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The author reflects on the question of early modern history and what constitutes modern. He mentions the notion of periodization of history through the use of space and time, the concept of waiting as time to reflect on that space and time, and how antechambers and waiting rooms enable historians to describe power in space and time.

The Palace of the Slavonian General Command in Osijek was built in 1723-1724 for the needs of the administration of the Slavonian Military Frontier, formed after the Karlowitz Treaty (1699). In keeping with its preeminent purpose as the seat of the Imperial War Council representatives, the palace stands out with a richly diversified exterior accentuated by a portal with atlantes, and a complex interior organized around a three-aisled vestibule. This gave it an outstanding position in the context of kindred administrative buildings in the wider Central- European region, indicating that the origins of the design were in the Baroque architecture of Vienna. The project itself emerged from the circle of military architects engaged in work on the border fortress cities of the Habsburg Monarchy, whose fortification was supervised by Eugene of Savoy, as President of the Imperial War Council. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Basilaphelenchus brevicaudatus n. sp., the third species of this apparently rare genus, is described and illustrated. It was recovered from wood and bark samples from a dead forest tree in the Golestan province of northern Iran. It is typologically characterised by female body length (448 (365-492) μ m), three lines in the lateral fields, raised cephalic region having a sclerotised vestibule and cephalic framework, stylet thin with delicate conus and thicker shaft, both parts lacking a visible lumen, and with three elongate, backwardly directed knobs, small, spherical to spade-shaped metacorpus with small, posteriorly located valve (at 72 (58-74)% of metacorpus length), simple vulva without flap at 72.5 (69-78)% of body length, post-vulval uterine sac 32.4 (29.0-37.0) μ m long, functional rectum and anus, female tail conical, short (c′ = 2.6 (1.9-3.3) in female, and 2.5 (2.3-2.8) in male), dorsally convex and ventrally concave with blunt end or having a small mucron, both forms with a hyaline-like tip. Males common, with well-curved 9.2 (9.0-10.5) μ m long spicules measured along the mid-line, three pairs of small caudal papillae (lacking the single P1 ventral papilla) and no bursa at tail tip, but with hyaline region, similar to females. Basilaphelenchus brevicaudatus n. sp. is compared with the two currently known species of the genus, the type species, B. persicus , and B. grosmannae. Molecular phylogenetic inferences using partial sequences of small and large subunit ribosomal RNA genes (SSU and LSU) from different isolates of the new species revealed that it belongs to the Tylaphelenchinae clade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Drug delivery to the inner ear by nanomedicine strategies has emerged as an effective therapeutic approach for the management of inner ear diseases including hearing and balance disorders. It is well accepted that substance enters the perilymph from the middle ear through the round window membrane (RWM), but the passage through the oval window (OW) has long been neglected. Up to now, researchers still know little about the pathway via which nanoparticles (NPs) enter the inner ear or how they reach the inner ear following local applications. Herein, we engineered fluorescence traceable chitosan (CS) NPs, investigated the NP distribution within cochlear and vestibular organs, and assessed the availability of RWM and OW pathways to NP transport. Intriguingly, there were high levels of CS NPs in vestibular hair cells, dark cells and supporting cells, but negligible ones in cochlear hair cells and epithelial cells after intratympanic administration. However, the NPs were visualized in two cell models, L929 and HEI-OC1 cell lines, and in the hair cells of cochlear explants after co-incubation in vitro. These combined studies implied that CS NPs might enter the vestibule directly through the OW and then preferentially accumulated in the cells of vestibular organs. Thus, in vivo studies were carried out and clearly revealed that CS NPs entered the inner ear through both the RWM and OW, but the latter played a governing role in delivering NPs to the vestibule with vivid fluorescence signals in the thin bone of the stapes footplate. Overall, these findings firstly suggested that the OW, as a royal gate, afforded a convenient access to facilitate CS NPs transport into inner ear, casting a new light on future clinical applications of NPs in the effective treatment of vestibular disorders by minimizing the risk of hearing loss associated with cochlear hair cell pathology. Graphical abstract Unlabelled Image [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El artículo discurre sobre los proyectos arqueológicos del Templo Mayor en la Ciudad de México, con un enfoque en el descubrimiento de un vestíbulo de acceso al Templo Mayor.

Provoked vestibulodynia (PVD) refers to vulvar pain of at least 3 months duration, localized to the vestibule, provoked by touch and sexual activity and occurring in the absence of a clear identifiable cause. The clinical spectrum ranges from mild with distressing discomfort through to severe and disabling pain. Current understanding is that PVD is one of many chronic pain conditions characterized by sensitization of peripheral and central nociceptive pathways, with pain arising due to dysfunctional neuronal activity in the absence of painful stimuli. Pathophysiology is not well understood but is likely a complex interplay of environmental, genetic, psychological and immune factors. Care is multidisciplinary and follows general principles of chronic pain management with the addition of specific therapy tailored to address pelvic floor overactivity, and sexual and relationship difficulties. More recently, the therapeutic use of placebo is gaining traction in chronic pain research and is a very promising adjunctive therapy. The majority of women with PVD are managed outside of tertiary clinic settings, and care depends on availability and affordability of specialized services; however, much can be done by the primary health provider. PVD is common, and highly treatable, especially with early intervention, but unfortunately, many clinicians are unaware of this condition and the biggest hurdle for women accessing treatment is obtaining a diagnosis. With treatment, most women can expect significant improvement, often with fairly simple interventions, although some women will benefit from referral to specialized centers. The aims of this article are twofold: firstly, to summarize current literature concerning PVD pathophysiology and management; secondly, to provide a framework for clinicians unfamiliar with vulvar medicine to understand and manage PVD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Physical Culture / Fizicka Kultura is the property of University of Belgrade - Faculty of Sport & Physical Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Numerous isolated fossil bee cells and other trace fossils are documented from the Santa Cruz Formation (Santa Cruz, Argentina). The trace fossils are described from paleosols of 7 coastal localities. The paleosols are composed of massive to laminated claystone to siltstone or massive to diffuse laminated very fine tuff and reworked tuff. They are poorly developed but include rich trace fossils and root traces assemblages. The isolated bee cells ( n = 47) are barrel to oval shaped, with one end rounded to flattened and the other flattened. They lack discrete walls and antechambers but have a smooth lining. They are ascribed to Celliforma rosellii ( n = 28) and to a new ichnospecie, Celliforma argentina ( n = 19). The new ichnospecies differs from C. rosellii on the shape of the inferior end of the chamber, been the first rounded to flattened and the C. rosellii rounded to pointed, resulting in a final barrel shape in C. argentina and an oval shape in C. rosellii . C. rosellii has an average length and width of 17 mm and 9.8 mm. C. argentina average length and width are 9.2 and 5.1 mm. In some specimens of C. rosellii below the basal mark in the cell, the infill has a strong organic component that has been identified under SEM. This could indicate the exceptional preservation of the fluid deposited by the adult bee for the nutrition of the larva. The trace fossils assemblage shows moderate diversity and abundance. The ichnoassemblage recorded consist in Celliforma rosellii, Celliforma argentina, Palaeophycus tubularis, Planolites beverleyensis, Feoichnus challa , Fictovichnus gobiensis, Taenidium barretti and a variety of root traces. These trace fossils are considered to be part of a Celliforma ichnofacies but with a scarce presence of calcareous components. Considering pedogenic features, compositional aspects and ichnoasemblage a relatively warm, semiarid–subhumid and seasonal climate where herbaceous communities dominated can be established for the middle to upper interval of the Santa Cruz Formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Earlier osteoarchaeological studies on cremains of the two individuals from Tomb II at Aegae led to endless debates on the identity of the dead. After re-examining the bones with Computerized Tomography (or CAT scan) (CT) and X-Ray Fluorescent scanning (XRF) support, our research team has found new evidence identifying the dead man in the main chamber as Philip II and the woman in the antechamber as the daughter of King Atheas killed in a battle against Philip II in 339BC. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The exploration of habitable worlds inside icy moons around the gas giants in the Solar System is of major interest in upcoming planetary missions. Exactly this theme is addressed by the Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer (JUICE) mission of ESA, which will characterise Ganymede, Europa and Callisto as planetary objects and potential habitats. We developed a prototype of the Neutral gas and Ion Mass spectrometer (NIM) of the Particle Environment Package (PEP) for the JUICE mission intended for composition measurements of neutral gas and thermal plasma. NIM/PEP will be used to measure the chemical composition of the exospheres of the icy Jovian moons. Besides direct ion measurement, the NIM instrument is able to measure the inflowing neutral gas in two different modes: in neutral mode the gas enters directly the ion source (open source) and in thermal mode where the gas gets thermally accommodated to the wall temperature by several collisions inside an equilibrium sphere, called antechamber, before entering the ion-source (closed source). We performed measurements with the prototype NIM using a neutral gas beam of 1 up to 4.5 km s-1 velocity in the neutral and thermal mode. The current trajectory of JUICE foresees a flyby velocity of 4 km s-1 at Europa, other flybys are in the range of 1 up to 7 km s-1 and orbital velocity in Ganymede orbits is around 2 km s-1. Different species are used for the gas beam, such as noble gases Ne, Ar, Kr as well as molecules like H2, methane, ethane, propane and more complex ones. The NIM prototype was successfully tested under realistic JUICE mission conditions. In addition, we find that the antechamber (closed source) behaves as expected with predictable density enhancement over the specified mass range and within the JUICE mission phase velocities. Furthermore, with the open source and the closed source we measure almost the same composition for noble gases, as well as for molecules, indicating no additional fragmentation of the species recorded with the antechamber for the investigated parameter range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In large space buildings such as airports, convention centers, atriums, and entrance halls, the envelope is dominated by glass façades and skylights; this indoor thermal environment is characterized by high-intensity solar radiation and high-temperature internal wall surfaces. A radiant floor is an effective sensible heat removal terminal due to its direct absorption of solar radiation and longwave radiant heat exchange with the wall surfaces. This paper focuses on the performance of radiant floor cooling in large spaces and reviews recent achievements and progress related to its application. The feasibility of radiant floors is considered in terms of enhancing cooling capacity, thermal comfort, and system efficiency, and several projects, including Bangkok Airport in Thailand and Xi׳an Airport in China, are introduced. Based on the complex conditions of indoor heat sources in large spaces, e.g., high-intensity solar radiation and high-temperature wall surfaces, the heat transfer process of a radiant floor from the indoor space to the chilled water is presented, and a detailed description of the key factors that influence performance is given. Research concerning the prediction of the performance of radiant cooling floors with solar radiation is also summarized; these efforts can benefit the estimation of the cooling capacity both for local and entire systems in large spaces. Several other application issues are mentioned, including anti-condensation on the floor surface, the impact of thermal inertia on cooling load regulation, the design capacity of the system, and the influence of outdoor air infiltration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Limbus is the property of Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Author-supplied Abstracts.)

The TRNSYS energy analysis tool has been capable of simulating whole-building coupled heat transfer and building airflow for about 10 years. The most recent implementation was based on two TRNSYS modules, Type 56 and Type 97. Type 97 is based on a subset of the airflow calculation capabilities of the CONTAM multizone airflow and contaminant transport program developed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology. This paper describes the development of new CONTAM capabilities in support of an updated combined, multizone building heat transfer, airflow and contaminant transport simulation approach using TRNSYS. It presents an illustrative case that highlights the new coupling capability and also presents the application of this coupled simulation approach to a practical design problem of the energy use related to airflow through entry doors in non-residential buildings. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Full-scale experiments and CFD simulations were performed to study potential inter-cubicle airborne transmissions through a shared anteroom due to the hinged door opening. When doors are closed, current negative pressure designs are effective for the containment of airborne pathogens in the 'dirty' cubicle with an index patient. When the 'dirty' cubicle door is open, airborne agents can move into the other 'clean' cubicle via the shared anteroom. As the door being opened or closed, the door sweeping effect is the main source of the two-way airflow and contaminant exchange through the doorway. When the dirty cubicle door remains fully open, temperature difference and concentration gradient across the doorway induce the two-way buoyancy-driven flow and transport of airborne agents across the doorway. The longer the dirty cubicle door remains fully open (10 s, 30 s or 60 s) or the smaller the air change rate (34–8.5 ACH for each cubicle), the more airborne pathogens are being transported into the 'clean' cubicle and the longer time it takes to remove them after the door is closed. Keeping the door completely open is potentially responsible for the majority of inter-cubicle transmissions if its duration is much longer than the duration of door motion (only 3 s). Our analyses suggest a potential inter-cubicle infection risk if the shared anteroom is used for multiple isolation cubicles. Decreasing the duration of door opening, raising air change rate or using a curtain at the doorway are recommended to reduce inter-cubicle exposure hazards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The vestibules in high-rise buildings are specified zones for fire safety. In Taiwan, the designs of the structures and smoke exhaust systems of the vestibules are supervised by different government agencies. The design principles of these smoke exhaust systems take into consideration the flow rates and the impact of the flow momentum. Unfortunately, the current regulations in Taiwan only consider the former. Some small vestibules legally exist in high-rise buildings as they are in compliance with building regulations. This study uses the Fire Dynamics Simulator to analyse 20 modes of smoke exhaust systems under 1.0 MW of the fire load in small vestibules (2 m2in area). The results indicate that the performance of different smoke exhaust systems significantly varies with different airflow momentums. Some improvement measures are discussed for the worst cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Oxford German Studies is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

For years now, virtual reality devices have been applied in the field of vision science in an attempt to improve our understanding of perceptual principles underlying the experience of self-motion. Some of this research has been concerned with exploring factors involved in the visually-induced illusory perception of self-motion, known as vection. We examined the usefulness of the cost-effective Oculus Rift in generating vection in seated observers. This device has the capacity to display optic flow in world coordinates by compensating for tracked changes in 3D head orientation. We measured vection strength in three conditions of visual compensation for head movement: compensated, uncompensated, and inversely compensated. During presentation of optic flow, the observer was instructed to make periodic head oscillations (-22° horizontal excursions at approximately 0.53 Hz). We found that vection was best in the compensated condition, and was weakest in the inversely compensated condition. Surprisingly, vection was always better in passive viewing conditions, compared with conditions where active head rotations were performed. These findings suggest that vection is highly dependent on interactions between visual, vestibular and proprioceptive information, and may be highly sensitive to limitations of temporal lag in visual-vestibular coupling using this system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the effects of the real-time changes of a damper’s wing and the fire door on the pressure difference in an injection and pressurization smoke-control system were evaluated. The test damper, the angle of which automatically adjusts the pressure difference between the vestibules and the smoke-zone, is installed at the adjacent wall of the supply room for preventing over-pressure. The fire door, which has 900-mm width and 2000-mm height, was installed at the adjacent wall of the stairwell. As the angle of the fire door is decreased, experimental data of the inflowing air quantity and the pressure difference between the vestibule and the supply room are obtained with the angle of the damper’s wing. The mass flow rate, which is a major factor in the system, is fitted with the Boltzmann function from the experiment. In addition, the resistance and the delay time of the flow coefficients introduced in this paper are used to model the numerical methods. It was systematically found that the delay time of the damper significantly affects the vestibule pressure. Finally, the numerical model was compared with the experiments for various angular velocities of the fire door and initial flow rates using pumping power. The results are in good agreement with the experiments within 5% standard deviations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]