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The second-hand clothing market is a multi-billion-dollar industry that has helped many developing countries stimulate their economy. Over the years, however, the quality of secondhand clothing has declined as the fast-fashion market rises. Countries such as India and the Philippines have banned secondhand clothing imports to protect their textile industries from demise. African countries like Kenya, Rwanda, and Uganda also attempted to ban secondhand clothing imports but were sanctioned with a threat of removal from the African Growth Opportunity Act. This article explores how Anti-Dumping Laws fail to fulfill their ordinary meaning in the secondhand fashion market in African countries by analyzing the trade of secondhand clothing between the United States and Ghana under Ghanaian Anti-Dumping Laws. The Article then provides recommendations for amending World Trade Organization Anti-Dumping Laws that fully solve the issue of price discrimination as well as the other harmful environmental effects of dumping. Lastly, this Article provides solutions to persons who rely on the secondhand clothing trade considering the anticipated impact of the proposed change. "They think that in Africa here, sorry to say, we are not like human beings. Even if somebody knocked on your door to beg, you cannot just . . . pick something from your dustbin. In this case . . . they're doing that to us. Emmanuel Ajaab, Ghanaian Secondhand Clothing Importer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In international trade, State interventions often challenge the efficacy of traditional antidumping and countervailing measures under the World Trade Organization (WTO) framework. This article examines the limitations of the Anti-Dumping Agreement and the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (SCM Agreement) in addressing State interventions, such as export taxes, export bans on raw materials, and non-commercial activities by Stateowned enterprises. These interventions pose significant legal and economic challenges in global trade. The article advocates for the potential of preferential trade agreements (PTAs) as practical tools to address these challenges, surpassing traditional legal pathways under the Anti-Dumping Agreement. An analysis of recent WTO disputes demonstrates how PTAs provide targeted disciplines against State interventions that cause market distortions and unfair trade practices. PTAs offer a more rational and equitable approach to managing trade conflicts, avoiding conventional trade remedies' economic irrationalities and protectionist tendencies. The article proposes a strategic shift towards PTAs to fill gaps left by traditional WTO agreements. It highlights the need for a dynamic, adaptable legal framework in international trade that responds to sophisticated State interventions in the global economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liberalization of international trade is currently the goal of many countries in the world, as well as in the European Union. However, the EU does not give up the possibility to intervene and influence that specific area of imports of goods that liquidate or threaten to liquidate a certain industry in the EU. An instrument that does not conflict with liberal policy is the institution of anti-dumping duties, which is a legitimate means of restricting imports that harm certain EU production sectors. If the history of the EU is brought into question, it can be said that the anti-dumping process is not a new one in the European markets, and the first legislation that regulated the introduction of anti-dumping duties in the EU was adopted in 1968. Anti-dumping duties are an integral part of trade policy, they are often perceived only as a means of "improving" income, but also as unilateral decisions of the EU authorities, which cannot be influenced in any way. In this article, the specific features of the anti-dumping measures aimed at applying a tax to those who violate the legislation have been analyzed, and the conditions of application require the authorities to determine whether the situation in question makes the subject of adopting anti-dumping measures. Thus, when drafting this article, the objectives were considered: the clear delimitation of the conditions for the application of anti-dumping measures, their specific legislative process, but also the exemplification of terms such as: provisional measures, the definitive anti-dumping tax, exporters' obligations and the application of the measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In theory, previous studies believed that the export market of enterprises was homogeneous. There is no difference in each export market, which is obviously inconsistent with the actual trade situation. This paper divides the export market of enterprises into main export market and secondary export market according to the export status, explores the export changes of enterprises to the main export market and secondary export market respectively when the temporary trade barriers of the main export market to the trade exporting country are raised. This paper focuses on the impact of the main export market on the anti-dumping degree, countervailing level and the improvement of trade safeguard measures on the export conversion of enterprises between the main and secondary markets. The research shows that the increase of the anti-dumping degree of the main market against the trade exporting countries will lead to the higher probability of role exchange between the main and secondary markets; The countervailing level of the main market against the trade exporting countries rises, and the export of enterprises is more likely to turn to the secondary market; The greater the trade safeguard measures in the main market, the more likely the secondary market will become the main market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]