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When diagnosed with cancer or any other life-threatening condition, people must negotiate 2 once-separate but now integrated realms—a medical care industrial complex and an everyday life now lived in conscious awareness of mortality—a state of being subject to death. Life becomes a series of challenges and disruptions to relationships, body image and integrity, autonomy and independence, life goals, hopes, and dreams for the future. Whether one physically, emotionally, or spiritually survives, thrives, or succumbs to cancer is dependent on a treatment plan that accounts for the multiple and varied ways in which people experience dual citizenship in the realms of the well and the sick. A theory of cancer survivorship that integrates both medical and patient perspectives into a cogent and coherent framework has the potential to enhance the quality of cancer care and the patient experience. "Everyone who is born holds dual citizenship in the kingdom of the well and in the kingdom of the sick.... Although we prefer to use the good passport, sooner or later each of us is obliged ... to identify ourselves as citizens of that other place" (1). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The granting of citizenship constitutes the sovereignty of a country. In state practice, all countries recognize the concept of citizenship because the existence of citizens is one of the requirements of a state. The generally recognized concept of citizenship is single citizenship. However, in the development of global life, countries are creating opportunities for dual citizenship for their residents. Through Law Number 12 of 2006 concerning Citizenship, the Indonesian government opened limited dual citizenship in Indonesia. The limited dual citizenship privileges given to children resulting from mixed marriages and children of Indonesian citizens born outside Indonesia have brought an influx and encouragement from the Indonesian diaspora for the concept of dual citizenship in Indonesia to be widely opened. This research aims to analyze the application of dual citizenship from the perspective of the theory of Dignified Justice and Sovereignty. This research uses a normative method with a conceptual approach, namely by identifying existing doctrinal principles or views. The theories used in this research are the theory of dignified justice and sovereignty theory. The research results show that the theory of dignified justice which originates from the noble values of Pancasila opens up space for the full implementation of dual citizenship in Indonesia, as a fulfilment of human rights and dignity itself. In the aspect of sovereignty theory, the application of single and limited dual citizenship is an absolute right of the Indonesian state which has been stated in its positive law. So it is important to refer to the nation's laws and cultural values as well as the country's long-term interests before implementing dual citizenship in its entirety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the perception and acceptance of dual citizenship in Israel. It acknowledges recent traumatic events but argues that views on multiple national memberships have not changed. Dual citizenship, once seen as deviant, is now regularized and socially accepted. The article highlights the increase in the number of Israelis holding dual citizenship, with estimates suggesting around 10% of the population are dual citizens. It emphasizes that dual citizens were not accused of split loyalties or privilege during the recent hostage situation involving Hamas, and their status was not seen as a betrayal. The article concludes that the recent events have not significantly altered the foundational assumptions of Israeli society. [Extracted from the article]

The article discusses the court case Zaza Okuashvili v. Georgia wherein the Stockholm Chamber of Commerce (SCC) tribunal decided that an investor who holds the nationality of both Contracting Parties to the Georgia-UK bilateral investment treaty (BIT) qualifies for treaty protection.

This article focuses on the repatriation process for Muslim Meskhetians deported from Soviet Georgia. It describes the repatriation process initiated after the collapse of the communist regime, showcasing the links between these efforts and Georgia's request for membership in the Council of Europe in 1996. The article finds that the Georgian government had a superficial approach to repatriation, and several factors hindered repatriation, including the difficulty in disseminating the information related to the application requirements, which were not made accessible in the languages in which the applicants were fluent. Moreover, as Georgia allowed dual citizenship only in exceptional circumstances, the applicants had to renounce their original citizenship to be allowed to seek citizenship in Georgia. Some of them were hesitant to do so, a position that represented an obstacle to application. The most significant impediment was the lack of objectively defined criteria for repatriation success. Without detailed criteria as to what amounted to proper repatriation, the degree of the success of the process is hard to assess. The international community has departed from approaching repatriation as a formal return process. The concept has assumed a "thicker" meaning of allowing returned individuals to resume their lives in the fullest sense, including assuming citizenship, return property etc. The case study shows that the Georgian case of repatriation has been formalistic. Full and seamless reinstatement of the deported people in their lives did not take place. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent congressionally directed changes gave the Defense Health Agency authority, direction, and control of military treatment facilities. But limited authorities resulted in the agency's pursuit of capacity, typically measured via medical productivity standards. The Air Force maintains command authorities to organize, train, equip, and provide capabilities, including medical, to the combatant commander. These dual authorities converge at the military treatment facility, producing a conflict between capacity and capability. Tension, already present due to the dual nature of the mission to provide support and healthcare delivery to beneficiaries, has increased and threatens the Air Force's ability to medically support combat operations, generating risk to the operational mission. With the increasing likelihood and stakes of armed conflict, senior leaders can mitigate the risk to the operational mission by decreasing the tension and risk at Air Force MTFs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article argues for the use of refugee citizenship as a concept to analyse the kind of citizenship sought after, and experienced, by refugees in a protracted situation who want to retain some aspects of refugeehood in order to continue to fight for an endangered homeland. It is based on fieldwork conducted in 2019 with young Tibetans in Toronto who refer to themselves as Tibetan-Canadians or Canadian-Tibetans. Their experience of a dual affiliation, being both Canadian citizens and Tibetan refugees, informs the discussion of how a homeland cause can lead refugees in a protracted situation to have an ambivalent, insider/outsider, position vis-à-vis the newly acquired citizenship of the (usually Western) host country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China does not permit dual nationality, meaning migrants in Australia must evaluate the benefits of Chinese versus Australian citizenship. Decisions about competing citizenship statuses are informed not only by this prohibition of dual nationality but also by individuals' classed positions. By comparing the choices of trade skilled migrants from different backgrounds in China, this paper shows that homeland social class is a key factor in decision-making processes, particularly the uniquely Chinese spatial expression of class manifested through the hukou system and the differential local citizenship this entails. An analysis of representative cases illustrates the complexities of evaluating memberships acquired through migration and nested memberships resulting from local citizenship with China. People from different backgrounds and, importantly, different places in China's socio-spatial hierarchy value their Chinese legal status differently. The differential effects, both material and symbolic, of membership in or exclusion from urban centres in China form a critical part of individuals' calculations, over and above the national-level membership within which local hukou citizenship is nested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Republic of Korea (“South Korea”) requires male citizens to perform military service. U.S. citizens who also hold South Korean citizenship—those born in the United States to parents who are citizens of South Korea—are not immune from this requirement. Many dual citizens of the United States and South Korea, however, are not aware of their dual citizenship status, often because even their parents are ignorant of the fastchanging citizenship laws of South Korea. This Note proposes bilateral and unilateral solutions to provide better notification to U.S.-S.K. dual citizens who are unaware of their dual citizenship status to avoid scenarios in which a U.S. citizen is compelled to serve a foreign power with which the citizen has virtually no connection or allegiance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A vast literature has developed in legal scholarship on the topic of bureaucratic governance. To date, this literature has focused squarely on the executive branch. Yet a second bureaucracy also exists in the federal government: the congressional bureaucracy. Recent legislation scholarship has brought this bureaucracy into focus--documenting its traits, practices, and culture. In so doing, it has created a rich new opportunity for cross-disciplinary dialogue--one where executive-branch studies and legislative studies collaborate toward a larger understanding of how bureaucracy operates, and can operate, in a presidentialist system. To begin that cross-disciplinary conversation, this Article turns to five themes in the executive-branch literature. These are: (i) the dual-allegiance problem, (ii) bureaucratic resistance, (iii) dual advising-adjudicating roles, (iv) agency capture, and (v) comparative understandings of the judiciary. In each case, theories developed in the executive branch context enrich our understanding of the congressional bureaucracy, while new knowledge about the congressional bureaucracy also forces revisions to those executive-branch theories. In many cases, the congressional bureaucracy also reveals new governance solutions in our tripartite system--solutions that are overlooked when bureaucracy scholarship is confined to studies of a single branch. Through an exploration of these and other lessons, the Article illustrates the many possibilities inherent in a new cross-disciplinary dialogue on the role of bureaucracy in our federal system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing acceptance of dual citizenship globally and the rise of new strategies to acquire "external" citizenship have led to a shift from studying citizenship in the confines of single nation-states to perceiving it as existing in a global hierarchy of "citizenship constellations." Much of this literature, however, focuses on nations which permit dual citizenship and do not have internal citizenship hierarchies. This article adds to that literature by considering one such external citizenship acquisition method—popularly referred to as "birth tourism." Based on 23 in-depth interviews and a textual analysis of an online social media group for returnees, I argue that Chinese families use the "external passport" (U.S. citizenship) within the logics of China's "internal passport" hierarchy (the hukou) to create a unique "citizenship constellation." U.S. citizenship—understood as the "American hukou "—is more valuable within China's borders than beyond, as it helps navigate national fertility and education policies. However, maintaining U.S. citizenship in China requires extra labor for parents, particularly mothers. Yet these efforts are still worth it because the acquisition of global citizenship via birth tourism permits families to reap the benefits of global citizenship without damaging their social status, economic security, and family structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dual nationality is increasingly accepted by states, and many scholars see it as a resource that enhances individuals' social mobility and access to human rights. However, dual nationality can also result in negative consequences for individuals with nationality ties to more than one state. This is particularly so in sensitive contexts, such as those involving national security, including military defence, where possibly conflicting bonds of loyalty remain potentially problematic. The treatment of dual nationals in the context of the Finnish Defence Forces shows that dual nationality is an under-explored axis of potential discrimination that can be a proxy for other kinds of differential treatment and entrench the marginalisation of minorities. In pursuing national security, states' legal frameworks, in order to be reasonable and proportionate under human rights commitments, ought to assess actual individual risks. They must also seek to minimise distinctions between groups of citizens and carefully justify any departures from equal treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rohingya living in Thailand undergo a process of de facto integration that is based on a dual performance of nationality requiring the concealment of their Rohingya ethnicity in the public sphere. This dual performance of nationality is a result of their 'double consciousness' in displacement and aims to legitimatize the Rohingya as a minority group in and of Thailand that has its roots in Myanmar; and on which they base their claims to a rights-based inclusion in both countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dual citizenship restrictions are widely recognized as one of the major barriers for immigrant naturalization. Yet, we know surprisingly little about what drives migrants' concerns about trading off their former citizenship for a new one. This paper aims at closing this gap by analysing the interrelation between dual citizenship policies and naturalization outcomes on basis of original survey data from Germany. I examine how dual citizenship restrictions as well as subjectively perceived barriers concerning acceptance and belonging regarding citizenship change drive immigrants' naturalization decisions. Using cluster‐robust logistic regression models clustered by origin country, I find that the requirement of giving up one's original citizenship for naturalization impedes immigrants' naturalization decisions and that perceived barriers concerning acceptance and belonging are also relevant for long‐term exclusion from full membership in the destination country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article "The Citizenship of South Tyroleans. Legal and Political Aspects" by Otto Mahlknecht addresses the question of dual citizenship for South Tyroleans. Although the South Tyrol issue seems to be resolved at the international level, Italy does not accept the granting of Austrian citizenship to individuals residing in South Tyrol. The author examines the historical and controversial aspects of this question and sheds light on them from various perspectives. The article shows that the political support for dual citizenship has failed in Vienna and provides three reasons for this. The author argues that clinging to a single national identity has no future and that dual citizenship can lead to a common European identity. [Extracted from the article]

China's profound demographic and socioeconomic transitions over the last four decades have led to significant changes in its diaspora: increased numbers, different destinations, and diversified reasons for emigration. The national diaspora policy has undergone many shifts since China's momentous economic reforms and opening to the world in 1978; but policy now converges on a multifaceted and intrinsically transnational system of engagement in the service of soft power. Studies have so far stressed domestic interests, drawing insights primarily from policy documents; but this article seeks to broaden the perspective, using a transnationally oriented framework to assist investigation of factors that range beyond the domestic. Using in-depth interviews with a variety of key informants and stakeholders, we systematically analyze features in four core policy dimensions that incorporate both international and domestic dynamics: diaspora institutions, dual citizenship, talent recruitment, and soft power. Finally, we explore implications for development (economic, sociocultural, educational) in both China and host countries. We draw the conclusion that China's diaspora policy is shaped by a constellation of transnational factors—such as changing global and regional power structures, and competition in talent-recruiting and talent-retaining in the new technological era. China now deploys multi-scale linkages across several dimensions, expanding from economic to sociocultural and political spheres, to engage its diaspora effectively. Finally, these policy developments not only shape China's internal development but also influence global sentiment, bringing new dynamics to bear global power relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since at least 2013, Western courts judging refugee cases have accepted that North Koreans are, with rare exceptions, considered to be South Korean nationals under South Korean law. This Article explores the implications of this holding. Given this dual nationality, are North Koreans necessarily refused refugee status because they can be protected in South Korea? Or are there still routes to refugee status that may be available? This Article finds that North Koreans continue to have potential paths forward in their search for refugee status in the West. There are, broadly speaking, four different types of protection arguments evident in the jurisprudence from major host states. These are: (1) that an asylum seeker possesses a well-founded fear of persecution in South Korea as well as North Korea; (2) that South Korean nationality does not provide a right to enter the country, and should therefore be disregarded; (3) that South Korean nationality should not be recognized because it is not bestowed in a manner consistent with international norms; and (4) that an individual asylum seeker falls into an exceptional category whereby he or she lacks South Korean nationality. Each of these arguments has proved successful in certain cases, at least provisionally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Minority groups are often the subject of studies dealing with sovereignty and European integration. A now also common topic in political science is the rise of populist movements. Scholars study both of these issues extensively, but little research has been done on their nexus. Against this background, this article looks at the current sovereignty discourse in the minority area of South Tyrol. Even though three linguistic groups peacefully co-exist in the Italian province, various calls for dual citizenship have arisen. The possibility of acquiring an Austrian passport became a salient topic, especially since the övp / fpö government of Austria. Using the discourse-historical approach, the authors contextualize medial discourses with social-cultural context information. Results suggest that local media are disseminating a discourse regarding dual citizenship that largely differs from the opinion of the majority of the population, but corresponds to that of the populist actors who seem to fuel the issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dual citizens, especially dual citizens in the diaspora, are the subject of an important debate among South Sudanese residents. This article seeks to explore South Sudanese residents' attitudes towards dual citizenship and the role dual-citizen individuals play in the political, economic and social life of the country. During recent Rift Valley Institute research projects, conducted for the Australian Government from 2017–2020, we interviewed residents in South Sudan and South Sudanese members of the diaspora in the UK, Australia, and Ethiopia to understand arguments about citizenship and diaspora participation in the political, economic, and social life of South Sudan. The South Sudanese diaspora are perceived within South Sudan to have dubious national identification and loyalty. However, the research also established that the South Sudanese diaspora have always been part of the political organization, economic activities and social fabric of South(ern) Sudan both directly and indirectly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rather than vilifying or rejecting it, an increasing number of scholars from two seemingly anti-nationalist cohorts, namely liberal political theory and multiculturalism, have come to argue that nationalism is not intrinsically illiberal or undesirable, but some forms of it (e.g. liberal, multicultural, pluralistic) can be a positive force to meet the demands for nation-building, national identity and national culture, on the one hand, and demands for recognition, respect and accommodation of diversity, on the other. This paper critically examines recent scholarly literature on liberal nationalism and multicultural nationalism. It argues that both projects have developed necessary responses to (1) growing diversity and (2) ethnonational and populist-majoritarian forms of nationalism and hence, are welcome. However, two substantial shortcomings need to be addressed. The first is the nation-building–education nexus and the limits of multicultural education (e.g. the teaching of history), and the second is the nationalism–transnationalism nexus or the normative desirability of dual nationalities. The paper concludes that a morally acceptable form of nationalism (e.g. pluralistic, inclusive or moderate) operating within multi-national and multicultural liberal democracies is theoretically possible, yet its viability is related to the extent to which it addresses the two issues raised, amongst others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the American Civil War (1861-65), the Irish-American Catholic contribution to the Union effort included 145,000 soldiers and 40 priest chaplains. Studies of Irish participation, while highlighting the role of nationalism, have not offered significant discussion of chaplains in asserting and shaping Irish-American loyalty to the Union. This study provides character sketches of three lesser-known Union chaplains: Fathers Thomas J. Mooney, Thomas M. Brady, and William T. O'Higgins--each of Irish parentage. These chaplains were vocal and strident in their Unionism. They were not politically agnostic, as Catholics are sometimes depicted, but were champions of the cause--when others fell silent. The war provided them with an opportunity to prove their dual allegiance to Ireland and America and strengthen it among their comrades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most of us become citizens at birth based either on our birthplace or our parents' citizenship status. Over thirty countries recognize birthplace citizenship, but inherited citizenship is nearly universal. Such universal legal rides are rare, and they are particularly remarkable in the context of citizenship, where state sovereignty is near its apex. This Article explores why inherited citizenship is necessary, even in nations recognizing birthplace citizenship. It surveys the history, definitions, purposes, current rules, politics, and global trends in this area and identifies three modern categories of birthright citizenship laws: primary inherited citizenship systems, dual inherited and birthplace systems, and hybrid birthright systems. It also examines some foundations of property inheritance laws and family law concepts to illuminate the deep connections between the doctrines of property, family, and citizenship inheritance. Hopefully, in the process, it will enlighten the ongoing U.S. debate regarding birthplace citizenship. a discussion that has rarely considered the role of inherited citizenship, which is the other half of our dual birthright citizenship system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the active campaign of the Americans for the naturalization restriction and political exclusion of the Mexicans in the U.S. Topics mentioned include the negative images of Mexicans, the manifestation of election laws violations and the political system in the country wherein the Mexicans are excluded on the vote due to their naturalization issue.

To improve the flowrate control accuracy of fuel control system at high supply pressure and large flowrate working condition, this paper proposes a novel dual closed-loop control for fuel metering unit (FMU) to address issues related to unknown velocity, matched/unmatched disturbances, and parameter uncertainties. Firstly, for a comprehensive assessment in flowrate feedback method, a global sensitive analysis is utilized to research the effect ratio of factors affecting the discharge flowrate. Then, a novel dual closed-loop control is proposed, in which the outer loop is flowrate loop, and a novel extended-state-observer (ESO)-based robust adaptive control without velocity sensor is used as the internal displacement loop control. Specifically, ESO can effectively estimate the unknown velocity and unmatched disturbance, and the parameter estimations can be updated by the adaptive law determined only by spool displacement and reference signal. The novel robust control can address matched/unmatched disturbances and model uncertainties effectively. Through Lyapunov method, it follows that the novel ESO-based robust adaptive control can achieve asymptotic tracking performance when occurring time-invariant disturbances and bounded tracking performance when occurring time-varying disturbances. Comparative experiments verify the superiority of the proposed control, which provides a new method and glimpse for the advanced control strategy of aeroengine. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Finnish-Russian dual citizens are the largest group of multiple citizens in Finland. Building on thematic interviews and drawing on Sara Ahmed's work on cultural politics of emotions, this paper examines how emotions related to Russia and Russianness influence the way young Finnish-Russian dual citizens perceive their status and opportunities in Finland. The findings imply that emotions indeed play a significant role in shaping the way the young dual citizens use their citizenships. Due to the negative emotions related to Russia, many dual citizens tend to conceal or control their Russianness in public spaces. As a result, dual citizens' Russianness is increasingly becoming a private matter, whereas in the public sphere they aim at improving their status by trying to pass or act as Finns. Conceptually, this paper draws attention to the momentary and contextual nature of belonging. Depending on the context, an individual's sense of belonging can rapidly change from feeling at home to feeling out of place. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past few decades, citizenship scholars have moved from conceptualizing citizenship as a legal status with associated rights to a more process-oriented approach acknowledging the socially constructed nature of citizenship. Although the dual citizenship literature hints at the importance of contention and recognition, it has yet to consider claims-making as a major mechanism shaping dual citizenship. Drawing on in-depth interviews, I examine the dual citizenship claims (or the lack of such claims) among marriage migrant women from the Philippines and Vietnam in South Korea, analyzing how women's narratives regarding dual citizenship are framed vis-à-vis the normative ideals of citizenship in each state. I suggest the claims-making approach as an analytical framework through which the intersections of the normative, instrumental, and identity aspects of dual citizenship are brought to light in relation to the claimant's positionality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, we located in the Puebla Mixteca region to identify the educational situations of normal-school students with migratory experiences between Mexico and the United States. We start by recovering statistical data from educational institutions in the region to identify the conditions in which migrant children, adolescents, and young people (NNAyJ by its acronym in Spanish) are schooled. Subsequently, we present, from a qualitative approach, the trajectories of seven normal-school students articulated to their transnational life situations and schooling. We use for the analysis the notions of biographical situation, training, school capital, and unequal inclusion. Among the findings, we find the importance of school capital in the educational trajectories of these young women and men, at the same time, we recognize processes of unequal inclusion that have an impact on their life projects. With this, we notice that dual nationality (Mexican and American) of 6 of them does not guarantee that the granting States take responsibility for their training processes concerning the transnational reality of their lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on the life stories of post-Soviet women from Ukraine and Russia who married Chinese citizens and moved their married lives to China, this article examines how these women engage in intimate geopolitics in the adverse immigration environment for foreign family members. The elaborated argument maintains that the women – driven by the uncertainty surrounding their legal and socio-economic status and the fear of forced separation from their children – resort to their home citizenship or informal dual citizenship arrangements as leverage to defend parental rights against the backdrop of China's strict single citizenship regime. The women develop strategies to ensure their parental rights through citizenship structures available to them, and seek to remedy their emotional uncertainties amid the environment of limited and tenuous immigrant and family statuses in China. This paper develops analytical potential of intimate geopolitics through an analysis of post-Soviet wives' subjectivities constituted through the interplay of geopolitical structures and their emotional intensities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dual citizenship has been the subject of intense political debate in Pakistan barring the elected representatives, in parliament, the provincial assemblies and the presidency, from holding dual nationality. The perceptions that holding a foreign citizenship challenges the undiluted loyalty to country further engender question mark over their political participation in country's affairs. A qualitative study has been carried out in the city of Rawalpindi to explore the stance of Pakistani nationals on such exclusion of Pakistani dual citizens from mainstream politics of Pakistan asking should the individual's association to the state be an exclusive one? In this paper, in‐depth interviews were conducted with a sample of 40 male and female respondents (22 Pakistani citizens, 18 Pakistani dual citizens) and 6 constitutional experts. The results indicate distrust among Pakistani citizens when considering dual citizens' right of representation in general elections of Pakistan, stemming from a mistrust of their "split loyalties". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Students from Mexico, ranging from elementary to university levels, regularly commute across the United States-Mexico border (physically and digitally) to attend class. These individuals are known as transfronterizos/as/istas, terms stemming from the Spanish word for "cross-border" that highlights their bicultural experiences. They are characterized by dual citizenship, frequent travel across a borderland geography, and fluid identities. The unique experience of toggling and acquiring knowledge and experiences from different countries constitutes a distinct identity and movement. Transfronterizos legally cross the border in both directions for various reasons, including for work, healthcare, to escape violence, and seek opportunities; however, the primary aim of this paper is to investigate the occurrence, rationale, and perspectives of cross-border students. What circumstances cause them to cross the border in order to go to school? How does the digital and physical commute affect learning and identity? Are teachers and administrators aware of the challenges and opportunities playing out in their classrooms, virtual and otherwise? These questions are addressed and contextualized through secondary literature and primary interviews with transfronterizos who commute across the border to attend school. The article concludes with a call for more research and policy focused on bilingual education, transparency, empathy, mobility, and an expanded spectrum of identification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The International Criminal Court (ICC) can exercise jurisdiction over nationals of states parties. However, it has never been clear whether the Court will automatically recognize a nationality that has been conferred by a state party under its domestic law, nor what criteria it would use to evaluate that nationality should it not be automatically accepted. In December 2019, the Office of the Prosecutor made its first formal pronouncement on the question, finding that the ICC does not have jurisdiction over North Koreans, despite their being South Korean nationals under South Korean law, because North Koreans are not able to exercise their rights as South Koreans until accepted as such by application, and on occasion their applications might be refused. In this article, I reject the Prosecutor's analysis as misguided. I also reject the other main approaches to nationality recognition suggested by scholars, namely a 'genuine link' requirement, a deferral to municipal law, and a deferral to municipal law except where a conferral of nationality violates international law. Instead, I propose a functional approach that would respect municipal conferral of nationality unless that conferral unreasonably interferes with the sovereign interests of a non-state party. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scholars usually analyze the Ben-Gurion–Blaustein "Exchange" in the context of the Jewish world. Both David Ben-Gurion and Jacob Blaustein presented views that would enable non-Zionist Jewish Americans to support the Jewish state. In particular, they dealt with the fear of being accused of dual loyalty. Following my analysis of the later correspondence between Blaustein and Israeli leaders, and a re-reading of the Ben-Gurion–Blaustein "Exchange" itself, I shall argue that this event is related to and influenced by US citizenship laws. During the 1950s, the United States forbade dual citizenship or the performing of acts that might signify divided or multiple national identities. Revoking American citizenship was a common policy intended to prevent such duality. "Dual loyalty" had both a symbolic and a legal dimension. Therefore, the Ben-Gurion–Blaustein "Exchange" should also be understood as an attempt to prevent Americans from breaking their own laws. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This survey experiment examined national majority group members' reactions to immigrants' citizenship status with a focus on dual citizenship. A sample of 779 participants (nFinland = 174; nNetherlands = 377; nGermany = 228) was used to examine whether immigrants' citizenship status affects trust towards immigrants, willingness to accept immigrants in strategic positions, and support for immigrants' social influence in society. Perceived group loyalties were expected to mediate these relationships. Compared to national citizens, dual citizens were perceived as having lower national loyalty and higher foreign loyalty. Compared to foreign citizens, dual citizens were perceived to have higher national loyalty but equally high foreign loyalty. Higher national loyalty was further associated with higher trust, acceptance, and support, whereas higher foreign loyalty was associated with lower trust, acceptance, and support. These findings are discussed in relation to societal debates on dual citizenship and the limited social psychological research on this topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent studies suggest that valuing happiness is associated with negative psychological health outcomes, including increased depression, in US samples. We aimed to replicate these associations in two studies at a UK university (Nstudy one = 151, and Nstudy two = 299). Importantly, we also investigated the role of emotional attentional control and habitual emotion regulation in the relationship between valuing happiness and depression. In both studies, we found that valuing happiness was related to increased depression, confirming the link between valuing happiness and depression in a Western country outside of the USA. Moreover, our findings indicated that the relationship between valuing happiness and depression was strongest in British, rather than non-British participants or participants of dual nationality. Further, our findings revealed that valuing happiness and depression were indirectly associated via the ability to control attention in emotional situations, perceived ability to savor positive experiences, and the extent to which positive emotions feel intrusive. Specifically, increased valuing happiness was associated with lower emotion attention control and lower savoring of positive experiences, which in turn was related to depressive symptoms. These results show that the impaired ability to respond adaptively to emotional situations and to enjoy positive events may underlie the paradoxical relationship between valuing happiness and low well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using original survey data, we analyze the factors contributing to participation and preferences in the 2018 Mexican election among the Mexican diaspora in the United States. Our empirical analysis of public-opinion data reveals that exposure to Mexican mass media is a significant predictor of voting from abroad among immigrants and US-born Mexicans. Diaspora voters' feelings of efficacy, their assessments of Mexican democracy, and structural factors yield mixed effects on the vote from abroad and candidate preferences. The study's design also allows for comparison of the transnational electoral preferences of Mexican emigrants and US-born dual nationals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A common argument in the literature on loss of citizenship has been that after 1945 most if not all countries liberalised their laws on loss of citizenship until the beginning of a countermovement in 2001. This article focuses on Germany and Switzerland which do not fit this pattern and where after the early 1950s laws on loss of citizenship became less liberal, although not dramatically so. This distinctive German and Swiss pattern can be explained in part by distinctive historical starting points. Late in the nineteenth century, Switzerland started out with very broad protections against loss of citizenship, and after 1945 Germany adopted much more extensive protections against loss of citizenship than before. Subsequent legal changes represent a regression toward the mean. Loss of citizenship is also closely related to laws on dual citizenship. Although both countries today tolerate dual citizenship to varying degrees, laws on loss of citizenship are still used to contain the spread of dual citizenship although neither country engages in futile attempts to eliminate dual citizenship. Court decisions and party politics also played a role but neither can explain the overall trajectory of German or Swiss laws on loss of citizenship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Australia's "dual citizenship" crisis erupted in 2017 when several elected members of the federal parliament discovered that they were ineligible to sit because their dual citizenship status meant that they were in breach of s 44 (i) of the Australian constitution. The controversy has had enormous political consequences, prematurely ending several political careers and confirming that millions of Australians are ineligible to sit in the federal parliament because they hold dual citizenship. It has raised important questions about the contemporary relevance of s 44 (i) for multicultural, trans‐national Australia, given its association with singular, racialized (British‐colonial) notions of identity, allegiance and belonging. Using a historical institutionalist approach, and associated concepts of policy "drift", I demonstrate the inevitability of the recent controversy, given decades of government inertia and both unintentional and purposeful non‐decision‐making on s 44, despite repeated expert warnings about its risks. I reflect upon the possible interests and ideological biases that have compelled political leaders' resistance to proposals to decisively fix the constitutional anomaly by holding a popular referendum. I argue these failures have left Australia vulnerable to ongoing political instability and raise considerable concerns about its democratic quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mary Emily Briehl Duba opens the Short Takes section of this issue by declaring, "We live in a time of crisis" (159). In her article, "Tracing the Contours of a Half Century of Jewish Feminist Theology", Benjamin credits Jewish feminist activists for this long-running burst of critique and creativity and expresses concern that there is now a divide between the academy and feminist activism. Gruber's sobering account is a call for feminists' and womanists' continued interrogation of the limits and possibilities of interreligious dialogue. [Extracted from the article]

The contested nature of de facto states and their acceptance of dual citizenship results in the overlap of multiple citizenship regimes, leading to individuals living in de facto states possessing multiple citizenship statuses. Using the Most Similar Systems Design, this article explores the factors that influence the (divergent) citizenship regimes of Abkhazia and Transnistria; the former allows dual citizenship only with Russia, while the latter places no restrictions. The primary reason for the adoption of dual citizenship is for pragmatic reasons, as the secondary citizenship can compensate for the lack of benefits (such as international travel, diplomatic protection) afforded by the de facto state's citizenship. This said, having an ethnicized national identity, in contrast to a civic (state-centered) national identity, can produce (dual) citizenship laws that give preferential treatment to the titular group and its diaspora. Additionally, the influence exerted by the patron state (Russia) and the severity of the conflict with the parent state (Georgia/Moldova) influences dual citizenship in becoming conditional and thus more exclusive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Children display an "essentialist" bias in their everyday thinking about social categories. However, the degree and form of this bias varies with age and with the nature of the categories, as well as across cultures. This project investigated the development of the essentialist bias across five social categories (i.e., gender, nationality, religious affiliation, socioeconomic status (rich/poor), and sports-team supporter) in two countries. Children between 5 and 10 years of age in Turkey (Study 1, N = 74) and the United States (Study 2, N = 73), as well as adults in both countries (Study 3, N = 223), participated. Results indicate surprising cross-cultural parallels with respect to both the rank ordering of essentialist thinking across these five categories and increasing differentiation among them over development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite suggestions that multiple citizenships offer enhanced access to security, mobility, and rights, dual nationals of countries like Iran may instead experience greater insecurity, immobility, and disruption of rights. This article offers a brief overview of recent literature and controversies surrounding dual citizenship and then focuses on the Iranian case, demonstrating the limits of dual citizenship as felt by diasporic Iranians. The winds of geopolitical change may affect which nation's dual citizens will be targeted in a given time period, but the impact of geopolitical constraints must be considered in any explanations of the costs and benefits of dual citizenship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the motivations behind the applications for Portuguese citizenship by Turkish Jews since 2015. Based on a qualitative research, the findings highlight that obtaining a second passport does not yet equate emigration. Rather, it constitutes an insurance policy aimed at alleviating growing ontological insecurity, stemming partly from their secular and westernized lifestyle and from their Jewish identity, which are endangered by perceived de-secularisation, growing anti-Semitism and authoritarian trends in Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is observed that the third generation European Turks perform a brain drain to Turkey. In this context, this study aims to investigate the effects of identity, belonging, culture, dual citizenship, economic and other reasons on the decision of the third generation European Turks to migrate to Turkey. In this context, semi-structured interviews were conducted and studies were carried out on the basis of interpretive sociology. The European Turks find the opportunity in abroad to express their identity freely. The individual who faced discrimination in Europe found a field to express especially their national and religious identity after coming to Turkey. Apart from that, migrating to Turkey provided opportunity to reconsider the borders of the individual's belonging and identity through dual citizenship and cultural values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]