable remedy of injunction occupied a very important terrain or place in the legal system of Nigeria. This is because besides, the fact that it transcends both the substance and adjectives or procedural laws, its ' impact as a strong and effective weapon in the practice of the law cannot tie over emphasized, most especially since it cuts across all branches of laws via constitutional and administrative laws, the laws of contract, tort and banking, the laws relating to, and the conduct of election in Nigeria etc. in this regard, one cannot easily forget the activities of the A.B.N. (Association for Better Nigeria). In the cases of ABIMBOLA DAVIES VS the national electoral COMMISSION (NEC) spear headed by Francis Arthur Nzenbe during the aborted third Republic in Nigeria in 1993. It can therefore be suggested quite rightly from the above that the reason for the choice of this topic is because of the pervasiveness of the aw and practice of injunction in all its ramification of ouj, law and the purpose of course is to analyze how consistent, effective and purposeful our courts and legal practitioners have granted the principle of injunction and its ultimate effect on our legal system and our society at large. This project is divided into five chapters in all. Chapter one is devoted wholly to indu introductory details, that is definition origin and "exception of legal principles of injunction. Next comes chapter two, which will contain the types of and scope 2f injunction in particular situation Next is chapter three, which deals with the application and effect of junction in Nigeria. In other words, this chapter deals with the practice and procedure of the law of injunction. In this regards, this chapter touches the mode of applying for injunction,-relevant civil procedure rule, the principle guiding the grant and the effect of injunction. The fourth chapter takes a clinical and analytical work at the topic: self. It touches on the delay and abuse of the principles of injunction Advantages and Disadvantages) and when injunction will be refused. The last which is chapter five, deals with conclusion of this work. It proffers suggestion by orders of injunction can be reduced d the beeriest minimum if not out rightly eliminated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the article, the author discusses the legal issues involving the powerful equitable remedies used by the U.S. Supreme Court to achieve equality like constructive trusts, national injunctions, and disgorgement, as well as the questionable interpretation by judges of the laws. Also cited are how procedural reforms streamlined civil procedure to merge equity and law, and the determination of rights to a jury trial against discretionary judge-based determinations.

Germany is a prominent jurisdiction for patent litigation. After a long and controversial discussion between stakeholders, the legislator amended the law on injunctive relief in summer 2021 and introduced a statutory disproportionality exception. This article gives an overview of the background to the reform and describes and analyses its implementation, the methodology to assess disproportionality, and the relation to the law on compulsory licensing as well as the special regime for standard-essential patents. The paper focuses particularly on the most controversial ground for denying an injunction: third-party interests in the infringing implementation of the invention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Bureya and Sikhote Alin orogens located in the area of the northeastern Amurian plate are characterized by different levels of seismic activity. Using the geophysical data and the data from examining specific features of the relief applying the WinLESSA program, the structure of the orogens is analyzed. As a result, the dominant extension lines of rose charts, the lineaments, the densities of lineaments of the diagonal systems, and the overall lineament density have been obtained, which are indicators of tectonic fracturing of the upper crust. These data have established that both orogens are tectonically affected by external sources (Indian-Asian interaction and the impact of the Pacific Plate), while the intensity of the process has been determined to be higher in the Bureya Orogen. Tectonic fracturing in the subsurface horizons of the crust has also been found to be increased in the Bureya Orogen compared to the Sikhote Alin one. Pronounced maxima of the overall density of preferentially NE- or NW-trending lineaments localized along the orogen axial line, are typical of the first orogen, whereas in the second case, a series of less pronounced density maxima of different orientations, which are chaotically distributed over the entire orogen, have been revealed. The data inferred from the analysis of the relief, crustal thickness, and magnetic field suggest a compression regime acting in the northern Bureya Orogen and the southern Sikhote Alin Orogen, while other parts of the orogens experience an extension regime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to objectively analyze the situation of agricultural holdings in Dambovita county, both in terms of their size and dimension, but also their evolution, with the aim of highlighting the existing gaps compared to the European Union average, problems and dysfunctions what characterizes the agricultural sector, but also its prospects for development and performance growth. The research methodology first of all assumed the analysis of specialized literature regarding the importance of agriculture for the economy and its role in increasing income for farmers, and on the other hand, the collection and processing of national and county statistical data regarding agricultural holdings. Based on the analyzed data, conclusions and recommendations were formulated regarding the reduction of existing gaps between Romanian agriculture, Dambovita County and community agriculture. It was thus established that compared to the average size of the agricultural holding registered at the national level, of 2.37 ha, at the level of Dambovita county, it is 4.37 ha. This is due to the specific relief and activity. However, the average size of agricultural holdings is well below the average size of existing holdings at European Union level, where it is 152.4 ha in the Czech Republic, 90.4 ha in the United Kingdom or 77.5 ha in Slovakia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Philip Morris v Uruguay , the tribunal split on the standard of review applied to determine a fair and equitable treatment claim. Despite heavy contestation, arbitrators have not identified their root of divergence, missing the opportunity to elaborate on how to accord an appropriate level of deference to sensitive public interest regulations. More than an isolated instance, this problem reflects the conceptual and analytical ambiguities in standards of review analysis in investment arbitral jurisprudence in general. In response, this article identifies and distinguishes three different notions of deference in investment arbitration, in efforts to help clarify standards of review analysis and bridge the divergence in the current debate. This typology of deference can provide analytical guidance for tribunals to determine the appropriate standards of review with respect to complex legal and factual determinations. To enhance analytical clarity, investment tribunals could disaggregate the seemingly unitary, all-encompassing notion of standards of review into various concrete inquiries, instead focused on whether, and to what extent, specific legal or factual determinations at issue may warrant a measure of deference. In this way, arbitrators could improve their reasoning quality, analytical transparency as well as jurisprudential consistency, which are instructive to achieving a more coherent and principled approach to standards of review analysis in investment treaty arbitration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Are the state's obligations to victims of its own wrongdoing greater than to persons who have suffered from bad luck? Many people endorse an affirmative answer to this question. Call this the Difference View. This view can seem arbitrary from the perspective of the victims in question; why should a victim of bad luck, who is just as badly off through no fault of her own, be entitled to less assistance from the state than a victim of state-caused wrongful harm? This paper defends a qualified version of the Difference View, the Threshold Version of the Difference View. According to this view, all disadvantaged persons, no matter what the cause of their disadvantage, must be compensated until they reach a minimum threshold of wellbeing; however, among disadvantaged persons above this threshold, full compensation is owed for those who are victims of state wrongdoing, whereas full compensation is not necessarily owed to those who are disadvantaged due to bad luck. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a guide to practicing lawyers on how to initiate a challenge or appeal to a judicial or administrative ruling in the Utah Court of Appeals, particularly the procedure to follow and the forms of relief to file. Other topics include the court's jurisdiction and docket, and the resources used like the Utah Code, the Utah Rules of Civil Procedure, and the opinions of the Utah Supreme Court judges.

States have begun to pass legislation to provide automatic relief for eligible criminal records, potentially reducing the lifelong collateral consequences of criminal justice involvement. Yet numerous historical examples suggest that racially neutral policies can have profoundly disparate effects across racial groups. In the case of criminal record relief, racial equity in eligibility for a clean slate has not yet been examined. We find that in California, one in five people with convictions met criteria for full conviction relief under the state's automatic relief laws. Yet the share of Black Americans eligible for relief was lower than White Americans, reproducing racial disparities in criminal records. We identify two policy amendments that would reduce the share of Black men in California with convictions on their criminal records from 22% to 9%, thereby narrowing the difference compared to White men from 15 to seven percentage points. Put another way, an additional one in seven Black men currently has a conviction record, compared to their White counterparts. This would decline to an additional one in 14 if both hypothetical policy amendments were incorporated. We close with discussion of criminal history data quality limitations, which pose a second key challenge to equitable implementation of automatic criminal record relief reforms nationwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the experiences of care and relief for paupers deemed lunatics, idiots and imbeciles during the initial decades of the New Poor Law. Analysis focusses on two Lincolnshire Poor Law Unions (the Sleaford and Lincoln) and is structured around three loci of care: the parish, the asylum and the workhouse. Although the parish continued to be the primary locus of care throughout the early New Poor Law period, this article notes a growing willingness to admit paupers into asylums as the 1830 s and 1840 s progressed. Indeed, the geography of asylum provision within the unions of study became increasingly non-local through the use of institutions outside of Lincolnshire during the 1840 s. Similarly, the institutional experience of the union workhouse is stressed, particularly for paupers deemed idiots and imbeciles who were often inmates for decades. Such mirrored local practice pre-1834, with the unions of study continuing to utilise a developed Old Poor Law workhouse infrastructure to provide in-door relief in the transitional period between unionisation in 1836 and the opening of union workhouses in 1838. However, institutional care generally sat against previous experiences of support within the parish and was often only sought due to the ability or inclination of families to provide for mentally ill and cognitively disabled relatives. Here, individual life cycles of support could permeate differing loci of care, showing that binary designations of institutional versus non-institutional relief often simplify the complexity of holistic lived experience. An emphasis on life cycles of support has also highlighted a demographic continuity in receipt between the Old and New Poor Laws, with many paupers deemed lunatics, idiots and imbeciles receiving relief before and after 1834. Moreover, evidence suggests that those labelled as pauper lunatics, idiots and imbeciles were far from passive, demonstrating opinions on relief offered and received albeit with the potential for agency often constrained due to their categorisation. As such, this article has tried to place pauper voice at its centre, examining how poor law relief recipients categorised as lunatics, idiots and imbeciles traversed support options during the early New Poor Law period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An introduction to the journal is presented which discusses various reports within the issue on topics including the contractual disputes linked to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, risk allocation between contracting parties, and the application of equitable relief doctrines.

The article explores the application of equitable relief doctrines in resolving contractual disputes brought by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Topics discussed include the compliance of commercial agreements to the United Nations Convention on the International Sale of Goods (CISG), the changes in some provisions of the legal treatise "Restatement (Second) of Contracts" due to the pandemic, and the references of equitable doctrines to fairness and justice.

Apart from the constitutional documents of the company namely the Articles of Association (A.O.A.) and the Memorandum of Association (M.O.A.); the Shareholders' Agreement (S.H.A.) is another document that plays a vital role in establishing the relationship among the shareholders themselves and also between the shareholders and the company. S.H.A. is a reassertion of 'contractualism' in corporate law. However, even after being a valid contract, the terms of S.H.A. can only apply on the company if they are in consonance with the terms of A.O.A. This paper will focus on understanding the intricacies attached with Shareholders' Agreement and why does entering into such an agreement has become a usual business practiseeven when there is no proper legislation or guideline governing the same. It will also focus on the impact of 2018 amendment in Specific Relief Act 1963 on the enforceability of S.H.A. upon companies. This paper has tried to discuss the important judicial pronouncements relating to the Shareholders' Agreement in India and how the concept has developed over the period of time in our country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the requirements for a good-faith meet and confer solution to address a dispute without court action in Utah. Among the components of the rules are the statement of discovery, request for relief, the meet and confer certification, and proportionality. Also cited are the court decisions in some cases like Nunes v. Rushton, Shuffle Master, Inc. v. Progressive Games, Inc., and Compass Bank v. Shamgochian.

This article proposes a rethinking of the operations of surfaces, using the concept of ‘recursion’ to explore surfaces as not only spatial, but also temporal objects engaged in the production of continuity and rupture through time. The text engages with the transformation of a specific high relief at the Monument to the Soviet Army in Sofia, which in the past decade has been subjected to a series of material and semiotic modifications. The analysis of interventions on the relief created between 2011-2018 stimulates an engagement with a set of questions pertaining to the way in which surfaces are engaged in the production of temporal continuity and rupture. To achieve a theoretical intervention in monument, visual and urban studies, the article mobilises cultural topology and media theory, alongside scholarship dealing with Bulgarian post-communist urban space and politics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this article was to identify the land use capacity in two faxinals, Lageado de Baixo in Mallet and Lageado dos Mello in Rio Azul, both in Paraná. The local people, the faxinalense farmers, established bonds of understanding regarding the productive aptitude of these lands, by recognizing and classifying them into the best and worst for their proper uses. This local knowledge is transmitted orally from generation to generation. The agricultural landscapes of the faxinals in the state of Paraná bear the marks of this knowledge historically rooted in the territory. Through a utilitarian survey of the physical environment in partnership with local farmers and their information, in relation to the local knowledge of the landscape, a land use capacity map was proposed for two surveyed faxinals. The survey results show that more than 26% of the area is not suitable for agriculture and should be used for permanent crops or preservation of flora and fauna. The land use capacity map brings this support of indicating the most appropriate uses for the specifics of the relief. In the two faxinals it was still possible to unite these interpretative technical characteristics with the vernacular (the ethnoknowledges) knowledge of the faxinalense farmers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the constitutionality of informing immigrants of their opportunity to seek discretionary relief in the U.S. in a deportation hearing. Topics discussed include the case, United States v. Estrada, the split among the circuit courts on the issue, constitutional provisions and the broad application of constitutional principles to undocumented immigrants, and the importance of expansive due process rights for non-citizens.

Copyright of Zeitschrift fur Wirtschaftspolitik is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

• Spur gears operating under non-nominal load conditions are studied. • Analytical models for load sharing, meshing stiffness and transmission error are presented. • Long profile modifications on high contact ratio spur gears are considered. • Considerations on the influence of overloads and underloads are provided. The loaded tooth deflections, manufacturing deviations, and assembly errors on spur gears induce a delay on the driven gear respect to the driving gear, which is called loaded transmission error. This delay causes an earlier start of contact outside the pressure line, resulting in a mesh-in impact, which is an important source of noise and vibrations. To avoid or mitigate this mesh-in impact, profile modifications on the driven tooth tip are frequently used. The additional gap due to the profile relief delays the effective start of contact, and a suitable amount of relief sets the mesh-in point back to the theoretical inner point of contact, which prevents the mesh-in impact and ensures a smooth contact. However, as the loaded transmission error depends on the transmitted load, a specific amount of relief will be suitable only for a specific input torque. For higher transmitted load mesh-in impact will occur again, while for lower transmitted load the effective contact ratio will be reduced due to an excessive delay of the start of contact. Therefore, under variable load conditions it is not possible to adjust the start of contact to the theoretical inner point of contact, so mesh-in impact, smooth contact and reduction of contact ratio may alternatively occur. In this paper, a simple analytical model for the meshing stiffness, load sharing ratio and transmission error is presented for spur gears with profile modification under non nominal -or variable- load conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on explores the relationship between equitable remedies and agency enforcement powers, arguing that federal courts are increasingly distinguishing between law and equity in remedies to impose limits on agency enforcement powers in the U.S.

The article examines the benefit of giving Full Faith and Credit to the expunged records of human trafficking victims in the U.S. Topics discussed include the background of human trafficking, record expungement and the Full Faith and Credit Clause, effect of the criminal record of human trafficking victims on their ability to find and maintain educational and employment opportunities, and significance of the post-conviction relief offered by states for victims.

The twenty-first century is marked by a drastic change in the way wars are conducted: most of today's conflicts are now conducted by non-state armed groups fighting against States. The necessity to build bridges between classic international humanitarian law and the rules to which armed groups obey is critical to ensure protection for vulnerable populations affected by those conflicts. Armed conflicts being the first cause of humanitarian crisis, humanitarian organisations are trying to negotiate access and safe passage with armed groups controlling territories. Shari'a having a self-imposed nature and being one of the major legal systems of the world, play a central role in the conduct of Muslim non-State armed groups. The existence of humanitarian law rules within Islamic law, such as safe conduct and civilian protection, can provide a protective framework applicable to humanitarian workers. In addition, the assessment of the principles of humanity and neutrality in the Shari'a can be used as a tool to better understand the context in which humanitarian mission are deployed. This way, access to alleviate the suffering of the civilian's population may be negotiated better. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The geopark Altai has a set of unique geological, geographical, and archaeological objects. Its basis is made by geological space with a specific relief that plays an important role, and on certain sites, it takes the first place in comparison with other types of objects. The peculiar feature of the geopark Altai is that in its territory there is a landscape connection among archaeological, geological, and geographical objects, which at certain sites is penetrated by mental and cultural fluids causing a deep interest of tourists in this territory. In this regard, the authors consider the relief as an object of cognitive, educational, and practical activities of the geopark Altai. Therefore, the following tasks were set up: to find a site for the realization of several types of activities by the geopark and to develop a theoretical scientific and a popular science base for their implementation. As a result of the work done, the authors allocated the site within the boundaries of the geopark Altai where modern dynamics of the relief are characterized by the maximum speed. On this site, it is possible to recreate the processes that created the relief in the geological past and to study these processes now. The specifics of weather and climatic conditions in this region made its relief very important for economic activity of the population inhabiting this territory. Therefore, as of today, the study of the condition of certain surface sites and forecasting the development of relief-forming processes is an important part of any activity on the described territory. The long-term geological, ecological, geographical, and archaeological research conducted by the authors on the territory of the Altai Republic served as materials for this study. The geological materials were collected by the methods adopted in this field of research (field survey of structures and rocks, cartographic methods, analysis of general geological data, and others). The ecological and geographical results were obtained using geochemical, hydrochemical, analytical, and others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the equitable remedies of contribution and indemnity under Missouri's Construction law. Other topics include statutory right to contribution among joint tortfeasors, the Supreme Court of Missouri's decision on contribution doctrine in the case Missouri Pac. R. Co. v. Whitehead & Kales Co., and equitable contribution among joint debtors.

Nutrient run-of from mid'western agricultural operations into the Mississippi River has resulted in unconscionable destruction m the river': ecological, economic, and recreational. The sovereign interests of downstream riparian states-particularly Louisiana and Mississippi-in the use and health of their natural resources clash with the economic ambitions of upstream polluters. In response to this well-documented problem, the Mississippi River/Gulf of Mexico Watershed Nutrient Task Force formed in 1997 to readdress eutrophication in the Gulfof Mexico. which is one of the most visible and impactftil mar*stations of nutrient pollution in the world. ABer twenty years, the eflects have greatly worsened and the need to redress the harm immediately is imperative, lest the states resort to more direct. graver action to secure their rights to a usable river. When an individual's actions harm another's property, the injured individual can recover under a number of causes of action. When a state harms another state, the avenue for recourse is less clear but the stakes are much greater. Several pathways to fixing the nutrient pollution in the Mississippi River have been considered, including litigation via the Clean Water Act. a federal common-law nuisance action, and an interstate compact. However, other states encountering water problems have tried these options and failed. Prudence directs consideration of another solution. One such solution, and the fbcus of this Article, is the pursuit of an equitable remedy through the assertion of riparian rights in an original jurisdiction action before the Supirme Court of tile United States. An equitable remedy should take the form of an equitable apportionment decree. Such actions are becoming moi·e fequent (even if asserted under other names). This Article will consider the strengths and weaknesses of bringing an original action be/bre the Supreme Court of the United States for an equitable apportionment decree of the Mississippi River. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of the lands from Sălătrucel Commune located in the Jiblea - Berslăvești Depression, at the contact between the Southern Carpathians - Cozia Massif and the Vâlcea Subcarpathians, bears the characteristics of the physical-geographical particularities, especially those of the relief configuration with the specific lithological structure. The Jiblea - Berislăvești Depression was a favourable geographical area for early settlement, which also attracted important changes in the natural landscape reflected in the current structure of land use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Competition concerns arising from the seeking of injunctions by FRAND-encumbered (fair, reasonable and non-discriminatory) standard essential patent (SEP) owners have become a contentious issue. This issue has attracted the attention of many competition enforcement authorities and no consensus is reached as to the compatibility of such injunctive relief with competition law. This is also a hard and challenging problem faced by China. A coherent and balanced response is urgently needed under current China's legal framework. Therefore, this article proposes that a basic regulating approach should be established first to treat the seeking of injunctions by FRAND-encumbered SEP owners as an independent anti-competitive practice prohibited by the Anti-monopoly Law. Then, an analysis framework should be established to consider the circumstances in which and the extent to which such seeking of injunctions should be limited from the perspective of competition enforcement. The behaviour of both SEP owners and SEP users should be properly examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New concerns for an old writ. The relatively recent advent of sex offender registries has led to consequences in the habeas corpus context--and they may be more than collateral. In particular, are the restraints imposed on registered sex offenders severe enough to constitute custody for habeas jurisdiction? With a recent split among the federal circuit courts, this Article attempts to decipher which side of the split the Supreme Court will--and should--fall. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new approach to modeling spatiotemporal dynamics in forest-steppe ecosystems amid climate change is proposed. This approach involves a morphometric analysis of the digital elevation model (SRTM). The resultant forecast is based on an analysis of the geological–geomorphological framework and takes into account the functional significance of specific relief forms and types and their impacts on the static and dynamic properties of ecosystems. Plain areas are most resistant to climatic changes, while areas with lacustrine relief are most vulnerable both under humidization and aridization conditions. Predictive mapping based on GIS and remote sensing (RS) data confirms the hypothesis of the focal–discrete nature of spatial changes observed in the forest-steppe zone of Western Siberia amid different climatic trends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses several appellate court cases decided by the Utah Supreme Court, Utah Court of Appeals and the U.S. Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals. They include State v. Gallegos in which the supreme court held that the defendant failed to establish sufficient facts, Blanke v. Utah Board of Pardons & Parole which arose from a petition for extraordinary relief filed by a prisoner, and Graham v. Albertson's LLC which was about wrongful termination.