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This paper examines the impact of manufacturing employment decline on the socioeconomic outcomes within and between black and white Americans since 1960. The analysis shows that manufacturing decline had a negative impact on blacks in terms of their wages, employment, marriage rates, house values, poverty rates, death rates, single parenthood, teen motherhood, child poverty, and child mortality. In addition, the decline in manufacturing increased inequality within the black community for wages and other outcomes. Similar patterns are found for whites, but to a lesser degree—leading to larger gaps between whites and blacks in wages, marriage patterns, poverty, single-parenthood, and death rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores why citizens favor protection despite the economic case for free trade. It argues that due to a lack of training and in an environment of stable prices, many individuals are not aware of the consumption benefits. Even when they are aware, citizens tend to discount these benefits due to media coverage of the employment costs and loss aversion. The article presents survey evidence from an American sample, showing that a belief in lost jobs is more strongly associated with trade preferences than a belief in lower prices. Given that the former pushes citizens toward less favorable trade attitudes, it also presents evidence from a priming experiment, testing if attitudes can be moved in a more favorable direction with positive information. Factual information about the consumer benefits has no effect, but information about the employment effects shifts attitudes positively. In the present environment, it thus appears more effective to prime pro-trade attitudes by appealing to jobs than to prices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uses 1960 and 1970 census data to compare the earnings of whites with the earnings of eight racial or ethnic minorities: Japanese, Chinese, Mexican Americans, Filipinos, Puerto Ricans, American Indians, Cubans, and blacks. Relative earnings are found lo vary substantially among these minority groups, with Japanese and Chinese high and blacks and Mexican Americans low in earnings compared to white males and females. Tile only groups for which the authors find large increases in relative earnings during the 1960s are the Japanese, Puerto Rican, and black males. The authors demonstrate that these earnings differentials arise from differences in personal characteristics, such as age and education, and also from ‘residual’ factors, such ns discrimination, with the relative importance of those two categories of factors differing among minority groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article looks on the connotations, appeals, impacts and constraints of the principle 'America First' declared by U.S. President Donald Trump. It focuses on the Trump's connotations for the principle which includes opening of America's potential for wealth and prosperity of American workers, having tax and regulatory policies for jobs and wealth in the U.S. The shortcomings of leadership capabilities of Trump and difficulties in the U.S. politics, economy and society are also discussed.

Purpose: This article investigates technical/professional communication job postings in two non-US markets in order to develop an evidence-based understanding of the ways in which job requirements and responsibilities may differ from those in the US. Method: We analyzed 474 job postings in India and the United Kingdom/Ireland. We conducted a content analysis of the postings, coding for information products, technologies, professional competencies, and personal characteristics. We compared postings to postings for the US, utilizing ANOVA and CHI square measures to evaluate whether differences in the data were meaningful. Results: The study reveals substantial variation regarding employer expectations. US postings are characterized by higher experience levels and more qualifications than postings for the international markets, with greater focus on user documentation and reports, working with SMEs, usability/testing, technology, and personal characteristics. The Indian postings are the most distinct from the US positions, with differing experience levels and emphasis on what qualifications are important. Conclusion: The study emphasizes a need for greater understanding of international technical communication and the ways outsourcing may impact career choices. The variation across markets suggests that we cannot assume standard practices in the US transcend linguistic, geographical, and cultural boundaries. This is important both for meeting the challenges of outsourcing and for international collaborations more broadly. The study also highlights the need for curricula to address the complexities of a global workplace by providing students with both technical communication and intercultural competencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this article is to understand the triggering factors of new firm growth in high-tech environments (life science, knowledge-intensive business services [KIBS] and engineering) by studying a representative sample of high-growth Italian start-ups. Our empirical research uses the information gathered during direct interviews with managers through a semi-structured questionnaire, which was presented to 382 new Italian firms. Considering the characteristics of new firms, this article summarizes the key growth factors. Investment in acquiring new competencies both in technology and marketing, development of dynamic capabilities (investment in human resources and new routines) and access to external knowledge and information sources emerged as significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Employment Statistics (OES) program has long produced actual wages by occupation that allow data users to compare wages across geographic regions. For the purpose of this article, the OES program has produced price-adjusted wages, which incorporate the costs of goods and services in an area to produce a figure that more accurately represents the real value of earnings for cross-area comparisons. This article explores how measures of price-adjusted wages and employment concentration are used to compare employment across areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates how spouses' cultural backgrounds mediate the role of intra-household bargaining in the labor supply decisions of foreign-born and US-born couples, in a collective-household framework. Using data from the 2000 US Census, I show that the hours worked by US-born couples, and by those foreign-born coming from countries with gender roles similar to the US, are significantly related to common bargaining power forces such as differences between spouses in age and non-labor income, controlling for both spouses' demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. Households whose culture of origin supports strict and unequal gender roles do not exhibit any association of these power factors with their labor supply decisions. This cultural asymmetry suggests that spousal attributes are assessed differently across couples within the US, and that how spouses make use of their outside opportunities and economic and institutional environment may depend on their ethnicities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following Grossman and Rossi-Hansberg (2008) we present a model in which tasks of varying complexity are matched to workers of varying skill in order to develop and test predictions regarding the effects of immigration and offshoring on US native-born workers. We find that immigrant and native-born workers do not compete much due to the fact that they tend to perform tasks at opposite ends of the task complexity spectrum, with offshore workers performing the tasks in the middle. An effect of offshoring and a positive effect of immigration on native-born employment suggest that immigration and offshoring improve industry efficiency. ( JEL J24, J41, J61, L24) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In his pathbreaking analysis of the formation of an ideological "white" self-consciousness among American workers in the nineteenth century, David Roediger relies on a theoretical synthesis of historical materialism and psychoanalysis. This paper explores the parallels in methodology and content between Roediger's work and the critical theory of Max Horkheimer, Erich Fromm, and Herbert Marcuse, which was also based on a synthesis of Marx and Freud. The paper seeks to place Roedifler's arguments in a broader theoretical context and to highlight the ongoing relevance of early Frankfurt School critical theory to contemporary discussions in critical race theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current article integrates differential association/social learning theory into Grasmick's extended deterrence theory to propose that rational actors, in deciding whether or not to comply with workplace rules, should be expected to consider not only costs of noncompliance but also rewards of compliance. The cultural differences in perceived levels of informal punishment threats of shame and embarrassment for the rule violations and informal rewards of pride and praise for the rule conformity are then examined in merged samples of employees in Japanese and U.S. hospitals. Consistent with the prediction, these punishment threats and rewards are perceived to be higher and lower, respectively, among Japanese employees than among Americans. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

High percentages of Americans work nonstandard schedules over the course of their worklife; almost 90 percent of those ages 14 to 18 in 1979 had at least one such experience by age 39, with some marked differences by gender, race or ethnicity, and education [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I explore the flexibility of the workweek in the United States, using the FIFA Soccer World Cup as a natural experiment. My empirical strategy exploits the exogenous variation that arises due to which country hosts the World Cup, as this will determine the time games are broadcast across different time zones in the United States. The hour of the day when games are broadcast differentially affects hours of work across different time zones. Further, the calendar timing of the World Cup allows me to compare labor market outcomes in June/July for a worker in World Cup year t, with the outcomes in June/July for a worker in non-World Cup years t + 1, t + 2 and t + 3. My results highlight the importance of the worker's pay frequency in their workweek flexibility, as all differences in weekly hours of work due to the World Cup are concentrated among salary paid workers. Also, my results show that after controlling for observable demographic characteristics as well as year and month fixed effects, a worker reduces on average his hours of work during the World Cup by statistically significant estimates that range from 9 weekly minutes to 28 weekly minutes, depending on specification choice and time of the day during which World Cup games are broadcast live in the United States. ( JEL J22) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, the author discusses the developing interface between civilian employment and military service in combat zones in the U.S. He mentions that new questions have been raised by military services and civilian employment regarding the legal remedies for Americans killed and injured while serving the country. He also focuses on the compensation of soldiers and contract employees who were injured during the coordinated activities of troops and civilians and explores the court cases involving the killed and injured civilians and soldiers.

The economic calamity of the past few years has done enormous damage to the American worker. Political analyst Sherle Schwenninger argues that the very design of the American social contract is now seriously challenged. The social safety net of other rich countries has limited economic suffering far better than America's has. It is time to formulate a new social contract, he argues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay examines public-sector employment in order to grasp the distinctive character of the American state. Looked at comparatively, the American state is anything but small or weak. Rather, befitting a federal system, public authority in the United States is exercised largely through state and local government. What is distinctive about the American state is the concentration of public-sector employment in three areas: education, defense, and public safety. This pattern reflects a historical legacy of American state-building whereby the federal government frequently employed less visible, indirect forms of policy intervention while state and local government developed robust authority, particularly in matters that pertained to public and private morals. The result has been a set of institutions that hides or conceals public authority in various ways. Ultimately, the inability of Americans to see this state reinforces the very skepticism toward governmental authority that such a state-building strategy was meant to avoid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the implication of the 2003 National Health Interview Survey of American workers ages 18-64 years old in determining the annual cost of lost work (ACLW) and lost productivity (ACLP) of workers due to bed days. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), the ratio of lost workdays (LWDs) among US workers is 2.9 percent compared with the bed days (BDs) of 1.3 percent. The quantitative analysis shows the female workers have higher LWDs and BDs compare from male workers. The survey also indicates the mining industry workers have highest mean of LWDs with 26.71 compared from wholesale industry workers with 5.58 LWDs. The total annual ACLW and ACLP of American workers is forecasted to be $62.8 billion.

Focuses on a study which presented an unemployment rate model that provides insight into how the time series behavior, in terms of both the mean and volatility, of the unemployment rates of black males, white males and white females differ. Behavior of unemployment rates disaggregated by race and gender; Changes in the unemployment rates by race and gender in the U.S. from January 1972 to December 1999; Significance of the study's findings.

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With 10 to 50 per cent of expatriates curtailing their assignments early, and the cost of foreign placement estimated at $500,000, training for expatriates needs to be improved. This study investigates different methods of training, and the results as perceived by repatriates. Repatriates were asked about the amount and type of cross-cultural training they had received and their effectiveness and productivity during the overseas assignment. Repatriates' responses included specific comments about their individual and familial experiences. It was hypothesized that managers who receive rigorous cross-cultural training before and during the assignment will not suffer intense culture shock and will become effective more rapidly than managers who have not had cross-cultural training. The results demonstrated that integrated cross-cultural training does reduce the time necessary to adjust and to achieve cultural proficiency and reduces the time necessary to become effective and productive in the assignment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on the influence of American education system on the Israeli education. Experience of pre-modernity of the Jewish people on systematic theory of schooling; Ideas of progressive American educators to Jewish schools in the Yishuv; Influence on the appointment of radical educators in the Department of The Hebrew University of Jerusalem.

Presents information on a study which examined paid work performed both by White and African American students in Baltimore, Maryland. Method; Results; Discussion.

Determines the difficulties and problems encountered by Japanese employers and managers in their United States operations. Measures taken to solve the problems by the Japanese management; Degrees of satisfaction and dissatisfaction of U.S. workers in Japanese subsidiaries in the U.S.; Preference of various measures to reduce dissatisfaction by American workers.

Discusses the effect of public sector employment on the earnings of white and African American males in the United States. Measurement of the earnings premium or penalty to public sector employment; Estimation on model correcting for labor force participation and sectoral choice; Comparison of earnings between white and Afro-Americans.